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MacAulay S, Cable J. Gyrodactylus in the spotlight: how exposure to light impacts disease and the feeding behavior of the freshwater tropical guppy (Poecilia reticulata). JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 38828698 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.15816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Artificial light at night (ALAN) negatively impacts organisms in many ways, from their feeding behaviors to their response and ability to deal with disease. Our knowledge of ALAN is focused on hosts, but we must also consider their parasites, which constitute half of all described animal species. Here, we assessed the impact of light exposure on a model host-parasite system (Poecilia reticulata and the ectoparasitic monogenean Gyrodactylus turnbulli). First, parasite-free fish were exposed to 12:12 h light:dark (control) or 24:0 h light:dark (ALAN) for 21 days followed by experimental infection. Second, naturally acquired G. turnbulli infections were monitored for 28 days during exposure of their hosts to a specified light regime (6:18 h, 12:12 h, or 24:0 h light:dark). Experimentally infected fish exposed to constant light had, on average, a greater maximum parasite burden than controls, but no other measured parasite metrics were impacted. Host feeding behavior was also significantly affected: fish under ALAN fed faster and took more bites than controls, whilst fish exposed to reduced light fed slower. Thus, ALAN can impact parasite burdens, even in the short term, and altering light conditions will impact fish feeding behavior. Such responses could initiate disease outbreaks or perturb food-webs with wider ecological impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jo Cable
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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2
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Al Hikmani H, van Oosterhout C, Birley T, Labisko J, Jackson HA, Spalton A, Tollington S, Groombridge JJ. Can genetic rescue help save Arabia's last big cat? Evol Appl 2024; 17:e13701. [PMID: 38784837 PMCID: PMC11113348 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Genetic diversity underpins evolutionary potential that is essential for the long-term viability of wildlife populations. Captive populations harbor genetic diversity potentially lost in the wild, which could be valuable for release programs and genetic rescue. The Critically Endangered Arabian leopard (Panthera pardus nimr) has disappeared from most of its former range across the Arabian Peninsula, with fewer than 120 individuals left in the wild, and an additional 64 leopards in captivity. We (i) examine genetic diversity in the wild and captive populations to identify global patterns of genetic diversity and structure; (ii) estimate the size of the remaining leopard population across the Dhofar mountains of Oman using spatially explicit capture-recapture models on DNA and camera trap data, and (iii) explore the impact of genetic rescue using three complementary computer modeling approaches. We estimated a population size of 51 (95% CI 32-79) in the Dhofar mountains and found that 8 out of 25 microsatellite alleles present in eight loci in captive leopards were undetected in the wild. This includes two alleles present only in captive founders known to have been wild-sourced from Yemen, which suggests that this captive population represents an important source for genetic rescue. We then assessed the benefits of reintroducing novel genetic diversity into the wild population as well as the risks of elevating the genetic load through the release of captive-bred individuals. Simulations indicate that genetic rescue can improve the long-term viability of the wild population by reducing its genetic load and realized load. The model also suggests that the genetic load has been partly purged in the captive population, potentially making it a valuable source population for genetic rescue. However, the greater loss of its genetic diversity could exacerbate genomic erosion of the wild population during a rescue program, and these risks and benefits should be carefully evaluated. An important next step in the recovery of the Arabian leopard is to empirically validate these conclusions, implement and monitor a genomics-informed management plan, and optimize a strategy for genetic rescue as a tool to recover Arabia's last big cat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadi Al Hikmani
- Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology, School of Anthropology and Conservation, Division of Human and Social SciencesUniversity of KentCanterburyKentUK
- Office for Conservation of the EnvironmentDiwan of Royal CourtMuscatOman
- The Royal Commission for AlUlaAlUlaSaudi Arabia
| | - Cock van Oosterhout
- School of Environmental SciencesUniversity of East Anglia, Norwich Research ParkNorwichUK
| | - Thomas Birley
- School of Environmental SciencesUniversity of East Anglia, Norwich Research ParkNorwichUK
| | - Jim Labisko
- Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology, School of Anthropology and Conservation, Division of Human and Social SciencesUniversity of KentCanterburyKentUK
- Centre for Biodiversity and Environment Research, Research Department of Genetics, Evolution and EnvironmentUniversity College LondonLondonUK
- Island Biodiversity and Conservation CentreUniversity of SeychellesVictoriaSeychelles
- Department of Life SciencesThe Natural History MuseumLondonUK
| | - Hazel A. Jackson
- Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology, School of Anthropology and Conservation, Division of Human and Social SciencesUniversity of KentCanterburyKentUK
| | | | - Simon Tollington
- Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology, School of Anthropology and Conservation, Division of Human and Social SciencesUniversity of KentCanterburyKentUK
- School of Animal Rural and Environmental SciencesNottingham Trent UniversityNottinghamUK
| | - Jim J. Groombridge
- Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology, School of Anthropology and Conservation, Division of Human and Social SciencesUniversity of KentCanterburyKentUK
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Arapi EA, Reynolds M, Ellison AR, Cable J. Restless nights when sick: ectoparasite infections alter rest-activity cycles of diurnal fish hosts. Parasitology 2024; 151:251-259. [PMID: 38372138 PMCID: PMC11007282 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182023001324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Circadian rhythms are timekeeping mechanisms responsible for an array of biological processes. Disruption of such cycles can detrimentally affect animal health. Circadian rhythms are critical in the co-evolution of host–parasite systems, as synchronization of parasite rhythms to the host can influence infection dynamics and transmission potential. This study examines the circadian rhythms in behaviour and activity of a model fish species (Poecilia reticulata) in isolation and in shoals, both when uninfected and infected with an ectoparasite (Gyrodactylus turnbulli). Additionally, the rhythmical variance of parasite activity under different light conditions as well as rhythmical variance in parasite transmissibility was explored. Overall, infection alters the circadian rhythm of fish, causing nocturnal restlessness. Increased activity of gyrodactylids on the host's skin at night could potentially contribute to this elevated host activity. Whilst migration of gyrodactylids across the host's skin may have caused irritation to the host resulting in nocturnal restlessness, the disruption in guppy activity rhythm caused by the expression of host innate immunity cannot be excluded. We discuss the wider repercussions such behavioural responses to infection have for host health, the implications for animal behaviour studies of diurnal species as well as the application of chronotherapeutic approaches to aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Amy R. Ellison
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK
- School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor LL57 2DG, UK
| | - Jo Cable
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK
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4
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Robison-Smith C, Masud N, Tarring EC, Ward BD, Cable J. A class of their own? Water-soluble polymer pollution impacting a freshwater host-pathogen system. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 907:168086. [PMID: 37890633 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
While the inclusion of synthetic polymers such as primary microplastics within personal care products have been widely restricted under EU/UK Law, water-soluble polymers (WSPs) have so far slipped the net of global chemical regulation despite evidence that these could be polluting wastewater effluents at concentrations greatly exceeding those of microplastics. Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) represent WSPs with common industry and household uses, down-the-drain disposal and a direct route to wastewater treatment plants, conveying high risk of environmental leaching into freshwater ecosystems. The current study is the first investigating the impacts of predicted environmental concentrations of these WSPs on life-history traits of two freshwater species also constituting a disease model (fish - Poecilia reticulata and parasite - Gyrodactylus turnbulli). Single effects of WSPs on fish as well as their interactive effects with infection of the ectoparasite were determined over a 45-day exposure. Generally, WSPs reduced fish growth and increased routine metabolic rate of fish implying a depleted energetic budget, however these effects were dose, exposure time and polymer dependent. Parasitic infection alone caused a significant reduction in fish growth and enhanced fish routine metabolic rate. In contrast, a non-additive effect on metabolic rate was evident in fish experiencing simultaneous infection and WSP exposure, suggesting a protective effect of the two WSPs for fish also exposed to a metazoan ectoparasite. Off-host parasite survival was significantly lowered by both WSPs; however, parasite counts of infected fish also exposed to WSP were not significantly different from the control, implying more complex mechanisms may underpin this stressor interaction. Distinct detrimental impacts were inflicted on both organisms implying environmental leaching of WSPs may be causing significant disruption to interspecies interactions within freshwater ecosystems. Additionally, these results could contribute to sustainable development in industry, as we conclude PVA represents a less harmful alternative to PVP.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Numair Masud
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, CF10 3AX, UK
| | - Eve C Tarring
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, CF10 3AT, UK
| | | | - Jo Cable
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, CF10 3AX, UK
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5
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Ju X, Wang Z, Cai D, Bello SF, Nie Q. DNA methylation in poultry: a review. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2023; 14:138. [PMID: 37925454 PMCID: PMC10625706 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-023-00939-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023] Open
Abstract
As an important epigenetic modification, DNA methylation is involved in many biological processes such as animal cell differentiation, embryonic development, genomic imprinting and sex chromosome inactivation. As DNA methylation sequencing becomes more sophisticated, it becomes possible to use it to solve more zoological problems. This paper reviews the characteristics of DNA methylation, with emphasis on the research and application of DNA methylation in poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Ju
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Lingnan Guangdong Laboratory of Agriculture, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510642, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding and Key Lab of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510642, China
| | - Zhijun Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, 666 Wusu Road, Lin'an, 311300, China
| | - Danfeng Cai
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Lingnan Guangdong Laboratory of Agriculture, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510642, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding and Key Lab of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510642, China
| | - Semiu Folaniyi Bello
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Lingnan Guangdong Laboratory of Agriculture, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510642, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding and Key Lab of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510642, China
| | - Qinghua Nie
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Lingnan Guangdong Laboratory of Agriculture, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510642, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding and Key Lab of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510642, China.
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Gaboardi LM, Reeves LE, Morey GAM, Stanton DL, Carney RM. A new species of the fish louse genus Dipteropeltis Calman, 1912 (Crustacea: Branchiura) from Peru. Zootaxa 2023; 5315:101-121. [PMID: 37518614 DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5315.2.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Dipteropeltis is a poorly described genus of fish louse endemic to South America. In a small blackwater region within Loreto, Peru, 13 adult and juvenile specimens of an unidentified species of Dipteropeltis Calman, 1912, as well as one adult specimen of D. hirundo Calman, 1912, were observed and collected. Scanning electron and light micrographs were acquired to examine and measure key features of these specimens. Morphological differences from the two known species of Dipteropeltis, D. hirundo and D. campanaformis Neethling et al., 2014, indicate that the collected specimens represent a new species. Dipteropeltis longicaudatus sp. nov. is diagnosed by elongate abdominal lobes, a chevron-shaped carapace, and uniquely shaped maxillae. One specimen represents the longest branchiuran documented to date at 31.5 mm. Additionally, we provide the first sequence data for this genus using DNA barcoding, which corroborates our designation of a new species. Videos were also captured that document behaviors including host attachment, pulsating abdominal lobes, suction disc "walking", and swimming. Findings have implications for its teleost hosts, Triportheus albus Cope, 1872 and Brycon amazonicus Spix & Agassiz, 1829, the latter being a critical species for aquaculture and commercial fisheries in Amazonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyra M Gaboardi
- Department of Integrative Biology; University of South Florida; 4202 E. Fowler Ave.; Tampa; FL USA 33620.
| | - Lawrence E Reeves
- UF/IFAS Florida Medical Entomology Lab; University of Florida; 200 9th St SE; Vero Beach; FL USA 32962.
| | - Germán Augusto Murrieta Morey
- Instituto de Investigaciones de la Amazonía Peruana; Av. Jose Abelardo Quiñones Km. 2.5; 00784; Iquitos; Peru 00784.
| | - Daniel L Stanton
- UF/IFAS Citrus Research and Education Center; University of Florida; 700 Experiment Station Rd. Lake Alfred; FL USA 33850; Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida; 2250 Shealy Dr. Gainesville, FL USA 32608..
| | - Ryan M Carney
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida; 4202 E. Fowler Ave., Tampa, FL USA 33620..
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7
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Sánchez-Velásquez JJ, Pinedo-Bernal PN, Reyes-Flores LE, Yzásiga-Barrera C, Zelada-Mázmela E. Genetic diversity and relatedness inferred from microsatellite loci as a tool for broodstock management of fine flounder Paralichthys adspersus. AQUACULTURE AND FISHERIES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aaf.2021.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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8
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Bartuseviciute V, Diaz Pauli B, Salvanes AGV, Heino M. Size-selective harvesting affects the immunocompetence of guppies exposed to the parasite Gyrodactylus. Proc Biol Sci 2022; 289:20220534. [PMID: 35975444 PMCID: PMC9382225 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2022.0534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Harvesting is typically size-selective, targeting large individuals. This is expected to lead to reduced average body size and earlier maturation (i.e. faster life histories). Such changes can also affect traits seemingly unrelated to harvesting, including immunocompetence. Here we test four hypotheses on how harvesting affects immunocompetence based on the pace-of-life syndrome, habitat area limitation and energy allocation and acquisition, respectively. We empirically evaluate these hypotheses using an experimental system consisting of the ectoparasite Gyrodactylus turnbulli and lines of guppies Poecilia reticulata that had been subjected to either small, random or large size-selective harvest for over 12 years. We followed the infection progression of individually infected fish for 15 days. We found significant differences between the harvested lines: fish from the small-harvested lines had the highest parasite loads. During the early phase of the infection, parasite loads were the lowest in the large-harvested lines, whereas the terminal loads were the lowest for the random-harvested lines. These results agree with the predictions from the energetic trade-off and surface area hypotheses. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of the consequences of size-selective harvesting on immunocompetence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Anne Gro Vea Salvanes
- University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, Bergen, Norway
| | - Mikko Heino
- University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria
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9
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Genomic patterns of homozygosity and inbreeding depression in Murciano-Granadina goats. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2022; 13:35. [PMID: 35264251 PMCID: PMC8908635 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-022-00684-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Inbreeding depression can adversely affect traits related to fitness, reproduction and productive performance. Although current research suggests that inbreeding levels are generally low in most goat breeds, the impact of inbreeding depression on phenotypes of economic interest has only been investigated in a few studies based on genealogical data. Results We genotyped 1040 goats with the Goat SNP50 BeadChip. This information was used to estimate different molecular inbreeding coefficients and characterise runs of homozygosity and homozygosity patterns. We detected 38 genomic regions with increased homozygosity as well as 8 ROH hotspots mapping to chromosomes 1, 2, 4, 6, 14, 16 and 17. Eight hundred seventeen goats with available records for dairy traits were analysed to evaluate the potential consequences of inbreeding depression on milk phenotypes. Four regions on chromosomes 8 and 25 were significantly associated with inbreeding depression for the natural logarithm of the somatic cell count. Notably, these regions contain several genes related with immunity, such as SYK, IL27, CCL19 and CCL21. Moreover, one region on chromosome 2 was significantly associated with inbreeding depression for milk yield. Conclusions Although genomic inbreeding levels are low in Murciano-Granadina goats, significant evidence of inbreeding depression for the logarithm of the somatic cell count, a phenotype closely associated with udder health and milk yield, have been detected in this population. Minimising inbreeding would be expected to augment economic gain by increasing milk yield and reducing the incidence of mastitis, which is one of the main causes of dairy goat culling. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40104-022-00684-5.
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10
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Samaha G, Wade CM, Mazrier H, Grueber CE, Haase B. Exploiting genomic synteny in Felidae: cross-species genome alignments and SNV discovery can aid conservation management. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:601. [PMID: 34362297 PMCID: PMC8348863 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-07899-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background While recent advances in genomics has enabled vast improvements in the quantification of genome-wide diversity and the identification of adaptive and deleterious alleles in model species, wildlife and non-model species have largely not reaped the same benefits. This has been attributed to the resources and infrastructure required to develop essential genomic datasets such as reference genomes. In the absence of a high-quality reference genome, cross-species alignments can provide reliable, cost-effective methods for single nucleotide variant (SNV) discovery. Here, we demonstrated the utility of cross-species genome alignment methods in gaining insights into population structure and functional genomic features in cheetah (Acinonyx jubatas), snow leopard (Panthera uncia) and Sumatran tiger (Panthera tigris sumatrae), relative to the domestic cat (Felis catus). Results Alignment of big cats to the domestic cat reference assembly yielded nearly complete sequence coverage of the reference genome. From this, 38,839,061 variants in cheetah, 15,504,143 in snow leopard and 13,414,953 in Sumatran tiger were discovered and annotated. This method was able to delineate population structure but limited in its ability to adequately detect rare variants. Enrichment analysis of fixed and species-specific SNVs revealed insights into adaptive traits, evolutionary history and the pathogenesis of heritable diseases. Conclusions The high degree of synteny among felid genomes enabled the successful application of the domestic cat reference in high-quality SNV detection. The datasets presented here provide a useful resource for future studies into population dynamics, evolutionary history and genetic and disease management of big cats. This cross-species method of variant discovery provides genomic context for identifying annotated gene regions essential to understanding adaptive and deleterious variants that can improve conservation outcomes. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-021-07899-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgina Samaha
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Claire M Wade
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Hamutal Mazrier
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Catherine E Grueber
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Bianca Haase
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Borowska A, Wolska D, Niedzwiedz A, Borowicz H, Jaworski Z, Siemieniuch M, Szwaczkowski T. Some Genetic and Environmental Effects on Equine Asthma in Polish Konik Horses. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11082285. [PMID: 34438743 PMCID: PMC8388498 DOI: 10.3390/ani11082285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Equine Asthma (EA) is a blanket term covering inflammatory diseases of the lower airways in horses. It includes mild-to-moderate equine asthma, which affects horses of any age, and severe equine asthma, which is typically seen in horses older than 7 years of. Relationships of the disease’s occurrence with sex or breed have been proven. However, some authors consider genetic background a predisposing factor, due to the fact that in some bloodlines a clinical form of asthma is more frequently observed. This indicates serious breeding and economic consequences. This study aimed to identify the factors affecting predisposition to severe equine asthma in the population of Polish Konik horses and some environmental and inbreeding effects on the disease. Generally, in the observed population, EA is negligibly affected by the factors analysed. Individual inbreeding effects on asthma were not confirmed by various statistical approaches, but significant maternal inbreeding effects were observed. These results are very important from the perspective of the currently implemented genetic resource conservation programme. Abstract Current knowledge of the genetic and environmental backgrounds of equine asthma seems to be insufficient, especially for primitive horse breeds. The main objectives of this study were to estimate the effects of sex, birth period, stud, parentage line and inbreeding on asthma morbidity in Polish Konik horses. Records of 274 horses (housed in two studs) were analysed. These animals were allocated to maternal and paternal lines. Individual inbreeding coefficients were extracted from the additive relationship matrix. Horses underwent diagnosis based on observation of the basic symptoms (high frequency of coughing and excessive nasal discharge). Subsequently, some horses (28 individuals) were clinically examined to confirm the earlier observations. Generally, no significant effects of parentage line on heaves morbidity were identified by the use of logistic regression, although the Pearson’s chi-squared test had shown that individuals of some maternal and paternal lines had a predisposition to severe equine asthma. It was concluded that the individual inbreeding level is not associated with the incidence of EA, but a significant effect of the maternal inbreeding coefficient may be observed. It was also found that there is some variability in the incidence of this disease between studs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicja Borowska
- Division of Horse Breeding, Poznan University of Life Sciences, 60-637 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Daria Wolska
- Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Poznan University of Life Sciences, 60-637 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Artur Niedzwiedz
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinic of Diseases of Horses, Dogs and Cats, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 50-366 Wroclaw, Poland; (A.N.); (H.B.)
| | - Hieronim Borowicz
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinic of Diseases of Horses, Dogs and Cats, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 50-366 Wroclaw, Poland; (A.N.); (H.B.)
| | - Zbigniew Jaworski
- Department of Horse Breeding and Riding, University of Warmia and Mazury, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland;
| | - Marta Siemieniuch
- Department of Reproductive Immunology and Pathology, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, 10-243 Olsztyn, Poland;
- Research Station of the Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, in Popielno, 12-222 Ruciane-Nida, Poland
| | - Tomasz Szwaczkowski
- Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Poznan University of Life Sciences, 60-637 Poznan, Poland;
- Correspondence:
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12
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DeWoody JA, Harder AM, Mathur S, Willoughby JR. The long-standing significance of genetic diversity in conservation. Mol Ecol 2021; 30:4147-4154. [PMID: 34191374 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Since allozymes were first used to assess genetic diversity in the 1960s and 1970s, biologists have attempted to characterize gene pools and conserve the diversity observed in domestic crops, livestock, zoos and (more recently) natural populations. Recently, some authors have claimed that the importance of genetic diversity in conservation biology has been greatly overstated. Here, we argue that a voluminous literature indicates otherwise. We address four main points made by detractors of genetic diversity's role in conservation by using published literature to firmly establish that genetic diversity is intimately tied to evolutionary fitness, and that the associated demographic consequences are of paramount importance to many conservation efforts. We think that responsible management in the Anthropocene should, whenever possible, include the conservation of ecosystems, communities, populations and individuals, and their underlying genetic diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Andrew DeWoody
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Avril M Harder
- School of Forestry and Wildlife Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Samarth Mathur
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Janna R Willoughby
- School of Forestry and Wildlife Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
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13
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Domestication and feralization influence the distribution and phenotypes of escaped ornamental fish. Biol Invasions 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-020-02415-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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14
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HEALTH SCREENING OF THE EUROPEAN ENDANGERED SPECIES PROGRAM CAPTIVE POPULATION OF THE PINK PIGEON ( NESOENAS MAYERI). J Zoo Wildl Med 2021; 51:970-980. [PMID: 33480577 DOI: 10.1638/2020-0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The population of the Mauritian pink pigeon (Nesoenas mayeri) fell to fewer than 20 individuals in the 1970s. Following intensive conservation efforts, the free-living population is now estimated to be 470 individuals. However, because of the population bottleneck the species remains at risk of extinction because of genetic loss and inbreeding depression. A European captive population was established in 1977 and a European Endangered Species Program (EEP) was formalized in 1992. As birds in the EEP captive population possess unique alleles not observed in the surviving free-living birds, the EEP management plan recommends transferring EEP birds to Mauritius to improve genetic diversity. Health screening of the current EEP population to identify circulating pathogens was performed. Forty-two birds from three collections in the United Kingdom and one in Jersey were screened for a wide range of pathogens, present clinically or subclinically, including important viruses, bacteria, protozoa, and helminths. Eleven birds tested positive for at least one pathogen: Trichomonas spp. (5), Yersinia kristensenii (2), Yersinia aleksiciae (1), coccidial oocysts (3), and strongyle ova (3). None of the positive birds showed overt signs of clinical disease, although two birds with Trichomonas spp. had suboptimal body condition. Genotyping of one Trichomonas gallinae sample revealed a type-C strain (low pathogenicity). The results from this screening will contribute towards a disease risk assessment, to create a pre-export protocol for translocation of captive EEP birds to Mauritius.
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DeCandia AL, Schrom EC, Brandell EE, Stahler DR, vonHoldt BM. Sarcoptic mange severity is associated with reduced genomic variation and evidence of selection in Yellowstone National Park wolves ( Canis lupus). Evol Appl 2021; 14:429-445. [PMID: 33664786 PMCID: PMC7896714 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Population genetic theory posits that molecular variation buffers against disease risk. Although this "monoculture effect" is well supported in agricultural settings, its applicability to wildlife populations remains in question. In the present study, we examined the genomics underlying individual-level disease severity and population-level consequences of sarcoptic mange infection in a wild population of canids. Using gray wolves (Canis lupus) reintroduced to Yellowstone National Park (YNP) as our focal system, we leveraged 25 years of observational data and biobanked blood and tissue to genotype 76,859 loci in over 400 wolves. At the individual level, we reported an inverse relationship between host genomic variation and infection severity. We additionally identified 410 loci significantly associated with mange severity, with annotations related to inflammation, immunity, and skin barrier integrity and disorders. We contextualized results within environmental, demographic, and behavioral variables, and confirmed that genetic variation was predictive of infection severity. At the population level, we reported decreased genome-wide variation since the initial gray wolf reintroduction event and identified evidence of selection acting against alleles associated with mange infection severity. We concluded that genomic variation plays an important role in disease severity in YNP wolves. This role scales from individual to population levels, and includes patterns of genome-wide variation in support of the monoculture effect and specific loci associated with the complex mange phenotype. Results yielded system-specific insights, while also highlighting the relevance of genomic analyses to wildlife disease ecology, evolution, and conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Edward C. Schrom
- Ecology & Evolutionary BiologyPrinceton UniversityPrincetonNJUSA
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Han W, Xue Q, Li G, Yin J, Zhang H, Zhu Y, Xing W, Cao Y, Su Y, Wang K, Zou J. Genome-wide analysis of the role of DNA methylation in inbreeding depression of reproduction in Langshan chicken. Genomics 2020; 112:2677-2687. [PMID: 32057912 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2020.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Inbreeding depression of chicken reproduction is a major concern in the conservation of chicken genetic resources. To investigate the potential DNA methylation sites involved in the inbreeding depression of chicken reproduction, we carried out whole-genome bisulfite sequencing (WGBS) of hypothalamus and ovary tissues from the strongly and weakly inbred Langshan chickens, respectively. 5948 and 4593 differentially methylated regions (DMRs) were identified in the hypothalamus and ovary between the strongly and weakly inbred Langshan chickens, respectively. Large numbers of DMR-related genes (DMGs) were enriched in reproduction-related pathways. By combining the WGBS and transcriptome data, two DMRs in SRD5A1 and CDC27 genes were inferred as the most likely biomarkers of inbreeding depression of reproduction in Langshan chicken. Our study provides the first systematic investigation of the DNA methylation changes in strongly inbred chickens, and extends our understanding of the regulatory mechanisms underlying inbreeding depression in chicken reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Han
- National Chickens Genetic Resources, Poultry Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Yangzhou 225000, China
| | - Qian Xue
- National Chickens Genetic Resources, Poultry Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Yangzhou 225000, China
| | - Guohui Li
- National Chickens Genetic Resources, Poultry Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Yangzhou 225000, China
| | - Jianmei Yin
- National Chickens Genetic Resources, Poultry Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Yangzhou 225000, China
| | - Huiyong Zhang
- National Chickens Genetic Resources, Poultry Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Yangzhou 225000, China
| | - Yunfen Zhu
- National Chickens Genetic Resources, Poultry Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Yangzhou 225000, China
| | - Weijie Xing
- National Chickens Genetic Resources, Poultry Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Yangzhou 225000, China
| | - Yuxia Cao
- National Chickens Genetic Resources, Poultry Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Yangzhou 225000, China
| | - Yijun Su
- National Chickens Genetic Resources, Poultry Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Yangzhou 225000, China
| | - Kehua Wang
- National Chickens Genetic Resources, Poultry Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Yangzhou 225000, China.
| | - Jianmin Zou
- National Chickens Genetic Resources, Poultry Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Yangzhou 225000, China.
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Effects of Inbreeding on Genetic Characteristic, Growth, Survival Rates, and Immune Responses of a New Inbred Line of Exopalaemon carinicauda. Int J Genomics 2020; 2020:5735968. [PMID: 31998771 PMCID: PMC6964724 DOI: 10.1155/2020/5735968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The Exopalaemon carinicauda could be a useful crustacean laboratory animal in many research fields. We newly established an inbred line of Exopalaemon carinicauda named EC4 inbred line by brother×sister mating and keeping to F11 generation. Trends in heterozygosity in the process of producing EC4 inbred line were examined through the characterization of polymorphisms based on gene frequencies of SNP and EST-SSR loci. The results demonstrated that the number of alleles (N), observed heterozygosity (Ho), expected heterozygosity (He), and polymorphism information content (PIC) gradually decreased with the increase of inbreeding generations. The genetic detection results indicated that 9 (29.03%, 9/31) of the SNP loci and 15 (32.61%, 15/46) of the EST-SSR loci were homozygous in F11 generation of EC4 inbred line. The variation of the growth-related traits, the immune responses, and antioxidant status were described in experimental full-sibling inbred populations of E. carinicauda at five levels of inbreeding coefficient (F = 0.785, F = 0.816, F = 0.859, F = 0.886, F = 0.908) under controlled laboratory conditions. The body weight, body length, and survival rate in EC4 inbred line of all generations were less than the control population. Inbreeding affected the antibacterial activity, phenoloxidase (PO) activity, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) which decreased at the eleventh generation of EC4 inbred line. This study demonstrated that inbreeding had a negative effect on the economic traits and immune response, but our inbred line was established successfully until F11 and confirmed by genetic detection using SNP and EST-SSR loci.
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Miller ML, Kronenberger JA, Fitzpatrick SW. Recent evolutionary history predicts population but not ecosystem-level patterns. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:14442-14452. [PMID: 31938531 PMCID: PMC6953670 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In the face of rapid anthropogenic environmental change, it is increasingly important to understand how ecological and evolutionary interactions affect the persistence of natural populations. Augmented gene flow has emerged as a potentially effective management strategy to counteract negative consequences of genetic drift and inbreeding depression in small and isolated populations. However, questions remain about the long-term impacts of augmented gene flow and whether changes in individual and population fitness are reflected in ecosystem structure, potentiating eco-evolutionary feedbacks. In this study, we used Trinidadian guppies (Poecilia reticulata) in experimental outdoor mesocosms to assess how populations with different recent evolutionary histories responded to a scenario of severe population size reduction followed by expansion in a high-quality environment. We also investigated how variation in evolutionary history of the focal species affected ecosystem dynamics. We found that evolutionary history (i.e., gene flow vs. no gene flow) consistently predicted variation in individual growth. In addition, gene flow led to faster population growth in populations from one of the two drainages, but did not have measurable impacts on the ecosystem variables we measured: zooplankton density, algal growth, and decomposition rates. Our results suggest that benefits of gene flow may be long-term and environment-dependent. Although small in replication and duration, our study highlights the importance of eco-evolutionary interactions in determining population persistence and sets the stage for future work in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madison L. Miller
- W. K. Kellogg Biological StationMichigan State UniversityHickory CornersMIUSA
| | - John A. Kronenberger
- National Genomics Center for Wildlife and Fish ConservationUSDA Forest ServiceMissoulaMTUSA
| | - Sarah W. Fitzpatrick
- W. K. Kellogg Biological StationMichigan State UniversityHickory CornersMIUSA
- Department of Integrative BiologyMichigan State UniversityHickory CornersMIUSA
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19
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Cabalzar AP, Fields PD, Kato Y, Watanabe H, Ebert D. Parasite-mediated selection in a natural metapopulation of Daphnia magna. Mol Ecol 2019; 28:4770-4785. [PMID: 31591747 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Parasite-mediated selection varying across time and space in metapopulations is expected to result in host local adaptation and the maintenance of genetic diversity in disease-related traits. However, nonadaptive processes like migration and extinction-(re)colonization dynamics might interfere with adaptive evolution. Understanding how adaptive and nonadaptive processes interact to shape genetic variability in life-history and disease-related traits can provide important insights into their evolution in subdivided populations. Here we investigate signatures of spatially fluctuating, parasite-mediated selection in a natural metapopulation of Daphnia magna. Host genotypes from infected and uninfected populations were genotyped at microsatellite markers, and phenotyped for life-history and disease traits in common garden experiments. Combining phenotypic and genotypic data a QST -FST -like analysis was conducted to test for signatures of parasite mediated selection. We observed high variation within and among populations for phenotypic traits, but neither an indication of host local adaptation nor a cost of resistance. Infected populations have a higher gene diversity (Hs) than uninfected populations and Hs is strongly positively correlated with fitness. These results suggest a strong parasite effect on reducing population level inbreeding. We discuss how stochastic processes related to frequent extinction-(re)colonization dynamics as well as host and parasite migration impede the evolution of resistance in the infected populations. We suggest that the genetic and phenotypic patterns of variation are a product of dynamic changes in the host gene pool caused by the interaction of colonization bottlenecks, inbreeding, immigration, hybrid vigor, rare host genotype advantage and parasitism. Our study highlights the effect of the parasite in ameliorating the negative fitness consequences caused by the high drift load in this metapopulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea P Cabalzar
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Zoology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Peter D Fields
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Zoology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Yasuhiko Kato
- Department of Biotechnology, Division of Advance Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Hajime Watanabe
- Department of Biotechnology, Division of Advance Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Dieter Ebert
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Zoology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Tvärminne Zoological Station, Tvärminne, Finland
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20
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Ekroth AKE, Rafaluk-Mohr C, King KC. Host genetic diversity limits parasite success beyond agricultural systems: a meta-analysis. Proc Biol Sci 2019; 286:20191811. [PMID: 31551053 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2019.1811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
There is evidence that human activities are reducing the population genetic diversity of species worldwide. Given the prediction that parasites better exploit genetically homogeneous host populations, many species could be vulnerable to disease outbreaks. While agricultural studies have shown the devastating effects of infectious disease in crop monocultures, the widespread nature of this diversity-disease relationship remains unclear in natural systems. Here, we provide broad support that high population genetic diversity can protect against infectious disease by conducting a meta-analysis of 23 studies, with a total of 67 effect sizes. We found that parasite functional group (micro- or macroparasite) affects the presence of the effect and study setting (field or laboratory-based environment) influences the magnitude. Our study also suggests that host genetic diversity is overall a robust defence against infection regardless of host reproduction, parasite host range, parasite diversity, virulence and the method by which parasite success was recorded. Combined, these results highlight the importance of monitoring declines of host population genetic diversity as shifts in parasite distributions could have devastating effects on at-risk populations in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kayla C King
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK
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21
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22
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Fitzpatrick SW, Reid BN. Does gene flow aggravate or alleviate maladaptation to environmental stress in small populations? Evol Appl 2019; 12:1402-1416. [PMID: 31417623 PMCID: PMC6691220 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental change can expose populations to unfamiliar stressors, and maladaptive responses to those stressors may result in population declines or extirpation. Although gene flow is classically viewed as a cause of maladaptation, small and isolated populations experiencing high levels of drift and little gene flow may be constrained in their evolutionary response to environmental change. We provide a case study using the model Trinidadian guppy system that illustrates the importance of considering gene flow and genetic drift when predicting (mal)adaptive response to acute stress. We compared population genomic patterns and acute stress responses of inbred guppy populations from headwater streams either with or without a recent history of gene flow from a more diverse mainstem population. Compared to "no-gene flow" analogues, we found that populations with recent gene flow showed higher genomic variation and increased stress tolerance-but only when exposed to a stress familiar to the mainstem population (heat shock). All headwater populations showed similar responses to a familiar stress in headwater environments (starvation) regardless of gene flow history, whereas exposure to an entirely unfamiliar stress (copper sulfate) showed population-level variation unrelated to environment or recent evolutionary history. Our results suggest that (mal)adaptive responses to acutely stressful environments are determined in part by recent evolutionary history and in part by previous exposure. In some cases, gene flow may provide the variation needed to persist, and eventually adapt, in the face of novel stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah W. Fitzpatrick
- W.K. Kellogg Biological Station, Department of Integrative BiologyMichigan State UniversityHickory CornersMichigan
| | - Brendan N. Reid
- W.K. Kellogg Biological Station, Department of Integrative BiologyMichigan State UniversityHickory CornersMichigan
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23
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Maceda-Veiga A, Cable J. Diseased fish in the freshwater trade: from retailers to private aquarists. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2019; 132:157-162. [PMID: 30628582 DOI: 10.3354/dao03310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Millions of fish are transported between countries annually for the aquarium trade, yet no quantitative study has examined how disease frequency differs among species and stakeholders. Here we visually inspected freshwater fish species in 12 specialised and non-specialised aquarium retailers in Spain for the presence of diseased fish in 2015 and in 2016. This information was complemented with disease records from 3 internet fora (>100000 users) and pathogen identification at a retailer. Overall, 22 fish species out of the 312 recorded were reported diseased, with species of Poeciliidae accounting for most records. Ichthyophthirius, dropsy, bacterial and monogenean infections were the most common diseases, but disease frequency differed amongst retailers and private aquarists. Although only 11 fish species at retailers were deemed unhealthy, they were popular species amongst aquarists. We encourage improved management of fish stocks, and more education campaigns to promote fish welfare and avoid misdiagnosis in the Spanish aquarium hobby.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Maceda-Veiga
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences-Institute of Research in Biodiversity, Universitat de Barcelona (IRBio-UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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Townsend AK, Taff CC, Wheeler SS, Weis AM, Hinton MG, Jones ML, Logsdon RM, Reisen WK, Freund D, Sehgal RNM, Saberi M, Suh YH, Hurd J, Boyce WM. Low heterozygosity is associated with vector‐borne disease in crows. Ecosphere 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.2407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Conor C. Taff
- Cornell University Laboratory of Ornithology Ithaca New York 14850 USA
| | - Sarah S. Wheeler
- Sacramento‐Yolo Mosquito and Vector Control District Elk Grove California 95624 USA
| | - Allison M. Weis
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction School of Veterinary Medicine 100K Pathogen Genome Project University of California Davis California 95616 USA
| | - Mitch G. Hinton
- Animal Behavior Graduate Group University of California Davis California 95616 USA
| | - Melissa L. Jones
- Avian Sciences Graduate Group University of California Davis California 95616 USA
| | - Ryane M. Logsdon
- Animal Behavior Graduate Group University of California Davis California 95616 USA
| | - William K. Reisen
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology School of Veterinary Medicine University of California Davis California 95616 USA
| | - David Freund
- Department of Biology San Francisco State University San Francisco California 94132 USA
| | - Ravinder N. M. Sehgal
- Department of Biology San Francisco State University San Francisco California 94132 USA
| | - Mojan Saberi
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Conservation Biology University of California Davis California 95616 USA
| | - Young Ha Suh
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Cornell University Ithaca New York 14853 USA
| | - Jacqueline Hurd
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Conservation Biology University of California Davis California 95616 USA
| | - Walter M. Boyce
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology School of Veterinary Medicine University of California Davis California 95616 USA
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Benton CH, Delahay RJ, Smith FAP, Robertson A, McDonald RA, Young AJ, Burke TA, Hodgson D. Inbreeding intensifies sex- and age-dependent disease in a wild mammal. J Anim Ecol 2018; 87:1500-1511. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Clare H. Benton
- National Wildlife Management Centre; Animal and Plant Health Agency; Stonehouse UK
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation; University of Exeter; Penryn UK
| | - Richard J. Delahay
- National Wildlife Management Centre; Animal and Plant Health Agency; Stonehouse UK
| | - Freya A. P. Smith
- National Wildlife Management Centre; Animal and Plant Health Agency; Stonehouse UK
| | - Andrew Robertson
- National Wildlife Management Centre; Animal and Plant Health Agency; Stonehouse UK
- Environment and Sustainability Institute; University of Exeter; Penryn UK
| | - Robbie A. McDonald
- Environment and Sustainability Institute; University of Exeter; Penryn UK
| | - Andrew J. Young
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation; University of Exeter; Penryn UK
| | - Terry A. Burke
- Molecular Ecology Laboratory; University of Sheffield; Sheffield UK
| | - Dave Hodgson
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation; University of Exeter; Penryn UK
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Hook, Line and Infection: A Guide to Culturing Parasites, Establishing Infections and Assessing Immune Responses in the Three-Spined Stickleback. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2017; 98:39-109. [PMID: 28942772 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2017.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) is a model organism with an extremely well-characterized ecology, evolutionary history, behavioural repertoire and parasitology that is coupled with published genomic data. These small temperate zone fish therefore provide an ideal experimental system to study common diseases of coldwater fish, including those of aquacultural importance. However, detailed information on the culture of stickleback parasites, the establishment and maintenance of infections and the quantification of host responses is scattered between primary and grey literature resources, some of which is not readily accessible. Our aim is to lay out a framework of techniques based on our experience to inform new and established laboratories about culture techniques and recent advances in the field. Here, essential knowledge on the biology, capture and laboratory maintenance of sticklebacks, and their commonly studied parasites is drawn together, highlighting recent advances in our understanding of the associated immune responses. In compiling this guide on the maintenance of sticklebacks and a range of common, taxonomically diverse parasites in the laboratory, we aim to engage a broader interdisciplinary community to consider this highly tractable model when addressing pressing questions in evolution, infection and aquaculture.
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