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Calhoun DM, Curtis J, Hassan C, Johnson PTJ. Putting infection on the map: Using heatmaps to characterise within- and between-host distributions of trematode metacercariae. J Helminthol 2023; 97:e84. [PMID: 37945271 DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x2300069x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
The location of parasites within individual hosts is often treated as a static trait, yet many parasite species can occur in multiple locations or organs within their hosts. Here, we apply distributional heat maps to study the within- and between-host infection patterns for four trematodes (Alaria marcianae, Cephalogonimus americanus, Echinostoma spp. and Ribeiroia ondatrae) within the amphibian hosts Pseudacris regilla and two species of Taricha. We developed heatmaps from 71 individual hosts from six locations in California, which illustrate stark differences among parasites both in their primary locations within amphibian hosts as well as their degree of location specificity. While metacercariae (i.e., cysts) of two parasites (C. americanus and A. marcianae) were relative generalists in habitat selection and often occurred throughout the host, two others (R. ondatrae and Echinostoma spp.) were highly localised to a specific organ or organ system. Comparing parasite distributions among these parasite taxa highlighted locations of overlap showing potential areas of interactions, such as the mandibular inner dermis region, chest and throat inner dermis and the tail reabsorption outer epidermis. Additionally, the within-host distribution of R. ondatrae differed between host species, with metacercariae aggregating in the anterior dermis areas of newts, compared with the posterior dermis area in frogs. The ability to measure fine-scale changes or alterations in parasite distributions has the potential to provide further insight about ecological questions concerning habitat preference, resource selection, host pathology and disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana M Calhoun
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Ramaley N122 CB334, BoulderCO80309, USA
| | - Jamie Curtis
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Ramaley N122 CB334, BoulderCO80309, USA
| | - Clara Hassan
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Ramaley N122 CB334, BoulderCO80309, USA
| | - Pieter T J Johnson
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Ramaley N122 CB334, BoulderCO80309, USA
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Johnson P, Calhoun DM, Moss WE, McDevitt-Galles T, Riepe TB, Hallas JM, Parchman TL, Feldman CR, Achatz TJ, Tkach VV, Cropanzano J, Bowerman J, Koprivnikar J. The cost of travel: How dispersal ability limits local adaptation in host-parasite interactions. J Evol Biol 2020; 34:512-524. [PMID: 33314323 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Classical theory suggests that parasites will exhibit higher fitness in sympatric relative to allopatric host populations (local adaptation). However, evidence for local adaptation in natural host-parasite systems is often equivocal, emphasizing the need for infection experiments conducted over realistic geographic scales and comparisons among species with varied life history traits. Here, we used infection experiments to test how two trematode (flatworm) species (Paralechriorchis syntomentera and Ribeiroia ondatrae) with differing dispersal abilities varied in the strength of local adaptation to their amphibian hosts. Both parasites have complex life cycles involving sequential transmission among aquatic snails, larval amphibians and vertebrate definitive hosts that control dispersal across the landscape. By experimentally pairing 26 host-by-parasite population infection combinations from across the western USA with analyses of host and parasite spatial genetic structure, we found that increasing geographic distance-and corresponding increases in host population genetic distance-reduced infection success for P. syntomentera, which is dispersed by snake definitive hosts. For the avian-dispersed R. ondatrae, in contrast, the geographic distance between the parasite and host populations had no influence on infection success. Differences in local adaptation corresponded to parasite genetic structure; although populations of P. syntomentera exhibited ~10% mtDNA sequence divergence, those of R. ondatrae were nearly identical (<0.5%), even across a 900 km range. Taken together, these results offer empirical evidence that high levels of dispersal can limit opportunities for parasites to adapt to local host populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieter Johnson
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Dana M Calhoun
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Wynne E Moss
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | | | - Tawni B Riepe
- Fish, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology, Colorado State University, CO, USA
| | - Joshua M Hallas
- Department of Biology, and Graduate Program in Ecology, Evolution and Conservation Biology, University of Nevada Reno, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Thomas L Parchman
- Department of Biology, and Graduate Program in Ecology, Evolution and Conservation Biology, University of Nevada Reno, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Chris R Feldman
- Department of Biology, and Graduate Program in Ecology, Evolution and Conservation Biology, University of Nevada Reno, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Tyler J Achatz
- Department of Biology, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, USA
| | - Vasyl V Tkach
- Department of Biology, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, USA
| | - Josh Cropanzano
- Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado, Denver, CO, USA
| | | | - Janet Koprivnikar
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, Canada
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3
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Timing and order of exposure to two echinostome species affect patterns of infection in larval amphibians. Parasitology 2020; 147:1515-1523. [PMID: 32660661 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182020001092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The study of priority effects with respect to coinfections is still in its infancy. Moreover, existing coinfection studies typically focus on infection outcomes associated with exposure to distinct sets of parasite species, despite that functionally and morphologically similar parasite species commonly coexist in nature. Therefore, it is important to understand how interactions between similar parasites influence infection outcomes. Surveys at seven ponds in northwest Pennsylvania found that multiple species of echinostomes commonly co-occur. Using a larval anuran host (Rana pipiens) and the two most commonly identified echinostome species from our field surveys (Echinostoma trivolvis and Echinoparyphium lineage 3), we examined how species composition and timing of exposure affect patterns of infection. When tadpoles were exposed to both parasites simultaneously, infection loads were higher than when exposed to Echinoparyphium alone but similar to being exposed to Echinostoma alone. When tadpoles were sequentially exposed to the parasite species, tadpoles first exposed to Echinoparyphium had 23% lower infection loads than tadpoles first exposed to Echinostoma. These findings demonstrate that exposure timing and order, even with similar parasites, can influence coinfection outcomes, and emphasize the importance of using molecular methods to identify parasites for ecological studies.
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Abstract
Abstract
Many temperate freshwater habitats are at risk for contamination by run-off associated with the application of road de-icing salts. Elevated salinity can have various detrimental effects on freshwater organisms, including greater susceptibility to infection by parasites and pathogens. However, to better understand the net effects of road salt exposure on host–parasite dynamics, it is necessary to consider the impacts on free-living parasite infectious stages, such as the motile aquatic cercariae of trematodes. Here, we examined the longevity and activity of cercariae from four different freshwater trematodes (Ribeiroia ondatrae, Echinostoma sp., Cephalogonimus sp. and an unidentified strigeid-type) that were exposed to road salt at five different environmentally relevant concentrations (160, 360, 560, 760 and 960 mg/ml of sodium chloride). Exposure to road salt had minimal detrimental effects, with cercariae activity and survival often greatest at intermediate concentrations. Only the cercariae of Cephalogonimus sp. showed reduced longevity at the highest salt concentration, with those of both R. ondatrae and the unidentified strigeid-type exhibiting diminished activity, indicating interspecific variation in response. Importantly, cercariae seem to be relatively unaffected by salt concentrations known to increase infection susceptibility in some of their hosts. More studies will be needed to examine this potential dichotomy in road salt effects between hosts and trematodes, including influences on parasite infectivity.
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Riepe TB, Calhoun DM, Johnson PTJ. Comparison of direct and indirect techniques for evaluating endoparasite infections in wild-caught newts (Taricha torosa and T. granulosa). DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2019; 134:137-146. [PMID: 31120040 DOI: 10.3354/dao03365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Studies of amphibian parasites have increased over the past 20 yr, in part because of their role in amphibian population declines and deformities. Such patterns underscore the importance of non-lethal methods for detecting and quantifying endoparasitic infections. The goal of this study was to compare results of indirect methods (fecal smears and fecal floats) with quantitative necropsies to detect endoparasitic infections in adult newts. In 2015, we collected fecal samples from 68 adult newts (Taricha granulosa and T. torosa) in the East Bay region of California and used fecal smears, sodium nitrate fecal flotation solution, and Sheather's sugar flotation solution to assess infection (i.e. the presence and/or abundance of a parasite). Across all methods, we detected 3 protozoans (Eimeria tarichae, Tritrichomonas sp., and Balantidium sp.) and 3 nematodes (Rhabdias tarichae, Cosmocercoides variabilis, and Chabaudgolvania sp.). Based on generalized linear mixed models, the likelihood of detection varied between hosts (with T. torosa showing more overall infection relative to T. granulosa) and by assessment method: while fecal smears were more sensitive in detecting protozoans, comprehensive necropsies were the most reliable for quantifying infections of R. tarichae. Nonetheless, both the likelihood of R. tarichae detection within fecal samples as well as the number of infectious stages observed correlated strongly with infection intensity from necropsy, highlighting the utility of non-lethal assessment methods. The overall congruence between indirect methods and gross necropsy helps to validate the use of less-invasive methods for parasite detection and abundance, especially for sensitive or protected host taxa such as amphibians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tawni B Riepe
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Ramaley N122 CB334, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
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van Beest GS, Villar-Torres M, Raga JA, Montero FE, Born-Torrijos A. In vivo fluorescent cercariae reveal the entry portals of Cardiocephaloides longicollis (Rudolphi, 1819) Dubois, 1982 (Strigeidae) into the gilthead seabream Sparus aurata L. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:92. [PMID: 30867029 PMCID: PMC6417200 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3351-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Despite their complex life-cycles involving various types of hosts and free-living stages, digenean trematodes are becoming recurrent model systems. The infection and penetration strategy of the larval stages, i.e. cercariae, into the fish host is poorly understood and information regarding their entry portals is not well-known for most species. Cardiocephaloides longicollis (Rudolphi, 1819) Dubois, 1982 (Digenea, Strigeidae) uses the gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.), an important marine fish in Mediterranean aquaculture, as a second intermediate host, where they encyst in the brain as metacercariae. Labelling the cercariae with in vivo fluorescent dyes helped us to track their entry into the fish, revealing the penetration pattern that C. longicollis uses to infect S. aurata. Methods Two different fluorescent dyes were used: carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester (CFSE) and Hoechst 33342 (NB). Three ascending concentrations of each dye were tested to detect any effect on labelled cercarial performance, by recording their survival for the first 5 h post-labelling (hpl) and 24 hpl, as well as their activity for 5 hpl. Labelled cercariae were used to track the penetration points into fish, and cercarial infectivity and later encystment were analysed by recording brain-encysted metacercariae in fish infected with labelled and control cercariae after 20 days of infection. Results Although the different dye concentrations showed diverse effects on both survival and activity, intermediate doses of CFSE did not show any short-term effect on survival, permitting a brighter and longer recognition of cercariae on the host body surface. Therefore, CFSE helped to determine the penetration points of C. longicollis into the fish, denoting their aggregation on the head, eye and gills region, as well as on the dorsal fin and the lower side. Only CFSE-labelled cercariae showed a decreased number of encysted metacercariae when compared to control. Conclusions Our study suggests that CFSE is an adequate labelling method for short-term in vivo studies, whereas NB would better suit in vivo studies on long-term performance. Cardiocephaloides longicollis cercariae seem to be attracted to areas near to the brain or those that are likely to be connected to migration routes to neuronal canals. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-019-3351-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle S van Beest
- Cavanilles Institute for Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Science Park, University of Valencia, P.O. Box 22 085, 46071, Valencia, Spain. .,Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Branišovská 31, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
| | - Mar Villar-Torres
- Cavanilles Institute for Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Science Park, University of Valencia, P.O. Box 22 085, 46071, Valencia, Spain
| | - Juan Antonio Raga
- Cavanilles Institute for Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Science Park, University of Valencia, P.O. Box 22 085, 46071, Valencia, Spain
| | - Francisco Esteban Montero
- Cavanilles Institute for Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Science Park, University of Valencia, P.O. Box 22 085, 46071, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ana Born-Torrijos
- Cavanilles Institute for Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Science Park, University of Valencia, P.O. Box 22 085, 46071, Valencia, Spain.,Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Branišovská 31, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
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Stutz WE, Calhoun DM, Johnson PTJ. Resistance and tolerance: A hierarchical framework to compare individual versus family-level host contributions in an experimental amphibian-trematode system. Exp Parasitol 2019; 199:80-91. [PMID: 30862495 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2019.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Hosts have two general strategies for mitigating the fitness costs of parasite exposure and infection: resistance and tolerance. The resistance-tolerance framework has been well developed in plant systems, but only recently has it been applied to animal-parasite interactions. However, difficulties associated with estimating fitness, controlling parasite exposure, and quantifying parasite burden have limited application of this framework to animal systems. Here, we used an experimental approach to quantify the relative influence of variation among host individuals and genetic families in determining resistance and tolerance within an amphibian-trematode system. Importantly, we used multiple, alternative metrics to assess each strategy, and employed a Bayesian analytical framework to compare among responses while incorporating uncertainty. Relative to unexposed hosts, exposure to the pathogenic trematode (Ribeiroia ondatrae) reduced the survival and growth of California newts (Taricha torosa) (survival: 93% vs. 74%; growth: 0.29 vs. -0.5 vs mm day -1). Similarly, parasite infection success (the inverse of resistance) ranged from 8% to 100%. Yet despite this broad variation in host resistance and tolerance among individual newts, we found no evidence for transmissable, among-family variation in any of the resistance or tolerance metrics. This suggests that opportunities for evolution of these traits is limited, likely requiring significant increases in mutation, gene flow, or environmental heterogeneity. Our study provides a quantitative framework for evaluating the importance of alternative metrics of resistance and tolerance across multiple time points in the study of host-parasite interactions in animal systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- William E Stutz
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Dana M Calhoun
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA.
| | - Pieter T J Johnson
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
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Orlofske SA, Flaxman SM, Joseph MB, Fenton A, Melbourne BA, Johnson PTJ. Experimental investigation of alternative transmission functions: Quantitative evidence for the importance of nonlinear transmission dynamics in host-parasite systems. J Anim Ecol 2018; 87:703-715. [PMID: 29111599 PMCID: PMC6849515 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Understanding pathogen transmission is crucial for predicting and managing disease. Nonetheless, experimental comparisons of alternative functional forms of transmission remain rare, and those experiments that are conducted are often not designed to test the full range of possible forms. To differentiate among 10 candidate transmission functions, we used a novel experimental design in which we independently varied four factors—duration of exposure, numbers of parasites, numbers of hosts and parasite density—in laboratory infection experiments. We used interactions between amphibian hosts and trematode parasites as a model system and all candidate models incorporated parasite depletion. An additional manipulation involving anaesthesia addressed the effects of host behaviour on transmission form. Across all experiments, nonlinear transmission forms involving either a power law or a negative binomial function were the best‐fitting models and consistently outperformed the linear density‐dependent and density‐independent functions. By testing previously published data for two other host–macroparasite systems, we also found support for the same nonlinear transmission forms. Although manipulations of parasite density are common in transmission studies, the comprehensive set of variables tested in our experiments revealed that variation in density alone was least likely to differentiate among competing transmission functions. Across host–pathogen systems, nonlinear functions may often more accurately represent transmission dynamics and thus provide more realistic predictions for infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Orlofske
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA.,Department of Biology, University of Wisconsin Stevens Point, Trainer Natural Resources Building 446, Stevens Point, WI, USA
| | - Samuel M Flaxman
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Maxwell B Joseph
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Andy Fenton
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Brett A Melbourne
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Pieter T J Johnson
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
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Koprivnikar J, Johnson PTJ. The Rise of Disease Ecology and Its Implications for Parasitology— A Review. J Parasitol 2016; 102:397-409. [DOI: 10.1645/15-942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Janet Koprivnikar
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, M5B 2K3, Canada
| | - Pieter T. J. Johnson
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, M5B 2K3, Canada
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Moazeni M, Ahmadi A. Controversial aspects of the life cycle of Fasciola hepatica. Exp Parasitol 2016; 169:81-9. [PMID: 27475124 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2016.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Revised: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/24/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Fasciola hepatica is a well-known helminth parasite, with significant economic and public health importance all over the world. It has been known since more than 630 years ago and a considerable research work has been carried out on the life cycle of this important parasite. In the hepatic phase of the life cycle of F. hepatica, it is assumed that the young flukes, after about 6-7 weeks of migration in the liver parenchyma, enter into the bile ducts of the definitive hosts and become sexually mature. Even though the secretion of cysteine peptidases including cathepsin L and B proteases by F. hepatica may justify this opinion, because of several scientific reasons and based on the experimental studies conducted in different animals (reviewed in this article), the entry of parasites into the bile ducts, after their migration in the liver parenchyma seems to be doubtful. However, considering all the facts relating to the hepatic and biliary phases of the life cycle of F. hepatica, two alternative ideas are suggested: 1) some of the migrating juvenile flukes may enter into the bile ducts immediately after reaching the liver parenchyma while they are still very small, or 2) when newly excysted juvenile flukes are penetrating into the intestinal wall to reach the liver through the abdominal cavity, a number of these flukes may enter into the choleduct and reach the hepatic bile ducts, where they mature. According to the previously performed natural and experimental studies in different animals and human beings, the supporting and opposing evidences for the current opinion as well as the evidences that might justify the two new ideas are reviewed and discussed briefly. In conclusion, our present knowledge about the time and quality of the entry of F. hepaticas into the bile ducts, seems to be insufficient, therefore, there are still some dark corners and unknown aspects in this field that should be clarified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Moazeni
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Amin Ahmadi
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
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Altman KA, Paull SH, Johnson PTJ, Golembieski MN, Stephens JP, LaFonte BE, Raffel TR. Host and parasite thermal acclimation responses depend on the stage of infection. J Anim Ecol 2016; 85:1014-24. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karie A. Altman
- Department of Biological Sciences Oakland University Rochester MI 48309 USA
| | - Sara H. Paull
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Department University of Colorado Boulder CO 80309 USA
| | - Pieter T. J. Johnson
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Department University of Colorado Boulder CO 80309 USA
| | | | | | - Bryan E. LaFonte
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Department University of Colorado Boulder CO 80309 USA
| | - Thomas R. Raffel
- Department of Biological Sciences Oakland University Rochester MI 48309 USA
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Trichobilharzia regenti (Schistosomatidae): 3D imaging techniques in characterization of larval migration through the CNS of vertebrates. Micron 2016; 83:62-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2016.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Revised: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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