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Palomba M, Marchiori E, Tedesco P, Fioravanti M, Marcer F, Gustinelli A, Aco-Alburqueque R, Belli B, Canestrelli D, Santoro M, Cipriani P, Mattiucci S. An update and ecological perspective on certain sentinel helminth endoparasites within the Mediterranean Sea. Parasitology 2023; 150:1139-1157. [PMID: 37942726 PMCID: PMC10941224 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182023000951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
The Mediterranean Sea is recognized as a marine biodiversity hotspot. This enclosed basin is facing several anthropogenic-driven threats, such as seawater warming, pollution, overfishing, bycatch, intense maritime transport and invasion by alien species. The present review focuses on the diversity and ecology of specific marine trophically transmitted helminth endoparasites (TTHs) of the Mediterranean ecosystems, aiming to elucidate their potential effectiveness as ‘sentinels’ of anthropogenic disturbances in the marine environment. The chosen TTHs comprise cestodes and nematodes sharing complex life cycles, involving organisms from coastal and marine mid/upper-trophic levels as definitive hosts. Anthropogenic disturbances directly impacting the free-living stages of the parasites and their host population demographies can significantly alter the distribution, infection levels and intraspecific genetic variability of these TTHs. Estimating these parameters in TTHs can provide valuable information to assess the stability of marine trophic food webs. Changes in the distribution of particular TTHs species can also serve as indicators of sea temperature variations in the Mediterranean Sea, as well as the bioaccumulation of pollutants. The contribution of the chosen TTHs to monitor anthropogenic-driven changes in the Mediterranean Sea, using their measurable attributes at both spatial and temporal scales, is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marialetizia Palomba
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences (DEB), Tuscia University, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Erica Marchiori
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, Legnaro, Padua, Italy
| | - Perla Tedesco
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Bologna, Italy
| | - Marialetizia Fioravanti
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Bologna, Italy
| | - Federica Marcer
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, Legnaro, Padua, Italy
| | - Andrea Gustinelli
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Bologna, Italy
| | - Renato Aco-Alburqueque
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Section of Parasitology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Department of Integrative Marine Ecology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Naples, Italy
| | - Beatrice Belli
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Section of Parasitology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniele Canestrelli
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences (DEB), Tuscia University, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Mario Santoro
- Department of Integrative Marine Ecology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Naples, Italy
| | - Paolo Cipriani
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Section of Parasitology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Section of Contaminants and Biohazards, Institute of Marine Research (IMR), Nordnes, Bergen, Norway
| | - Simonetta Mattiucci
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Section of Parasitology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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Prevalence and Molecular Characterization of Ascaridoid Parasites of Philippine Decapterus species. J Nematol 2022; 54:20220030. [PMID: 36060477 PMCID: PMC9400525 DOI: 10.2478/jofnem-2022-0030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
There are relatively few studies on parasite fauna of marine fishes in Philippine waters. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of marine ascaridoid infection in Decapterus species in Balayan Bay and Tayabas Bay. A total of 371 fishes belonging to three different species of Decapterus (D. tabl [n = 130], D. macrosoma [n = 121], and D. maruadsi [n = 120]) were collected. Ascaridoid parasite larvae were found in all fish host species, with an overall fish infection rate of 22%. The highest infection rate was observed in D. tabl (27.69%), followed by D. macrosoma (19%), and then D. maruadsi (17.50%). Moreover, a higher prevalence of infection was detected in Tayabas Bay (27.57%) than in Balayan Bay (15.59%). Molecular analyses based on the ITS2 and 18S rRNA gene supported the identification of the larvae into two species: Anisakis typica and Raphidascaris (Ichthyascaris) lophii. This is the first report of the genetic identification of these two helminth parasites in Decapterus fish species in the Philippines. Paucity in the database of Philippine marine fish parasites warrants more research efforts, especially concerning economically important fish species with implications to food safety and food security.
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Shift from morphological to recent advanced molecular approaches for the identification of nematodes. Genomics 2022; 114:110295. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2022.110295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Hybrid Genotype of Anisakis simplex (s.s.) and A. pegreffii Identified in Third- and Fourth-Stage Larvae from Sympatric and Allopatric Spanish Marine Waters. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11082458. [PMID: 34438915 PMCID: PMC8388640 DOI: 10.3390/ani11082458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The nematode species Anisakis simplex sensu stricto (s.s.) and Anisakis pegreffii are wormlike parasites found in commonly consumed fish and are the main cause of human anisakiasis. Outwardly, the two nematodes are extremely similar and difficult to distinguish, especially in their larval forms. Genetic analysis has discovered the existence of a hybrid between these two “sibling species”, but its identification is a controversial matter, as results differ according to the specific region of the DNA analysed. The aim of our work was to confirm the presence of this hybrid genotype in fish off the Spanish coast and to obtain fourth-stage larvae in the laboratory to study if different genotypes are associated with different growth behaviour. Our results confirm that hybrid genotypes can be overestimated if identification is based on a particular molecular marker. We also obtained fourth-stage larvae with a hybrid genotype, which has not been reported previously. These findings are valuable for the taxonomic classification of Anisakis species, and for further epidemiological and biomedical research. Abstract The sibling species Anisakis simplex (s.s.) and Anisakis pegreffii are parasites of marine mammals and fish worldwide and the main causative agents of human anisakiasis. In sympatric areas, a hybrid genotype between the two species has been identified, mainly in third-stage larvae, but rarely in fourth-stage and adult forms. The aim of this study was to confirm the presence of hybrid genotypes in larvae parasitizing fish caught in sympatric and allopatric Spanish marine waters, the North-East Atlantic and West Mediterranean, respectively, and to study possible differences in the growth behaviour between genotypes. Of the 254 molecularly analysed larvae, 18 were identified as hybrids by PCR-RFLP analysis of the rDNA ITS region, 11 of which were subsequently confirmed by EF1 α-1 nDNA gene sequencing. These results therefore indicate an overestimation of hybrid genotypes when identification is based only on the ITS region. We also report the detection of a hybrid specimen in a host from the West Mediterranean, considered an allopatric zone. Additionally, fourth-stage larvae with a hybrid genotype were obtained in vitro for the first time, and no differences were observed in their growth behaviour compared to larvae with A. simplex (s.s.) and A. pegreffii genotypes.
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Anisakid and Raphidascaridid parasites in Trachurus trachurus: infection drivers and possible effects on the host's condition. Parasitol Res 2021; 120:3113-3122. [PMID: 34390382 PMCID: PMC8397701 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-021-07200-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the distribution of nematode larvae of Anisakidae and Raphidascarididae (genera Anisakis and Hysterothylacium) in Trachurus trachurus (Linnaeus, 1758) in the Ligurian and central-northern Tyrrhenian Seas. The relationship between the number of parasites and the length and weight parameters of the fish was assessed, and the possible effect of the parasites on the condition factor was evaluated. A total of 190 T. trachurus specimens were collected in July 2019. Parasites were found in 70 individuals. A total of 161 visible larvae were collected in the viscera. Morphological analysis revealed the presence of Anisakis spp. in 55 fish and Hysterothylacium spp. in 15 fish, while 5 fish showed coinfection with both genera. The specimens subjected to PCR (n = 67) showed that 85% of the Anisakis larvae analyzed belonged to the species A. pegreffii, while the remaining 15% belonged to hybrids of A. pegreffii-A. simplex (s.s.). A total of 58% (n = 7) of the Hysterothylacium larvae analyzed belonged to the species H. fabri, while 42% belonged to the species H. aduncum. Our results support the hypothesis that infection with these parasites does not affect the condition of the fish host analyzed, and that body size and depth are major drivers in determining infection levels with Anisakid and Raphidascaridid nematodes.
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Bello E, Palomba M, Webb SC, Paoletti M, Cipriani P, Nascetti G, Mattiucci S. Investigating the genetic structure of the parasites Anisakis pegreffii and A. berlandi (Nematoda: Anisakidae) in a sympatric area of the southern Pacific Ocean waters using a multilocus genotyping approach: first evidence of their interspecific hybridization. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2021; 92:104887. [PMID: 33940197 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2021.104887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The southern Pacific Ocean, off the New Zealand coast, has been reported as one sympatric area of the two parasite species Anisakis pegreffii and A. berlandi. Here, a multilocus genotyping approach, based on a panel of eleven DNA microsatellite (SSR) loci plus the sequences analysis of the nuclear nas10 nDNA and the mitochondrial mtDNA cox2 gene loci, was applied to a total of N = 344 adults and larvae of Anisakis spp. from cetacean and fish species, respectively. Out of the newly scored SSR loci, Anisl 15 and Anisl 2 showed fixed alternative alleles between A. pegreffii and A. berlandi resulting as 100% diagnostic loci. Out of SSRs Anisl 00314 and Anisl 7 previously disclosed, two additional loci, i.e., Anisl 4 and Anisl 22, were found to be sex-linked. The Bayesian genotypes clustering approach (STRUCTURE) allowed identification, with a 100% of probability value, N = 208 specimens to the "pure parental" A. pegreffii, N = 133 to the "pure parental" A. berlandi, while one adult and two larval stages showed mixed ancestry between the two groups having, in all cases, a Q-value = 0.50. NEWHYBRIDS analysis assigned (100% of probability) those specimens to their F1 hybrid category. This represents the first evidence of contemporary hybridization between the two parasite species in a sympatric area. The pairwise FST values estimated at intraspecific and interspecific level, inferred from both SSR loci and mitochondrial mtDNA cox2 sequences, have also demonstrated the existence of two distinct panmictic units in this study area, corresponding respectively to A. pegreffii and A. berlandi. The results obtained support the useful application of a multilocus approach in the identification of sibling species and their hybrid categories in sympatric areas. The possible use of sex-linked SSR loci of the two species of the A. simplex (s. l.), for sex determination of their larval stages, is also suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Bello
- Department of Biological and Ecological Sciences, Tuscia University, Viale dell'Università snc, 01100 Viterbo, Italy; Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Section of Parasitology, Sapienza University of Rome, Laboratory affiliated to "Istituto Pasteur Italy - Fondazione Cenci-Bolognetti", P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Marialetizia Palomba
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Section of Parasitology, Sapienza University of Rome, Laboratory affiliated to "Istituto Pasteur Italy - Fondazione Cenci-Bolognetti", P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; Department of Integrative Marine Ecology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale 1, 80121 Naples, Italy
| | | | - Michela Paoletti
- Department of Biological and Ecological Sciences, Tuscia University, Viale dell'Università snc, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | | | - Giuseppe Nascetti
- Department of Biological and Ecological Sciences, Tuscia University, Viale dell'Università snc, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | - Simonetta Mattiucci
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Section of Parasitology, Sapienza University of Rome, Laboratory affiliated to "Istituto Pasteur Italy - Fondazione Cenci-Bolognetti", P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
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New insights into the coexistence of Contracaecum rudolphii A and Contracaecum rudolphii B (Nematoda: Anisakidae) in Phalacrocorax carbo sinensis from Sardinia: genetic variability and phylogenetic analysis. Parasitology 2020; 147:1538-1551. [PMID: 32741423 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182020001341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Contracaecum sp. nematodes are important parasites of fish eating birds that can cause animal health problems. In the present study, specimens of Contracaecum rudolphii sensu lato, from the great cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo sinensis from Sardinia, were characterized based on morphological and molecular data. The morphological analysis allowed to identify all the fourth stage larvae (n = 1918) as Contracaecum sp., and adults, male (n = 5845) and female (n = 8312), as C. rudolphii sensu lato. Population genetics and phylogenetic relationships were inferred based on mitochondrial and nuclear markers. Multiple sequence alignment of the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer showed the coexistence of C. rudolphii A (n = 157), C. rudolphii B (n = 22) and a rare heterozygote of these species. Moreover, mitochondrial markers, namely NADH dehydrogenase subunits I (nad1), cytochrome c oxidase subunit (cox1 and cox2) and small subunit of rRNA (rrnS), showed that the studied C. rudolphii A populations had undergone bottleneck, or founder effect event, subsequent to a rapid population growth and expansion. The observed heterozygote is with a mitochondrial pattern of C. rudolphii B. Although, both Contracaecum species showed high genetic diversity, no genetic structure between localities was detected. Phylogenetic reconstructions supported the paraphyly of the avian Contracaecum species including C. ogmorhini (parasite of otariids).
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Gómez-Mateos M, Merino-Espinosa G, Corpas-López V, Valero-López A, Martín-Sánchez J. A multi-restriction fragment length polymorphism genotyping approach including the beta-tubulin gene as a new differential nuclear marker for the recognition of the cryptic species Anisakis simplex s.s. and Anisakis pegreffii and their hybridization events. Vet Parasitol 2020; 283:109162. [PMID: 32559582 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2020.109162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The detection of Anisakis simplex s.s./A. pegreffii putative hybrids has been a controversial issue in spite of the fact that natural hybridization is an extended process across free living and parasitic organisms. Differential traits of biomedical and ecological importance, such as invasive and allergenic potential have been demonstrated in both cryptic species. Therefore, in this work, we discuss about the potential for hybridization between these anisakid species in sympatric zones, implementing a multi-marker Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) genotyping approach based on the ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1), the mitochondrial cytochrome C oxidase 2 (Cox-2) and a new nuclear marker, the highly conserved β-tubulin gene (β-TUB). The two cryptic species differed at least in 7 bp in the β-TUB gene and some larvae with heterozygous genotypes at the 7 diagnostic nucleotide positions were found. Taxonomic, population and genealogical analyses served to support the occurrence of hybridization between both species. Predicted restriction endonucleases enzymes were assayed for Cox-2 and β-TUB markers. The implemented multi-marker PCR-RFLP allowed us to detect the two pure parental species, F1 hybrids, hybrid backcrossed progeny and individuals with nuclear-mitochondrial discordance, being a useful, simple and reproducible procedure in any laboratory for epidemiological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Gómez-Mateos
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Campus Universitario de Cartuja, 18.071, Granada, Spain.
| | - Gema Merino-Espinosa
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Campus Universitario de Cartuja, 18.071, Granada, Spain
| | - Victoriano Corpas-López
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Campus Universitario de Cartuja, 18.071, Granada, Spain
| | - Adela Valero-López
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Campus Universitario de Cartuja, 18.071, Granada, Spain
| | - Joaquina Martín-Sánchez
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Campus Universitario de Cartuja, 18.071, Granada, Spain.
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Nam UH, Kim JO, Kim JH. De novo transcriptome sequencing and analysis of Anisakis pegreffii (Nematoda: Anisakidae) third-stage and fourth stage larvae. J Nematol 2020; 52:1-16. [PMID: 32298057 PMCID: PMC7266050 DOI: 10.21307/jofnem-2020-041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Anisakis pegreffii is known as one of the causes of a fish-borne zoonosis, anisakidosis. Despite its significant public health and food hygiene impacts, little is known of the pathogenesis, genetic background of this parasite, at least partly due to the lack of genome and transcriptome information. In this study, RNA-seq and de novo assembly were conducted to obtain transcriptome profiles of the A. pegreffii third and fourth larvae. The third stage larvae (APL3) were collected from chub mackerel and the fourth stage larvae (APL4) were obtained by in vitro culture. In total, 47,243 and 43,660 unigenes were expressed in APL3 and APL4 transcriptomes. Of them, 18,753 were known and 28,490 were novel for APL3, while 18,996 were known and 24,664 were novel for APL4. The most abundantly expressed genes in APL3 were mitochondrial enzymes (COI, COII, COIII) and polyubiquitins (UBB, UBIQP_XENLA). Collagen-related genes (col-145, col-34, col-138, Bm1_54705, col-40) were the most abundantly expressed in APL4. Mitochondrial enzyme genes (COIII, COI) were also highly expressed in APL4. Among the transcripts, 614 were up-regulated in APL3, while 1,309 were up-regulated in APL4. Several protease and protein biosynthesis-related genes were highly expressed in APL3, all of which are thought to be crucial for invading host tissues. Collagen synthesis-related genes were highly expressed in APL4, reflecting active biosynthesis of collagens occurs during moulting process of APL4. Of these differentially expressed genes, several genes (SI, nas-13, EF-TSMT, SFXN2, dhs-27) were validated to highly transcribed in APL3, while other genes (col-40, F09E10.7, pept-1, col-34, VIT) in APL4. The biological roles of these genes in vivo will be deciphered when the reference genome sequences are available, together with in vitro experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- U-Hwa Nam
- Department of Marine Bioscience, College of Life Science, Gangneung-Wonju National University , Gangneung, 25457, Korea
| | - Jong-Oh Kim
- Institute of Marine Biotechnology, Pukyong National University , Busan, 48513, Korea
| | - Jeong-Ho Kim
- Department of Marine Bioscience, College of Life Science, Gangneung-Wonju National University , Gangneung, 25457, Korea
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Mattiucci S, Cipriani P, Levsen A, Paoletti M, Nascetti G. Molecular Epidemiology of Anisakis and Anisakiasis: An Ecological and Evolutionary Road Map. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2018. [PMID: 29530312 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2017.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This review addresses the biodiversity, biology, distribution, ecology, epidemiology, and consumer health significance of the so far known species of Anisakis, both in their natural hosts and in human accidental host populations, worldwide. These key aspects of the Anisakis species' biology are highlighted, since we consider them as main driving forces behind which most of the research in this field has been carried out over the past decade. From a public health perspective, the human disease caused by Anisakis species (anisakiasis) appears to be considerably underreported and underestimated in many countries or regions around the globe. Indeed, when considering the importance of marine fish species as part of the everyday diet in many coastal communities around the globe, there still exist significant knowledge gaps as to local epidemiological and ecological drivers of the transmission of Anisakis spp. to humans. We further identify some key knowledge gaps related to Anisakis species epidemiology in both natural and accidental hosts, to be filled in light of new 'omic' technologies yet to be fully developed. Moreover, we suggest that future Anisakis research takes a 'holistic' approach by integrating genetic, ecological, immunobiological, and environmental factors, thus allowing proper assessment of the epidemiology of Anisakis spp. in their natural hosts, in human populations, and in the marine ecosystem, in both space and time.
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Di Azevedo MIN, Iñiguez AM. Nematode parasites of commercially important fish from the southeast coast of Brazil: Morphological and genetic insight. Int J Food Microbiol 2017; 267:29-41. [PMID: 29278825 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2017.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Studies of nematofauna of teleost fish from the Brazilian coast are relatively scarce and limited to identification based on morphology. The objective of the present study was to determine the diversity and prevalence of nematode parasites in teleost fish from the southeast Atlantic coast of Rio de Janeiro, through morphological, molecular, and ecological approaches. Parasites were collected from sixty specimens each of Genypterus brasiliensis, Micropogonias furnieri, and Mullus argentinae obtained in winters and summers of 2012–2014. Morphological and genetic characterization was conducted using light microscopy and the molecular targets 18S rDNA, ITS1, and mtDNA cox2. Nematodes identified in M. furnieri were Cucculanus genypteri (n = 1575, P = 98.3%) and Hysterothylacium deardorffoverstreetorum (s.l.) (n = 2, P = 3.3%); in G. brasiliensis were Dichelyne (Cucullanellus) sciaenidicola (n = 99, P = 33.3%), Cucculanus pulcherrimus (n = 45, P = 18.3%), Hysterothylacium deardorffoverstreetorum (s.l.) (n = 3, P = 5%), and Anisakis typica (n = 1, P = 1.7%); and, in M. argentinae, were H. deardorffoverstreetorum (s.l.) (n = 146, P = 48.3%), and Procamallanus (Spirocamallanus) halitrophus (n = 4, P = 6.7%). DNA sequence data of C. genypteri, C. pulcherrimus, D. (C.) sciaenidicola, and P. (S.) halitrophus were reported for the first time. New host records are M. argentinae for P. (S.) halitrophus, M. furnieri for A. typica, while H. deardorffoverstreetorum (s.l.) was found in all three fish species. Intestine showed significantly higher intensity than other sites, and no significant seasonal variation in parasitological indices was observed. Hysterothylacium specimens (n = 6) were found in fish muscle, potentially a public health concern.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alena M Iñiguez
- LABTRIP, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21045-900, Brazil.
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Gaglio G, Battaglia P, Costa A, Cavallaro M, Cammilleri G, Graci S, Buscemi MD, Ferrantelli V, Andaloro F, Marino F. Anisakis spp. larvae in three mesopelagic and bathypelagic fish species of the central Mediterranean Sea. Parasitol Int 2017; 67:23-28. [PMID: 28965943 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2017.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
In this work 437 fish samples of species belonging to the families Myctophidae (Electrona risso and Diaphus metopoclampus) and Phosichthyidae (Vinciguerria attenuata) were examined for the presence of Anisakidae larvae. The study was performed with fishes in the central Mediterranean Sea, particularly in the Strait of Sicily and in the Strait of Messina. The visual inspection and chloro-peptic analysis revealed the presence of nematode parasites with prevalence values between 2.9% in Electrona risso samples and 5.4% in Vinciguerria attenuata samples. A positive correlation was found between standard length (SL) and prevalence of infestation in D. metopoclampus samples (p<0.05). The larvae examined were morphologically ascribed, at genus level, to Anisakis morphotypes I and II and molecularly identified as Anisakis pegreffii, Anisakis ziphidarum and Anisakis physeteris, in 67%, 9% and 24% of the fish samples examined. Overall, A. pegreffii and A. ziphidarum larvae were isolated in 14 and 2 specimens of D. metopoclampus respectively, A. physeteris larvae were found in 3 E. risso and 2 V. attenuata. A positive correlation was found between standard length and prevalence of infestation in D. metopoclampus samples (p<0.05). First information is provided on the presence of Anisakis spp. larvae of the myctophid fish species E. risso, D. metopoclampus and V. attenuata from the Central Mediterranean. It is also confirmed the role of lanternfishes (Myctophidae) as paratenic hosts for Anisakis spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Gaglio
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Centro di Ittiopatologia Sperimentale della Sicilia, Università degli studi di Messina, Polo Universitario Annunziata, Messina 98168, Italy
| | - P Battaglia
- ISPRA - Institute for Environmental Protection and Research, Laboratory of Ichthyology and Marine Ecology, via dei Mille 46, Milazzo, Messina 98057, Italy
| | - A Costa
- National Reference Centre for Anisakiasis, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia "A. Mirri", via G. Marinuzzi, Palermo 90129, Italy.
| | - M Cavallaro
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Centro di Ittiopatologia Sperimentale della Sicilia, Università degli studi di Messina, Polo Universitario Annunziata, Messina 98168, Italy
| | - G Cammilleri
- National Reference Centre for Anisakiasis, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia "A. Mirri", via G. Marinuzzi, Palermo 90129, Italy
| | - S Graci
- National Reference Centre for Anisakiasis, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia "A. Mirri", via G. Marinuzzi, Palermo 90129, Italy
| | - M D Buscemi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Centro di Ittiopatologia Sperimentale della Sicilia, Università degli studi di Messina, Polo Universitario Annunziata, Messina 98168, Italy; National Reference Centre for Anisakiasis, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia "A. Mirri", via G. Marinuzzi, Palermo 90129, Italy
| | - V Ferrantelli
- National Reference Centre for Anisakiasis, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia "A. Mirri", via G. Marinuzzi, Palermo 90129, Italy
| | - F Andaloro
- ISPRA - Institute for Environmental Protection and Research, Laboratory of Ichthyology and Marine Ecology, via dei Mille 46, Milazzo, Messina 98057, Italy
| | - F Marino
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Centro di Ittiopatologia Sperimentale della Sicilia, Università degli studi di Messina, Polo Universitario Annunziata, Messina 98168, Italy
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13
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Cavallero S, Bruno A, Arletti E, Caffara M, Fioravanti ML, Costa A, Cammilleri G, Graci S, Ferrantelli V, D'Amelio S. Validation of a commercial kit aimed to the detection of pathogenic anisakid nematodes in fish products. Int J Food Microbiol 2017. [PMID: 28646669 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2017.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Anisakids are parasitic nematodes responsible for a zoonosis that occurs following the ingestion of fish and fish products infected with larvae belonging to the genera Anisakis and Pseudoterranova. Rarely Contracaecum is found in association with gastric/intestinal illness, while Hysterothylacium is commonly considered not pathogenic. Although Real Time PCR assays have been recently used with the aim to detect and quantify these parasites in food products, methods applied did not undergo through extensive validation process, a feature highly desirable or mandatory in the case of testing laboratories accredited for the ISO EN 17025:2005. Here, a comprehensive study has been performed to validate a commercial kit based on multiplex real time PCR for the qualitative detection of Anisakis and Pseudoterranova. Inclusivity/exclusivity trials were carried out on DNA from species of the genera Anisakis, Pseudoterranova, Contracaecum, Hysterothylacium and Ascaris, on fish intentionally contaminated with Anisakis spp. and Pseudoterranova spp. and on marine organisms as fish, crustacean and squid to test the commercial kit on a large sample. The assay gave positive amplification for several Anisakis and Pseudoterranova species, while providing no signal for the members of the remaining genera. Each sample was correctly assigned either to Anisakis or Pseudoterranova, thus indicating that no cross-reaction occurred. The LOD was determined using two independent standard curves. Robustness was assayed by using two different thermocyclers in three distinct laboratories with different operators. The establishment of a validation dossier will permit the use of the commercial kit for the detection of Anisakis and Pseudoterranova DNA in fish and fish products intended for human consumption by public or private laboratories, following the requirements regarding the quality assurance processes described in the ISO EN 17025:2005.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Cavallero
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Monica Caffara
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Antonella Costa
- C.Re.N.A. Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia "A. Mirri", Palermo, Italy
| | - Gaetano Cammilleri
- C.Re.N.A. Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia "A. Mirri", Palermo, Italy
| | - Stefania Graci
- C.Re.N.A. Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia "A. Mirri", Palermo, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Ferrantelli
- C.Re.N.A. Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia "A. Mirri", Palermo, Italy
| | - Stefano D'Amelio
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy.
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No more time to stay 'single' in the detection of Anisakis pegreffii, A. simplex (s. s.) and hybridization events between them: a multi-marker nuclear genotyping approach. Parasitology 2017; 143:998-1011. [PMID: 27046418 PMCID: PMC4890558 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182016000330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A multi-marker nuclear genotyping approach was performed on larval and adult specimens of Anisakis spp. (N = 689) collected from fish and cetaceans in allopatric and sympatric areas of the two species Anisakis pegreffii and Anisakis simplex (s. s.), in order to: (1) identify specimens belonging to the parental taxa by using nuclear markers (allozymes loci) and sequence analysis of a new diagnostic nuclear DNA locus (i.e. partial sequence of the EF1 α-1 nDNA region) and (2) recognize hybrid categories. According to the Bayesian clustering algorithms, based on those markers, most of the individuals (N = 678) were identified as the parental species [i.e. A. pegreffii or A. simplex (s. s.)], whereas a smaller portion (N = 11) were recognized as F1 hybrids. Discordant results were obtained when using the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphisms (PCR-RFLPs) of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) ribosomal DNA (rDNA) on the same specimens, which indicated the occurrence of a large number of 'hybrids' both in sympatry and allopatry. These findings raise the question of possible misidentification of specimens belonging to the two parental Anisakis and their hybrid categories derived from the application of that single marker (i.e. PCR-RFLPs analysis of the ITS of rDNA). Finally, Bayesian clustering, using allozymes and EF1 α-1 nDNA markers, has demonstrated that hybridization between A. pegreffii and A. simplex (s. s.) is a contemporary phenomenon in sympatric areas, while no introgressive hybridization takes place between the two species.
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15
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Mladineo I, Bušelić I, Hrabar J, Vrbatović A, Radonić I. Population parameters and mito-nuclear mosaicism of Anisakis spp. in the Adriatic Sea. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2017; 212:46-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2017.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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16
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Mladineo I, Trumbić Ž, Radonić I, Vrbatović A, Hrabar J, Bušelić I. Anisakis simplex complex: ecological significance of recombinant genotypes in an allopatric area of the Adriatic Sea inferred by genome-derived simple sequence repeats. Int J Parasitol 2017; 47:215-223. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2016.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Revised: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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17
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Costa A, Cammilleri G, Graci S, Buscemi MD, Vazzana M, Principato D, Giangrosso G, Ferrantelli V. Survey on the presence of A. simplex s.s. and A. pegreffii hybrid forms in Central-Western Mediterranean Sea. Parasitol Int 2016; 65:696-701. [PMID: 27568095 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2016.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In this study, 1029 fish and cephalopod samples came from Central-Western Mediterranean (FAO 37.1.1 and FAO 37.1.3) were analysed for Anisakidae larvae research with the aim to identify possible hybridisations between Anisakis pegreffii and Anisakis simplex s.s. species. A total of 1765 larvae were detected, with prevalence values between 8.1% and 100%. The morphologic analysis revealed characters attributable to morphotype I of Anisakis in 98.5% of the examined larvae, while 1.5% belonged to the morphotype II. PCR-based Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) analysis of the entire ITS region (ITS1, 5.8S and ITS2) of nuclear ribosomal DNA (rDNA) was performed with HinfI and HhaI restriction enzymes. The majority of the larvae examined by PCR-RFLP were identified as A. pegreffii (71%), with a prevalence on horse mackerel from FAO 37.1.3, while 10% were identified as A. simplex s.s., 2% as A. physeteris and 17% as A. pegreffii×A. simplex s.s. hybrid genotype. The sequence analysis confirmed the hybridisation in the 85% of the larvae recognised as hybrid forms by PCR- RFLP, suggesting this form as the product of natural interspecific recombination due to the presence of sympatry areas. The presence of hybrid forms were mostly found in fish samples from FAO subzone 37.1.1. This is the first report of A. pegreffii x A. simplex s.s. hybrid genotype in fishes caught off the coasts of Sicily (Southern Italy). Finally, this study provided substantial information about the geographical distribution of Anisakidae family in Central-Western Mediterranean Sea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Costa
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Via Gino Marinuzzi 3, Palermo, Italy
| | - Gaetano Cammilleri
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Via Gino Marinuzzi 3, Palermo, Italy.
| | - Stefania Graci
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Via Gino Marinuzzi 3, Palermo, Italy
| | | | - Mirella Vazzana
- Dipartimento STEBICEF, Università degli studi di Palermo, Via Archirafi 18, Palermo, Italy
| | - Deborah Principato
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Via Gino Marinuzzi 3, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Giangrosso
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Via Gino Marinuzzi 3, Palermo, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Ferrantelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Via Gino Marinuzzi 3, Palermo, Italy
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18
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A review of methods for nematode identification. J Microbiol Methods 2016; 138:37-49. [PMID: 27262374 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2016.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Revised: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Nematodes are non-segmented roundworms found in soil, aquatic environment, plants, or animals. Either useful or pathogenic, they greatly influence environmental equilibrium, human and animal health, as well as plant production. Knowledge on their taxonomy and biology are key issues to answer the different challenges associated to these organisms. Nowadays, most of the nematode taxonomy remains unknown or unclear. Several approaches are available for parasite identification, from the traditional morphology-based techniques to the sophisticated high-throughput sequencing technologies. All these techniques have advantages or drawbacks depending on the sample origin and the number of nematodes to be processed. This review proposes an overview of all newly available methods available to identify known and/or unknown nematodes with a specific focus on emerging high-throughput molecular techniques.
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Picó-Durán G, Pulleiro-Potel L, Abollo E, Pascual S, Muñoz P. Molecular identification of Anisakis and Hysterothylacium larvae in commercial cephalopods from the Spanish Mediterranean coast. Vet Parasitol 2016; 220:47-53. [PMID: 26995720 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2016.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Revised: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This study aims to investigate the occurrence of nematode larvae in commercial cephalopods in the Western Mediterranean Sea. A total of 202 animals comprising 123 broadtail shortfin squid (Illex coindetii), 34 European squid (Loligo vulgaris) and 45 common octopus (Octopus vulgaris) were examined using enzymatic digestion. A total of 31 larvae were isolated (prevalence: 14.6%) and identified using molecular analyses which included PCR and sequencing of the ITS (ITS1-5.8S rDNA-ITS2) region. Phylogenetic tree inferred from ITS sequences yielded supported relationships for Anisakis (P: 12.2%) and Hysterothylacium species (P: 4.1%). All parasites were found parasitizing I. coindetii and, as expected, A. pegreffii presented the highest prevalence (11.4%). A. physeteris was also found with a lower prevalence (1.6%) but confirming the role of the broadtail shortfin squid as paratenic host and, its potential host for anisakidosis transmission. A hybrid larva between Anisakis simplex and A. pegreffi was also identified. All Anisakis larvae were found within the visceral cavity; in contrast most of the Hysterothylacium larvae were isolated from the mantle. A significant correlation was found between total nematode prevalence and depth, explained by the presence of larger broadtail shortfin squids inhabiting deeper depths. Therefore, the results obtained in the present study improve the knowledge of the occurrence of Anisakis and Hysterothylacium species in the I. coindetii from the Spanish Mediterranean Sea highlighting the importance of considering I. coindetii as a potential hazard for humans if it is consumed raw or not well cooked and the need of further research in other cephalopods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Picó-Durán
- Dpto. Sanidad Animal, Universidad de Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; Campus de Excelencia Internacional Regional "Campus Mare Nostrum", Spain
| | - Lorena Pulleiro-Potel
- Dpto. Sanidad Animal, Universidad de Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; Campus de Excelencia Internacional Regional "Campus Mare Nostrum", Spain
| | - Elvira Abollo
- Centro Tecnológico del Mar, Eduardo Cabello s/n, 36208 Vigo, Spain
| | - Santiago Pascual
- Ecobiomar, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas de Vigo. CSIC, Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208 Vigo, Spain
| | - Pilar Muñoz
- Dpto. Sanidad Animal, Universidad de Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; Campus de Excelencia Internacional Regional "Campus Mare Nostrum", Spain.
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20
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Cavallero S, De Liberato C, Friedrich KG, Di Cave D, Masella V, D'Amelio S, Berrilli F. Genetic heterogeneity and phylogeny of Trichuris spp. from captive non-human primates based on ribosomal DNA sequence data. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2015; 34:450-6. [PMID: 26066463 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2015.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Revised: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Nematodes of the genus Trichuris, known as whipworms, are recognized to infect numerous mammalian species including humans and non-human primates. Several Trichuris spp. have been described and species designation/identification is traditionally based on host-affiliation, although cross-infection and hybridization events may complicate species boundaries. The main aims of the present study were to genetically characterize adult Trichuris specimens from captive Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata) and grivets (Chlorocebus aethiops), using the ribosomal DNA (ITS) as molecular marker and to investigate the phylogeny and the extent of genetic variation also by comparison with data on isolates from other humans, non-human primates and other hosts. The phylogenetic analysis of Trichuris sequences from M. fuscata and C. aethiops provided evidences of distinct clades and subclades thus advocating the existence of additional separated taxa. Neighbor Joining and Bayesian trees suggest that specimens from M. fuscata may be distinct from, but related to Trichuris trichiura, while a close relationship is suggested between the subclade formed by the specimens from C. aethiops and the subclade formed by T. suis. The tendency to associate Trichuris sp. to host species can lead to misleading taxonomic interpretations (i.e. whipworms found in primates are identified as T. trichiura). The results here obtained confirm previous evidences suggesting the existence of Trichuris spp. other than T. trichiura infecting non-human living primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Cavallero
- Sapienza University of Rome, Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, P.le Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Claudio De Liberato
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Regioni Lazio e Toscana, Via Appia Nuova 1411, 00178 Rome, Italy
| | - Klaus G Friedrich
- Fondazione Bioparco, Viale del Giardino Zoologico, 00197 Rome, Italy
| | - David Di Cave
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, TorVergata University, Via Montpellier 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Masella
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, TorVergata University, Via Montpellier 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano D'Amelio
- Sapienza University of Rome, Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, P.le Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Federica Berrilli
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, TorVergata University, Via Montpellier 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
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