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de Barros RAM, Torrecilhas AC, Marciano MAM, Mazuz ML, Pereira-Chioccola VL, Fux B. Toxoplasmosis in Human and Animals Around the World. Diagnosis and Perspectives in the One Health Approach. Acta Trop 2022; 231:106432. [PMID: 35390311 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2022.106432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Toxoplasmosis is a unique health disease that significantly affects the health of humans, domestic animals, wildlife and is present in ecosystems, including water, soil and food. Toxoplasma gondii is one of the best-adapted parasites in the word. This parasite is able to persist for long periods in its hosts, in different geographic regions of the word. This review summarizes the current literature of these themes, focusing on: (1) toxoplasmosis, a zoonotic infection; (2) One health approach and toxoplasmosis; (3) human toxoplasmosis; (4) animal toxoplasmosis; (5) toxoplasmosis diagnosis, as immunological, parasitological and molecular diagnosis; (6) T. gondii outbreaks caused by infected meat, milk and dairy products, as well as, vegetables and water consume; (7) studies in experimental models; (8) genetic characterization of T. gondii strains; (9) extracellular vesicles and miRNA; and (10) future perspectives on T. gondii and toxoplasmosis. The vast prevalence of toxoplasmosis in both humans and animals and the dispersion and resistence of T. gondii parasites in environment highlight the importance of the one health approach in diagnostic and control of the disease. Here the different aspects of the one health approach are presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosangela Aparecida Müller de Barros
- Unidade de Medicina Tropical, Departamento de Patologia, Universidade Federal do Espirito Santo, Vitoria, ES, Brazil.; Programa em Doenças Infecciosas, Centro de Doenças Infecciosas, Universidade Federal do Espirito Santo, Vitoria, ES, Brazil..
| | - Ana Claudia Torrecilhas
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular e Bioquímica de Fungos e Protozoários, Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Campus Diadema, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil..
| | | | - Monica Leszkowicz Mazuz
- Parasitology Division, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Israeli Veterinary Service and Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development Beit Dagan, 5025000, Israel..
| | | | - Blima Fux
- Unidade de Medicina Tropical, Departamento de Patologia, Universidade Federal do Espirito Santo, Vitoria, ES, Brazil.; Programa em Doenças Infecciosas, Centro de Doenças Infecciosas, Universidade Federal do Espirito Santo, Vitoria, ES, Brazil..
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Zhang N, Lv X, Cheng X, Wang J, Liu J, Shi J, Liu J, Hu B, Chen D, Zhang G. Risk of sudden coronary death based on genetic background in Chinese Han population. Exp Ther Med 2021; 22:1068. [PMID: 34447461 PMCID: PMC8355668 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.10502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Associations between gene variations and sudden cardiac arrest or coronary artery disease have been reported by genome-wide association studies. However, the implication of the genetic status in cases of sudden coronary death (SCD) from the Chinese Han population has remained to be investigated. The present study established a mini-sequencing system to examine putative death-causing single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) using multiplex PCR, single base extension reaction and capillary electrophoresis techniques. A total of 198 samples from the Chinese Han population (age range, 34-71 years; mean age, 53.86 years) were examined using this method. Samples were classified into three groups: Coronary heart disease (CHD, n=70), SCD (n=53) and control (n=75) group. Significant associations were identified for 10, 4 and 6 SNPs in CHD, SCD and sudden death from CHD, respectively, using the χ2 test. The SNPs obtained by binary logistic regression may be used to assess and predict the risk of disease. The predictive accuracy of the SNPs in each prediction model and their area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) values were determined. The AUC of the four SNPs (rs12429889, rs10829156, rs16942421 and rs12155623) to predict CHD was 0.928, the AUC of the six SNPs (rs2389202, rs2982694, rs10183640, rs597503, rs16942421 and rs12155623) to predict SCD was 0.922 and the AUC of the four SNPs (rs16866933, rs4621553, rs10829156 and rs12155623) to predict sudden death from CHD was 0.912. The multifactor dimensionality reduction values were as follows: 0.8690 (prediction model of CHD), 0.7601 (prediction model of SCD) and 0.7628 (prediction model of sudden death from CHD). Taken together, the results of the present study suggested that these SNPs have considerable potential for application in genetic tests to predict CHD or SCD. However, further studies are required to investigate the putative functions of these SNPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nenghua Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory and Pathology, Municipal Key-Innovative Discipline of Molecular Diagnostics, Jiaxing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang 314001, P.R. China
| | - Xiaochun Lv
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Fenyang Hospital of Shanxi Province, Fenyang Hospital Affiliated to Shanxi Medical University, Fenyang, Shanxi 032200, P.R. China
| | - Xiaojuan Cheng
- Department of Forensic Biology, School of Forensic Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Jinzhong, Shanxi 030619, P.R. China
| | - Jiaqi Wang
- Department of Forensic Biology, School of Forensic Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Jinzhong, Shanxi 030619, P.R. China
| | - Jinding Liu
- Department of Forensic Biology, School of Forensic Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Jinzhong, Shanxi 030619, P.R. China
| | - Jie Shi
- Department of Forensic Biology, School of Forensic Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Jinzhong, Shanxi 030619, P.R. China
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory and Pathology, Municipal Key-Innovative Discipline of Molecular Diagnostics, Jiaxing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang 314001, P.R. China
| | - Bo Hu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory and Pathology, Municipal Key-Innovative Discipline of Molecular Diagnostics, Jiaxing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang 314001, P.R. China
| | - Deqing Chen
- Department of Pathology, Forensic and Pathology Laboratory, Judicial Expertise Center, Jiaxing University Medical College, Jiaxing, Zhejiang 314001, P.R. China
| | - Gengqian Zhang
- Department of Forensic Biology, School of Forensic Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Jinzhong, Shanxi 030619, P.R. China
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Costa DF, Madeira RP, Torrecilhas AC, Nascimento H, Ribeiro KS, Paraboni MLR, Rizzo LV, Silveira C, Burnier MN, Lowen MS, Garcia JL, Gava R, Pereira-Chioccola VL, Commodaro AG, Belfort R. Ocular Disease in Mice Inoculated with Pork Heart Samples Infected with Toxoplasma gondii. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2020; 30:463-469. [PMID: 32976068 DOI: 10.1080/09273948.2020.1807024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We analyzed the frequency, viability, and genetic characteristics of T. gondii in pork heart samples.Methods: Thirty-five fresh pork samples were purchased in a slaughterhouse in Erechim city. The DNA was extracted and qPCR was performed. T. gondii genotyping was performed using PCR-RFLP analysis. Positive samples were digested and inoculated in mice for viability analysis.Results: Our results showed that T. gondii DNA was detected in 25.7% of the pork heart samples and genotyping revealed one new atypical strain. The viability analyses demonstrated that 40% of mice presented clinical signs of T. gondii infection. qPCR was positive in the lung, liver, and brain of mice that presented clinical signs of T. gondii infection. Also, the histopathology analysis showed retinal disorganization, retinal detachment, inflammatory cell infiltration, and fibrosis in the eyes analyzed.Conclusion: Our findings have shown that pork eat from southern Brazil may contain live T. gondii that could be associated with toxoplasmosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deise F Costa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Ophthalmology, McGill University Ocular Pathology Laboratory, Montreal, Canada
| | - Rafael Pedro Madeira
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Diadema, Brazil
| | | | - Heloisa Nascimento
- Department of Ophthalmology, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Miguel N Burnier
- Department of Ophthalmology, McGill University Ocular Pathology Laboratory, Montreal, Canada
| | - Marcia Serva Lowen
- Department of Pathology, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - João Luis Garcia
- Protozoology Laboratory, Preventive Veterinary Medicine Department, Universidade Estadual De Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Gava
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Parasites and Fungi, Center of Parasitology and Mycology, Adolfo Lutz Institute, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vera Lucia Pereira-Chioccola
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Parasites and Fungi, Center of Parasitology and Mycology, Adolfo Lutz Institute, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Rubens Belfort
- Department of Ophthalmology, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Li ZY, Guo HT, Tan J, Geng ZY, Zhu XQ. Devitalization of the immune mapped protein 1 undermines the intracellular proliferation of Toxoplasma gondii. Exp Parasitol 2020; 211:107843. [PMID: 32044321 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2020.107843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The intracellular protozoan Toxoplasma gondii infects approximately one-third of the world's population as well as various animals, causing toxoplasmosis. However, there remains a need to define the functions of newly identified genes of T. gondii. In the present study, a novel molecule, immune mapped protein 1 of T. gondii (TgIMP1), was devitalized by CRISPR/Cas9 system to investigate the phenotypic changes of the parasite. We found that the virulence of ΔTgIMP1 knockout strain was reduced in comparison with wild-type GT1 tachyzoites, showing a statistically decreased plaque in HFF cells and a significantly prolonged survival period of mice (P < 0.05). Moreover, the data of phenotype analyses in vitro showed a different level of the intracellular proliferation and the subsequent egress between ΔTgIMP1 and wild-type GT1 strain (P < 0.05); while no statistically significant difference was detected during the process of attachment or invasion. These results suggested that TgIMP1 is closely associated with the intracellular proliferation of this parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Yuan Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, College of Basic Medicine, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, 541199, PR China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui Province, 230036, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730046, PR China
| | - Hai-Ting Guo
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, College of Basic Medicine, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, 541199, PR China
| | - Jie Tan
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, College of Basic Medicine, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, 541199, PR China
| | - Zhao-Yu Geng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui Province, 230036, PR China.
| | - Xing-Quan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730046, PR China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, 225009, PR China.
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Lee SH, Chu KB, Quan FS. Parasite Infiltration and Apoptosis in Spleen upon Toxoplasma gondii Infection. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2019; 57:537-541. [PMID: 31715697 PMCID: PMC6851245 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2019.57.5.537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii infection induces parasite infiltration and apoptosis in the spleen. However, dose-dependent parasite infiltration, apoptosis, body weight alternations and survival in mice remain largely unknown. In this study, mice were intraperitoneally infected with 10, 30 or 100 tachyzoites of T. gondii, respectively. Parasite infiltration and apoptosis in the spleen were analyzed on days 3, 7, and 9 post-infection by immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry. Significantly higher levels of T. gondii infiltration and apoptosis in the spleen were found in 30 and 100 tachyzoites infected mice compared to 10 tachyzoites infected mice on days 7 and 9 post-infection. Although 30 and 100 tachyzoites infected mice showed significant body weight loss compared to 10 tachyzoites infected mice, all of the 100, 30, and 10 tachyzoites infected mice died by days 12, 15, and 17, each respectively. Interestingly, T. gondii infiltration in 10 tachyzoites infected mice were limited to capsule area of the spleen on day 9 post-infection. Several areas of parasite infiltrations were found in the 30 tachyzoites infected mice, where noticeable levels of splenic capsule de-adhesion occurred. These results indicated that parasite infiltration and apoptosis in the spleen, as well as body weight loss (survival) are closely correlated with infection dosage. The level of T. gondii infiltration and apoptosis in the spleen and splenic de-adhesion were dependent on the parasite dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Hwa Lee
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
| | - Ki-Back Chu
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
| | - Fu-Shi Quan
- Department of Medical Zoology, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, Seoul 02447, Korea.,Medical Research Center for Bioreaction to Reactive Oxygen Species and Biomedical Science Institute, School of Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
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Tauziède-Espariat A, Chrétien F, Jouvion G, Alde-Biassette H, Hofman P. [Practices in infectious pathology in France in 2015. Results of the national survey]. Ann Pathol 2018; 38:55-63. [PMID: 29317100 DOI: 10.1016/j.annpat.2017.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Revised: 12/03/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Pathologists have been, are and will be always implicated in the diagnosis of infectious and tropical diseases. The resurgence of opportunistic infections due to the development of immunosuppressive drugs, the increase of migratory involvements draining tropical infections and the last epidemics spotlight the importance of pathologists in the field of infectious diseases. However, cancer is nowadays the first preoccupation of pathologists, which is constantly subject to evaluate diagnostic and prognostic markers and factors predictive to targeted therapy response or immunotherapy. As tumor pathology, infectious diseases require more sophisticated and rapidly changing complementary techniques, appraisals and perhaps a national network of diagnosis. The infectious pathology club committee carries out here a census of methods used in the diagnosis of infectious diseases in France in 2015 and particularly the different techniques used by laboratories to perform infectious diseases diagnosis. This will lay down the foundation of a future national organization of the infectious pathology in providing efficient services (diagnostic support, complementary tools) for the community of French pathologists in this specific domain of competence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnault Tauziède-Espariat
- Laboratoire de neuropathologie, centre hospitalier Sainte-Anne, 1, rue Cabanis, 75014 Paris, France.
| | - Fabrice Chrétien
- Laboratoire de neuropathologie, centre hospitalier Sainte-Anne, 1, rue Cabanis, 75014 Paris, France; Unité d'histopathologie humaine et modèles animaux, Institut Pasteur, 25-28, rue du Docteur-Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Grégory Jouvion
- Unité d'histopathologie humaine et modèles animaux, Institut Pasteur, 25-28, rue du Docteur-Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Homa Alde-Biassette
- Service d'anatomie et cytologie pathologiques, hôpital Lariboisière, 1, rue Ambroise-Paré, 75475 Paris, France
| | - Paul Hofman
- Laboratoire de pathologie clinique et expérimentale et biobanque hospitalière (BB-0033-00025), hôpital Pasteur, CHU de Nice, 30, voie Romaine, 06001 Nice cedex 01, France
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Camilo LM, Pereira-Chioccola VL, Gava R, Meira-Strejevitch CDS, Vidal JE, Brandão de Mattos CC, Frederico FB, De Mattos LC, Spegiorin LCJF. Molecular diagnosis of symptomatic toxoplasmosis: a 9-year retrospective and prospective study in a referral laboratory in São Paulo, Brazil. Braz J Infect Dis 2017; 21:638-647. [PMID: 28968510 PMCID: PMC9425505 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjid.2017.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Symptomatic forms of toxoplasmosis are a serious public health problem and occur in around 10–20% of the infected people. Aiming to improve the molecular diagnosis of symptomatic toxoplasmosis in Brazilian patients, this study evaluated the performance of real time PCR testing two primer sets (B1 and REP-529) in detecting Toxoplasma gondii DNA. The methodology was assayed in 807 clinical samples with known clinical diagnosis, ELISA, and conventional PCR results in a 9-year period. All samples were from patients with clinical suspicion of several features of toxoplasmosis. According to the minimum detection limit curve (in CT), REP-529 had greater sensitivity to detect T. gondii DNA than B1. Both primer sets were retrospectively evaluated using 515 DNA from different clinical samples. The 122 patients without toxoplasmosis provided high specificity (REP-529, 99.2% and B1, 100%). From the 393 samples with positive ELISA, 146 had clinical diagnosis of toxoplasmosis and positive conventional PCR. REP-529 and B1 sensitivities were 95.9% and 83.6%, respectively. Comparison of REP-529 and B1 performances was further analyzed prospectively in 292 samples. Thus, from a total of 807 DNA analyzed, 217 (26.89%) had positive PCR with, at least one primer set and symptomatic toxoplasmosis confirmed by clinical diagnosis. REP-529 was positive in 97.23%, whereas B1 amplified only 78.80%. After comparing several samples in a Brazilian referral laboratory, this study concluded that REP-529 primer set had better performance than B1 one. These observations were based after using cases with defined clinical diagnosis, ELISA, and conventional PCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilian Muniz Camilo
- Centro de Parasitologia e Micologia, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Ricardo Gava
- Centro de Parasitologia e Micologia, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Jose Ernesto Vidal
- Instituto de Infectologia Emilio Ribas, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Faculdade de Medicina, Hospital das Clínicas, da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Laboratório de Investigação Médica (LIM) 49, Instituto de Medicina Tropical da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Fábio Batista Frederico
- Ambulatório de Oftalmologia, Fundação Faculdade Regional de Medicina-Hospital de Base, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil
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Armand B, Solhjoo K, Kordshooli MS, Davami MH, Pourahmad M, Orfaee V. Toxoplasma gondii Type I, predominant genotype isolated from sheep in South of Iran. Vet World 2017; 10:386-392. [PMID: 28507409 PMCID: PMC5422241 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2017.386-392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: This study was performed to determine the genetic diversity of Toxoplasma gondii in sheep using nested-polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) in Southern Iran. Materials and Methods: The tissue samples of diaphragm and heart from 125 sheep were collected from the main slaughterhouses of Jahrom district in South of Fars province, Iran, between Aprils and June 2013. The DNA were extracted and analyzed by nested-PCR using specific primers for SAG2 and GRA6 loci. RFLP was used to classify strains into one of the three major lineages of T. gondii. Results: T. gondii Type I was predominant in this area. The data obtained from both loci demonstrated that the frequency of each genotype was 72% Type I, 2.4% Type III, 7.2% mixed Type I and II, 16.8% mixed Type I and III, 0.8% mixed Type II and III, and 0.8% mixed Type I, II and III. Conclusions: Although the previously published data indicated that Type II is the predominant T. gondii genotype in sheep in the other parts of the world, this study showed that genotype I is the dominant genotype of T. gondii in the southern Iran; however, other genotypes were detected. High diversity of T. gondii genotypes including mix genotypes in lambs is of importance for the public health. These studies depict a new mapping of T. gondii genotypes pattern which could be very helpful in toxoplasmosis control and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belal Armand
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran
| | - Kavous Solhjoo
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran.,Department of Parasitic Disease, Zoonoses Research Center, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran
| | | | - Mohammad Hasan Davami
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran
| | - Morteza Pourahmad
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Vahideh Orfaee
- Department of Biology, Basic Sciences Faculty, Islamic Azad University, Jahrom Branch, Jahrom, Iran
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Meira-Strejevitch CS, Pereira-Chioccola VL, Maia MM, Carnietto de Hipólito DD, Wang HTL, Motoie G, de Souza Gomes AH, Kanamura CT, Martines RB, de Mattos CCB, Frederico FB, de Mattos LC, de Mattos CCB, Frederico FB, Siqueira RC, Previato M, Barbosa AP, Murata FHA. WITHDRAWN: Selection of reference genes in five types of human tissues for normalization of gene expression studies in infectious diseases. Gene 2016:S0378-1119(16)30816-2. [PMID: 27743995 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2016.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This article has been withdrawn at the request of the author(s) and/or editor. The Publisher apologizes for any inconvenience this may cause. The full Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal can be found at http://www.elsevier.com/locate/withdrawalpolicy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marta Marques Maia
- Centro de Parasitologia e Micologia, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Sao Paulo Brazil
| | | | - Hui-Tzu Lin Wang
- Laboratório de Investigação Molecular em Cardiologia, Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, Sao Paulo Brazil
| | - Gabriela Motoie
- Centro de Parasitologia e Micologia, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Sao Paulo Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Cinara Cássia Brandão de Mattos
- Laboratório de Imunogenética, Departamento de Biologia Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio Preto, São José do Rio Preto, Brazil
| | - Fábio Batista Frederico
- Ambulatório de Oftalmologia, Fundação Faculdade Regional de Medicina-Hospital de Base, São José do Rio Preto, Brazil
| | - Luiz Carlos de Mattos
- Laboratório de Imunogenética, Departamento de Biologia Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio Preto, São José do Rio Preto, Brazil
| | - Cinara Cássia Brandão de Mattos
- Laboratório de Imunogenética, Departamento de Biologia Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio Preto, São José do Rio Preto, Brazil
| | - Fábio Batista Frederico
- Ambulatório de Oftalmologia, Fundação Faculdade Regional de Medicina-Hospital de Base, São José do Rio Preto, Brazil
| | - Rubens Camargo Siqueira
- Laboratório de Imunogenética, Departamento de Biologia Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio Preto, São José do Rio Preto, Brazil
| | - Mariana Previato
- Laboratório de Imunogenética, Departamento de Biologia Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio Preto, São José do Rio Preto, Brazil
| | - Amanda Pires Barbosa
- Ambulatório de Oftalmologia, Fundação Faculdade Regional de Medicina-Hospital de Base, São José do Rio Preto, Brazil
| | - Fernando Henrique Antunes Murata
- Laboratório de Imunogenética, Departamento de Biologia Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio Preto, São José do Rio Preto, Brazil
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Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is one of the most common parasitic infections of humans worldwide. Once exposed, humans remain infected with T. gondii for life, and there are no therapeutics capable of eliminating a chronic infection. In the search for novel drug targets, T. gondii is known to contain several unique secretory organelles, one of which is called the rhoptries. Rhoptry organelles contain and secrete numerous proteins with kinase domains, but the roles of most of these kinases during infection remain unknown. In a recent mBio article, B. A. Fox et al. [mBio 7(3):e00193-16, 2016, http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mBio.00193-16] performed a tour de force deletion analysis of 31 rhoptry kinases and examined their roles in the development of chronic infection. While rhoptry kinase deletion strains that displayed an acute infection defect also showed a reduction in chronic infection cyst burden, two rhoptry kinase deletion strains had decreased cyst burden without any change in acute virulence. These results indicate the necessity of the rhoptry kinases for the establishment and perhaps maintenance of chronic infection. They also highlight the potential of these kinases as drug targets to clear chronic infection or as candidates to generate a nonpersisting vaccine.
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