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Zhuang J, Hou Y, Wang Y, Gao Y, Chen Y, Qi J, Li P, Bian Y, Ju N. Relationship between microorganisms and milk metabolites during quality changes in refrigerated raw milk: A metagenomic and metabolomic exploration. Int J Food Microbiol 2024; 425:110891. [PMID: 39216362 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2024.110891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 08/06/2024] [Accepted: 08/26/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Although cold storage at 4 °C can effectively prolong the shelf life of raw milk, it cannot prevent its eventual spoilage. In this study, we analyzed the main physicochemical and microbial indexes of raw milk stored at 4 °C for 6 days. The changes in microbial profiles and milk metabolites and their relationship during refrigeration were also explored. Metagenomic analysis performed using the Illumina Hiseq Xten sequencing platform revealed that the dominant genera in raw milk evolved from Acinetobacter, Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, and Anaplasma to Flavobacterium, Pseudomonas, and Lactococcus during cold storage. Using the UHPLC-Q-TOF MS method, 77 significantly different metabolites (p < 0.05) were identified, among which lipids were the most abundant (37). The most significant metabolic changes largely occurred at 3-4 days of refrigeration, coinciding with the rapid increase in dominant psychrotrophic bacteria. Subsequently, correlation analysis demonstrated that these lipid-related metabolites were significantly associated with Acinetobacter, Flavobacterium, and Pseudomonas. Both macro indicators and microanalysis indicated that the key stage of quality changes in raw milk was 3-4 days. Thus, this stage can be targeted for the quality control of raw milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Zhuang
- School of Food Science & Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Yanru Hou
- School of Food Science & Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- School of Food Science & Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Yan Gao
- School of Food Science & Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Yanhui Chen
- School of Food Science & Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Jin Qi
- School of Food Science & Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Puyu Li
- School of Food Science & Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Yongxia Bian
- School of Food Science & Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Ning Ju
- School of Food Science & Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China.
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Hu W, Pei Z, Xia A, Jiang Y, Yang B, Liu X, Zhao J, Zhang H, Chen W. Lactobacillus helveticus-Derived Whey-Calcium Chelate Promotes Calcium Absorption and Bone Health of Rats Fed a Low-Calcium Diet. Nutrients 2024; 16:1127. [PMID: 38674818 PMCID: PMC11053418 DOI: 10.3390/nu16081127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the characteristics of Lactobacillus helveticus-derived whey-calcium chelate (LHWCC) and its effect on the calcium absorption and bone health of rats. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy showed that carboxyl oxygen atoms, amino nitrogen atoms, and phosphate ions were the major binding sites with calcium in LHWCC, which has a sustained release effect in simulated in vitro digestion. LHWCC had beneficial effects on serum biochemical parameters, bone biomechanics, and the morphological indexes of the bones of calcium-deficient rats when fed at a dose of 40 mg Ca/kg BW for 7 weeks. In contrast to the inorganic calcium supplement, LHWCC significantly upregulated the gene expression of transient receptor potential cation V5 (TRPV5), TRPV6, PepT1, calcium-binding protein-D9k (Calbindin-D9k), and a calcium pump (plasma membrane Ca-ATPase, PMCA1b), leading to promotion of the calcium absorption rate, whereas Ca3(PO4)2 only upregulated the TRPV6 channel in vivo. These findings illustrate the potential of LHWCC as an organic calcium supplement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (W.H.); (Z.P.); (A.X.); (Y.J.); (B.Y.); (J.Z.); (H.Z.); (W.C.)
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Zhiwen Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (W.H.); (Z.P.); (A.X.); (Y.J.); (B.Y.); (J.Z.); (H.Z.); (W.C.)
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Aonan Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (W.H.); (Z.P.); (A.X.); (Y.J.); (B.Y.); (J.Z.); (H.Z.); (W.C.)
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Yang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (W.H.); (Z.P.); (A.X.); (Y.J.); (B.Y.); (J.Z.); (H.Z.); (W.C.)
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Bo Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (W.H.); (Z.P.); (A.X.); (Y.J.); (B.Y.); (J.Z.); (H.Z.); (W.C.)
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Xiaoming Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (W.H.); (Z.P.); (A.X.); (Y.J.); (B.Y.); (J.Z.); (H.Z.); (W.C.)
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Jianxin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (W.H.); (Z.P.); (A.X.); (Y.J.); (B.Y.); (J.Z.); (H.Z.); (W.C.)
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (W.H.); (Z.P.); (A.X.); (Y.J.); (B.Y.); (J.Z.); (H.Z.); (W.C.)
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (W.H.); (Z.P.); (A.X.); (Y.J.); (B.Y.); (J.Z.); (H.Z.); (W.C.)
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
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Li S, He H, Zhang Y, Ning X, Ding Z, Zhang L, Li Y, Shi G. Identification of a Novel Lactose-Specific PTS Operon in Bacillus licheniformis and Development of Derivative Artificial Operon Modules. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023. [PMID: 37927088 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c05307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Bacillus licheniformis plays a crucial role as a microbial host in the food industry and shows promising potential as a probiotic for human intestinal regulation. It exhibits a remarkable ability to utilize lactose as its sole carbon source. Despite its significance, the lactose-related metabolic pathway in this strain remains unclear. In this study, we identified a novel lactose-specific operon (lacDCAB) in B. licheniformis, consisting of the lacD gene that encodes a unique 6-phospho-β-galactosidase belonging to the GH4 family, and the lacCAB genes encoding a lactose-specific PTS1 system. Notably, we constructed and assessed an array library of transport and catabolic modules specifically for lactose utilization. Among these modules, PDS-lacD-P2-pts1 demonstrated the highest specific lactose consumption rate of 0.64 g/(L·h·OD), which was 8 times higher than that of the control strain. Furthermore, we developed a dual carbon source transport model based on the PDS-lacD-P2-pts1 assembly module, which highlighted efficient coutilization of glucose/sucrose, lactose/sucrose, lactose/galactose, and lactose/2,3-butanediol. This study provides insight into the lactose-specific metabolic pathway of B. licheniformis and presents a promising strategy for enhancing lactose utilization efficiency and mixed carbon source coutilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyu Li
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China
- National Engineering Research Center for Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, People's Republic of China
- Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Hehe He
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China
- National Engineering Research Center for Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, People's Republic of China
- Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Yupeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China
- National Engineering Research Center for Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, People's Republic of China
- Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuewei Ning
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China
- National Engineering Research Center for Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, People's Republic of China
- Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongyang Ding
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China
- National Engineering Research Center for Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, People's Republic of China
- Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China
- National Engineering Research Center for Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, People's Republic of China
- Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Youran Li
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China
- National Engineering Research Center for Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, People's Republic of China
- Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Guiyang Shi
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China
- National Engineering Research Center for Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, People's Republic of China
- Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China
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Wang J, Tian Y, Wei J, Lyu C, Yu H, Song Y. Impacts of dibutyl phthalate on bacterial community composition and carbon and nitrogen metabolic pathways in a municipal wastewater treatment system. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 223:115378. [PMID: 36709875 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.115378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Dibutyl phthalate (DBP) is a typical toxic and hazardous pollutant in pharmaceutical wastewater, affecting the metabolism of microbial flora, leading to decreased treatment efficiency, and deteriorated effluent quality in municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). This study conducted a long-term experiment with 6 operational stages in a pilot-scale A2O-MBR system, analyzing the effect of DBP on the bacterial community and their carbon and nitrogen metabolic pathways. 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing analysis and principal components analysis (PCA) showed that DBP at 8 mg/L significantly influenced the structure of bacterial community (P < 0.05), resulting in reduced bacterial community diversity. Metagenomic analysis was used to explore the embedded carbon and nitrogen metabolic pathways. At the presence of DBP, the metabolism of saccharides, lipids, and aromatic compounds were blocked owing to the vanishment of key enzyme (such as acetylaminohexosyltransferase (EC 2.4.1.92) and UDP-sugar pyro phosphorylase (EC 2.7.7.64)) encoding genes, resulting in weakened carbon metabolism, and thus reduced COD removal performance. The resultant deficiency of the genes such as those encoding hydroxyproline dehydrogenase (EC 1.5.5.3) gave rise to interrupted metabolic pathways of amino acid (arginine, proline, tyrosine, and tryptophan), resulting in declined function of nitrogen metabolism and thus reduced TN removal efficiency. The uncovery of the mechanisms by which DBP affects wastewater treatment system efficiency and microbial metabolism is of theoretical importance for the efficient operation of municipal and pharmaceutical wastewater treatment systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China; State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yucheng Tian
- School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China; School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Jian Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China.
| | - Chunjian Lyu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Huibin Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Yonghui Song
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China; State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
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The protective effect of lactose on the bile salt stress response of Streptococcus thermophilus is strain dependent. FOOD BIOSCI 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2023.102560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
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Gao S, Jiang Y, Zhang X, Cui S, Liu X, Zhao J, Zhang H, Chen W. Comparative Peptidomics Analysis of Milk Fermented by Lactobacillus helveticus. Foods 2022; 11:foods11233885. [PMID: 36496691 PMCID: PMC9736952 DOI: 10.3390/foods11233885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactobacillus helveticus is one of the commonly used starter cultures for manufacturing various fermented dairy products. However, only a few studies have explored the cleavage region preference of L. helveticus with different cell envelope proteinase (CEP) genes. In the present study, we profiled the peptide composition of milk samples fermented by three different L. helveticus strains by means of peptidomics to illustrate their different proteolysis patterns. The result revealed that the differences in peptide profiles of milk samples fermented by different L. helveticus strains were mainly a result of variations in the peptide patterns of the casein fractions, which were correlated with CEP genotypes. This was mainly reflected in the extensiveness of the hydrolysis region of αS1-casein and the degree of β-casein hydrolysis. Bioactive peptides were mostly derived from the hydrolysis region common to the three L. helveticus strains, and DQHXN-Q32M42 fermentation resulted in the highest diversity and abundance of bioactive peptides and a significant antihypertensive effect in spontaneous hypertension rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuman Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Yang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Xinyi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Shumao Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Xiaoming Liu
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Pharmabiotics & Antibiotic Resistance, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Correspondence:
| | - Jianxin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Wuxi Translational Medicine Research Center and Jiangsu Translational Medicine Research Institute Wuxi Branch, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- National Engineering Research Centre for Functional Food, Wuxi 214122, China
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Tang L, Zhou Y, Zhang Y, Sun H. The role of energy/substrate in microbial hormesis. CURRENT OPINION IN TOXICOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cotox.2021.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Comparative Peptidomics Analysis of Fermented Milk by Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus and Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. lactis. Foods 2021; 10:foods10123028. [PMID: 34945579 PMCID: PMC8701751 DOI: 10.3390/foods10123028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Few studies have investigated the peptidomics of fermented milk by Lactobacillus delbrueckii. The aim of the present study was to interpret the peptidomic pattern of the fermented milk by five strains of L. delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus and ssp. lactis prior to and after the simulated gastrointestinal digestion in vitro. The results indicated variations in the peptidomics among the samples, particularly between the samples of different subspecies. The peptides originating from β-casein were abundant in the samples of ssp. bulgaricus, whereas the peptides derived from αs1-casein and αs2-casein were more likely to dominate in those of ssp. lactis. For β-casein, the strains of ssp. bulgaricus displayed extensive hydrolysis in the regions of (73–97), (100–120), and (130–209), whereas ssp. lactis mainly focused on (160–209). The digestion appears to reduce the variations of the peptidomics profile in general. Among the five strains, L. delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus DQHXNS8L6 was the most efficient in the generation of bioactive peptides prior to and after digestion. This research provided an approach for evaluating the peptide profile of the strains during fermentation and digestion.
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Developing Lactic Acid Bacteria as an Oral Healthy Food. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11040268. [PMID: 33805077 PMCID: PMC8064088 DOI: 10.3390/life11040268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Lactic acid bacteria have functions in immunoregulation, antagonism, and pathogen inhibition. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in countering oral pathogens and develop related products. After a series of assays to 450 LAB strains, 8 heat-inactivated strains showed a strong inhibitory effect on a caries pathogen, Streptococcus mutans, and 308 heat-inactivated LAB strains showed a strong inhibitory effect on a periodontal pathogen, Porphyromonas gingivalis. The key reasons for inhibiting oral pathogens were bacteriocins produced by LAB and the coaggregation effect of the inactivated cells. We selected Lacticaseibacillus (Lb) paracasei 111 and Lb.paracasei 141, which had the strongest inhibitory effects on the above pathogens, was the main oral health food source. The optimal cultural conditions of Lb. paracasei 111 and Lb. paracasei 141 were studied. An oral tablet with a shelf life of 446 days made of the above strains was developed. A 40 volunteers' clinical study (CSMUH IRB number: CS05065) was conducted with this tablet in the Periodontological Department of the Stomatology Research Center, Affiliated Hospital of Chung Shan Medical University (Taiwan). After 8 weeks of testing, 95% and 78.9% of patients showed an effect on reducing periodontal pathogens and improving probing pocket depth, respectively, in the oral tablet group.
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