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Shan F, Meng Q, Wang F, Zhao J, Xu H, Wang N, Liu Y, Zhang S, Zhao G, Zhang L. Wild sympatric rodents inhabiting pig farm environments may facilitate the spillover of Enterocytozoon bieneusi from pig farms. Parasite 2024; 31:59. [PMID: 39331806 PMCID: PMC11433834 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2024061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 09/03/2024] [Indexed: 09/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Enterocytozoon bieneusi is a zoonotic pathogen prevalent in mammalian and avian hosts across the globe. Wild small mammals, being abundant worldwide, serve as important sources of zoonotic disease transmission to humans. Here, 227 fecal samples were collected from five rodent and shrew species on 34 pig farms in China to investigate the prevalence and molecular characterization of E. bieneusi. The overall prevalence of E. bieneusi was 17.18% (39/227), with a distribution of 23.53% (32/136) in Rattus tanezumi, 8.62% (5/58) in Rattus norvegicus, and 8.00% (2/25) in Mus musculus. Eight E. bieneusi genotypes were identified, comprising four known genotypes: D (n = 8), EbpC (n = 8), PigEBITS7 (n = 9), and EbpA (n = 2), and four novel genotypes: CHPR1 (n = 7), CHPR2 (n = 1), CHPR3 (n = 2), and CHPR4 (n = 2). This study is the first to report E. bieneusi in rodents from pig farms in Henan, Shaanxi, and Shanxi Provinces in China. The host range of genotype EbpC was expanded with its first detection in M. musculus and R. tanezumi. All identified E. bieneusi genotypes belong to group 1, raising concerns about these sympatric rodents being reservoirs of zoonotic transmission. Moreover, the widespread distribution of genotype EbpC suggests potential cross-species transmission between sympatric rodents and domestic pigs. Our findings highlight the potential role of sympatric rodents in facilitating the spillover of E. bieneusi from pig farms, which could pose a potential public health threat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fa Shan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, PR China
| | - Qingda Meng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, PR China - Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control of Poultry Products (Zhengzhou), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou 450046, PR China - International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou 450046, PR China
| | - Fang Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, PR China - Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control of Poultry Products (Zhengzhou), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou 450046, PR China - International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou 450046, PR China
| | - Jinfeng Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, PR China - Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control of Poultry Products (Zhengzhou), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou 450046, PR China - International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou 450046, PR China
| | - Huiyan Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, PR China - Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control of Poultry Products (Zhengzhou), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou 450046, PR China - International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou 450046, PR China
| | - Nanhao Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, PR China - Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control of Poultry Products (Zhengzhou), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou 450046, PR China - International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou 450046, PR China
| | - Yufeng Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, PR China - Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control of Poultry Products (Zhengzhou), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou 450046, PR China - International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou 450046, PR China
| | - Sumei Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, PR China - Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control of Poultry Products (Zhengzhou), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou 450046, PR China - International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou 450046, PR China
| | - Guanghui Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, PR China
| | - Longxian Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, PR China - Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control of Poultry Products (Zhengzhou), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou 450046, PR China - International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou 450046, PR China
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Gao ZQ, Wang HT, Hou QY, Qin Y, Qin SY, Zhao Q, Ma H. Wild rodents in three provinces of China exhibit a wide range of Enterocytozoon bieneusi diversity. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1427690. [PMID: 39268515 PMCID: PMC11390646 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1427690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2024] [Accepted: 08/14/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Enterocytozoon bieneusi is one of the most important zoonotic pathogens, responsible for nearly 90% of human infections. Its host spectrum is broad in China, encompassing humans, non-human primates, domestic animals, wildlife, and wastewater. Wild rodents have the potential to act as carriers of E. bieneusi, facilitating the parasite's transmission to humans and domestic animals. Methods The present study involved the collection of 344 wild rodents, representing nine species, from three provinces in China. The prevalence and genotypes of E. bieneusi were determined through amplification of the ITS gene. Evolutionary analysis was conducted using Mega 5.0 with the neighbor-joining method (Kimura 2-parameter model, 1,000 replicates). Results Among the sampled wild rodents, 41 (11.92%) were tested positive for E. bieneusi. Rattus flavipectus exhibited the highest prevalence (11/39), while Bandicota indica and Rattus rattus sladeni showed no infections (0/39 and 0/5, respectively), highlighting significant differences. Environmental factors strongly influenced E. bieneusi infection; rodents residing in lake beaches (10.27%, 15/146) and fields (19.95%, 18/95) were more susceptible compared to those in mountainous areas (7.77%, 8/103). The study identified four known genotypes (D, Type IV, SDD5, PigEBITS7) and five novel genotypes (HNRV-1 to HNRV-3, GXRL-1, GXRL-2) in the investigated wild rodents, with Genotype D exhibiting the highest prevalence. Discussion Remarkably, this study reports the presence of E. bieneusi, R. flavipectus, M. fortis, A. agrarius, R. losea, and N. lotipes for the first time. These findings underscore the common occurrence of E. bieneusi infection in wild rodents in China, highlighting its diverse nature and significant potential for zoonotic transmission. Hence, it is imperative to conduct a comprehensive epidemiological investigation of rodent infection with E. bieneusi, particularly focusing on wild rodents that are closely associated with humans. Additionally, developing appropriate measures and monitoring strategies to minimize the risk of infection is essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Qiu Gao
- School of Pharmacy, Yancheng Teachers University, Yancheng, China
| | - Hai-Tao Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Changchun Sci-Tech University, Shuangyang, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Qing-Yu Hou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Ya Qin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Si-Yuan Qin
- Center of Prevention and Control Biological Disaster, State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Shenyang, China
| | - Quan Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, Changchun Sci-Tech University, Shuangyang, China
| | - He Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
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Zhao W, Sun L, Liu L, Jiang A, Xiao Q, Tan F. Host specificity and zoonotic Enterocytozoon bieneusi genotypes in wild rodents from the Inner Mongolian Autonomous Region and Liaoning Province of China. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1409685. [PMID: 38957795 PMCID: PMC11217352 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1409685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Wild rodents can serve as reservoirs or carriers of E. bieneusi, thereby enabling parasite transmission to domestic animals and humans. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of E. bieneusi in wild rodents from the Inner Mongolian Autonomous Region and Liaoning Province of China. Moreover, to evaluate the potential for zoonotic transmission at the genotype level, a genetic analysis of the isolates was performed. Methods A total of 486 wild rodents were captured from two provinces in China. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed to amplify the vertebrate cytochrome b (cytb) gene in the fecal DNA of the rodents to detect their species. The genotype of E. bieneusi was determined via PCR amplification of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of rDNA. The examination of genetic characteristics and zoonotic potential requires the application of similarity and phylogenetic analysis. Results The infection rates of E. bieneusi in the four identified rodent species were 5.2% for Apodemus agrarius (n = 89), 4.5% for Cricetulus barabensis (n = 96), 11.3% for Mus musculus (n = 106), and 38.5% for Rattus norvegicus (n = 195). Infection was detected at an average rate of 17.4% among 486 rodents. Of the 11 identified genotypes, nine were known: SHR1 (detected in 32 samples), D (30 samples), EbpA (9 samples), PigEbITS7 (8 samples), HNR-IV (6 samples), Type IV (5 samples), HNR-VII (2 samples), HNH7 (1 sample), and HNPL-V (1 sample). Two novel genotypes were also discovered, NMR-I and NMR-II, each comprising one sample. The genotypes were classified into group 1 and group 13 via phylogenetic analysis. Discussion Based on the initial report, E. bieneusi is highly prevalent and genetically diverse in wild rodents residing in the respective province and region. This indicates that these animals are crucial for the dissemination of E. bieneusi. Zoonotic E. bieneusi-carrying animals present a significant hazard to local inhabitants. Therefore, it is necessary to increase awareness regarding the dangers presented by these rodents and reduce their population to prevent environmental contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lijie Sun
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Public Health and Laboratory Medicine, Yiyang Medical College, Yiyang, China
| | - Aiying Jiang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qiang Xiao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Feng Tan
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Feng K, Yang S, Xu Y, Wen L, Chen J, Zhang W, Chen S, Shen Y, Xiao L, Guo Y, Feng Y, Li N. Molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia spp. and Enterocytozoon bieneusi in eleven wild rodent species in China: Common distribution, extensive genetic diversity and high zoonotic potential. One Health 2024; 18:100750. [PMID: 38798737 PMCID: PMC11127529 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2024.100750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia spp. and Enterocytozoon bieneusi are common zoonotic pathogens in humans and animals. Although rodents are important parts of the ecosystem and common hosts for these pathogens, little is known of the distribution, genetic diversity and zoonotic potential of these pathogens in wild rodents. A total of 442 fecal samples were collected from eleven wild rodent species in three provinces of China, and analyzed for these pathogens by PCR and DNA sequencing. The infection rates of Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia spp. and E. bieneusi were 19.9% (88/442), 19.8% (75/378) and 12.2% (54/442), respectively. Altogether, 23 known Cryptosporidium species/genotypes were identified and their distribution varied among different sampling locations or rodent species. Subtyping of the zoonotic Cryptosporidium species identified two novel subtype families XVe and XVf in C. viatorum, the subtype family XIIh and a novel subtype family XIIj in C. ubiquitum, and the subtype family IId in C. parvum. Three Giardia species were identified, including G. microti (n = 57), G. muris (n = 15) and G. duodenalis (n = 3), with G. duodenalis assemblages A and G identified in brown rats in urban areas of Guangdong. In addition, 13 E. bieneusi genotypes including eight known and five novel ones were identified, belonging to Groups 1, 2, 10, 14 and 15. Within nine genotypes in the zoonotic Group 1, common human-pathogenic genotypes D, Type IV, PigEbITS7 and Peru8 were detected only in brown rats and Lesser rice-field rats in urban areas of Guangdong. Apparent host adaptation and geographical differences were observed among Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia spp. and E. bieneusi genotypes in wild rodents in the present study. Furthermore, the zoonotic Cryptosporidium species and E. bieneusi genotypes commonly found here suggest a high zoonotic potential of these pathogens in wild rodents, especially in brown rats in urban areas. Hygiene and One Health measures should be implemented in urban streets and food stores to reduce the possible direct and indirect transmission of these rodent-related pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangli Feng
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Shenghua Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Yanhua Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Luxing Wen
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Jia Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Wenbao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Medical Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830011, Xinjiang, China
| | - Shouyi Chen
- Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 510440, Guangdong, China
| | - Yongyi Shen
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Lihua Xiao
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Yaqiong Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Yaoyu Feng
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Na Li
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China
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Jiang S, Yu S, Feng Y, Zhang L, Santin M, Xiao L, Li W. Widespread distribution of human-infective Enterocytozoon bieneusi genotypes in small rodents in northeast China and phylogeny and zoonotic implications revisited. Acta Trop 2024; 253:107160. [PMID: 38408590 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2024.107160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Enterocytozoon bieneusi features high genetic diversity among host species and environmental sources and over 500 genotypes in 11 phylogenetic groups have been defined. Here we investigated 291 small rodents in Heilongjiang province, northeast China, for the presence of E. bieneusi by PCR of the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS). Nine of 60 (15.0 %) gray squirrels from a park in Harbin, 120 of 201 (59.7 %) guinea pigs from a pet shop in Harbin, and two of 30 (6.7 %) peridomestic rats from a pasture in Qiqihar were positive for the parasite. Six known genotypes (EbpB, SCC-1, SCC-2, D, S7 and HLJ-CP1) and two novel genotypes (NESQ1 and NEGP1) were identified by sequence analysis of the ITS, with EbpB, SCC-1, SCC-2 and NESQ1 found in squirrels, D, S7 and NEGP1 in guinea pigs, and EbpB and HLJ-CP1 in rats. Widespread distribution of human-infective Group 10 genotype S7 and Group 1 genotype D in guinea pigs raised our concerns about the importance of pet animals as zoonotic reservoirs of microsporidiosis. Co-occurrence of Group 1 genotypes D and HLJ-CP1 in cancer patients and rodents in Heilongjiang indicated a possibility of zoonotic transmission. The host range of Group 1 genotype EbpB previously considered pig-adapted was extended. A potential variant of genotype S7, namely NESQ1, went into the existing Group 10 in phylogenetic analysis. The other new genotype, NEGP1, was clustered in an undefined clade we proposed as Group 15. With the emerging epidemiologic evidence, the host specificity of existing E. bieneusi genotypes is now being challenged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuning Jiang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Shui Yu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yaoyu Feng
- Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Longxian Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Monica Santin
- Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, AR, USA
| | - Lihua Xiao
- Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Wei Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China.
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Tuo H, Zhang B, He Y, Zhao A, Zhang Z, Qi M, Yu F. Molecular characterization of Enterocytozoon bieneusi genotypes in wild Altai marmot (Marmota baibacina) in Xinjiang, China: host specificity and adaptation. Parasitol Res 2023; 123:7. [PMID: 38053002 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-023-08057-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Enterocytozoon bieneusi is responsible for opportunistic infections leading to gastrointestinal diseases in humans and animals worldwide. A total of 334 fresh fecal samples were collected from wild Altai marmots (Marmota baibacina) in Xinjiang, China, and E. bieneusi was screened via PCR amplification of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the small submit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA). The results indicated that 22.8% (76/334) of the wild Altai marmot fecal samples were positive for E. bieneusi, and the highest positive rate was detected in Akqi (51.9%, 27/52), with a significant difference from other sampling sites (p < 0.01). Four known genotypes (BEB6, CHG3, GX2, and YAK1) and three novel genotypes (XJHT2 to XJHT4) were identified in the present study. Genotype XJHT3 was dominant and detected in 48 fecal samples. In the phylogenetic analysis, the novel genotypes XJHT2 and XJHT3 were clustered in Group 1 together with the known genotype YAK1, while genotypes CHG3 and BEB6 were clustered in Group 2. The novel genotype XJHT4 was clustered together with other rodent-derived genotypes and generated a novel Group 14. These data confirmed the host specificity and adaptation of E. bieneusi in rodents. These findings enrich our understanding of the prevalence and genetic diversity of E. bieneusi in wild Altai marmots in Xinjiang, China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixin Tuo
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Tarim University, Tarim Road 1487, Alar, 843300, Xinjiang, China
| | - Bowen Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Tarim University, Tarim Road 1487, Alar, 843300, Xinjiang, China
| | - Yongqiang He
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Tarim University, Tarim Road 1487, Alar, 843300, Xinjiang, China
| | - Aiyun Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Tarim University, Tarim Road 1487, Alar, 843300, Xinjiang, China
- Engineering Laboratory of Tarim Animal Diseases Diagnosis and Control, Xinjiang Production & Construction Corps, Alar, 843300, Xinjiang, China
| | - Zhenjie Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Tarim University, Tarim Road 1487, Alar, 843300, Xinjiang, China
- Engineering Laboratory of Tarim Animal Diseases Diagnosis and Control, Xinjiang Production & Construction Corps, Alar, 843300, Xinjiang, China
| | - Meng Qi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Tarim University, Tarim Road 1487, Alar, 843300, Xinjiang, China.
- Engineering Laboratory of Tarim Animal Diseases Diagnosis and Control, Xinjiang Production & Construction Corps, Alar, 843300, Xinjiang, China.
| | - Fuchang Yu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Tarim University, Tarim Road 1487, Alar, 843300, Xinjiang, China.
- Engineering Laboratory of Tarim Animal Diseases Diagnosis and Control, Xinjiang Production & Construction Corps, Alar, 843300, Xinjiang, China.
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Lv C, Li C, Wang J, Qian W. Prevalence and molecular characterization of Enterocytozoon bieneusi and a new Enterocytozoon sp. in pet hairless guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus) from China. Parasite 2023; 30:37. [PMID: 37728509 PMCID: PMC10510651 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2023041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterocytozoon bieneusi, the most common microsporidian species, has been detected in humans and a variety of animals worldwide. However, limited information is available on the prevalence and molecular characterization of this parasite in guinea pigs. In this study, we conducted the first investigation of E. bieneusi infection in hairless guinea pigs recently introduced into China as new exotic pets. A total of 324 fecal samples were collected from hairless guinea pigs from a pet market and four breeding facilities in China. Sequence alignment of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) revealed an infection rate of 14.2% (46/324) and two known ITS genotypes, S7 and PGP. Genotype S7 was the dominant genotype in these animals (42/46, 91.3%). Due to significant ITS sequence divergence, four and two PGP isolates from hairless and regular guinea pigs, respectively were further identified by PCR and phylogenetic analysis based on the small subunit (SSU) rRNA gene, as well as phylogenetic analysis of the ITS locus using E. hepatopenaei and two related genera Enterospora and Nucleospora as the outgroup. Three out of the six PGP isolates were successfully sequenced and generated the same sequences. Phylogenetic analysis of SSU rRNA and ITS loci revealed that PGP isolates formed a separate clade that was distinct and far away from E. bieneusi, suggesting that they represent a new species of Enterocytozoon. These findings indicate the dominance of zoonotic E. bieneusi genotype S7 in hairless guinea pigs and the existence of a cryptic Enterocytozoon species in guinea pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaochao Lv
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology No. 263 Kaiyuan Road, Luolong District Luoyang 471003 PR China
| | - Chen Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology No. 263 Kaiyuan Road, Luolong District Luoyang 471003 PR China
| | - Jingsong Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology No. 263 Kaiyuan Road, Luolong District Luoyang 471003 PR China
| | - Weifeng Qian
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology No. 263 Kaiyuan Road, Luolong District Luoyang 471003 PR China
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Zhao W, Wang T, Ren G, Li J, Tan F, Li W, Zhu C, Lu G, Huang H. Molecular detection of Enterocytozoon bieneusi in farmed Asiatic brush-tailed porcupines (Atherurus macrourus) and bamboo rats (Rhizomys pruinosus) from Hainan Province, China: Common occurrence, wide genetic variation and high zoonotic potential. Acta Trop 2023; 242:106915. [PMID: 36997011 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2023.106915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the occurrence and genotypic diversity of E. bieneusi in farmed Asiatic brush-tailed porcupines and bamboo rats from Hainan Province, China. Four hundred and sixty-seven fresh feces were collected from 164 Asiatic brush-tailed porcupines and 303 bamboo rats. DNA extraction from the feces and genotyping of E. bieneusi were performed by the amplification of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of rDNA of E. bieneusi using PCR. A neighbor-joining tree was constructed based on the sequences obtained here and other sequences of E. bieneusi genotypes stored in Genbank. The total rate of infection with E. bieneusi was 32.5% (152/467), with 14.6% (24/164) in Asiatic brush-tailed porcupines and 42.2% (128/303) in bamboo rats infected. Seventeen genotypes of E. bieneusi were identified including 12 known genotypes, i.e., D (n = 78), Henan-III (n = 21), SHW7 (n = 19), KIN-1 (n = 11), ETMK5 (n = 7), TypeIV (n = 4), EbpD (n = 2), EbpA (n = 1), EbpC (n = 1), S7 (n = 1), HNPL-III (n = 1), HNR-VII (n = 1), and five novel genotypes named as HNZS-I (n = 1) and HNHZ-I to HNHZ-IV (n = 1 per genotype). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that all the genotypes found here except genotype S7 fell into Group 1. The present study demonstrated a relatively high prevalence of E. bieneusi infection (32.5%) and a large genetic variation of E. bieneusi (seventeen genotypes) in farmed Asiatic brush-tailed porcupines and bamboo rats in Hainan, China. The high proportion (78.3%) of zoonotic genotypes identified in the animals investigated here suggests that there is the potential for zoonotic or cross-species transmission which may pose a serious public health threat in the area. Public education on the management of Asiatic brush-tailed porcupines and bamboo rats should be implemented in the investigated areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhao
- Department of Parasitology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, China; Hainan Medical University-The University of Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Tropical Infectious Diseases, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, China
| | - Tingting Wang
- Department of Parasitology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Guangxu Ren
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, China; Hainan Medical University-The University of Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Tropical Infectious Diseases, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, China; Department of Pathogenic Biology, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, China
| | - Jiaqi Li
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, China; Hainan Medical University-The University of Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Tropical Infectious Diseases, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, China; Department of Pathogenic Biology, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, China
| | - Feng Tan
- Department of Parasitology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Wenting Li
- Department of Tropical Diseases, The Second Affifiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou 570100, China
| | - Chuanlong Zhu
- Department of Tropical Diseases, The Second Affifiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou 570100, China
| | - Gang Lu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, China; Hainan Medical University-The University of Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Tropical Infectious Diseases, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, China; Department of Pathogenic Biology, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, China; Department of Tropical Diseases, The Second Affifiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou 570100, China.
| | - Huicong Huang
- Department of Parasitology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China.
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9
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Li S, Zou Y, Wang P, Han RY, Wang CB, Song DP, Chen XQ. A high genetic diversity of Enterocytozoon bieneusi in diarrheic pigs in southern China. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:3562-3570. [PMID: 36193011 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Enterocytozoon bieneusi is an important pathogen that is responsible for over 90% of documented cases of human microsporidiosis worldwide, causing a threat to public health and husbandry development. In immunocompromised patients, it can cause persistent diarrhoea, wasting diathesis and malabsorption and developing life-threatening chronic diarrhoea. However, there was little information on the prevalence and multilocus genotypes of E. bieneusi in diarrheic pigs in three provinces of southern China. In this study, 1254 faecal samples of diarrheic pigs were collected from 37 pig farms in Hunan, Jiangxi, and Fujian provinces in southern China, and were investigated the prevalence and genotypes of E. bieneusi by nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based on the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the nuclear ribosomal DNA gene. The overall prevalence of E. bieneusi was 5.7% (72/1254) in three provinces. Furthermore, the difference was statistically significant (p < 0.001) in the prevalence of E. bieneusi in age groups. ITS sequence analysis revealed that 13 E. bieneusi genotypes were identified, including 8 known genotypes (EbpC, n = 30; Henan-IV, n = 21; CH5, n = 6; EbpA, n = 3; KIN-1, n = 2; O, n = 1; GX3, n = 1; CHS5, n = 1) and 5 novel genotypes (JX1, n = 2; JX2, n = 1; JX3, n = 2; FJ1, n = 1; FJ2, n = 1), and the genotype EbpC was the preponderant genotype. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that all genotypes of E. bieneusi were clustered as the zoonotic group 1. Moreover, a high genetic diversity of E. bieneusi were identified in this study, which the 64, 57, 52 and 64 samples were identified by multilocus sequence typing (MLST) at MS1, MS3, MS4 and MS7 loci, respectively. Then, 45 samples were successfully amplified and sequenced at four loci, forming 41 distinct multilocus genotypes (MLGs). These findings suggest that diarrheic pigs may potentially threaten to transmit E. bieneusi to humans, revealing E. bieneusi genetic variability in diarrheic pigs in three provinces of southern China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen Li
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Yang Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China
| | - Pei Wang
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Ru-Yi Han
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Cheng-Bin Wang
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - De-Ping Song
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Xiao-Qing Chen
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
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10
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Wang N, Wang K, Liu Y, Zhang X, Zhao J, Zhang S, Zhang L. Molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium spp., Enterocytozoon bieneusi and Giardia duodenalis in laboratory rodents in China. Parasite 2022; 29:46. [PMID: 36219067 PMCID: PMC9552759 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2022046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidium spp., Enterocytozoon bieneusi and Giardia duodenalis are significant zoonotic intestinal pathogens that can cause gastrointestinal symptoms such as diarrhea and induce a host immune response. A total of 1237 fecal samples were collected from laboratory rodents (rats, mice and guinea pigs) from four different locations in China to investigate the infection rates and molecular characterization of these pathogens on experimental animals. Genomic DNA was extracted from each sample, and PCR amplifications were done. Overall, the Cryptosporidium spp. infection rate was 3.8% (47/1237). Four known Cryptosporidium species were identified, namely C. parvum, C. muris, C. tyzzeri and C. homai, the three former being zoonotic species. The overall E. bieneusi infection rate was 3.0% (37/1237). Seven known E. bieneusi genotypes, namely S7, BEB6, J, Henan-IV, CHG10, D and WL6, were detected by sequence analysis. Among these, genotypes D, Henan-IV and CHG10 have a high zoonotic risk. Giardia duodenalis was not detected at any of the three loci (SSU rRNA, bg and gdh) after PCR amplification. This study provides basic data for these pathogens in laboratory rodents in China and lays the foundation for their prevention and control in laboratory animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanhao Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University Zhengzhou 450046 Henan PR China,International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan Zhengzhou Henan PR China,Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control of Poultry Products (Zhengzhou), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Zhengzhou Henan PR China
| | - Ke Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University Zhengzhou 450046 Henan PR China,International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan Zhengzhou Henan PR China,Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control of Poultry Products (Zhengzhou), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Zhengzhou Henan PR China
| | - Yufeng Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University Zhengzhou 450046 Henan PR China,International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan Zhengzhou Henan PR China,Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control of Poultry Products (Zhengzhou), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Zhengzhou Henan PR China
| | - Xiaotian Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University Zhengzhou 450046 Henan PR China,International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan Zhengzhou Henan PR China,Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control of Poultry Products (Zhengzhou), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Zhengzhou Henan PR China
| | - Jinfeng Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University Zhengzhou 450046 Henan PR China
| | - Sumei Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University Zhengzhou 450046 Henan PR China,International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan Zhengzhou Henan PR China,Corresponding authors: (S.Z.); (L.Z.)
| | - Longxian Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University Zhengzhou 450046 Henan PR China,International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan Zhengzhou Henan PR China,Corresponding authors: (S.Z.); (L.Z.)
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11
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Molecular Identification and Genotyping of Enterocytozoon bieneusi in Sheep in Shanxi Province, North China. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12080993. [PMID: 35454240 PMCID: PMC9025852 DOI: 10.3390/ani12080993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterocytozoon bieneusi is a fungus-like protist that can cause malabsorption and diarrhea in sheep, other animals, and humans, threatening the development of animal husbandry and public health. To date, there are no data about the prevalence and genotypes of E. bieneusi in sheep in Shanxi Province, North China. In this study, 492 fecal samples were collected from sheep in three representative counties in northern, central, and southern Shanxi Province. Nested PCR amplification was performed to detect the prevalence and identify the genotypes of E. bieneusi based on the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the rRNA gene. Overall, 168 of 492 examined samples were E. bieneusi-positive, with a prevalence of 34.2% (168/492). Significant differences in the prevalence of E. bieneusi were observed among the three sampled regions (χ2 = 95.859, df = 2, p < 0.001), but the differences in E. bieneusi prevalence were not statistically significant between different genders and age groups (p > 0.05). Sequence analysis showed that four known genotypes (BEB6, COS-I, CHS7, and CHC8) and one novel genotype (named SY-1) were identified. BEB6 was the prevalent genotype found within the three counties. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the five genotypes observed in this study belong to Group 2. The present study reported the presence and genotypes of E. bieneusi infection in sheep in Shanxi Province for the first time, which enriches the knowledge of the genetic diversity of E. bieneusi and provides baseline data for the prevention and control of E. bieneusi infection in animals and humans.
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12
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Lv C, Wang J, Li C, Zhang M, Qian W. First detection and genotyping of Enterocytozoon bieneusi in pet golden hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) and Siberian hamsters (Phodopus sungorus) in China. Parasite 2022; 29:15. [PMID: 35315766 PMCID: PMC8939298 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2022018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterocytozoon bieneusi, a common opportunistic pathogen, has been detected in humans and a wide range of animals worldwide. However, no information on the prevalence and molecular characterization of E. bieneusi in hamsters is available worldwide. In this study, fecal specimens were collected from 175 golden hamsters and 175 Siberian hamsters purchased from pet shops in three provinces of China. The average infection rate of E. bieneusi was 12.0% (42/350), with 14.9% (26/175) in pet golden hamsters and 9.1% (16/175) in pet Siberian hamsters. Four genotypes were identified in pet golden hamsters, including three known genotypes (D, Henan-II, and SHW5) and one novel genotype (named Ebph1). Five genotypes were found in pet Siberian hamsters, including one known genotype (D) and four novel genotypes (named Ebph2 to Ebph5). Genotypes D and Ebph2 were the dominant genotype in pet golden hamsters (23/26, 88.5%) and Siberian hamsters (9/16, 56.3%), respectively. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the E. bieneusi isolates clustered into two groups: Group 1 (D, Henan-II, SHW5, and Ebph1) and Group 3 (Ebph2 to Ebph5). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of E. bieneusi infection in golden hamsters and Siberian hamsters worldwide. The identification of four genotypes belonging to Group 1 of high zoonotic potential suggests that pet hamsters especially golden hamsters can be potential sources of human microsporidiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaochao Lv
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, No. 263 Kaiyuan Road, Luoyang 471003, China
| | - Jingsong Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, No. 263 Kaiyuan Road, Luoyang 471003, China
| | - Chen Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, No. 263 Kaiyuan Road, Luoyang 471003, China
| | - Min Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, No. 263 Kaiyuan Road, Luoyang 471003, China
| | - Weifeng Qian
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, No. 263 Kaiyuan Road, Luoyang 471003, China
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13
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Taghipour A, Bahadory S, Abdoli A, Javanmard E. A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis on the Global Molecular Epidemiology of Microsporidia Infection Among Rodents: A Serious Threat to Public Health. Acta Parasitol 2022; 67:18-30. [PMID: 34176043 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-021-00447-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microsporidiosis as a zoonotic disease has caused serious health problems in high-risk groups, including immunosuppressed individuals. Among the potential animal reservoirs of microsporidia, rodents play a key role due to close-contact with humans and their dispersion in different environments. Therefore, this systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to assess the global status and genetic diversity of microsporidia infection in different rodents. METHODS The standard protocol of preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were followed. Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar were searched from 1 January 2000 to 15 April 2021. All peer-reviewed original research articles describing the molecular prevalence of microsporidia infection in rodents were included. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied. The point estimates and 95% confidence intervals were calculated using a random-effects model. The variance between studies (heterogeneity) were quantified by I2 index. RESULTS Of 1695 retrieved studies, 22 articles (including 34 datasets) were included for final meta-analysis. The pooled global molecular prevalence (95% CI) of microsporidia infection in rodents was 14.2% (95% CI 10.9-18.3%). The highest prevalence of microsporidia was found in Apodemus spp. 27.3% (95% CI 15-44.5%). Enterocytozoon bieneusi was the most common pathogen (26/34; 76.47% studies) according to PCR-based methods, and the genotype D as the highest reported genotype (15 studies). CONCLUSIONS The findings of the study showed a relatively high prevalence of microsporidia infection in rodents as a potential animal reservoir for infecting human. Given the relatively high incidence of microsporidiosis, designing strategies for control, and prevention of microsporidia infection in rodents should be recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Taghipour
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 14115-111, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Saeed Bahadory
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 14115-111, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Abdoli
- Zoonoses Research Center, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran
| | - Ehsan Javanmard
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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14
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Ni HB, Sun YZ, Qin SY, Wang YC, Zhao Q, Sun ZY, Zhang M, Yang D, Feng ZH, Guan ZH, Qiu HY, Wang HX, Xue NY, Sun HT. Molecular Detection of Cryptosporidium spp. and Enterocytozoon bieneusi Infection in Wild Rodents From Six Provinces in China. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:783508. [PMID: 34900760 PMCID: PMC8656357 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.783508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterocytozoon (E.) bieneusi and Cryptosporidium spp. are the most important zoonotic enteric pathogens associated with diarrheal diseases in animals and humans. However, it is still not known whether E. bieneusi and Cryptosporidium spp. are carried by wild rodents in Shanxi, Guangxi, Zhejiang, Shandong, and Inner Mongolia, China. In the present study, a total of 536 feces samples were collected from Rattus (R.) norvegicus, Mus musculus, Spermophilus (S.) dauricus, and Lasiopodomys brandti in six provinces of China, and were detected by PCR amplification of the SSU rRNA gene of Cryptosporidium spp. and ITS gene of E. bieneusi from June 2017 to November 2020. Among 536 wild rodents, 62 (11.6%) and 18 (3.4%) samples were detected as E. bieneusi- and Cryptosporidium spp.-positive, respectively. Differential prevalence rates of E. bieneusi and Cryptosporidium spp. were found in different regions. E. bieneusi was more prevalent in R. norvegicus, whereas Cryptosporidium spp. was more frequently identified in S. dauricus. Sequence analysis indicated that three known Cryptosporidium species/genotypes (Cryptosporidium viatorum, Cryptosporidium felis, and Cryptosporidium sp. rat genotype II/III) and two uncertain Cryptosporidium species (Cryptosporidium sp. novel1 and Cryptosporidium sp. novel2) were present in the investigated wild rodents. Meanwhile, 5 known E. bieneusi genotypes (XJP-II, EbpC, EbpA, D, and NCF7) and 11 novel E. bieneusi genotypes (ZJR1 to ZJR7, GXM1, HLJC1, HLJC2, and SDR1) were also observed. This is the first report for existence of E. bieneusi and Cryptosporidium spp. in wild rodents in Shanxi, Guangxi, Zhejiang, and Shandong, China. The present study also demonstrated the existence of E. bieneusi and Cryptosporidium spp. in S. dauricus worldwide for the first time. This study not only provided the basic data for the distribution of E. bieneusi and Cryptosporidium genotypes/species, but also expanded the host range of the two parasites. Moreover, the zoonotic E. bieneusi and Cryptosporidium species/genotypes were identified in the present study, suggesting wild rodents are a potential source of human infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Bo Ni
- College of Life Science, Changchun Sci-Tech University, Shuangyang, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China.,State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yu-Zhe Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Si-Yuan Qin
- Center of Prevention and Control Biological Disaster, State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Shenyang, China
| | - Yan-Chun Wang
- Veterinary Department, Muyuan Foods Co., Ltd., Nanyang, China
| | - Quan Zhao
- College of Life Science, Changchun Sci-Tech University, Shuangyang, China
| | - Zheng-Yao Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Miao Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Ding Yang
- Center of Prevention and Control Biological Disaster, State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhi-Hui Feng
- Center of Prevention and Control Biological Disaster, State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Shenyang, China
| | - Zheng-Hao Guan
- Center of Prevention and Control Biological Disaster, State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Shenyang, China
| | - Hong-Yu Qiu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Hao-Xian Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Nian-Yu Xue
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - He-Ting Sun
- Center of Prevention and Control Biological Disaster, State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Shenyang, China
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15
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Zhao W, Ren GX, Qiang Y, Li J, Pu J, Zhang Y, Tan F, Huang H, Liang S, Lu G. Molecular-Based Detection of Enterocytozoon bieneusi in Farmed Masked Palm Civets ( Paguma larvata) in Hainan, China: A High-Prevalence, Specificity, and Zoonotic Potential of ITS Genotypes. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:714249. [PMID: 34660760 PMCID: PMC8517239 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.714249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterocytozoon bieneusi is a microsporidian and zoonotic species. This study investigated the prevalence and distribution of E. bieneusi genotypes in farmed masked palm civets using nested PCR, as well as assessed their zoonotic potential by phylogenetic analysis of the ITS region of the rRNA region. Here, we collected 251 fecal specimens from farmed masked palm civets (Paguma larvata) from the Hainan Island, China. In total, 128 of 251 samples were positive for E. bieneusi, with an average infection rate of 51.0%. Seventeen genotypes were identified including 12 known genotypes—HNR-VI (n = 56), SHR1 (n = 45), SHW7 (n = 6), KIN-1 (n = 3), D (n = 3), New1 (n = 3), EbpC (n = 2), CHC5 (n = 1), CHG19 (n = 1), CHN4 (n = 1), EbpA (n = 1), and Henan-III (n = 1)—and five novel genotypes (HNPL-I to HNPL-II; one each). Phylogenetic analysis categorized these genotypes into two groups. Thirteen of them were members of the zoonotic group 1, and the remaining four genotypes were in group 12. This study has shown that the infection rates of E. bieneusi in masked palm civets from Hainan were relatively high and provide baseline data to control and prevent microsporidiosis in farm-related communities. Therefore, infections in masked palm civets with zoonotic genotypes D, EbpC, CHN4, EbpA, KIN-1, and Henan-III should be considered potential threats to public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China.,Department of Parasitology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Guang-Xu Ren
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Control of Tropical Diseases, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China.,Hainan Medical University-The University of Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Tropical Infectious Diseases, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China.,Department of Pathogenic Biology, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China.,Academician Workstation of Hainan Province, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Yu Qiang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Control of Tropical Diseases, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China.,Hainan Medical University-The University of Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Tropical Infectious Diseases, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China.,Department of Pathogenic Biology, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China.,Academician Workstation of Hainan Province, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Jiaqi Li
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Control of Tropical Diseases, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China.,Hainan Medical University-The University of Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Tropical Infectious Diseases, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China.,Department of Pathogenic Biology, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China.,Academician Workstation of Hainan Province, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Jinkang Pu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Control of Tropical Diseases, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China.,Hainan Medical University-The University of Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Tropical Infectious Diseases, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China.,Department of Pathogenic Biology, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China.,Academician Workstation of Hainan Province, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Yun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Control of Tropical Diseases, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China.,Hainan Medical University-The University of Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Tropical Infectious Diseases, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China.,Department of Pathogenic Biology, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China.,Academician Workstation of Hainan Province, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Feng Tan
- Department of Parasitology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Huicong Huang
- Department of Parasitology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Shaohui Liang
- Department of Parasitology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Gang Lu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Control of Tropical Diseases, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China.,Hainan Medical University-The University of Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Tropical Infectious Diseases, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China.,Department of Pathogenic Biology, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China.,Academician Workstation of Hainan Province, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
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16
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Lin X, Xin L, Cao Y, Hou M, Qiao F, Li J, Qi M, Sun M. Common occurrence of Enterocytozoon bieneusi genotypes SHR1 and PL2 in farmed masked palm civet ( Paguma larvata) in China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-PARASITES AND WILDLIFE 2021; 16:99-102. [PMID: 34471599 PMCID: PMC8387836 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2021.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Enterocytozoon bieneusi is a common pathogen in a broad range of vertebrate hosts. To assess the prevalence and genotypes of E. bieneusi in farmed masked palm civet (Paguma larvata), 537 fecal samples from seven provinces in China were tested by nested PCR of the polymorphic internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region. Among of all the samples, 60.0% (325/531) were positive for E. bieneusi, with the highest prevalence in Hebei province (85.0%). Sequence analysis revealed the presence of nine E. bieneusi genotypes, including four known genotypes (SHR1, PL2, PL4, CHG19) and five novel genotypes (PL12 to PL16). Genotypes SHR1 and PL2 were the most common genotypes in seven provinces. Phylogenetic analysis showed that three genotypes (CHG19, PL4 and PL16) were distributed to Group 1, and six genotypes (SHR1, PL2, PL12, PL13, PL14 and PL15) formed a novel clade, which was named group 12. Findings highlight the need to conduct additional research to elucidate the epidemiology of E. bieneusi in farmed masked palm civet. The overall infection rate of Enterocytozoon bieneusi was 60.0% (325/537) in farmed masked palm civet (Paguma larvata) in China. Nine genotypes were identified, including four known genotypes (SHR1, PL2, PL4, CHG19) and five novel genotypes (named as PL12 to PL16). Genotypes in farmed masked palm civet formed a novel clade which was named as group 12.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuhui Lin
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510640, PR China
| | - Luyao Xin
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510640, PR China.,College of Animal Science, Tarim University, Alar, Xinjiang, 843300, PR China
| | - Yangwenna Cao
- College of Animal Science, Tarim University, Alar, Xinjiang, 843300, PR China
| | - Minyu Hou
- College of Animal Science, Tarim University, Alar, Xinjiang, 843300, PR China
| | - Fei Qiao
- College of Animal Science, Tarim University, Alar, Xinjiang, 843300, PR China
| | - Juan Li
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510640, PR China
| | - Meng Qi
- College of Animal Science, Tarim University, Alar, Xinjiang, 843300, PR China
| | - Mingfei Sun
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510640, PR China
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Cao Y, Tong Q, Zhao C, Maimaiti A, Chuai L, Wang J, Ma D, Qi M. Molecular detection and genotyping of Enterocytozoon bieneusi in pet dogs in Xinjiang, Northwestern China. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 28:57. [PMID: 34283021 PMCID: PMC8290926 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2021057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Enterocytozoon bieneusi is an obligate intracellular parasitic fungi that infects a wide range of mammalian hosts. However, the literature is lacking information regarding the presence and diversity of E. bieneusi genotypes in domesticated dogs in Northwestern China. Fecal samples from 604 pet dogs were obtained in 5 cities (Urumqi, Korla, Hotan, Aksu, and Shihezi) in Xinjiang. Screening for E. bieneusi was performed, and isolates were genotyped via nested-PCR amplification of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) of nuclear ribosomal DNA. The infection rate of E. bieneusi was 6.3% (38/604). The prevalence of E. bieneusi infections in adult animals (>1 year, 10.3%, 15/145) was higher than that in younger (≤1 year) dogs (5.0%, 23/459), which was statistically significant (p = 0.021). No significant difference was observed between the different collection sites or between sexes. Eight distinct genotypes were identified, including 5 known genotypes (PtEb IX, EbpC, D, CD9, and Type IV) and 3 novel genotypes (CD11, CD12, CD13). The most prevalent was genotype PtEb IX, being observed in 50.0% (19/38) of the samples, followed by EbpC (31.6%, 12/38), D (5.3%, 2/38), and the remaining genotypes (CD9, Type IV, CD11, CD12, and CD13) were observed in 1 sample (2.6%, 1/38) each. These findings suggest that genotypes PtEb IX and CD9 are canine host-adapted, and likely pose little risk of zoonotic transmission. Moreover, known zoonotic genotypes EbpC, D, and Type IV represent a public health concern and should undergo further molecular epidemiological investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangwenna Cao
- College of Animal Science, Tarim University, Alar, Xinjiang 843300, PR China
| | - Qinglin Tong
- College of Animal Science, Tarim University, Alar, Xinjiang 843300, PR China
| | - Chenhao Zhao
- College of Animal Science, Tarim University, Alar, Xinjiang 843300, PR China
| | | | - Liwen Chuai
- College of Animal Science, Tarim University, Alar, Xinjiang 843300, PR China
| | - Junjie Wang
- College of Animal Science, Tarim University, Alar, Xinjiang 843300, PR China
| | - Dingyun Ma
- College of Animal Science, Tarim University, Alar, Xinjiang 843300, PR China
| | - Meng Qi
- College of Animal Science, Tarim University, Alar, Xinjiang 843300, PR China
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Yu F, Cao Y, Wang H, Liu Q, Zhao A, Qi M, Zhang L. Host-adaptation of the rare Enterocytozoon bieneusi genotype CHN4 in Myocastor coypus (Rodentia: Echimyidae) in China. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:578. [PMID: 33198788 PMCID: PMC7667729 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04436-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enterocytozoon bieneusi is a zoonotic gastrointestinal pathogen and can infect both humans and animals. The coypu (Myocastor coypus) is a semi-aquatic rodent, in which few E. bieneusi infections have been reported and the distribution of genotypes and zoonotic potential remains unknown. METHODS A total of 308 fresh fecal samples were collected from seven coypu farms in China to determine the infection rate and the distribution of genotypes of E. bieneusi from coypus using nested-PCR amplification of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene. RESULTS Enterocytozoon bieneusi was detected with an infection rate of 41.2% (n = 127). Four genotypes were identified, including three known genotypes (CHN4 (n = 111), EbpC (n = 8) and EbpA (n = 7)) and a novel genotype named CNCP1 (n = 1). CONCLUSIONS The rare genotype CHN4 was the most common genotype in the present study, and the transmission dynamics of E. bieneusi in coypus were different from other rodents. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of E. bieneusi infections in coypus in China. Our study reveals that E. bieneusi in coypus may be a potential infection source to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuchang Yu
- College of Animal Science, Tarim University, No. 1188 Junken Avenue, Alar, 843300, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China.,College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, No. 15 Longzihu University Area, Zhengzhou New District, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yangwenna Cao
- College of Animal Science, Tarim University, No. 1188 Junken Avenue, Alar, 843300, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiyan Wang
- Experimental and Research Center, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Liu
- College of Animal Science, Tarim University, No. 1188 Junken Avenue, Alar, 843300, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Aiyun Zhao
- College of Animal Science, Tarim University, No. 1188 Junken Avenue, Alar, 843300, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Qi
- College of Animal Science, Tarim University, No. 1188 Junken Avenue, Alar, 843300, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China. .,College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, No. 15 Longzihu University Area, Zhengzhou New District, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Longxian Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, No. 15 Longzihu University Area, Zhengzhou New District, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan, People's Republic of China.
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19
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Pekmezci D, Yetismis G, Esin C, Duzlu O, Colak ZN, Inci A, Pekmezci GZ, Yildirim A. Occurrence and molecular identification of zoonotic microsporidia in pet budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus) in Turkey. Med Mycol 2020; 59:myaa088. [PMID: 33070189 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myaa088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Encephalitozoon spp. and Enterocytozoon bieneusi are well-known microsporidian pathogens, recently classified as fungi, infecting humans and reptiles, mammals, and birds. Budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulates) are the most preferred captive pet birds in the households. Prevalence and molecular data on microsporidian species in budgerigars are scarce worldwide. The aim of the present study was to investigate the occurrence and genotypes of Encephalitozoon spp. and E. bieneusi in budgerigars, and to reveal their zoonotic potential. A total of 143 fecal samples were collected from owned healthy budgerigars in Turkey. Encephalitozoon spp. and E. bieneusi were examined by nested PCR targeting the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region and sequenced for identifying Encephalitozoon spp. and E. bieneusi. The overall prevalence of E. hellem and E. bieneusi was 14.7% (21/143) and 3.5% (5/143), respectively. Two genotypes of E. hellem were identified, including one known 1A (n = 18) and a novel TURK1B (n = 3). In addition, we determined two E. bieneusi genotypes, including one known N (n = 2) and a novel TURKM1 (n = 3). E. hellem 1A and novel TURK1B clustered as a sister taxon, and genotype N and novel TURKM1 genotypes fall into group 2 of E. bieneusi in the phylogenetic tree. Novel genotypes of E. hellem and E. bieneusi were described for the first time in the avian host. Moreover, E. bieneusi genotype N was first detected in avian hosts in the present study. This study contributes to the current knowledge on the molecular epidemiology and transmission dynamics of E. hellem and E. bieneusi. LAY SUMMARY Spore producing microsporidia are ubiquitous, obligate, and intracellular fungus defined as emerging opportunistic pathogens of humans, livestock, companion animals, wild mammals, birds, and water worldwide. The occurrence of microsporidia in animals could be risky for human public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Didem Pekmezci
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ondokuz Mayis, Kurupelit Samsun, Turkey
| | - Gamze Yetismis
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Erciyes, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Cagatay Esin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ondokuz Mayis, Kurupelit Samsun, Turkey
| | - Onder Duzlu
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Erciyes, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Zeynep Nurselin Colak
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ondokuz Mayis, Kurupelit Samsun, Turkey
| | - Abdullah Inci
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Erciyes, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Gokmen Zafer Pekmezci
- Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ondokuz Mayis, Kurupelit Samsun, Turkey
| | - Alparslan Yildirim
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Erciyes, Kayseri, Turkey
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20
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Zhang Z, Ma J, Huang X, Wen X, Jiang W, Chen L, Li N, Guo Y, Zhang L, Xiao L, Feng Y. Population genetic analysis suggests genetic recombination is responsible for increased zoonotic potential of Enterocytozoon bieneusi from ruminants in China. One Health 2020; 11:100184. [PMID: 33392377 PMCID: PMC7772688 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2020.100184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterocytozoon bieneusi is a zoonotic pathogen with worldwide distribution. Among the 11 established groups of E. bieneusi genotypes based on phylogenetic analysis of the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS), the human-infective potential and population genetics of the Group 1 genotypes from diverse hosts are well characterized. In contrast, Group 2 genotypes from ruminants have unclear population genetics, leading to poor understanding of their host range and zoonotic potential. In this study, we sequence-characterized 121 Group 2 isolates from dairy cattle, beef cattle, yaks, Tibetan sheep, golden takins, and deer from China at five genetic loci (ITS, MS1, MS3, MS4 and MS7), comparing with data from 113 Group 1 isolates from nonhuman primates. Except for MS7, most of the genetic loci produced efficient PCR amplification and high nucleotide identity between Groups 1 and 2 of E. bieneusi genotypes. In population genetic analyses of the sequence data, a strong linkage disequilibrium was observed among these genetic loci in the overall Group 2 population. The individual ITS genotypes (I, J and BEB4) within Group 2, however, had reduced linkage disequilibrium and increased genetic exchanges among isolates. There was only partial genetic differentiation between Group 1 and Group 2 genotypes, with some occurrence of genetic recombination between them. Genetic recombination was especially common between genotypes I and J within Group 2. The data presented indicate a high genetic identity between Group 1 and Group 2 genotypes of E. bieneusi, which could be responsible for the broad host range and high zoonotic potential of Group 2 genotypes in China. As there is no effective treatment against E. bieneusi, the One Health approach should be used in the control and prevention of zoonotic transmission of the pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenjie Zhang
- Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Jingbo Ma
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, China
| | - Xitong Huang
- Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Xi Wen
- Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Wen Jiang
- School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Li Chen
- School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Na Li
- Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Yaqiong Guo
- Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Longxian Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Lihua Xiao
- Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Yaoyu Feng
- Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
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21
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Zhao A, Zhang K, Xu C, Wang T, Qi M, Li J. Longitudinal identification of Enterocytozoon bieneusi in dairy calves on a farm in Southern Xinjiang, China. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2020; 73:101550. [PMID: 33032191 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2020.101550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Enterocytozoon bieneusi is the most common species responsible for human and animals microsporidiasis. A total of 250 samples were collected weekly from 25 newborn dairy calves of a farm in Southern Xinjiang, China at one to ten weeks of age. Enterocytozoon bieneusi was identified and genotyped by nested PCR amplification and sequencing of internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region.The cumulative prevalence of E. bieneusi infection was 100% (25/25), and the average infection was 52.0% (130/250). The highest infection rate was recorded at six weeks of age (92.0%, 23/25), and no infection was observed at one and two weeks of age. Sequencing analysis showed nine E. bieneusi genotypes (J, EbpC, PigEBITS5, CHV4, CHC3, CS-9, KIN-1, CH5, and CAM5) were identified. The highest genetic polymorphism was observed at ten weeks of age. Genotype J was the predominant E. bieneusi genotype. Phylogenetic analysis clustered genotype J into Group 2 and other eight genotypes (EbpC, PigEBITS5, CHV4, CHC3, CS-9, KIN-1, CH5, and CAM5), detected in 22 (16.9%, 22/130) samples, into Group 1. Among the genotypes, EbpC, KIN-1, and J have been identified in humans. The highest E. bieneusi infection rate (57.9%, 124/214) was observed in fecal samples with formed feces with no diarrhea (p < 0.01), and high genetic polymorphism was observed in class I fecal samples. The presence of zoonotic E. bieneusi genotypes in dairy calves suggests the possibility of transmitting zoonotic infections to humans. It provides the basic data on dynamic change of E. bieneusi in calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiyun Zhao
- College of Animal Science, Tarim University, Alar, Xinjiang 843300, China
| | - Kuankuan Zhang
- College of Animal Science, Tarim University, Alar, Xinjiang 843300, China
| | - Chunyan Xu
- College of Animal Science, Tarim University, Alar, Xinjiang 843300, China
| | - Tian Wang
- College of Animal Science, Tarim University, Alar, Xinjiang 843300, China
| | - Meng Qi
- College of Animal Science, Tarim University, Alar, Xinjiang 843300, China.
| | - Junqiang Li
- Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China.
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22
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Zhao W, Zhou H, Yang L, Ma T, Zhou J, Liu H, Lu G, Huang H. Prevalence, genetic diversity and implications for public health of Enterocytozoon bieneusi in various rodents from Hainan Province, China. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:438. [PMID: 32878633 PMCID: PMC7466830 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04314-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Rodents, globally overpopulated, are an important source for zoonotic disease transmission to humans, including Enterocytozoon bieneusi (one of the most prevalent zoonotic pathogens). Here, we studied the prevalence and performed genetic analyses of E. bieneusi in rodents from the Hainan Province of China. Methods A total of 603 fresh fecal samples were gathered from 369 wild rats, 117 bamboo rats, 93 Asiatic brush-tailed porcupine and 24 red-bellied squirrels. The wild rats were identified to the species level by amplification of a 421-bp region of the cytb gene from fecal DNA using PCR. Genotype analysis was performed by amplification of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of rDNA of E. bieneusi using PCR. Results Seven wild rat species were identified. The average rate of infection with E. bieneusi was 15.8% (95/603) with 18.7% (69/369) in wild rats, 11.9% (25/210) in farmed rodents and 4.2% (1/24) in red-bellied squirrels. Sixteen E. bieneusi genotypes were identified, including 9 known genotypes (D, Type IV, PigEBITS7, Peru8, Peru11, ESH02, S7, EbpA and CHG5), and 7 novel genotypes (HNR-I to HNR-VII). Genotype D (44.2%, 42/95) predominated, followed by PigEBITS7 (20.0%, 19/95), HNR-VII (15.8%, 15/95), Type IV (5.3%, 5/95), HNR-III (2.1%, 2/95), HNR-VI (2.1%, 2/95) and each of the remaining 10 genotypes (1.1%, 1/95). The phylogenetic analysis of the ITS region of E. bieneusi divided the identified genotypes into the following four groups: Group 1 (n = 13), Group 2 (n = 1), Group 12 (n = 1), and the novel Group 13 (n = 1). Conclusions To our knowledge, this is the first report on the identification of E. bieneusi in rodents from Hainan, China. The zoonotic potential of the identified E. bieneusi genotypes suggested that the rodents poses a serious threat to the local inhabitants. Thus, measures need to be taken to control the population of wild rats in the areas investigated in this study, along with identification of safe methods for disposal of farmed rodent feces. Additionally, the local people should be made aware of the risk of disease transmission from rodents to humans.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhao
- Department of Parasitology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 571199, China
| | - Huanhuan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 571199, China.,Department of Pathogenic Biology, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Ling Yang
- Department of Parasitology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Tianming Ma
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 571199, China.,Department of Pathogenic Biology, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Jingguo Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 571199, China.,Department of Pathogenic Biology, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Haiju Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 571199, China.,Department of Pathogenic Biology, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Gang Lu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 571199, China. .,Department of Pathogenic Biology, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, China. .,Hainan Medical University-The University of Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Tropical Infectious Diseases, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, China.
| | - Huicong Huang
- Department of Parasitology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China.
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Molecular characterization and novel genotypes of Enterocytozoon bieneusi in pet snakes in Beijing, China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-PARASITES AND WILDLIFE 2020; 12:172-175. [PMID: 32612925 PMCID: PMC7322169 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2020.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Little is known regarding the Enterocytozoon bieneusi genotypes in snakes worldwide. In the present study, a total of 273 fecal samples were collected from pet snakes in Beijing, China. They were then tested for the presence of E. bieneusi by PCR amplification of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) gene. The overall infection rate of E. bieneusi was 4.4% (12/273), with the highest infection rate (20%, 1/5) of E. bieneusi was found in the Black rat snake (Pantherophis obsoletus), whereas no positive samples were detected from both Milk (0/22) and Coast garter snakes (0/2). Eight genotypes were identified, including four known genotypes: EbpA (n = 1), EbpC (n = 5), Henan-III (n = 1), and SHR1 (n = 1), and four novel genotypes: CRep-5 (n = 1), CRep-6 (n = 1), CRep-7 (n = 1), and CRep-8 (n = 1). Among them, EbpC (41.7%, 5/12) was the predominant genotype. Phylogenetic analysis showed that seven genotypes belonged to group 1, while genotype SHR1 belonged to group 2. Genotypes EbpA, EbpC, and Henan-III have been previously reported in humans. This suggests that pet snakes are a potential source of zoonotic microsporidiosis transmission in China. 4.4% (12/273) of pet snakes were PCR positive for E. bieneusi. Eight genotypes were identified, including four known and four novel genotypes. Transmission of E. bieneusi to humans from pet snakes is possible.
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24
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Li J, Yuan Y, Jiang Y, Wang W, Chao L, Sun R, Li J, Karim MR, Qi M. Molecular identification and subtyping of Blastocystis sp. in laboratory rats in China. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 27:35. [PMID: 32410727 PMCID: PMC7227369 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2020035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Blastocystis sp. is a ubiquitous protist that has been frequently reported in humans and animals worldwide. A total of 355 fecal samples of experimental rats were collected from four laboratory rearing facilities in China, and Blastocystis sp. was detected by PCR amplification of the partial small subunit ribosomal (SSU) rRNA gene. Twenty-nine (8.2%, 29/355) samples were positive for Blastocystis sp., with the highest infection rate (20.7%, 24/116) in rats of the Zhengzhou1, followed by that in the Zhengzhou2 (5.0%, 2/40), Shenyang (3.0%, 3/100) and Wuhan (0) rearing facilities. Among the three rat strains, Sprague–Dawley (SD) rats had higher infection rates (11.3%, 17/151) compared to Wistar rats (8.7%, 9/104) and spontaneously hypertensive (SH) rats (3.0%, 3/100). Two Blastocystis sp. subtypes (ST4 and ST7) were identified. ST4 was the predominant subtype detected in 26 samples (89.7%). A phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that the sequences of ST4 and ST7 obtained in this study were clustered with their reference subtypes. To our knowledge, this is the first report of Blastocystis sp. in experimental rats in China. Pathogen infections in laboratory animals need to be monitored due to fecal-oral transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junqiang Li
- Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, 450046 Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Yueyue Yuan
- Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, 450046 Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Yuxi Jiang
- College of Animal Science, Tarim University, Alar, 843300 Xinjiang, PR China
| | - Wen Wang
- College of Animal Science, Tarim University, Alar, 843300 Xinjiang, PR China
| | - Liqin Chao
- Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, 450046 Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Ruiqin Sun
- Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, 450046 Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Jun Li
- Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, 450046 Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Md Robiul Karim
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, 1706 Gazipur, Bangladesh
| | - Meng Qi
- College of Animal Science, Tarim University, Alar, 843300 Xinjiang, PR China
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25
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Li J, Lang P, Huang M, Jing B, Karim MR, Chao L, Wang Z, Lv Y, Li J, Qi M. Molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis in experimental rats in China. Parasitol Int 2020; 77:102127. [PMID: 32334095 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2020.102127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cryptosporidium and Giardia are ubiquitous protozoan parasites that infect a broad range of hosts. The presence of Cryptosporidium spp. and G. duodenalis was detected in 355 fecal samples of laboratory experimental rats from four experimental rat rearing facilities in China by PCR amplification of the small subunit (SSU) rRNA gene. The G. duodenalis positive samples were further characterized in the β-giardin (bg), glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh), and triosephosphate isomerase (tpi) genes. The overall infection rates of Cryptosporidium spp. and G. duodenalis were 0.6% (2/355) and 9.3% (33/355), respectively, with no co-infection. Among the four facilities, only the rats in Zhengzhou1 were found positive for the two pathogens. Undetermined Cryptosporidium genotype was observed in one sample and C. ubiquitum in another sample. Assemblage G was identified in all the 33 G. duodenalis positive isolates at SSU rRNA gene, out of which 19, 20, and 21 isolates were also subtyped as assemblage G at tpi, gdh and bg gens, respectively. To our knowledge, this is the first report of Cryptosporidium and G. duodenalis infections in laboratory experimental rats in China. The infections of these pathogens in laboratory animals should be monitored routinely since they may interfere the biological experiments in these animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junqiang Li
- Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China.
| | - Ping Lang
- College of Animal Science, Tarim University, Alar, Xinjiang 843300, China.
| | - Meigui Huang
- College of Animal Science, Tarim University, Alar, Xinjiang 843300, China.
| | - Bo Jing
- College of Animal Science, Tarim University, Alar, Xinjiang 843300, China.
| | - Md Robiul Karim
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur 1706, Bangladesh.
| | - Liqin Chao
- Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China.
| | - Zhenzhen Wang
- Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China.
| | - Yue Lv
- Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China.
| | - Jun Li
- Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China.
| | - Meng Qi
- College of Animal Science, Tarim University, Alar, Xinjiang 843300, China.
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