1
|
Involvement of ectonucleotidases and purinergic receptor expression during acute Chagas disease in the cortex of mice treated with resveratrol and benznidazole. Purinergic Signal 2021; 17:493-502. [PMID: 34302569 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-021-09803-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Chagas disease (CD) is caused by the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi. CD affects people worldwide, primarily in tropical areas. The central nervous system (CNS) is an essential site for T. cruzi persistence during infection. The protozoan may pass through the blood-brain barrier and may cause motor and cognitive neuronal damage. Once in the CNS, T. cruzi triggers immune responses that the purinergic system can regulate. Treatment for CD is based on benznidazole (BNZ); however, this agent has negative side-effects and is toxic to the host. For this reason, we investigated whether resveratrol (RSV), a potent antioxidant and neuroprotective molecule, would modulate purinergic signaling and RSV alone or in combination with BNZ would prevent changes in purinergic signaling and oxidative damage caused by T. cruzi. We infected mice with T. cruzi and treated them with RSV or BNZ for 8 days. Increases in ATP and ADP hydrolysis by NTPDase in the total cortex of infected animals were observed. The treatment with RSV in infected group diminished ATP, ADP, and AMP hydrolysis compared to infected group. The combination of RSV + BNZ decreased AMP hydrolysis in infected animals compared to the INF group, exerting an anti-inflammatory effect. RSV acted as a neuroprotector, decreasing adenosine levels. Infected animals presented an increase of P2X7 and A2A density of purine receptors. RSV reduced P2X7 and A2A and increased A1 density receptors in infected animals. In addition, infected animals showed higher TBARS and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels than control. RSV diminished ROS levels in infected mice, possibly due to antioxidant properties. In short, we conclude that resveratrol could act as a neuroprotective molecule, probably preventing inflammatory changes caused by infection by T. cruzi, even though the mice experienced high levels of parasitemia.
Collapse
|
2
|
Alves VS, Leite-Aguiar R, Silva JPD, Coutinho-Silva R, Savio LEB. Purinergic signaling in infectious diseases of the central nervous system. Brain Behav Immun 2020; 89:480-490. [PMID: 32717399 PMCID: PMC7378483 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of infectious diseases affecting the central nervous system (CNS) has been increasing over the last several years. Among the reasons for the expansion of these diseases and the appearance of new neuropathogens are globalization, global warming, and the increased proximity between humans and wild animals due to human activities such as deforestation. Neurotropism affecting normal brain function is shared by organisms such as viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites. Neuroinfections caused by these agents activate immune responses, inducing neuroinflammation, excitotoxicity, and neurodegeneration. Purinergic signaling is an evolutionarily conserved signaling pathway associated with these neuropathologies. During neuroinfections, host cells release ATP as an extracellular danger signal with pro-inflammatory activities. ATP is metabolized to its derivatives by ectonucleotidases such as CD39 and CD73; ATP and its metabolites modulate neuronal and immune mechanisms through P1 and P2 purinergic receptors that are involved in pathophysiological mechanisms of neuroinfections. In this review we discuss the beneficial or deleterious effects of various components of the purinergic signaling pathway in infectious diseases that affect the CNS, including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) infection, herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infection, bacterial meningitis, sepsis, cryptococcosis, toxoplasmosis, and malaria. We also provide a description of this signaling pathway in emerging viral infections with neurological implications such as Zika and SARS-CoV-2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vinícius Santos Alves
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology, Biophysics Institute Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Raíssa Leite-Aguiar
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology, Biophysics Institute Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Joyce Pereira da Silva
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology, Biophysics Institute Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Robson Coutinho-Silva
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology, Biophysics Institute Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luiz Eduardo Baggio Savio
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology, Biophysics Institute Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Vodnala M, Ranjbarian F, Pavlova A, de Koning HP, Hofer A. Trypanosoma brucei Methylthioadenosine Phosphorylase Protects the Parasite from the Antitrypanosomal Effect of Deoxyadenosine: IMPLICATIONS FOR THE PHARMACOLOGY OF ADENOSINE ANTIMETABOLITES. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:11717-26. [PMID: 27036940 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.715615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma brucei causes African sleeping sickness for which no vaccine exists and available treatments are of limited use due to their high toxicity or lack of efficacy. T. brucei cultivated in the presence of deoxyadenosine accumulates high levels of dATP in an adenosine kinase-dependent process and dies within a few hours. Here we show that T. brucei treated with 1 mm deoxyadenosine accumulates higher dATP levels than mammalian cells but that this effect diminishes quickly as the concentration of the deoxynucleoside decreases. Radioactive tracer studies showed that the parasites are partially protected against lower concentrations of deoxyadenosine by the ability to cleave it and use the adenine for ATP synthesis. T. brucei methylthioadenosine phosphorylase (TbMTAP) was found to be responsible for the cleavage as indicated by the phosphate dependence of deoxyadenosine cleavage in T. brucei cell extracts and increased deoxyadenosine sensitivity in TbMTAP knockdown cells. Recombinant TbMTAP exhibited higher turnover number (kcat) and Km values for deoxyadenosine than for the regular substrate, methylthioadenosine. One of the reaction products, adenine, inhibited the enzyme, which might explain why TbMTAP-mediated protection is less efficient at higher deoxyadenosine concentrations. Consequently, T. brucei grown in the presence of adenine demonstrated increased sensitivity to deoxyadenosine. For deoxyadenosine/adenosine analogues to remain intact and be active against the parasite, they need to either be resistant to TbMTAP-mediated cleavage, which is the case with the three known antitrypanosomal agents adenine arabinoside, tubercidin, and cordycepin, or they need to be combined with TbMTAP inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Munender Vodnala
- From the Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden and
| | - Farahnaz Ranjbarian
- From the Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden and
| | - Anna Pavlova
- From the Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden and
| | - Harry P de Koning
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Anders Hofer
- From the Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden and
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Trypanosoma evansi infection impairs memory, increases anxiety behaviour and alters neurochemical parameters in rats. Parasitology 2015; 140:1432-41. [PMID: 23965823 DOI: 10.1017/s003118201300108x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate neurochemical and enzymatic changes in rats infected with Trypanosoma evansi, and their interference in the cognitive parameters. Behavioural assessment (assessment of cognitive performance), evaluation of cerebral L-[3H]glutamate uptake, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity and Ca+2 and Na+, K+-ATPase activity were evaluated at 5 and 30 days post infection (dpi). This study demonstrates a cognitive impairment in rats infected with T. evansi. At 5 dpi memory deficit was demonstrated by an inhibitory avoidance test. With the chronicity of the disease (30 dpi) animals showed anxiety symptoms. It is possible the inhibition of cerebral Na+, K+-ATPase activity, AChE and synaptosomal glutamate uptake are involved in cognitive impairment in infected rats by T. evansi. The understanding of cerebral host–parasite relationship may shed some light on the cryptic symptoms of animals and possibly human infection where patients often present with other central nervous system (CNS) disorders.
Collapse
|
5
|
Baldissera MD, Rech VC, Da Silva AS, Nishihira VS, Ianiski FR, Gressler LT, Grando TH, Vaucher RA, Schwertz CI, Mendes RE, Monteiro SG. Relationship between behavioral alterations and activities of adenylate kinase and creatine kinase in brain of rats infected by Trypanosoma evansi. Exp Parasitol 2015; 151-152:96-102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2015.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Revised: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
6
|
Bottari NB, Baldissera MD, Oliveira CB, Duarte T, Duarte MMMF, Leal MLR, Thomé GR, Zanini D, Schetinger MRC, Nunes MAG, Dressler VL, Monteiro SG, Tonin AA, Da Silva AS. Effect of zinc supplementation on E-ADA activity, seric zinc, and cytokines levels of Trypanosoma evansi infected Wistar rats. Microb Pathog 2014; 74:15-9. [PMID: 24994023 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2014.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2014] [Revised: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of zinc supplementation on the ecto-adenosine deaminase activity (E-ADA), zinc seric levels and cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1, IL-6, and IL -10) on rats experimentally infected by Trypanosoma evansi. Four groups with 10 rats each were used as negative controls (groups A and B), while the animals from the groups C and D were infected intraperitoneally with 0.1 mL of cryopreserved blood containing 1.4 × 10(4) of trypanosomes. Animals of groups B and D received two doses of Zinc (Zn) at 5 mg kg(-1), subcutaneously, on the 2nd and 7th day post-infection (PI). Blood samples were collected on days 5 (n = 5) and 15 PI (n = 5). Zn supplementation was able to increase the rat's longevity and to reduce their parasitemia. It was observed that seric Zn levels were increased on infected animals under Zn supplementation. Animals that were infected and supplemented with Zn showed changes in E-ADA activity and in cytokine levels (P < 0.05). Zn supplementation of healthy animals (Group B), increased the E-ADA activity, as well as reduced the concentration of cytokines. Infected animals from groups C and D showed increased levels of cytokines. Finally, we observed that Zn supplementation led to a modulation on cytokine's level in rats infected by T. evansi, as well as in E-ADA activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathieli B Bottari
- Toxicological Biochemistry of Graduate Program, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Camila B Oliveira
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, UFSM, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Thiago Duarte
- Graduate Program in Pharmacology, UFSM, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | | | - Marta L R Leal
- Department of Large Animal, UFSM, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Gustavo R Thomé
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Daniela Zanini
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Silvia G Monteiro
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, UFSM, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Alexandre A Tonin
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, UFSM, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Aleksandro S Da Silva
- Toxicological Biochemistry of Graduate Program, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil; Department of Animal Science, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Chapecó, SC, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Dalla Rosa L, Da Silva AS, Ruchel JB, Gressler LT, Oliveira CB, França RT, Lopes ST, Leal DB, Monteiro SG. Influence of treatment with 3′-deoxyadenosine associated deoxycoformycin on hematological parameters and activity of adenosine deaminase in infected mice with Trypanosoma evansi. Exp Parasitol 2013; 135:357-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2013.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2012] [Revised: 05/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
|
8
|
Bruges G, Betancourt M, March M, Sanchez E, Mijares A. Apoptotic-like activity of staurosporine in axenic cultures of Trypanosoma evansi. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2012; 54:103-8. [PMID: 22499424 DOI: 10.1590/s0036-46652012000200008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2011] [Accepted: 12/20/2011] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma evansi is a blood protozoan parasite of the genus Trypanosoma which is responsible for surra (Trypanosomosis) in domestic and wild animals. This study addressed apoptotic-like features in Trypanosoma evansi in vitro. The mechanism of parasite death was investigated using staurosporine as an inducing agent. We evaluated its effects through several cytoplasmic features of apoptosis, including cell shrinkage, phosphatidylserine exposure, maintenance of plasma membrane integrity, and mitochondrial trans-membrane potential. For access to these features we have used the flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy with cultures in the stationary phase and adjusted to a density of 10(6) cells/mL. The apoptotic effect of staurosporine in T. evansi was evaluated at 20 nM final concentration. There was an increase of phosphatidylserine exposure, whereas mitochondrial potential was decreased. Moreover, no evidence of cell permeability increasing with staurosporine was observed in this study, suggesting the absence of a necrotic process. Additional studies are needed to elucidate the possible pathways associated with this form of cell death in this hemoparasite.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Bruges
- Laboratorio de Fisiología de Parásitos, Centro de Biofísica y Bioquímica, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas, Caracas, Venezuela
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Influence of Trypanosoma evansi in adenine nucleotides and nucleoside concentration in serum and cerebral cortex of infected rats. Exp Parasitol 2012; 131:80-4. [PMID: 22465613 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2012.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2011] [Revised: 03/07/2012] [Accepted: 03/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the adenine nucleotides and nucleoside concentration in serum and cerebral cortex of rats infected with Trypanosma evansi. Each rat was intraperitoneally infected with 1 × 10(6) trypomastigotes suspended in cryopreserved blood (Group A; n = 18). Twelve animals were used as controls (Group B). The infected animals were monitored daily by blood smears. At days 4 and 20 post-infection (PI) it was collected serum and cerebral cortex to measure the levels of ATP, ADP, AMP and adenosine by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). In serum there was a significant (P < 0.05) increase in the ATP, AMP and adenosine concentrations at days 4 and 20 PI in infected rats when compared to not-infected. Furthermore, in the cerebral cortex it was observed a significant (P < 0.05) increase in the concentrations of ATP, AMP and decreased adenosine levels at day 4 PI. At day 20 PI it was only observed an increase in the AMP and adenosine concentrations in cerebral cortex of infected rats when compared to not-infected. It was not observed any difference in ADP concentration in serum and brain at days 4 and 20 PI. No change was observed histologically in the cerebral cortex of infected animals. The results allow us to conclude that infection with T. evansi in rats causes an increase in the concentrations of ATP, AMP and adenosine in serum and cerebral cortex the time periods evaluated. These alterations occurred as a result of T. evansi infection which involves neurotransmission, neuromodulation and immune response impairment confirm the importance of the purinergic system in this pathology.
Collapse
|
10
|
Da Silva AS, Oliveira CB, Bertoncheli CM, Santos RP, Beckmann DV, Wolkmer P, Gressler LT, Tonin AA, Graça DL, Mazzanti A, Lopes ST, Monteiro SG. Clinical signs and histopathology of brain, spinal cord and muscle of the pelvic limb of rats experimentally infected with Trypanosoma evansi. Pathol Res Pract 2012; 208:39-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2011.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2011] [Revised: 10/17/2011] [Accepted: 10/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
11
|
Paim FC, Da Silva AS, Wolkmer P, Costa MM, Da Silva CB, Paim CB, Oliveira MS, Silva LF, Mello CF, Monteiro SG, Mazzanti CM, Lopes ST. Trypanosoma evansi: Concentration of 3-nitrotyrosine in the brain of infected rats. Exp Parasitol 2011; 129:27-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2011.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2011] [Revised: 05/26/2011] [Accepted: 05/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
12
|
Biochemical detection of adenosine deaminase in Trypanosoma evansi. Exp Parasitol 2011; 128:298-300. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2011.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2011] [Revised: 03/12/2011] [Accepted: 03/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
13
|
Trypanosoma evansi: Activities of adenine nucleotide degradation enzymes in cerebral cortex of infected rats. Exp Parasitol 2011; 128:225-9. [PMID: 21426906 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2011.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2011] [Revised: 03/10/2011] [Accepted: 03/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the activities of the ectoenzymes NTPDase and 5'-nucleotidase in synaptosomes from cerebral cortex of rats experimentally infected with Trypanosoma evansi. The animals were divided in four groups (n=10) according to the time and degree of parasitemia (groups A, B, C and D). The animals from group A were euthanized on day 3 (low parasitemia), group B on day 5 (high parasitemia) and group C on day 15 (low parasitemia). Group D consisted of healthy rats (not-infected, n=15) and were divided in three periods (n=5) in order to compare with the infected groups. After euthanasia, cerebral cortex was removed for the preparation of synaptosomes and enzymatic assays. Group A showed no changes in enzymatic activities compared with control. The hydrolysis of ATP, ADP and AMP by the enzymes NTPDase and 5'-nucleotidase were increased (P<0.05) in group B (38%, 140% and 61%, respectively) when compared with control. In the group C it was observed a decreased (22%) hydrolysis of ATP when compared with control group. The activities of NTPDase and 5'-nucleotidase in synaptosomes alters the acute phase of the disease when the number of circulating parasites is high, thus the change observed is probably due to the parasitemia.
Collapse
|