1
|
Ordoudi SA, Ricci C, Imparato G, Chroni M, Nucara A, Gerardino A, Bertani FR. A non-invasive, sensor-based approach to exploit the autofluorescence of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) for on-site evaluation of aging. Food Chem 2024; 455:139822. [PMID: 38824730 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.139822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
So far, compliance with ISO 3632 standard specifications for top-quality saffron guarantees good agricultural and post-harvest production practices. Tracking early-stage oxidation remains challenging. Our study aims to address this issue by exploring the visible, fluorescence, and near-infrared spectra of category I saffron. Using a multi-spectral sensor, we tested fresh and artificially aged saffron in powder form. High autofluorescence intensities at 600-700 nm allowed calibration for the 'content of aged saffron'. Samples with minimum coloring strength (200-220 units) were classified as 70% aged, while those exceeding maximum aroma strength (50 units) as 100% aged. Consistent patterns across origin, age, and processing history indicated potential for objectively assessing early-oxidation markers. Further analyses uncovered multiple contributing fluorophores, including cis-apocarotenoids, correlated with FTIR-based aging markers. Our findings underscore that sensing autofluorescence of traded saffron presents an innovative quality diagnostic approach, paving new research pathways for assessing the remaining shelf-life along its supply chain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S A Ordoudi
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Technology, School of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - C Ricci
- Institute for Photonics and Nanotechnologies, CNR, Via del Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Rome, Italy.
| | - G Imparato
- Department of Physics, Sapienza University, Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00184 Rome, Italy.
| | - M Chroni
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Technology, School of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - A Nucara
- Department of Physics, Sapienza University, Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00184 Rome, Italy.
| | - A Gerardino
- Institute for Photonics and Nanotechnologies, CNR, Via del Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Rome, Italy.
| | - F R Bertani
- Institute for Photonics and Nanotechnologies, CNR, Via del Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Rome, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
In Vitro Assessment of Myorelaxant and Antispasmodic Effects of Stigmas, Tepals, and Leaves Hydroethanolic Extracts of Crocus sativus. J Food Biochem 2023. [DOI: 10.1155/2023/4165305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2023]
Abstract
The valorization of Crocus sativus focuses mainly on the plant’s stigma because it is one of the most expensive and valuable spices in the world and has great value in the food, cosmetics, and pharmacological industries. Due to this high stigma value, the other parts of the plant are considered as by-products; our study aimed to evaluate the myorelaxant and antispasmodic activities of the byproducts (tepals and leaves) to compare them with the stigma of the plant. To investigate the myorelaxant and antispasmodic activities of the Crocus sativus on isolated rabbit and rat jejunum, we used an in vitro technic with an organ bath and an isotonic transducer. Our results showed that the STG (hydroethanolic extract of stigmas) and LV (hydroethanolic extract of leaves) had a moderate myorelaxant effect with IC50 = 6.61 ± 1.5 and 5.08 ± 0.45 mg/ml, respectively. TPL (hydroethanolic extract of tepals) had a significant (
) inhibitory effect on the amplitude of the rabbit jejunum basic contractions with an IC50 = 1.36 ± 0.15 mg/ml. TPL also caused a significant (
) antispasmodic activity depending on the dose of the contraction induced by CCh (10−6 M) and KCl (25 mM). The antispasmodic effect of the TPL is slightly altered in the presence of nifedipine by a percentage of 26.8%. This difference is statistically significant (
). Therefore, the extract could induce the inhibitory effect on L-type voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels, but not on the guanylate cyclase and nitric oxide pathways. That confirmed that the TPL has a comparable effect to the verapamil. The HPLC-DAD analysis of various parts of C. sativus shows that the three extracts contain the kaempferol flavanol compound, the STG also was revealed to be rich in carotenoids crocin, and these isomers are trans and cis-crocin, safranal, and picrocrocin. In contrast, the TPL revealed the presence of isorhamnetin and quercetin, but the LV was rich in hesperidin and mangiferin. In conclusion, this study supports the traditional use of this plant to treat digestive problems and will allow us to explore future possibilities for treating bowel spasms using natural molecules derived from saffron.
Collapse
|
3
|
Chaouqi S, Moratalla-López N, Alonso GL, Lorenzo C, Zouahri A, Asserar N, Haidar EM, Guedira T. Effect of Soil Composition on Secondary Metabolites of Moroccan Saffron ( Crocus sativus L.). PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:711. [PMID: 36840059 PMCID: PMC9959755 DOI: 10.3390/plants12040711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Climate and soil are important factors that affect the quality of saffron. Saffron quality is determined by the marked content of secondary metabolites. The objective of this work was to study the effect of soil physicochemical properties on the secondary metabolites of saffron. Our study concerned the analysis of saffron samples by high-performance liquid chromatography-detection by diode array (HPLC-DAD). Soil samples were analyzed by physicochemical methods, ED-XRF fluorescence and X-ray diffraction to determine the different types of clays. Saffron samples grown in loam-clay-sand soils contained high values of crocins and kaempferol 3-sophoroside 7-glucoside but low values of safranal. In addition, saffron samples grown in soils rich in organic matter, phosphorus and potassium contained high values of crocins and kaempferol 3-sophoroside 7-glucoside but low values of safranal. This original approach was carried out for the first time in our study, both by ED-XRF fluorescence and by X-ray diffraction, to determine what elements affect the quality of saffron. Thus, we concluded that clays containing low amounts of iron could have a positive effect on the coloring strength of saffron.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soukaina Chaouqi
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Catalysis and Environment, Faculty of Sciences, Ibn Tofail University, BP 242, Kenitra 14000, Morocco
- Cátedra de Química Agrícola, ETSI Agrónomos y de Montes de Albacete, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario, 02071 Albacete, Spain
- Environment and Natural Resources Conservation Research Unit, INRA, CRRA, BP 6356, Rabat 10000, Morocco
| | - Natalia Moratalla-López
- Cátedra de Química Agrícola, ETSI Agrónomos y de Montes de Albacete, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario, 02071 Albacete, Spain
| | - Gonzalo L. Alonso
- Cátedra de Química Agrícola, ETSI Agrónomos y de Montes de Albacete, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario, 02071 Albacete, Spain
| | - Cándida Lorenzo
- Cátedra de Química Agrícola, ETSI Agrónomos y de Montes de Albacete, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario, 02071 Albacete, Spain
| | - Abdelmjid Zouahri
- Environment and Natural Resources Conservation Research Unit, INRA, CRRA, BP 6356, Rabat 10000, Morocco
| | - Nazha Asserar
- Laboratory of Botany and Plant Protection, Faculty of Sciences, Ibn Tofail University, BP 133, Kenitra 14000, Morocco
| | - El Mehdi Haidar
- Department of Mineral Chemistry, Mining Laboratories Division, ONHYM, Campus: 34, Avenue Al Fadila, City Yakoun El Mansour, BP 8030, Rabat 10000, Morocco
| | - Taoufiq Guedira
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Catalysis and Environment, Faculty of Sciences, Ibn Tofail University, BP 242, Kenitra 14000, Morocco
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Avila-Sosa R, Nevárez-Moorillón GV, Ochoa-Velasco CE, Navarro-Cruz AR, Hernández-Carranza P, Cid-Pérez TS. Detection of Saffron’s Main Bioactive Compounds and Their Relationship with Commercial Quality. Foods 2022. [PMCID: PMC9601577 DOI: 10.3390/foods11203245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This review aims to evaluate the state of saffron’s main bioactive compounds and their relationship with its commercial quality. Saffron is the commercial name for the dried red stigmas of the Crocus sativus L. flower. It owes its sensory and functional properties mainly to the presence of its carotenoid derivatives, synthesized throughout flowering and also during the whole production process. These compounds include crocin, crocetin, picrocrocin, and safranal, which are bioactive metabolites. Saffron’s commercial value is determined according to the ISO/TS3632 standard that determines their main apocatotenoids. Other techniques such as chromatography (gas and liquid) are used to detect the apocarotenoids. This, together with the determination of spectral fingerprinting or chemo typing are essential for saffron identification. The determination of the specific chemical markers coupled with chemometric methods favors the discrimination of adulterated samples, possible plants, or adulterating compounds and even the concentrations at which these are obtained. Chemical characterization and concentration of various compounds could be affected by saffron’s geographical origin and harvest/postharvest characteristics. The large number of chemical compounds found in the by-products (flower parts) of saffron (catechin, quercetin, delphinidin, etc.) make it an interesting aromatic spice as a colorant, antioxidant, and source of phytochemicals, which can also bring additional economic value to the most expensive aromatic species in the world.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raul Avila-Sosa
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Edificio 105E, 14 Sur y Av. San Claudio, Ciudad Universitaria, Col. San Manuel, Puebla 72420, Mexico
| | | | - Carlos Enrique Ochoa-Velasco
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Edificio 105E, 14 Sur y Av. San Claudio, Ciudad Universitaria, Col. San Manuel, Puebla 72420, Mexico
| | - Addí Rhode Navarro-Cruz
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Edificio 105E, 14 Sur y Av. San Claudio, Ciudad Universitaria, Col. San Manuel, Puebla 72420, Mexico
| | - Paola Hernández-Carranza
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Edificio 105E, 14 Sur y Av. San Claudio, Ciudad Universitaria, Col. San Manuel, Puebla 72420, Mexico
| | - Teresa Soledad Cid-Pérez
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Edificio 105E, 14 Sur y Av. San Claudio, Ciudad Universitaria, Col. San Manuel, Puebla 72420, Mexico
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Crocus sativus L. Stigmas, Tepals, and Leaves Ameliorate Gentamicin-Induced Renal Toxicity: A Biochemical and Histopathological Study. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:7127037. [PMID: 36217433 PMCID: PMC9547688 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7127037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The most costly spice in the world, Crocus sativus L. (C. sativus), has been used for more than 3,000 years. It has various beneficial applications in a range of fields, including aromas, colorants, and medications, but its usefulness as a food flavoring and coloring ingredient is the highest. Large quantities of by-products from the processing of saffron are typically thrown as unwanted bio-residues. This study's goal was to assess and compare the nephroprotective effects of hydroethanolic extracts of C. sativus stigmas, tepals, and leaves on gentamicin (GM)-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. For that, we used a biochemical and histological investigation to propose new pharmaceutical valorizations. Based on the biochemical and histological analyses, it is concluded that all the studied parts of C sativus showed a renoprotective effect. Markedly, tepals revealed the most significant reduction of relative liver weight (p < 0.05), water intake (p < 0.05), plasma creatinine (p < 0.01), plasma urea (p < 0.01), plasma uric acid (p < 0.05), urinary protein (p < 0.01) and albumin (p < 0.001), and renal malondialdehyde (MDA) (p < 0.001). In addition, C. sativus tepals caused a significant increase in body weight (p < 0.05), urinary creatinine (p < 0.01), creatinine clearance (p < 0.05), and urinary urea (p < 0.05) compared with the gentamicin untreated (GM) group. This is confirmed by the histopathological study which shows that treatment with stigmas, tepals, and leaves preserved kidney morphology at the glomerular and tubular cell level. The studied extracts exhibit good recovery potential for nephrotoxicity induced by gentamicin. In order to create potent dietary supplements or phytomedicines, it would also be very interesting to confirm these actions through clinical research.
Collapse
|
6
|
Safety Assessment and Pain Relief Properties of Saffron from Taliouine Region (Morocco). Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27103339. [PMID: 35630819 PMCID: PMC9144369 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27103339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Saffron is the most expensive spice in the world. In addition to its culinary utilization, this spice is used for medicinal purposes such as in pain management. In this study, the analgesic activity of Crocus sativus stigma extract (CSSE) was evaluated in rodents and its possible physiological mechanism was elucidated. The anti-nociceptive effect of CSSE was evaluated using three animal models (hot plate, writhing, and formalin tests). The analgesic pathways involved were assessed using various analgesia-mediating receptors antagonists. The oral administration of CSSE, up to 2000 mg/kg, caused no death or changes in the behavior or in the hematological and biochemical blood parameters of treated animals nor in the histological architecture of the animals’ livers and kidneys. CSSE showed a central, dose-dependent, anti-nociceptive effect in response to thermal stimuli; and a peripheral analgesic effect in the test of contortions induced by acetic acid. The dual (central and peripheral) analgesic effect was confirmed by the formalin test. The anti-nociceptive activity of CSSE was totally or partially reversed by the co-administration of receptor antagonists, naloxone, atropine, haloperidol, yohimbine, and glibenclamide. CSSE influenced signal processing, by the modulation of the opioidergic, adrenergic, and muscarinic systems at the peripheral and central levels; and by regulation of the dopaminergic system and control of the opening of the ATP-sensitive K+ channels at the spinal level. The obtained data point to a multimodal mechanism of action for CSSE: An anti-inflammatory effect and a modulation, through different physiological pathways, of the electrical signal generated by the nociceptors. Further clinical trials are required to endorse the potential utilization of Moroccan saffron as a natural painkiller.
Collapse
|
7
|
Oubella K, Mouhanni H, Bahammou Y, Idlimam A, Lamharrar A, Bendou A. Influence of Drying Temperature on the Different Thermodynamic Parameters during the Indirect Convective Solar Drying of Crocus sativus L. Of Morocco Thin-Layer Solar Drying of Moroccan Saffron. ScientificWorldJournal 2022; 2022:1656862. [PMID: 35645631 PMCID: PMC9135561 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1656862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This work deals with the study of the drying kinetics of Crocus sativus L. using convective solar drying. The main objective was to identify the influence of airflow drying temperatures for ambient air temperature ranged between 15.6 and 18.9°C, and a relative humidity between 24.4 and 46.5%. The equilibrium moisture content varies from 0.09 to 0.06 (% d.b), respectively, for drying air temperatures 35-50°C. The airflow velocity was about 0.2 m s-1, which implied establishing a phenomenological diffusion model of the water within the matrix. Empirical models were also determined as well as a polynomial equation (order 3) of the characteristic drying curve. The Midilli-Kucuk model was found to be the best to describe the experimental drying curves of Crocus sativus L. The effective moisture diffusivity ranged between 0.87 and 1.46 10-11 m2 s-1 for airflow temperature 35 and 50°C, while the average activation energy was calculated as 28.76 kJ mol-1. The increase in temperature decreases the total energy consumption which varies, respectively, from 3.211 to 2.681 kWh.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Khadija Oubella
- Research Team Materials, Mechanical and Civil Engineering, ENSA, Ibn Zohr University, BP 1136, Agadir, Morocco
| | - Hind Mouhanni
- Research Team Materials, Mechanical and Civil Engineering, ENSA, Ibn Zohr University, BP 1136, Agadir, Morocco
| | - Younes Bahammou
- Laboratory of Solar Energy and Medicinal Plants, Cadi Ayyad University, BP 2400, Marrakesh, Morocco
| | - Ali Idlimam
- Laboratory of Solar Energy and Medicinal Plants, Cadi Ayyad University, BP 2400, Marrakesh, Morocco
| | - Abdelkader Lamharrar
- Laboratory of Solar Energy and Medicinal Plants, Cadi Ayyad University, BP 2400, Marrakesh, Morocco
| | - Abdelaziz Bendou
- Research Team Materials, Mechanical and Civil Engineering, ENSA, Ibn Zohr University, BP 1136, Agadir, Morocco
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Controlling Agronomic Variables of Saffron Crop Using IoT for Sustainable Agriculture. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14095607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Saffron, also known as “the golden spice”, is one of the most expensive crops in the world. The expensiveness of saffron comes from its rarity, the tedious harvesting process, and its nutritional and medicinal value. Different countries of the world are making great economic growth due to saffron export. In India, it is cultivated mostly in regions of Kashmir owing to its climate and soil composition. The economic value generated by saffron export can be increased manyfold by studying the agronomical factors of saffron and developing a model for artificial cultivation of saffron in any season and anywhere by monitoring and controlling the conditions of its growth. This paper presents a detailed study of all the agronomical variables of saffron that have a direct or indirect impact on its growth. It was found that, out of all the agronomical variables, the important ones having an impact on growth include corm size, temperature, water availability, and minerals. It was also observed that the use of IoT for the sustainable cultivation of saffron in smart cities has been discussed only by very few research papers. An IoT-based framework has also been proposed, which can be used for controlling and monitoring all the important growth parameters of saffron for its cultivation.
Collapse
|
9
|
Annemer S, Ez zoubi Y, Ramzi A, El Hadrami EM, El Ouali Lalami A, Satrani B, Farah A. Variations in saffron quality in Morocco (Taliouine and Taznakht) according to altitude and provenance: Chemometric investigation. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.16292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Saoussan Annemer
- Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry Faculty of Sciences and Techniques University Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah Fez Morocco
| | - Yassine Ez zoubi
- Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry Faculty of Sciences and Techniques University Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah Fez Morocco
- Biotechnology, Environmental Technology and Valorization of Bio‐Resources Team Department of Biology Faculty of Sciences and Techniques Al‐Hoceima Abdelmalek Essaadi University Tetouan Morocco
| | - Amal Ramzi
- Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry Faculty of Sciences and Techniques University Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah Fez Morocco
| | - El Mestafa El Hadrami
- Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry Faculty of Sciences and Techniques University Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah Fez Morocco
| | - Abdelhakim El Ouali Lalami
- Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry Faculty of Sciences and Techniques University Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah Fez Morocco
- Higher Institute of Nursing Professions and Health Techniques of Fez Regional Health Directorate Fez Meknes El Ghassani Hospital Fez Morocco
| | - Badr Satrani
- Forestry Research Center ‐ Rabat Rabat‐Agdal Morocco
| | - Abdellah Farah
- Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry Faculty of Sciences and Techniques University Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah Fez Morocco
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
The Relation between Drying Conditions and the Development of Volatile Compounds in Saffron ( Crocus sativus). Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26226954. [PMID: 34834046 PMCID: PMC8621395 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26226954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Saffron is derived from the stigmas of the flower Crocus sativus L. The drying process is the most important post-harvest step for converting C. sativus stigmas into saffron. The aim of this review is to evaluate saffron's post-harvest conditions in the development of volatile compounds and its aroma descriptors. It describes saffron's compound generation by enzymatic pathways and degradation reactions. Saffron quality is described by their metabolite's solubility and the determination of picrocrocin, crocins, and safranal. The drying process induce various modifications in terms of color, flavor and aroma, which take place in the spice. It affects the aromatic species chemical profile. In the food industry, saffron is employed for its sensory attributes, such as coloring, related mainly to crocins (mono-glycosyl esters or di-glycosyl polyene).
Collapse
|
11
|
Esmaeili S, Berengi-Ardestani S, Khanniri E, Barzegar M, Sahari MA. Effect of storage time on the microbial and physicochemical properties of gamma irradiated turmeric powder under various atmospheres of packaging. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2021.109580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
12
|
Partial Characterization of the Impact of Saffron on the Sensory and Physicochemical Quality Traits of Dry-Cured Ham. Foods 2021; 10:foods10071506. [PMID: 34209860 PMCID: PMC8305926 DOI: 10.3390/foods10071506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study determined the effect of adding three concentrations of saffron (A: high, B: medium, and C: low) on vacuum-packaged dry-cured ham slices. The pH and the color coordinates were assessed at 0, 7, 14, 28 and 60 days of storage, and sensorial quality (visual appearance, odor and flavor) and safranal content were analyzed at 7, 14, 28 and 60 days. Saffron concentration did not significantly affect the pH or color (except in a* (redness) and b* (yellowness) at day 28; p < 0.001). Storage period affected pH values (p < 0.001) in all groups with a significant decline from day 28 (p < 0.05); the color coordinates showed a high stability (only L* (lightness) varied in the C group samples; p < 0.01). Sensorial quality did not vary with the time in any group. Significant differences were found among groups in visual appearance (p < 0.05) and flavor (p < 0.001) at day 14 and in odor at day 14, 28, and 60. In general, the C group samples obtained the highest scores. Safranal content varied significantly with the time in a different way in each group, with differences among groups at day 14 and 60 (p < 0.001).
Collapse
|
13
|
Effect of Crocus sativus L. Stigmas Microwave Dehydration on Picrocrocin, Safranal and Crocetin Esters. Foods 2021; 10:foods10020404. [PMID: 33673099 PMCID: PMC7918863 DOI: 10.3390/foods10020404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The dehydration process is the basis to obtain high quality saffron and to preserve it for a long time. This process modifies saffron’s main metabolites that define its quality, and are responsible for the characteristic color, taste, and aroma of the spice. In this work, the effect of microwave dehydration on saffron main metabolites (picrocrocin, safranal and crocetin esters) from Crocus sativus L. stigmas at three determinate powers and different time lapses was evaluated. The results showed that this dehydration process obtained similar or lower crocetin esters content, and after three months of storage, higher concentration was shown in treatments at 440 W for 36 s, 55 s, and 73 s; at 616 W for 90 s; and at 800 W for 20 s. Picrocrocin content was lower and safranal content was higher in all treatments compared to the control both before and after storage. Regarding to commercial quality, microwave dehydration obtained Category I of saffron according to International Standard Organization (ISO) 3632. After three months of storage, treatments at 616 W for 83 s and 800 W for 60 s obtained lower categories. The results obtained suggest that microwave dehydration is a suitable process for obtaining high quality saffron, 800 W with 6 lapses of 20 s being the best conditions studied.
Collapse
|
14
|
Moratalla-López N, Parizad S, Habibi MK, Winter S, Kalantari S, Bera S, Lorenzo C, García-Rodríguez MV, Dizadji A, Alonso GL. Impact of two different dehydration methods on saffron quality, concerning the prevalence of Saffron latent virus (SaLV) in Iran. Food Chem 2020; 337:127786. [PMID: 32795861 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The dehydration process is a prerequisite to preserve saffron for a long time. According to this process, saffron shows differences in the main compounds responsible for its quality (colour, taste, aroma, and flavonol content). At present, the freeze-drying method obtains dried products with the highest quality. Viruses can modify the physiology and metabolism of plants, being able to affect the activities of several enzymes. For this reason, the main compounds of saffron have been analyzed under two different dehydrating processes, freeze-drying and dark-drying, considering their infection status with the Saffron latent virus (SaLV). Results showed that the picrocrocin and safranal content enables to differ dark-dried samples from freeze-dried ones. Besides, the kaempferol-3-O-sophoroside-7-O-glucoside content allows differentiating between SaLV-infected (SaLV+) and uninfected (SaLV-) saffron samples. Moreover, our data suggest that the freeze-drying would decrease crocins content, and dark-drying can nullify the adverse effect of SaLV on crocins content.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Moratalla-López
- Cátedra de Química Agrícola, ETSI Agrónomos y Montes, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario, 02071 Albacete, Spain.
| | - Shirin Parizad
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, 31587-77871 Karaj, Iran.
| | - Mina Koohi Habibi
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, 31587-77871 Karaj, Iran.
| | - Stephan Winter
- German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, DSMZ, Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Siamak Kalantari
- Department of Horticultural Science, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, 31587-77871 Karaj, Iran.
| | - Sayanta Bera
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Plant-Microbe Biology and Plant Pathology Section, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| | - Candida Lorenzo
- Cátedra de Química Agrícola, ETSI Agrónomos y Montes, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario, 02071 Albacete, Spain.
| | - M Valle García-Rodríguez
- Cátedra de Química Agrícola, ETSI Agrónomos y Montes, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario, 02071 Albacete, Spain.
| | - Akbar Dizadji
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, 31587-77871 Karaj, Iran.
| | - Gonzalo L Alonso
- Cátedra de Química Agrícola, ETSI Agrónomos y Montes, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario, 02071 Albacete, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|