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Makarov A, Began J, Mautone IC, Pinto E, Ferguson L, Zoltner M, Zoll S, Field MC. The role of invariant surface glycoprotein 75 in xenobiotic acquisition by African trypanosomes. MICROBIAL CELL (GRAZ, AUSTRIA) 2023; 10:18-35. [PMID: 36789350 PMCID: PMC9896412 DOI: 10.15698/mic2023.02.790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The surface proteins of parasitic protozoa mediate functions essential to survival within a host, including nutrient accumulation, environmental sensing and immune evasion. Several receptors involved in nutrient uptake and defence from the innate immune response have been described in African trypanosomes and, together with antigenic variation, contribute towards persistence within vertebrate hosts. Significantly, a superfamily of invariant surface glycoproteins (ISGs) populates the trypanosome surface, one of which, ISG75, is implicated in uptake of the century-old drug suramin. By CRISPR/Cas9 knockout and biophysical analysis, we show here that ISG75 directly binds suramin and mediates uptake of additional naphthol-related compounds, making ISG75 a conduit for entry of at least one structural class of trypanocidal compounds. However, ISG75 null cells present only modest attenuation of suramin sensitivity, have unaltered viability in vivo and in vitro and no alteration to suramin-invoked proteome responses. While ISG75 is demonstrated as a valid suramin cell entry pathway, we suggest the presence of additional mechanisms for suramin accumulation, further demonstrating the complexity of trypanosomatid drug interactions and potential for evolution of resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandr Makarov
- School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Jakub Began
- Laboratory of Structural Parasitology, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, 16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Ileana Corvo Mautone
- School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK
- Laboratorio de Moléculas Bioactivas, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de la República, Paysandú 60000, Uruguay
| | - Erika Pinto
- School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Liam Ferguson
- School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Martin Zoltner
- School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK
- Charles University, Faculty of Science, Department of Parasitology, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Sebastian Zoll
- Laboratory of Structural Parasitology, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, 16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Mark C. Field
- School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, 37005 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
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2
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Manna PT, Obado SO, Boehm C, Gadelha C, Sali A, Chait BT, Rout MP, Field MC. Lineage-specific proteins essential for endocytosis in trypanosomes. J Cell Sci 2017; 130:1379-1392. [PMID: 28232524 PMCID: PMC5399782 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.191478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) is the most evolutionarily ancient endocytic mechanism known, and in many lineages the sole mechanism for internalisation. Significantly, in mammalian cells CME is responsible for the vast bulk of endocytic flux and has likely undergone multiple adaptations to accommodate specific requirements by individual species. In African trypanosomes, we previously demonstrated that CME is independent of the AP-2 adaptor protein complex, that orthologues to many of the animal and fungal CME protein cohort are absent, and that a novel, trypanosome-restricted protein cohort interacts with clathrin and drives CME. Here, we used a novel cryomilling affinity isolation strategy to preserve transient low-affinity interactions, giving the most comprehensive trypanosome clathrin interactome to date. We identified the trypanosome AP-1 complex, Trypanosoma brucei (Tb)EpsinR, several endosomal SNAREs plus orthologues of SMAP and the AP-2 associated kinase AAK1 as interacting with clathrin. Novel lineage-specific proteins were identified, which we designate TbCAP80 and TbCAP141. Their depletion produced extensive defects in endocytosis and endomembrane system organisation, revealing a novel molecular pathway subtending an early-branching and highly divergent form of CME, which is conserved and likely functionally important across the kinetoplastid parasites. Summary: Endocytosis is a vital process in most cells, and here we identify important proteins required for this process in trypanosomes. Significantly, these are unique and not present in animals, fungi or plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul T Manna
- School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Samson O Obado
- The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Cordula Boehm
- School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Catarina Gadelha
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG2 7UH, UK
| | - Andrej Sali
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Brian T Chait
- The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Michael P Rout
- The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Mark C Field
- School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland DD1 5EH, UK
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Daunes S, Yardley V, Croft SL, D'Silva C. Antiprotozoal glutathione derivatives with flagellar membrane binding activity against T. brucei rhodesiense. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 25:1329-1340. [PMID: 28131508 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2016] [Revised: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A new series of N-substituted S-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)glutathione dibutyl diesters were synthesized to improve in vitro anti-protozoal activity against the pathogenic parasites Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, Trypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania donovani. The results obtained indicate that N-substituents enhance the inhibitory properties of glutathione diesters whilst showing reduced toxicity against KB cells as in the cases of compounds 5, 9, 10, 16, 18 and 19. We suggest that the interaction of N-substituted S-(2,4-dinitrophenyl) glutathione dibutyl diesters with T. b. brucei occurs mainly by weak hydrophobic interactions such as London and van der Waals forces. A QSAR study indicated that the inhibitory activity of the peptide is associated negatively with the average number of C atoms, NC and positively to SZX, the ZX shadow a geometric descriptor related to molecular size and orientation of the compound. HPLC-UV studies in conjunction with optical microscopy indicate that the observed selectivity of inhibition of these compounds against bloodstream form T. b. brucei parasites in comparison to L. donovani under the same conditions is due to intracellular uptake via endocytosis in the flagellar pocket.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Daunes
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Sciences, The Manchester Metropolitan University, Faculty of Science and Engineering, John Dalton Building, Chester Street, Manchester M1 5GD, UK
| | - Vanessa Yardley
- Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Simon L Croft
- Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Claudius D'Silva
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Sciences, The Manchester Metropolitan University, Faculty of Science and Engineering, John Dalton Building, Chester Street, Manchester M1 5GD, UK; School of Chemistry, Central University of Rajasthan, Bandar Sindari, Jaipur-Ajmer Highway (Rajasthan), India.
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Brosson S, Fontaine F, Vermeersch M, Perez-Morga D, Pays E, Bousbata S, Salmon D. Specific Endocytosis Blockade of Trypanosoma cruzi Exposed to a Poly-LAcNAc Binding Lectin Suggests that Lectin-Sugar Interactions Participate to Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0163302. [PMID: 27685262 PMCID: PMC5042520 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi is a protozoan parasite transmitted by a triatomine insect, and causing human Chagas disease in South America. This parasite undergoes a complex life cycle alternating between non-proliferative and dividing forms. Owing to their high energy requirement, replicative epimastigotes of the insect midgut display high endocytic activity. This activity is mainly restricted to the cytostome, by which the cargo is taken up and sorted through the endosomal vesicular network to be delivered to reservosomes, the final lysosomal-like compartments. In African trypanosomes tomato lectin (TL) and ricin, respectively specific to poly-N-acetyllactosamine (poly-LacNAc) and β-D-galactose, allowed the identification of giant chains of poly-LacNAc in N-glycoproteins of the endocytic pathway. We show that in T. cruzi epimastigote forms also, glycoproteins of the endocytic pathway are characterized by the presence of N-linked glycans binding to both ricin and TL. Affinity chromatography using both TL and Griffonia simplicifolia lectin II (GSLII), specific to non-reducing terminal residue of N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc), led to an enrichment of glycoproteins of the trypanosomal endocytic pathway. Incubation of live parasites with TL, which selectively bound to the cytostome/cytopharynx, specifically inhibited endocytosis of transferrin (Tf) but not dextran, a marker of fluid endocytosis. Taken together, our data suggest that N-glycan modification of endocytic components plays a crucial role in receptor-mediated endocytosis of T. cruzi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Brosson
- Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 12 rue des Professeurs Jeener et Brachet, B-6041 Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Frédéric Fontaine
- Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 12 rue des Professeurs Jeener et Brachet, B-6041 Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Marjorie Vermeersch
- Center for Microscopy and Molecular Imaging-CMMI, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 8 rue Adrienne Bolland, B-6041 Gosselies, Belgium
| | - David Perez-Morga
- Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 12 rue des Professeurs Jeener et Brachet, B-6041 Gosselies, Belgium
- Center for Microscopy and Molecular Imaging-CMMI, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 8 rue Adrienne Bolland, B-6041 Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Etienne Pays
- Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 12 rue des Professeurs Jeener et Brachet, B-6041 Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Sabrina Bousbata
- Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 12 rue des Professeurs Jeener et Brachet, B-6041 Gosselies, Belgium
- * E-mail: (DS); (SB)
| | - Didier Salmon
- Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 12 rue des Professeurs Jeener et Brachet, B-6041 Gosselies, Belgium
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Centro de Ciências e da Saúde, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Av. Brigadeiro Trompowsky, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-590, Brazil
- * E-mail: (DS); (SB)
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Perdomo D, Bonhivers M, Robinson DR. The Trypanosome Flagellar Pocket Collar and Its Ring Forming Protein-TbBILBO1. Cells 2016; 5:cells5010009. [PMID: 26950156 PMCID: PMC4810094 DOI: 10.3390/cells5010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Sub-species of Trypanosoma brucei are the causal agents of human African sleeping sickness and Nagana in domesticated livestock. These pathogens have developed an organelle-like compartment called the flagellar pocket (FP). The FP carries out endo- and exocytosis and is the only structure this parasite has evolved to do so. The FP is essential for parasite viability, making it an interesting structure to evaluate as a drug target, especially since it has an indispensible cytoskeleton component called the flagellar pocket collar (FPC). The FPC is located at the neck of the FP where the flagellum exits the cell. The FPC has a complex architecture and division cycle, but little is known concerning its organization. Recent work has focused on understanding how the FP and the FPC are formed and as a result of these studies an important calcium-binding, polymer-forming protein named TbBILBO1 was identified. Cellular biology analysis of TbBILBO1 has demonstrated its uniqueness as a FPC component and until recently, it was unknown what structural role it played in forming the FPC. This review summarizes the recent data on the polymer forming properties of TbBILBO1 and how these are correlated to the FP cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doranda Perdomo
- CNRS, Microbiology Fundamental and Pathogenicity, UMR 5234, F-33000 Bordeaux, France.
| | - Mélanie Bonhivers
- CNRS, Microbiology Fundamental and Pathogenicity, UMR 5234, F-33000 Bordeaux, France.
| | - Derrick R Robinson
- CNRS, Microbiology Fundamental and Pathogenicity, UMR 5234, F-33000 Bordeaux, France.
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Gadelha C, Holden JM, Allison HC, Field MC. Specializations in a successful parasite: what makes the bloodstream-form African trypanosome so deadly? Mol Biochem Parasitol 2011; 179:51-8. [PMID: 21763356 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2011.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2011] [Revised: 06/14/2011] [Accepted: 06/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Most trypanosomatid parasites have both arthropod and mammalian or plant hosts, and the ability to survive and complete a developmental program in each of these very different environments is essential for life cycle progression and hence being a successful pathogen. For African trypanosomes, where the mammalian stage is exclusively extracellular, this presents specific challenges and requires evasion of both the acquired and innate immune systems, together with adaptation to a specific nutritional environment and resistance to mechanical and biochemical stresses. Here we consider the basis for these adaptations, the specific features of the mammalian infective trypanosome that are required to meet these challenges, and how these processes both inform on basic parasite biology and present potential therapeutic targets.
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