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Khanrah J, Rawani A. Evaluation of in vitro anthelmintic activity of crude extract and synthesized green silver nanoparticles of the leaves of Mammea americana L. J Parasit Dis 2024; 48:537-550. [PMID: 39145363 PMCID: PMC11319550 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-024-01693-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024] Open
Abstract
One of the most severe parasite infections to ever plague animals, paramphistomosis is particularly devastating in tropical and subtropical areas and causes significant economic losses to the world's food industry and poor animal health. In the present study potency of the crude extract and green synthesized silver nanoparticles from fresh and mature Mammea americana L. leaves was evaluated on trematode Paramphistomum cervi, collected from the infected rumen of the cow (Bos indicus) in 0.9% phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). The crude extract at five dose levels (1 mL, 2 mL, 3 mL 4 mL, and 5 ml), and silver nanoparticles (AgNps) at the five dose levels (10 mg/mL, 30 mg/mL, 50 mg/mL, 70 and 90 mg/mL) were applied. The synthesized AgNPs were characterized using UV-VIS spectrophotometry, X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission-scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis. Characterization studies of AgNPs revealed the synthesis of stable, crystalline AgNPs measuring an average size of 20-50 nm. The efficacy was evaluated based on the spontaneous movement reduction and death of P. cervi. Maximum anthelmintic activity was found at the dose of 5 mL of crude extract and 90 mg/mL of AgNPs of M. americana leaves. The scanning electron micrograph study of treated helminths of crude and AgNps revealed conspicuous distortion on the surface architecture. It also showed shrinkage of the whole body and severe damage on both suckers (anterior and posterior). AgNPs caused more shredded and torn tegumental surfaces with loss of tegumental papillae compared to untreated. Thus, this study confirmed that the M. americana leaves extract and synthesized AgNPs can be a potential alternative herbal drug in traditional folklore medicine against serious helminth infections in our livestock industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayeeta Khanrah
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Vector Biology, Nanotechnology, Department of Zoology, University of Gour Banga, P.O. - Mokdumpur, Malda, West Bengal 732103 India
| | - Anjali Rawani
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Vector Biology, Nanotechnology, Department of Zoology, University of Gour Banga, P.O. - Mokdumpur, Malda, West Bengal 732103 India
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Khan FA, Swarnkar CP, Soni LK, Sharma SR. Phytochemicals, antioxidant ability and in vitro anthelmintic activity of crude extracts from Vitexnegundo leaves against Haemonchus contortus. J Parasit Dis 2024; 48:257-268. [PMID: 38840874 PMCID: PMC11147997 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-024-01660-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro anthelmintic effect of crude aqueous, methanol, ethanol, hydro alcohol and acetone extracts of Vitex negundo leaves against Haemonchus contortus eggs and larvae. Phytochemical analysis to identify the number of compounds in extracts was done by chemical tests and gas chromatography coupled to a mass spectrophotometer detector (GC-MS). First off all the effectiveness of dried plant materials was evaluated on larval development by mixing powdered material (no nano particles) to faecal cultures from donor sheep. Adding powder to the faecal culture resulted into 100% inhibition in larval development at 200 and 300 mg/g of faeces. The anthelmintic activity was assessed using the egg hatch assay (EHA) and the larval mortality assay (LMA). Comparison of mean inhibition percentage of egg embryonation, mean inhibition percentage of egg hatching and mean percentage of larval mortality at different concentrations with control was performed by one-way ANOVA. The means were compared for statistical significance using DMRT at P < 0.05. For both the assays, 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) and lethal concentration (LC50) were calculated by probit analysis. Chemical test revealed presence of high concentration of saponin and flavoinoids and moderate concentration of total phenols in leaves. The antioxidant activity (radical scavenging activity, RSA %) measured was 35.47%. On GC-MS, the methanolic leaves extract revealed 30 phyto-compounds. On EHA, there was marked effect on inhibition of egg hatching by aqueous, hydro alcohol and acetone extracts. On LMA all the five extracts showed excellent larvicidal activity. V. negundo leaves methanol extract mediated silver nanoparticles were found very effective at much lower concentrations as compared to crude methanol extract. The results indicated that the V. negundo leaves crude extracts possessed excellent in vitro ovicidal and larvicidal properties against H. contortus which needs more investigation, especially in vivo trials for the control of parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faiz A. Khan
- Division of Animal Health, ICAR-Central Sheep and Wool Research Institute, Avikangar, 304501 Rajasthan India
| | - Chander P. Swarnkar
- Division of Animal Health, ICAR-Central Sheep and Wool Research Institute, Avikangar, 304501 Rajasthan India
| | - Lalit K. Soni
- Division of Animal Nutrition, ICAR-Central Sheep and Wool Research Institute, Avikangar, 304501 Rajasthan India
| | - Sita R. Sharma
- Division of Animal Health, ICAR-Central Sheep and Wool Research Institute, Avikangar, 304501 Rajasthan India
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Ravvaz A, Malekifard F, Esmaeilnejad B. In vitro assessment of the anthelmintic activity of copper oxide and zinc oxide nanoparticles on egg and adult stages of Fasciola hepatica: evidence on oxidative stress biomarkers, and DNA damage. BMC Vet Res 2024; 20:137. [PMID: 38575964 PMCID: PMC10993569 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-024-03994-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Fasciolosis is of significant economic and public health importance worldwide. The lack of a successful vaccine and emerging resistance in flukes to the drug of choice, triclabendazole, has initiated the search for alternative approaches. In recent years, metallic nanoparticles have been extensively investigated for their anthelmintic effects. This study investigates the in vitro anthelmintic activity of copper oxide and zinc oxide nanoparticles against Fasciola hepatica. METHODS The in vitro study was based on egg hatchability test (EHA), adult motility inhibition tests, DNA damage, ROS levels, as well as several biomarkers of oxidative stress, including glutathione peroxidase (GSH) and glutathione S-transferase (GST), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA). For this purpose, different concentrations of copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO-NPs) and Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) (1, 4, 8, 12, and 16 ppm) were used to evaluate the anthelmintic effect on different life stages, including egg and adults of Fasciola hepatica, over 24 h. RESULTS In vitro treatment of F. hepatica worms with both CuO-NPs and ZnO-NPs could significantly increase ROS production and oxidative stress induction (decreased SOD, GST and GSH and increased MDA) compared to control group. CONCLUSIONS Based on the results, it seems that CuO-NPs and ZnO-NPs may be effective in the control and treatment of F. hepatica infection. Further research is needed to investigate their potential for in vivo use in the treatment of parasitic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amirhassan Ravvaz
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, P.O. Box 1177, Urmia, Iran
| | - Farnaz Malekifard
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, P.O. Box 1177, Urmia, Iran.
| | - Bijan Esmaeilnejad
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, P.O. Box 1177, Urmia, Iran
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Mustafa S, Alharbi LM, Abdelraheem MZ, Mobashar M, Qamar W, A Al-Doaiss A, Abbas RZ. Role of Silver Nanoparticles for the Control of Anthelmintic Resistance in Small and Large Ruminants. Biol Trace Elem Res 2024:10.1007/s12011-024-04132-5. [PMID: 38436800 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-024-04132-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Helminths are considered a significant threat to the livestock industry, as they cause substantial economic losses in small and large ruminant farming. Their morbidity and mortality rates are also increasing day by day as they have zoonotic importance. Anthelmintic drugs have been used for controlling these parasites; unfortunately, due to the development of resistance of these drugs in helminths (parasites), especially in three major classes like benzimidazoles, nicotinic agonists, and macrocyclic lactones, their use is becoming very low. Although new anthelmintics are being developed, the process is time-consuming and costly. As a result, nanoparticles are being explored as an alternative to anthelmintics. Nanoparticles enhance drug effectiveness, drug delivery, and target specificity and have no resistance against parasites. Different types of nanoparticles are used, such as organic (chitosan) and inorganic (gold, silver, zinc oxide, iron oxide, and nickel oxide). One of them, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), has unique properties in various fields, especially parasitology. AgNPs are synthesized from three primary methods: physical, chemical, and biological. Their primary mechanism of action is causing stress through the production of ROS that destroys cells, organs, proteins, and DNA parasites. The present review is about AgNPs, their mode of action, and their role in controlling anthelmintic resistance against small and large ruminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Mustafa
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Lafi M Alharbi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, 51452, Buraidah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mona Z Abdelraheem
- The National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries (NIOF), Aswan, Egypt
| | - Muhammad Mobashar
- Department of Animal Nutrition, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Warda Qamar
- Department of Parasitology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
| | - Amin A Al-Doaiss
- Biology Department, College of Science, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, 61413, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rao Zahid Abbas
- Department of Parasitology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
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Zhang P, Gong J, Jiang Y, Long Y, Lei W, Gao X, Guo D. Application of Silver Nanoparticles in Parasite Treatment. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:1783. [PMID: 37513969 PMCID: PMC10384186 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15071783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are ultra-small silver particles with a size from 1 to 100 nanometers. Unlike bulk silver, they have unique physical and chemical properties. Numerous studies have shown that AgNPs have beneficial biological effects on various diseases, including antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antiparasitic, and antiviruses. One of the most well-known applications is in the field of antibacterial applications, where AgNPs have strong abilities to kill multi-drug resistant bacteria, making them a potential candidate as an antibacterial drug. Recently, AgNPs synthesized from plant extracts have exhibited outstanding antiparasitic effects, with a shorter duration of use and enhanced ability to inhibit parasite multiplication compared to traditional antiparasitic drugs. This review summarizes the types, characteristics, and the mechanism of action of AgNPs in anti-parasitism, mainly focusing on their effects in leishmaniasis, flukes, cryptosporidiosis, toxoplasmosis, Haemonchus, Blastocystis hominis, and Strongylides. The aim is to provide a reference for the application of AgNPs in the prevention and control of parasitic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Food Engineering, Jinling Institute of Technology, 99 Hongjing Road, Nanjing 211169, China
| | - Jiahao Gong
- Engineering Center of Innovative Veterinary Drugs, MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yan Jiang
- Animal, Plant and Food Inspection Center of Nanjing Customs District, 39 Chuangzhi Road, Nanjing 210000, China
| | - Yunfeng Long
- Animal, Plant and Food Inspection Center of Nanjing Customs District, 39 Chuangzhi Road, Nanjing 210000, China
| | - Weiqiang Lei
- College of Animal Science and Food Engineering, Jinling Institute of Technology, 99 Hongjing Road, Nanjing 211169, China
| | - Xiuge Gao
- Engineering Center of Innovative Veterinary Drugs, MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Dawei Guo
- Engineering Center of Innovative Veterinary Drugs, MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, China
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Rehman L, Ullah R, Rehman A, Khan MAH, Beg MA, Wasim S, Farhat F, Ahammad SPA, Abidi SMA. Clinostomum complanatum: Anthelmintic potential of curcumin on the infective progenetic metacercarial stage. Exp Parasitol 2023; 249:108514. [PMID: 36963743 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2023.108514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2023]
Abstract
The emerging resistance against commonly used antiparasitic drugs has driven investigators to explore alternative approaches using plant-derived active ingredients. These compounds have been tested for antiviral, antibacterial, and anthelmintic properties, particularly against adult worms. However, their effects on larval forms have been neglected. Curcumin is a polyphenol that is a significant constituent of the rhizome of Curcuma longa and possesses various biological activities, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-infectious, and anti-carcinogenic. In the present study, the anthelmintic potential of curcumin was tested in vitro for its efficacy against the zoonotically important larval form, the progenetic metacercariae of Clinostomum complanatum, which were procured from the forage fish, Trichogaster fasciatus. Curcumin produced time and concentration-dependent inhibition in the motility of treated metacercarial worms, with the maximum inhibition of motility reported at 60 μM along with a significant increase of (36-92%) in ROS and (57-112%) in GSH levels at the end of a period of 6 h. In contrast, curcumin at the highest concentration significantly inhibited the activities of the antioxidant and detoxification enzymes SOD (36%) and GST (16%), respectively, in addition to altering the polypeptide profile and inhibiting cysteine proteases. The tegumental surface appeared to be highly disrupted in curcumin-treated worms, exhibiting severe blebbing, shearing of the tegument, and spine erosion. Such changes would affect the tegumental functions and survival of worms in the hostile microenvironment. This would render worms more susceptible to host-mediated rejection responses. Based on the results of the present study, it is inferred that C. complanatum could serve as an excellent model for screening novel anthelmintic drugs against larval trematodes of great economic significance. Furthermore, we conclude that curcumin could be exploited as an excellent phytotherapeutic agent against the virulent larval form under investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lubna Rehman
- Section of Parasitology, Department of Zoology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202 002, India.
| | - Rizwan Ullah
- Section of Parasitology, Department of Zoology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202 002, India
| | - Abdur Rehman
- Section of Parasitology, Department of Zoology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202 002, India
| | - M A Hannan Khan
- Section of Parasitology, Department of Zoology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202 002, India; Department of Zoology, School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, BGSB University, Rajouri, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Mirza Ahmar Beg
- Section of Parasitology, Department of Zoology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202 002, India
| | - Sobia Wasim
- Section of Parasitology, Department of Zoology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202 002, India
| | - Faiza Farhat
- Section of Parasitology, Department of Zoology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202 002, India
| | - Shareef P A Ahammad
- Section of Parasitology, Department of Zoology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202 002, India; Parasitology Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology, PSMO College (Affiliated to the University of Calicut), Tirurangadi, Kerala, 676 306, India
| | - S M A Abidi
- Section of Parasitology, Department of Zoology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202 002, India.
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Antihelminthic effect of thymoquinone against biliary amphistome, Gigantocotyle explanatum. Exp Parasitol 2022; 243:108421. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2022.108421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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A chromone-based colorimetric fluorescence sensor for selective detection of Cu2+ions, and its application for in-situ imaging. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.132533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Akhter S, Rehman A, Abidi SMA, Arjmand F, Tabassum S. Synthesis, structural insights, and biological screening of DNA targeted Ru( ii)(η 6- p-cymene) complexes containing bioactive amino-benzothiazole ligand scaffolds. NEW J CHEM 2022; 46:11462-11473. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj00883a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Two new drug candidates [Ru(p-cymene)(C7H4ClN2S)Cl2] and [Ru(p-cymene)(C7H5FN2S)Cl2] were synthesized and characterised. The in vitro cytotoxic activity of the complexes was assessed against five human cancer cell lines and anthelmintic activity was also investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suffora Akhter
- Department of Chemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India
| | - Abdur Rehman
- Section of Parasitology, Department of Zoology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | - S. M. A. Abidi
- Section of Parasitology, Department of Zoology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | - Farukh Arjmand
- Department of Chemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India
| | - Sartaj Tabassum
- Department of Chemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India
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do Carmo Neto JR, Guerra RO, Machado JR, Silva ACA, da Silva MV. Antiprotozoal and anthelmintic activity of zinc oxide nanoparticles. Curr Med Chem 2021; 29:2127-2141. [PMID: 34254904 DOI: 10.2174/0929867328666210709105850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Nanomaterials represent a wide alternative for the treatment of several diseases that affect both human and animal health. The use of these materials mainly involves trying to solve the problem of resistance that pathogenic organisms acquire to conventional drugs. A well-studied example that represents a potential component for biomedical applications is the use of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles (NPs). Its antimicrobial function is related, especially the ability to generate/induce ROS that affects the homeostasis of the pathogen in question. Protozoa and helminths that harm human health and the economic performance of animals have already been exposed to this type of nanoparticle. Thus, through this review, our goal is to discuss the state-of-the-art effect of ZnO NPs on these parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Rodrigues do Carmo Neto
- Department of Bioscience and Technology, Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goias, 74605-450 Goiania, GO, Brazil
| | - Rhanoica Oliveira Guerra
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Institute of Biological and Natural Sciences of Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Juliana Reis Machado
- Department of General Pathology, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Anielle Christine Almeida Silva
- Laboratório de Novos Materiais Nanoestruturados e Funcionais (LNMIS), Physics Institute, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil
| | - Marcos Vinicius da Silva
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Institute of Biological and Natural Sciences of Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Sanabria R. Nanotechnological Improvement of Veterinary Anthelmintics. Pharm Nanotechnol 2021; 9:5-14. [PMID: 32448112 DOI: 10.2174/2211738508666200524233724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Helminths infections are among the most important problems in animal health and husbandry. Moreover, zoonotic helminths endanger rural communities, particularly in developing countries. Helminthiasis are not only important in relation to the harmful effects of parasites; additional issues like anthelmintic resistance spread became more important over time. As new anthelmintic development takes many years and millions of dollars of investment, some strategies are currently focused on the modification of already available drugs, in order to improve their efficacy and overcome their limitations. In this field, nanotechnology has brought a novel approach, showing advantages like the regulation of the drug's delivery and kinetics, reaching of specific targets, and possibilities to avoid the systemic spread and side effects. Taking this into account, the present review aims to introduce some of the current knowledge in anthelmintic improvement based on nanotechnology, and how researchers could benefit from this technology in order to overcome the drugs limitations. Finally, some insights into potential field applications are discussed, based on the most important concerns of current anthelmintic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Sanabria
- Instituto Tecnologico Chascomus (INTECH)-CONICET-UNSAM. Av. Marino KM 8.2, (7130), Chascomús, Argentina
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In vitro anthelmintic activity of Chenopodium album and in-silico prediction of mechanistic role on Eisenia foetida. Heliyon 2021; 7:e05917. [PMID: 33553723 PMCID: PMC7848649 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e05917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Helminths born diseases are related to pitiable management practices and improper control strategies. The medicinal plants contain various phytoconstituents that are liable for their anthelmintic activity. The aerial parts of the Chenopodium album were successively extracted with microwaves assisted extraction using petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, methanol, hydroalcoholic and aqueous solvents to get respective extracts (CAPE, CAEE, CAME, CAHE, and CAAE). All the extracts were analyzed for preliminary phytochemical screening for the identification of phytoconstituents. The anthelmintic activity was analyzed on Indian adult earthworms Eisenia foetida using piperazine citrate (PCT) as a standard drug. All the extracts (apart from CAAE) lead to paralysis and fatality of the earthworms. CAEE extract exhibits highly significant anthelmintic activity at a 10 mg/ml concentration by causing paralysis and fatality of earthworms and was more potent than PCT suspension. At a concentration of 10 mg/ml, paralysis and death time for CAEE was recorded as (10.08 ± 1.11) and (65.28 ± 2.09) respectively, while for standard piperazine citrate, it was recorded as (22.96 ± 1.12) and (65.09 ± 1.23). The CAEE exhibits two major compounds by LC-MS, i.e., NG and DG, that are mainly accountable for the Chenopodium album anthelmintic activity. The plant possesses GABA-mimetic action and thereby leads to flaccid, reversible paralysis of the body wall muscle.
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Rehman A, Rehman L, Ullah R, Beg MA, Khan MAH, Abidi SMA. Oxidative status and changes in the adenosine deaminase activity in experimental host infected with tropical liver fluke, Fasciola gigantica. Acta Trop 2021; 213:105753. [PMID: 33166513 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2020.105753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Fine tuning of the metabolic, physiological and immunological cues along with interplay between the biomolecules of the host and the parasite could be responsible for the successful establishment of parasitic infections. The present investigation was aimed at evaluating the oxidative status and the level of adenosine deaminase (ADA) in the serum and liver of rabbits experimentally infected with Fasciola gigantica. A significant increase in level of ROS, MDA and 4-HNE along with a decline in the SOD, CAT, GR and GST activity was evident in rabbits experimentally infected with Fasciola gigantica. However, there was an increase in the GPX activity in the sera of infected rabbits. The increased GPX activity and decreased GR activity would have resulted in the depletion of GSH, a key non-enzymatic antioxidant, in the infected animals. The level of GSSG was also found to be higher in the sera and liver tissues of the infected rabbits along with a decline in the GSH/GSSG ratio, indicating a high level of oxidative stress in the infected animals, which also showed a significant increase in the activity of the marker enzymes of liver pathology, AST and ALT. Further, a significant inhibition of the adenosine deaminase (ADA) activity in the infected rabbits was accompanied with the reduction in the level of pro-inflammatory cytokine, IL-6 while the anti-inflammatory cytokine, IL-4 level was significantly elevated. In conclusion, the F. gigantica induced significant oxidative stress as evident from the increased levels of ROS and lipid peroxidation along with the disruption of antioxidant and detoxification cascade ultimately lead to pathogenic and inflammatory responses in the experimental host. Whereas, the altered ADA activity could modulate the host's immune responses toward Th-2 type and would facilitate the successful establishment of flukes within their host, thus indicating that ADA could be exploited as a target for the development of novel anthelmintic drugs against fasciolosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdur Rehman
- Section of Parasitology, Department of Zoology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India.
| | - Lubna Rehman
- Section of Parasitology, Department of Zoology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | - Rizwan Ullah
- Section of Parasitology, Department of Zoology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | - Mirza A Beg
- Section of Parasitology, Department of Zoology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | - M A Hannan Khan
- Section of Parasitology, Department of Zoology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India; Department of Zoology, School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, BGSB University, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - S M A Abidi
- Section of Parasitology, Department of Zoology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India.
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Goel V, Kaur P, Singla LD, Choudhury D. Biomedical Evaluation of Lansium parasiticum Extract-Protected Silver Nanoparticles Against Haemonchus contortus, a Parasitic Worm. Front Mol Biosci 2020; 7:595646. [PMID: 33392256 PMCID: PMC7773940 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2020.595646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we show the novel anti-helminthic potential of Lansium parasiticum aqueous extract-protected silver nanoparticles (LAgNPs) against albendazole-resistant gastrointestinal parasite Haemonchus contortus. LAgNPs showed LD50 values of 65.6 ± 32.8 nM (12 h), 139.6 ± 39.9 nM (12 h), and 64.3 ± 8.5 nM (24 h) against adult male, female, and L3 larvae, respectively. LAgNPs was also quite effective in inhibiting egg hatching, with an IC50 value of 144.4 ± 3.1 nM at 48 h of exposure. Exposure to LAgNPs generated oxidative stress and mediated physical damage in the worms' tissue. A sharp increase in reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide synthase levels was prominent due to LAgNPs' exposure. In response to oxidative stress, a sharp increase of stress-responsive enzymes' activity, like catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase activity, along with the concentration of glutathione, was observed in worm tissue, which indicated a LAgNP-responsive alteration of metabolism. The results give rise to the opportunity for the development of alternative treatment for drug-resistant parasitic worms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanshita Goel
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala, India
| | - Pawandeep Kaur
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala, India
| | - Lachhman Das Singla
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, India
| | - Diptiman Choudhury
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala, India.,Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology-Virginia Tech (USA) Center for Excellence in Material Sciences, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala, India
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Rehman A, Ullah R, Khan MAH, Abidi SMA. Glutathione-S-transferase: an important diagnostic antigen of liver amphistome Gigantocotyle explanatum, infecting the Indian water buffalo. Acta Trop 2020; 205:105400. [PMID: 32081660 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2020.105400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 01/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The foodborne trematodiases pose a significant health problem to the animals as well as the human population living in close proximities with the livestock and are still considered as the neglected tropical diseases by the World Health Organisation. The digenetic trematode, Gigantocotyle explanatum infecting the liver of Indian water buffalo, Bubalus bubalis, has been identified as one of the most common helminth parasite responsible for the disease, amphistomosis, in livestock. Despite huge abattoir prevalence, the epidemiological data and the actual economic losses incurred due to this parasite alone are yet to be established probably due to the limitations of routinely used diagnostic tests. The gold standard for the confirmation of such infections under field conditions is still the fecal egg count (FEC). However, the poor sensitivity and cumbersome nature of these tests necessitates the development of a more sensitive, reliable and easy to perform workflow/method. Immunological diagnosis of helminthic infections is still considered as an alternative to the FEC. Therefore, efforts have been made to utilize glutathione-S-transferase (GST), a vitally significant molecule of the adult G. explanatum, for the serodiagnosis of amphistomosis under both laboratory and field conditions. The GST antigen was first affinity purified from the somatic extract of the adult worms since its highest level was recorded in the somatic extracts followed by eggs and the excretory/secretory products. A five-fold affinity purified native GST antigen of about 25 kDa was found to be highly immunogenic as evident from high titre (1:25,600) of the polyclonal antibodies raised in the rabbits. The immunoblotting results revealed differential presence of GST in the adult worms, their eggs and excretory/secretory products. The immunolocalization studies revealed that the vitelline glands are the major source of GST in liver amphistome. Further, we were able to successfully screen animals naturally infected with G. explanatum using anti GST polyclonal antibodies in dot blot assay. High levels of both circulating GST antigen and anti GST antibodies were detected in the serum of the animals naturally infected with G. explanatum, while no cross reactivity was observed with the tropical liver fluke, F. gigantica which often infects the buffalo liver concurrently. The findings of the present study indicate that GST could be used as an important antigen for the diagnosis of G. explanatum infection in Indian water buffaloes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdur Rehman
- Section of Parasitology, Department of Zoology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India.
| | - Rizwan Ullah
- Section of Parasitology, Department of Zoology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | - M A Hannan Khan
- Section of Parasitology, Department of Zoology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India; Department of Zoology, School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, BGSB University, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - S M A Abidi
- Section of Parasitology, Department of Zoology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India.
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Rehman A, Ullah R, Gupta D, Khan MH, Rehman L, Beg MA, Khan AU, Abidi S. Generation of oxidative stress and induction of apoptotic like events in curcumin and thymoquinone treated adult Fasciola gigantica worms. Exp Parasitol 2020; 209:107810. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2019.107810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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