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Cipriani DS, Borges GK, Povaluk AP, Stipp MC, Casagrande RA, Vogel CIG, Miletti LC, Bastos-Pereira AL. Experimental Trypanosoma evansi infection induces pain along with oxidative stress, prevented by COX-2 inhibition. Exp Parasitol 2023; 247:108477. [PMID: 36720379 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2023.108477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Sérgio Cipriani
- Santa Catarina State University, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Multicentric Postgraduation Program, Lages, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Kaiser Borges
- Santa Catarina State University, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Multicentric Postgraduation Program, Lages, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Povaluk
- Santa Catarina State University, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Multicentric Postgraduation Program, Lages, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Maria Carolina Stipp
- Federal University of Paraná, Department of Pharmacology, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Renata Assis Casagrande
- Santa Catarina State University, Animal Science Postgraduation Program, Lages, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Carla Ivane Ganz Vogel
- Santa Catarina State University, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Multicentric Postgraduation Program, Lages, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Luiz Claudio Miletti
- Santa Catarina State University, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Multicentric Postgraduation Program, Lages, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Amanda Leite Bastos-Pereira
- Santa Catarina State University, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Multicentric Postgraduation Program, Lages, Santa Catarina, Brazil.
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Jawalagatti V, Kirthika P, Singh P, Vinodhkumar OR, Buddhi Chandrasekaran S, Chittlangia RK, Tewari AK. Expression kinetics of cytokines and the humoral antibody response concerning short-term protection induced by radiation-attenuated Trypanosoma evansi in bovine calves. Vaccine 2023; 41:1668-1678. [PMID: 36746738 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.01.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
'Surra', an economically important disease of livestock, is caused by the parasitic blood protozoon Trypanosoma evansi. Both innate and adaptive immunity contribute to the protection against this infection. T-helper cells play a crucial role in the antibody-mediated clearance of T. evansi. We present here the data on the kinetics of expression of important Th1, Th2 and Th17 cytokines, vis-a-vis the dynamics of humoral response in bovine calves following immunization with γ-radiation-attenuated live T. evansi and later challenged with homologous virulent T. evansi. Significant upregulation of the pro-inflammatory Th1 and Th17 cytokines was correlated with the IgG2-mediated protection in the immunized bovine calves post-challenge. The calves were immunized with 5 × 106 500 Gy γ-radiation-attenuated live T. evansi (horse isolate) thrice at 15 days intervals through the subcutaneous route and subsequently, challenged with 1 × 103 virulent T. evansi on day 50. Significantly high serum IgG (1:1600) and IgM (1:800) titres were recorded on week 2 PC, whereas the peak serum IgG2 titre (1:800) was recorded on week 6 PC. Significant upregulation of IFN-γ, TNF, IL-1β, and IL-2 was recorded between days 1 to 3 PC, while the same for IL-17 was recorded on day 14 PC. The immunized calves were free from parasitemia post-challenge and were clinically healthy till the end of the experiment. Significant upregulation of IL-10 and IL-4 transcripts and a corresponding increase of serum IgG1 titre in the placebo group helped patency of the parasite in an anti-inflammatory environment and clinical exacerbation of the disease. The expression of the important Th1 cytokines was crucial for antibody-mediated short-term protection against a lethal challenge of T. evansi in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijayakumar Jawalagatti
- Division of Parasitology, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar-243 122, India
| | - Perumalraja Kirthika
- Division of Animal Biochemistry, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar-243 122, India
| | - Praveen Singh
- Division of Animal Biochemistry, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar-243 122, India; Biophysics Section, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar-243 122, India
| | - O R Vinodhkumar
- Divison of Epidemiology, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar-243 122, India
| | | | | | - Anup Kumar Tewari
- Division of Parasitology, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar-243 122, India.
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Haematological Features of White Rats (Rattus norvegicus) Infected with S. pyogenes and Administered with Probiotics (Yogurt). ScientificWorldJournal 2022; 2022:2899462. [PMID: 35811999 PMCID: PMC9262534 DOI: 10.1155/2022/2899462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to study the inhibition activity of lactic acid bacteria probiotics deriving from Acehnese fermented Etawa goat's milk (yogurt) against Streptococcus pyogenes bacterial infection in rats (Rattus norvegicus). Haematological analysis of the rats' blood was performed on the following parameters: platelets, leukocytes, lymphocytes, neutrophils, and monocytes, where the data were further processed using ANOVA and Duncan's test with a confidence level of 95% (0.05). The results revealed that administering yogurt containing probiotics could reduce infections in the throats of rats caused by S. pyogenes. Based on the haematology examination, the probiotic yogurt could maintain the number of platelets, leukocytes, lymphocytes, neutrophils, and monocytes. Statistical significance was obtained when the infected rats were administered with a ±1.00 mL/day dose for seven days of treatment (p < 0.05).
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Leukogram and cortisol parameters in Swiss mice experimentally infected with Angiostrongylus costaricensis. J Helminthol 2021; 95:e40. [PMID: 34353407 DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x21000341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
This study describes changes in haematological parameters, cytokine profile, histopathology and cortisol levels in Swiss mice experimentally infected with Angiostrongylus costaricensis. Twenty-eight Swiss mice were divided into two groups (G1 and G2) of 14 animals each. In each group, eight animals were infected orally with ten third-stage larvae of A. costaricensis and six were used as a control group. The mice of groups G1 and G2 were sacrificed 14 and 24 days after infection, respectively. Samples were collected for histopathological and haematological analyses and determination of the cytokine profile and cortisol levels. Granulomatous reaction, eosinophilic infiltrate and vasculitis in the intestinal tract, pancreas, liver and spleen were observed with varying intensity in infected animals. Our results showed that the mice developed normocytic and hypochromic anaemia, and that the histopathological lesions caused by the experimental infection influenced increases in cortisol, neutrophil and monocyte levels. In addition to this, we detected increased interleukin-6 and tumour necrosis factor alpha levels in the infected animals.
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Wei R, Li X, Wang X, Zhang N, Wang Y, Zhang X, Gong P, Li J. Trypanosoma evansi evades host innate immunity by releasing extracellular vesicles to activate TLR2-AKT signaling pathway. Virulence 2021; 12:2017-2036. [PMID: 34348595 PMCID: PMC8344757 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2021.1959495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Surra, one of the most important animal diseases with economic consequences in Asia and South America, is caused by Trypanosoma evansi. However, the mechanism of immune evasion by T. evansi has not been extensively studied. In the present study, T. evansi extracellular vesicles (TeEVs) were characterized and the role of TeEVs in T. evansi infection were examined. The results showed that T. evansi and TeEVs could activate TLR2-AKT pathway to inhibit the secretions of IL-12p40, IL-6, and TNF-α in mouse BMDMs. TLR2−/- mice and mice with a blocked AKT pathway were more resistant to T. evansi infection than wild type (WT) mice, with a significantly lower infection rate, longer survival time and less parasite load, as well as an increased secretion level of IL-12p40 and IFN-γ. Kinetoplastid membrane protein-11 (KMP-11) of TeEVs could activate AKT pathway and inhibit the productions of IL-12p40, TNF-α, and IL-6 in vitro. TeEVs and KMP-11 could inhibit the productions of IL-12p40 and IFN-γ, promote T. evansi proliferation and shorten the survival time of infected mice in vivo. In conclusion, T. evansi could escape host immune response through inhibiting the productions of inflammatory cytokines via secreting TeEVs to activate TLR2-AKT pathway. KMP-11 in TeEVs was involved in promoting T. evansi infection. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) secreted by Trypanosoma evansi (T. evansi) activate the TLR2-AKT signaling pathway to inhibit the production of inflammatory cytokines, thereby escaping the host’s immune response. Kinetoplastid membrane protein-11 (KMP-11) in EVs is related to the promotion of T.evansi infection via AKT pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Wei
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education; College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xin Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education; College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaocen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education; College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education; College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yuru Wang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education; College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xichen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education; College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Pengtao Gong
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education; College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jianhua Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education; College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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KRISHNAMOORTHY P, SENGUPTA PP, ROY PARIMAL. Comparative pathology of experimental infection with four isolates of Trypanosoma evansi in Wistar albino Rats. THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.56093/ijans.v90i8.109208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, pathological changes due to experimental infection with four isolates of T. evansi were studied in rats to know the pathogenicity. Male Wistar albino rats (140) were divided in five groups of 28 rats each (4 isolate groups and 1 control group). Each rat was infected with 1×105 T. evansi from buffalo, dog, leopard and lion isolates and normal saline in control group by intraperitoneal route. Four rats were sacrificed on Day 1 (D1) to D7 post infection in each group and collected blood was for microscopic examination and tissues for pathology. Blood smear examination revealed presence of trypanosomes on D3, D4, D5 and D5 in buffalo, dog, leopard and lion isolates, respectively. All the T. evansi infected rats showed hypoglycaemia and increased blood urea nitrogen in serum. Rats showed clinical signs with dullness, lethargy and hunched back on D7. Liver showed vacuolar degeneration, congestion of blood vessels and infiltration of mononuclear cells on D7 in buffalo, dog, lion isolates, and no changes in leopard isolate infected rats. Kidney, spleen, lung and testis revealed pathological changes in buffalo and dog isolates. Trypanosomes were present in the endocardium of heart in buffalo isolate infected rats. Immunohistopathology revealed presence of trypanosome antigens in the blood vessels of liver, and spleen. Thus, based on trypanosome counts, serum glucose, blood urea nitrogen and pathological changes, there was variation between these isolates and revealed pathogenicity in ascending order as leopard, lion, dog and buffalo isolates in rats.
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Sadek ASM. A comparative study on susceptibility, course of parasitemia, and pattern of infection with Trypanosoma evansi between different laboratory animals. JOURNAL OF TAIBAH UNIVERSITY FOR SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/16583655.2020.1816323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Al- Shaimaa M. Sadek
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University (Girls), Cairo, Egypt
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Resveratrol reduces store-operated Ca 2+ entry and enhances the apoptosis of fibroblast-like synoviocytes in adjuvant arthritis rats model via targeting ORAI1-STIM1 complex. Biol Res 2019; 52:45. [PMID: 31426853 PMCID: PMC6699118 DOI: 10.1186/s40659-019-0250-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Resveratrol was reported to trigger the apoptosis of fibroblast-like synoviocytes in adjuvant arthritis rats but the subcellular mechanism remains unclear. Since ER stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress were involved in the effects of resveratrol with imbalance of calcium bio-transmission, store operated calcium entry (SOCE), a novel intracellular calcium regulatory pathway, may also participate in this process. Results In the present study, Resveratrol was found to suppress ORAI1 expression of a dose dependent manner while have no evident effects on STIM1 expressive level. Besides, resveratrol had no effects on ATP or TG induced calcium depletion but present partly dose-dependent suppression of SOCE. On the one hand, microinjection of ORAI1 overexpressed vector in sick toe partly counteracted the therapeutic effects of resveratrol on adjuvant arthritis and serum inflammatory cytokine including IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10 and TNF-α. On the other hand, ORAI1 SiRNA injection provided slight relief to adjuvant arthritis in rats. In addition, ORAI1 overexpression partly diminished the alleviation of hemogram abnormality induced by adjuvant arthritis after resveratrol treatment while ORAI1 knockdown presented mild resveratrol-like effect on hemogram in rats model. Conclusion These results indicated that resveratrol reduced store-operated Ca2+ entry and enhanced the apoptosis of fibroblast-like synoviocytes in adjuvant arthritis rats model via targeting ORAI1–STIM1 complex, providing a theoretical basis for ORAI1 targeted therapy in future treatment with resveratrol on rheumatoid arthritis.![]() Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s40659-019-0250-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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McAllister M, Phillips N, Belosevic M. Trypanosoma carassii infection in goldfish (Carassius auratus L.): changes in the expression of erythropoiesis and anemia regulatory genes. Parasitol Res 2019; 118:1147-1158. [PMID: 30747294 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-019-06246-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosoma carassii is a flagellated bloodstream parasite of cyprinid fish with pathogenesis manifesting primarily as anemia in experimentally infected fish. This anemia is characterized by decreases in the number of circulating red blood cells (RBCs) during peak parasitemia. We examined changes in the key blood metrics and expression of genes known to be important in the regulation of erythropoiesis. Increasing parasitemia was strongly correlated with an overall decrease in the total number of circulating RBCs. Gene expression of key erythropoiesis regulators (EPO, EPOR, GATA1, Lmo2, and HIFα) and proinflammatory cytokines (IFNγ and TNFα) were measured and their expressions differed from those in fish made anemic by injections of phenylhydrazine (PHZ). Significant upregulation of pro-erythropoietic genes was observed in PHZ-induced anemia, but not during peak parasitic infection. Previously, we reported on functional characterization of goldfish erythropoietin (rgEPO) and its ability to induce survival and differentiation of erythroid progenitor cells in vitro. Treatment of goldfish during the infection with rgEPO reduced the severity of anemia but failed to fully prevent the onset of the anemic state in infected fish. Proinflammatory cytokines have been implicated in the suppression of erythropoiesis during trypanosomiasis, specifically the cytokines TNFα, IFNγ, and IL-1β. Analysis of key proinflammatory cytokines revealed that mRNA levels of IFNγ and TNFα were upregulated in response to infection, but only TNFα increased in response to PHZ treatment. Synergistic activity of the proinflammatory cytokines may be required to sustain prolonged anemia. These findings provide insight into the relationship between T. carassii and host anemia and suggest that T. carassii may directly or indirectly suppress host erythropoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark McAllister
- Department of Biological Sciences, CW-405 Biological Sciences Building, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Nicole Phillips
- Department of Biological Sciences, CW-405 Biological Sciences Building, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Miodrag Belosevic
- Department of Biological Sciences, CW-405 Biological Sciences Building, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E9, Canada.
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Use of physiological biomarkers in diagnosis along with field trials of different trypanisidal drugs in camels of Cholistan desert. Microb Pathog 2017; 108:1-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2017.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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11
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Krishnamoorthy P, Sengupta PP, Das S, Ligi M, Shome BR, Rahman H. Cytokine gene expression and pathology in mice experimentally infected with different isolates of Trypanosoma evansi. Exp Parasitol 2016; 170:168-176. [PMID: 27702553 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2016.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Revised: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Aim of the present study was to assess the cytokine gene expression in liver, kidney and spleen and histopathological changes in mice infected with buffalo and dog isolates of Trypanosoma evansi. Forty-four Swiss albino mice was divided into eleven groups of four mice each and injected subcutaneously with 1 × 105 trypanosomes of buffalo and dog isolate to twenty mice each, four mice served as control. Mice were examined for clinical signs, blood smear for trypanosome counts. Blood for PCR, liver, kidney, spleen, heart, lung, testis and abdominal muscle for histopathology and liver, kidney, spleen for cytokine gene expression studies, were collected. Mice showed dullness, lethargy, hunched back, sluggish movements on D4 and D5 in buffalo and dog isolate, respectively. Parasite count in blood varied between the two isolates of T. evansi. By PCR, trypanosome DNA was detected on D1 and D2 for buffalo and dog isolate, respectively. Splenomegaly was observed in mice infected with buffalo isolate but not with dog isolate. Histopathological changes were observed in liver, kidney, spleen and heart of mice but no changes in testis and abdominal muscles. Blood vessels of liver, heart, lung showed presence of trypanosomes in mice infected with buffalo isolate but not for dog isolate. Cytokine gene expression of IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-12, TNF-α and IFN-γ increased in liver, kidney and spleen in both these isolates. However, the buffalo isolate exhibited pronounced increase in cytokine gene expression when compare to dog isolate of T. evansi. Anti-inflammatory cytokine gene IL-10 showed 50-60 and 10-20 folds increment in buffalo and dog isolates, respectively. This is the first report of IL-4, IL-6, IL-10 and IL-12 cytokine changes in mice infected with T. evansi. A variation in pathogenicity between buffalo and dog isolates was recorded indicating buffalo isolate of T. evansi remained more pathogenic in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Krishnamoorthy
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI), Formerly Project Directorate on Animal Disease Monitoring and Surveillance (PD_ADMAS), Post Box No.6450, Ramagondanahalli, Yelahanka, Bengaluru, 560 064, Karnataka, India.
| | - P P Sengupta
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI), Formerly Project Directorate on Animal Disease Monitoring and Surveillance (PD_ADMAS), Post Box No.6450, Ramagondanahalli, Yelahanka, Bengaluru, 560 064, Karnataka, India
| | - Sangita Das
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI), Formerly Project Directorate on Animal Disease Monitoring and Surveillance (PD_ADMAS), Post Box No.6450, Ramagondanahalli, Yelahanka, Bengaluru, 560 064, Karnataka, India
| | - M Ligi
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI), Formerly Project Directorate on Animal Disease Monitoring and Surveillance (PD_ADMAS), Post Box No.6450, Ramagondanahalli, Yelahanka, Bengaluru, 560 064, Karnataka, India
| | - B R Shome
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI), Formerly Project Directorate on Animal Disease Monitoring and Surveillance (PD_ADMAS), Post Box No.6450, Ramagondanahalli, Yelahanka, Bengaluru, 560 064, Karnataka, India
| | - H Rahman
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI), Formerly Project Directorate on Animal Disease Monitoring and Surveillance (PD_ADMAS), Post Box No.6450, Ramagondanahalli, Yelahanka, Bengaluru, 560 064, Karnataka, India
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Trypanosoma evansi in naturally infected Dromedary Camels: lipid profile, oxidative stress parameters, acute phase proteins and proinflammatory cytokines. Parasitology 2016; 143:518-22. [DOI: 10.1017/s0031182016000123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARYAdditional biomarkers are essential for control of Trypanosoma evansi (T. evansi) infection in dromedary camels. Two groups of 30 camels each, one naturally infected with T. evansi and other normal healthy were executed. The basis for the infection was the positive findings of clinical examination, blood smears and latex agglutination test. Blood samples of both groups and its harvested serum were used for the estimation of present serobiochemical parameters. The present findings revealed significant decrease (P ⩽ 0·05) in triacylglycerol, cholesterol, high density lipoprotein cholesterol with significant increase (P ⩽ 0·05) in low density lipoprotein cholesterol, beta hydroxyl butyric acids, non-esterified fatty acids, haptoglobin, serum amyloid A, ceruloplasmin, fibrinogen, interleukins, tumour necrosis factor-α, interferon gamma, malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, reduced glutathione and catalase of infected camels compared with the control. The present study suggests lipid profile, acute phase proteins, proinflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress parameters as biomarkers for T. evansi infection in camels.
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13
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Trypanosoma evansi infection impairs memory, increases anxiety behaviour and alters neurochemical parameters in rats. Parasitology 2015; 140:1432-41. [PMID: 23965823 DOI: 10.1017/s003118201300108x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate neurochemical and enzymatic changes in rats infected with Trypanosoma evansi, and their interference in the cognitive parameters. Behavioural assessment (assessment of cognitive performance), evaluation of cerebral L-[3H]glutamate uptake, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity and Ca+2 and Na+, K+-ATPase activity were evaluated at 5 and 30 days post infection (dpi). This study demonstrates a cognitive impairment in rats infected with T. evansi. At 5 dpi memory deficit was demonstrated by an inhibitory avoidance test. With the chronicity of the disease (30 dpi) animals showed anxiety symptoms. It is possible the inhibition of cerebral Na+, K+-ATPase activity, AChE and synaptosomal glutamate uptake are involved in cognitive impairment in infected rats by T. evansi. The understanding of cerebral host–parasite relationship may shed some light on the cryptic symptoms of animals and possibly human infection where patients often present with other central nervous system (CNS) disorders.
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Baldissera MD, Rech VC, Da Silva AS, Nishihira VS, Ianiski FR, Gressler LT, Grando TH, Vaucher RA, Schwertz CI, Mendes RE, Monteiro SG. Relationship between behavioral alterations and activities of adenylate kinase and creatine kinase in brain of rats infected by Trypanosoma evansi. Exp Parasitol 2015; 151-152:96-102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2015.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Revised: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Camejo MI, Spencer LM, Núñez A. TNF-alpha in bulls experimentally infected with Trypanosoma vivax: a pilot study. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2014; 162:192-7. [PMID: 25464824 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2014.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Revised: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
There are few studies about the immune response during trypanosomosis in cattle. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of experimental infection with Trypanosoma vivax (T. vivax) on serum levels of TNF-alpha in bulls and its relationship to hematocrit, body temperature and parasitemia. Two adult crossbred bulls were infected experimentally with T. vivax and two were used as controls. The bulls were evaluated during a 64 day period in terms of temperature, hematocrit, and parasitemia. Serum TNF-alpha levels were determined by ELISA, using an antibody specific for bovine. TNF-alpha in serum began rising on the seventh day after infection and reached a peak on day 40 of post-infection, then dropped. The lowest hematocrit levels corresponded to the upper levels of TNF-alpha, for each animal. In conclusion, the experimental infection of cattle with T. vivax promotes the release of TNF-alpha, demonstrating a pro-inflammatory immune response to this hemotropic parasite. Moreover, the lowest hematocrit levels coincide with high concentrations of TNF-alpha, suggesting that this cytokine can be linked to the observed anemia during the course of infection by T. vivax in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- María I Camejo
- Departamento de Biología de Organismos, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Baruta, Estado Miranda, Venezuela.
| | - Lilian M Spencer
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Baruta, Estado Miranda, Venezuela
| | - Armando Núñez
- Departamento de Biología de Organismos, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Baruta, Estado Miranda, Venezuela; Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional Experimental Rómulo Gallegos, San Juan de Los Morros, Estado Guárico, Venezuela
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16
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Bottari NB, Baldissera MD, Tonin AA, França RT, Zanini D, Leal MLR, Lopes STA, Schetinger MRC, Morsch VM, Monteiro SG, Guarda NS, Moresco RN, Aires AR, Stefani LM, Da Silva AS. Effects of iron supplementation on blood adenine deaminase activity and oxidative stress in Trypanosoma evansi infection of rats. Exp Parasitol 2014; 147:1-6. [PMID: 25300765 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2014.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Revised: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the effects of iron supplementation on oxidative stress and on the activity of the adenosine deaminase (ADA) in rats experimentally infected by Trypanosoma evansi. For this purpose, 20 rats were divided into four experimental groups with five animals each as follows: groups A and B were composed by healthy animals, while animals from groups C and D were infected by T. evansi. Additionally, groups B and D received two subcutaneous doses of iron (60 mg kg(-1)) within an interval of 5 days. Blood samples were drawn on day 8 post infection in order to assess hematological and biochemical variables. Among the main results are: (1) animals from group C showed reduced erythrogram (with tendency to anemia); however the same results were not observed for group D; this might be a direct effect of free iron on trypanosomes which helped to reduce the parasitemia and the damage to erythrocytes caused by the infection; (2) iron supplementation was able to reduce NOx levels by inhibiting iNOS, and thus, providing an antioxidant action and, indirectly, reducing the ALT levels in groups Band D; (3) increase FRAP levels in group D; (4) reduce ADA activity in serum and erythrocytes in group C; however, this supplementation (5) increased the protein oxidation in groups B and D, as well as group C (positive control). Therefore, iron showed antioxidant and oxidant effects on animals that received supplementation; and it maintained the activity of E-ADA stable in infected/supplemented animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathieli B Bottari
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil; Toxicological Biochemistry of Graduate Program, UFSM, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Matheus D Baldissera
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Alexandre A Tonin
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Danieli Zanini
- Toxicological Biochemistry of Graduate Program, UFSM, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Marta L R Leal
- Department of Large Animal, UFSM, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | | | | | - Vera M Morsch
- Toxicological Biochemistry of Graduate Program, UFSM, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Silvia G Monteiro
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Naiara S Guarda
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, UFSM, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Rafael N Moresco
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, UFSM, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Lenita M Stefani
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Chapecó, SC, Brazil
| | - Aleksandro S Da Silva
- Toxicological Biochemistry of Graduate Program, UFSM, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil; Department of Animal Science, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Chapecó, SC, Brazil.
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Bottari NB, Baldissera MD, Oliveira CB, Duarte T, Duarte MMMF, Leal MLR, Thomé GR, Zanini D, Schetinger MRC, Nunes MAG, Dressler VL, Monteiro SG, Tonin AA, Da Silva AS. Effect of zinc supplementation on E-ADA activity, seric zinc, and cytokines levels of Trypanosoma evansi infected Wistar rats. Microb Pathog 2014; 74:15-9. [PMID: 24994023 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2014.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2014] [Revised: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of zinc supplementation on the ecto-adenosine deaminase activity (E-ADA), zinc seric levels and cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1, IL-6, and IL -10) on rats experimentally infected by Trypanosoma evansi. Four groups with 10 rats each were used as negative controls (groups A and B), while the animals from the groups C and D were infected intraperitoneally with 0.1 mL of cryopreserved blood containing 1.4 × 10(4) of trypanosomes. Animals of groups B and D received two doses of Zinc (Zn) at 5 mg kg(-1), subcutaneously, on the 2nd and 7th day post-infection (PI). Blood samples were collected on days 5 (n = 5) and 15 PI (n = 5). Zn supplementation was able to increase the rat's longevity and to reduce their parasitemia. It was observed that seric Zn levels were increased on infected animals under Zn supplementation. Animals that were infected and supplemented with Zn showed changes in E-ADA activity and in cytokine levels (P < 0.05). Zn supplementation of healthy animals (Group B), increased the E-ADA activity, as well as reduced the concentration of cytokines. Infected animals from groups C and D showed increased levels of cytokines. Finally, we observed that Zn supplementation led to a modulation on cytokine's level in rats infected by T. evansi, as well as in E-ADA activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathieli B Bottari
- Toxicological Biochemistry of Graduate Program, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Camila B Oliveira
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, UFSM, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Thiago Duarte
- Graduate Program in Pharmacology, UFSM, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | | | - Marta L R Leal
- Department of Large Animal, UFSM, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Gustavo R Thomé
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Daniela Zanini
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Silvia G Monteiro
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, UFSM, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Alexandre A Tonin
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, UFSM, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Aleksandro S Da Silva
- Toxicological Biochemistry of Graduate Program, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil; Department of Animal Science, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Chapecó, SC, Brazil.
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18
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Baldissera MD, Da Silva AS, Oliveira CB, Vaucher RA, Santos RCV, Duarte T, Duarte MMMF, França RT, Lopes STA, Raffin RP, Boligon AA, Athayde ML, Stefani LM, Monteiro SG. Effect of tea tree oil (Melaleuca alternifolia) on the longevity and immune response of rats infected by Trypanosoma evansi. Res Vet Sci 2014; 96:501-6. [PMID: 24731531 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2014.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Revised: 02/22/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the effect of tea tree oil (TTO - Melaleuca alternifolia) on hepatic and renal functions, and the immune response of rats infected by Trypanosoma evansi. A pilot study has shown that rats treated with TTO orally (1 ml kg(-1)) had increased survival rate without curative effect. In order to verify if increased longevity was related to a better immune response against T. evansi when using tea tree oil, a second experiment was conducted. Thus, twenty-four rats were divided into four groups. The groups A and B were composed of uninfected animals, and the groups C and D had rats experimentally infected by T. evansi. Animals from the groups B and D were treated orally with TTO (1 ml kg(-1)) for three days. Blood samples were collected to verify humoral response analysis for immunoglobulins (IgA, IgM, IgE, and IgG) and cytokines (TNF-α, INF-γ, IL-1, IL-6, IL-4, and IL-10) at days 0, 3, 5 and 15 post-infection (PI). TTO treatment caused changes in the immunoglobulins and cytokines profile, as well as the course of T. evansi infection in rats. It was found that the TTO was not toxic, i.e., hepatic and renal functions were not affected. Therefore, it is possible to conclude that TTO influences the levels of inflammatory mediators and has trypanocidal effect, increasing life expectancy of rats infected by T. evansi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matheus D Baldissera
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil; Laboratory of Microbiology, Centro Universitário Franciscano, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Aleksandro S Da Silva
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Chapecó, SC, Brazil.
| | - Camila B Oliveira
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo A Vaucher
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Centro Universitário Franciscano, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Roberto C V Santos
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Centro Universitário Franciscano, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Thiago Duarte
- Graduate Program in Pharmacology, UFSM, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Renata P Raffin
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology, Centro Universitário Franciscano, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Aline A Boligon
- Animal Science Graduate Program, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Lages, SC, Brazil
| | - Margareth L Athayde
- Animal Science Graduate Program, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Lages, SC, Brazil
| | - Lenita M Stefani
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Chapecó, SC, Brazil; Animal Science Graduate Program, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Lages, SC, Brazil
| | - Silvia G Monteiro
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
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Da Silva AS, Duarte MM, Bochi GV, Moresco RN, Stefani LM, Monteiro SG. Increased Inflammatory Mediators in Horses Naturally Infected with Trypanosoma vivax. A Preliminary Study. J Equine Vet Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2012.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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20
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Desquesnes M, Holzmuller P, Lai DH, Dargantes A, Lun ZR, Jittaplapong S. Trypanosoma evansi and surra: a review and perspectives on origin, history, distribution, taxonomy, morphology, hosts, and pathogenic effects. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:194176. [PMID: 24024184 PMCID: PMC3760267 DOI: 10.1155/2013/194176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2013] [Accepted: 07/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosoma evansi, the agent of "surra," is a salivarian trypanosome, originating from Africa. It is thought to derive from Trypanosoma brucei by deletion of the maxicircle kinetoplastic DNA (genetic material required for cyclical development in tsetse flies). It is mostly mechanically transmitted by tabanids and stomoxes, initially to camels, in sub-Saharan area. The disease spread from North Africa towards the Middle East, Turkey, India, up to 53° North in Russia, across all South-East Asia, down to Indonesia and the Philippines, and it was also introduced by the conquistadores into Latin America. It can affect a very large range of domestic and wild hosts including camelids, equines, cattle, buffaloes, sheep, goats, pigs, dogs and other carnivores, deer, gazelles, and elephants. It found a new large range of wild and domestic hosts in Latin America, including reservoirs (capybaras) and biological vectors (vampire bats). Surra is a major disease in camels, equines, and dogs, in which it can often be fatal in the absence of treatment, and exhibits nonspecific clinical signs (anaemia, loss of weight, abortion, and death), which are variable from one host and one place to another; however, its immunosuppressive effects interfering with intercurrent diseases or vaccination campaigns might be its most significant and questionable aspect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Desquesnes
- Cirad-Bios, UMR-InterTryp, Montpellier 34000, France
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | | | - De-Hua Lai
- Center for Parasitic Organisms, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | | | - Zhao-Rong Lun
- Center for Parasitic Organisms, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Sathaporn Jittaplapong
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
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21
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Wolkmer P, da Silva CB, Paim FC, Duarte MM, Castro V, Palma HE, França RT, Felin DV, Siqueira LC, Lopes ST, Schetinger MRC, Monteiro SG, Mazzanti CM. Pre-treatment with curcumin modulates acetylcholinesterase activity and proinflammatory cytokines in rats infected with Trypanosoma evansi. Parasitol Int 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2012.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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22
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França RT, Da Silva AS, Costa MM, Paim FC, Soares JF, Labruna MB, Mazzanti CM, Lopes ST. Hematologic and bone marrow changes in dogs experimentally infected withRangelia vitalii. Vet Clin Pathol 2013; 42:31-9. [DOI: 10.1111/vcp.12023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Raqueli T. França
- Department of Small Animals; Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM); Santa Maria-RS; Brazil
| | - Aleksandro S. Da Silva
- Department of Animal Science; Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC); Chapecó-SC; Brazil
| | - Marcio M. Costa
- Department of Small Animals; Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM); Santa Maria-RS; Brazil
| | - Francine C. Paim
- Department of Small Animals; Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM); Santa Maria-RS; Brazil
| | - João F. Soares
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine and Animal Health; Universidade de São Paulo (USP); São Paulo-SP; Brazil
| | - Marcelo B. Labruna
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine and Animal Health; Universidade de São Paulo (USP); São Paulo-SP; Brazil
| | - Cinthia M. Mazzanti
- Department of Small Animals; Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM); Santa Maria-RS; Brazil
| | - Sonia T.A. Lopes
- Department of Small Animals; Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM); Santa Maria-RS; Brazil
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23
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Paim FC, Da Silva AS, Paim CBV, França RT, Costa MM, Duarte MMMF, Sangoi MB, Moresco RN, Monteiro SG, Lopes STA. Increased cytokine and nitric oxide levels in serum of dogs experimentally infected with Rangelia vitalii. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2013; 51:133-7. [PMID: 23467990 PMCID: PMC3587743 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2013.51.1.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2012] [Revised: 10/01/2012] [Accepted: 10/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to measure the levels of interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin 1 (IL-1), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and nitrite/nitrate (NOx) in serum of dogs experimentally infected with Rangelia vitalii. Twelve female mongrel dogs were divided into 2 groups; group A (uninfected controls) composed by healthy dogs (n=5) and group B consisting of dogs inoculated with R. vitalii (n=7). Animals were monitored by blood smear examinations, which showed intraerythrocytic forms of the parasite on day 5 post-infection (PI). Blood samples were collected through the jugular vein on days 0, 10, and 20 PI to determine the serum levels of IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-1, IL-6, and NOx. Cytokines were assessed by ELISA quantitative sandwich technique, and NOx was measured by the modified Griess method. Cytokine levels (IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-1, and IL-6) were increased (P<0.01) in serum of infected animals. Serum levels of NOx were also increased on days 10 PI (P<0.01) and 20 PI (P<0.05) in infected animals. Therefore, the infection with R. vitalii causes an increase in proinflammatory cytokines and nitric oxide content. These alterations may be associated with host immune protection against the parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francine C Paim
- Laboratory of Veterinary Clinical Analysis-LACVet, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
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Isolation, cloning, and pathologic analysis of Trypanosoma evansi field isolates. Parasitol Res 2013; 112:1513-21. [PMID: 23354941 PMCID: PMC3597285 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-013-3297-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2012] [Accepted: 01/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, the emergence of highly pathogenic Trypanosoma evansi strains in the Philippines has resulted in substantial losses in livestock production. In this study, we isolated T. evansi from infected-water buffaloes in the Philippines and analyzed their virulence using mice and cattle. A total of 10 strains of T. evansi were isolated. Evaluation of the virulence of each strain using mice depicted significant differences among the strains in the prepatent period, the level of parasitemia, and the survival time of the infected animals. In mice infected with the highly pathogenic T. evansi, signs of excessive inflammation such as marked splenomegaly and increase more than 6-fold in the number of leukocytes were observed at 8 days post-infection. To study the virulence of the parasite strains in cattle (which are the common T. evansi hosts in Philippines), cattle were infected with the T. evansi isolates that showed high and low virulence in mice. The rate of parasite growth and the length of the prepatent periods were found to be similar to those observed in mice for the respective strains. The cattle infected with the highly pathogenic strain developed anemia and a marked decrease in leukocyte counts. To determine the cause of the pathological changes, we analyzed the expression levels of inflammatory cytokines and observed up-regulation of tumor necrosis factor-α in anemic infected cattle. Our findings suggest that the epidemic of T. evansi in the Philippines is characterized by T. evansi strains with varying virulences from low to very high pathogenicity in cattle.
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Iron metabolism and its relationship to anemia and immune system in Trypanosoma evansi infected rats. Exp Parasitol 2012; 133:357-64. [PMID: 23270806 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2012.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2012] [Revised: 12/14/2012] [Accepted: 12/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate biochemical parameters of iron metabolism in rats experimentally infected with Trypanosoma evansi. To this end, 20 rats (Wistar) were intraperitoneally inoculated with blood containing trypomastigotes 10(6) (Group T) and 12 animals were used as negative control (Group C) and received saline (0.2 mL) through same route. Blood samples were collected by cardiac puncture on day 5 (C5, T5) and 30 (C30, T30) post-inoculation (pi) to perform complete blood count and determination of serum iron, transferrin, ferritin, total and latent iron fixation capacity, transferrin saturation and prohepcidin concentration. Also, bone marrow samples were collected, to perform Pearls staining reaction. Levels of iron, total and latent iron binding capacity and prohepcidin concentration were lower (P<0.05) in infected rats (T5 and T30 groups) compared to controls. On the other hand, levels of transferrin and ferritin were higher when compared to controls (P<0.05). The transferrin saturation increased on day 5 pi, but decreased on day 30 pi. The Pearls reaction showed a higher accumulation of iron in the bone marrow of infected animals in day 5 pi (P<0.01). Infection with T. evansi in rats caused anemia and changes in iron metabolism associated to the peaks of parasitemia. These results suggest that changes in iron metabolism may be related to the host immune response to infection and anemic status of infected animals.
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Wolkmer P, da Silva CB, Paim FC, Da Silva AS, Tavares KCS, Lazzarotto CR, Palma HE, Thomé GR, Miletti LC, Schetinger MRC, Lopes STA, Mazzanti CM. Biochemistry detection of acetylcholinesterase activity in Trypanosoma evansi and possible functional correlations. Exp Parasitol 2012; 132:546-9. [PMID: 22981718 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2012.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2012] [Revised: 08/06/2012] [Accepted: 08/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Several chemical and immunohistochemical techniques can be used for the detection of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity. In this experiment we aimed to detect AChE activity in Trypanosoma evansi. For this, the parasites were isolated from the blood of experimentally infected rats using a DEA-cellulose column. Enzymatic activity was determined in trypomastigote forms at 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8 and 1.2 mg/mL of protein concentrations by a standard biochemical protocol. At all concentrations tested, the study showed that T. evansi expresses the enzyme AChE and its activity was proportional to the concentration of protein, ranging between 0.64 and 2.70 μmol of AcSCh/h. Therefore, we concluded that it is possible to biochemically detect AChE in T. evansi, an enzyme that may be associated with vital functions of the parasite and also can be related to chemotherapy treatments, as further discussed in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Wolkmer
- Department of Chemistry, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Brazil.
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Nitric oxide level, protein oxidation and antioxidant enzymes in rats infected by Trypanosoma evansi. Exp Parasitol 2012; 132:166-70. [PMID: 22771866 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2012.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2012] [Revised: 05/30/2012] [Accepted: 06/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the nitric oxide (NO()) level, protein oxidation and antioxidant enzymes in rats infected with Trypanosoma evansi and establish the association of NO() levels with the degree of parasitemia. Thirty-six male rats (Wistar) were divided into two groups with 18 animals each. Group A was not infected while Group B was intraperitoneally infected, receiving 7.5×10(6) trypomastigotes per animal. Each group was divided into three subgroups with 6 rats each and blood was collected during different periods post-infection (PI), as follows: day 5 (A(5) and B(5)), day 15 (A(15) and B(15)) and day 30 PI (A(30) and B(30)). Blood samples were collected by cardiac puncture to estimate the levels of nitrites/nitrates (NO(x)) and advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP) in serum, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities in blood. On days 15 and 30 PI NO(x) and AOPP levels were increased in serum of rats infected. Rodents infected with T. evansi showed a significant increase in SOD (days 5 and 15 PI) and CAT (day 30 PI) activities. Based on the physiological role of NO(), we can conclude that its increased concentration is related to an inflammatory response against the parasite, once a redox imbalance was observed during infection.
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Wolkmer P, da Silva CB, Schmidt C, Mesko M, Traesel CK, da Silva AS, Cecco BS, Flores ÉMM, Monteiro SG, Mazzanti CM, dos Anjos Lopes ST. Trypanosoma evansi infection on levels of copper, iron, and zinc in the plasma of rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s00580-011-1397-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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29
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Da Silva AS, Oliveira CB, Bertoncheli CM, Santos RP, Beckmann DV, Wolkmer P, Gressler LT, Tonin AA, Graça DL, Mazzanti A, Lopes ST, Monteiro SG. Clinical signs and histopathology of brain, spinal cord and muscle of the pelvic limb of rats experimentally infected with Trypanosoma evansi. Pathol Res Pract 2012; 208:39-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2011.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2011] [Revised: 10/17/2011] [Accepted: 10/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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30
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Paim FC, Da Silva AS, Wolkmer P, Costa MM, Da Silva CB, Paim CB, Oliveira MS, Silva LF, Mello CF, Monteiro SG, Mazzanti CM, Lopes ST. Trypanosoma evansi: Concentration of 3-nitrotyrosine in the brain of infected rats. Exp Parasitol 2011; 129:27-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2011.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2011] [Revised: 05/26/2011] [Accepted: 05/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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