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Gänzle MG, Monnin L, Zheng J, Zhang L, Coton M, Sicard D, Walter J. Starter Culture Development and Innovation for Novel Fermented Foods. Annu Rev Food Sci Technol 2024; 15:211-239. [PMID: 38052450 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-food-072023-034207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Interest in fermented foods is increasing because fermented foods are promising solutions for more secure food systems with an increased proportion of minimally processed plant foods and a smaller environmental footprint. These developments also pertain to novel fermented food for which no traditional template exists, raising the question of how to develop starter cultures for such fermentations. This review establishes a framework that integrates traditional and scientific knowledge systems for the selection of suitable cultures. Safety considerations, the use of organisms in traditional food fermentations, and the link of phylogeny to metabolic properties provide criteria for culture selection. Such approaches can also select for microbial strains that have health benefits. A science-based approach to the development of novel fermented foods can substantially advance their value through more secure food systems, food products that provide health-promoting microbes, and the provision of foods that improve human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G Gänzle
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada;
- College of Bioengineering and Food Science, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Ludovic Monnin
- SPO, Université Montpellier, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
- Lallemand Oenology, Blagnac, France
| | - Jinshui Zheng
- National Key Laboratory for Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingxiao Zhang
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada;
| | - Monika Coton
- Laboratoire Universitaire de Biodiversité et Ecologie Microbienne, Université de Brest, INRAE, Plouzané, France
| | - Delphine Sicard
- SPO, Université Montpellier, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Jens Walter
- APC Microbiome Ireland, School of Microbiology, and Department of Medicine, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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Xie J, Yap G, Simpson D, Gänzle M. The effect of seed germination and Bacillus spp. on the ripening of plant cheese analogs. Appl Environ Microbiol 2024; 90:e0227623. [PMID: 38319095 PMCID: PMC10952449 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02276-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Consumer demand for plant cheeses is increasing, but challenges of improving both flavor and quality remain. This study investigated the microbiological and physicochemical impact of seed germination and fermentation with Bacillus velezensis and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens on the ripening of plant cheese analogs. Chlorine treatment or addition of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum and Lactococcus lactis controlled microbial growth during seed germination. Lp. plantarum and Lc. lactis also served as starter cultures for the acidification of soy and lupine milk and were subsequently present in the unripened plant cheese as dominant microbes. Acidification also inhibited the growth and metabolic activity of bacilli but Bacillus spores remained viable throughout ripening. During plant cheese ripening, Lc. lactis was inactivated before Lp. plantarum and the presence of bacilli during seed germination delayed Lc. lactis inactivation. Metagenomic sequencing of full-length 16S rRNA gene amplicons confirmed that the relative abundance of the inoculated strains in each ripened cheese sample exceeded 99%. Oligosaccharides including raffinose, stachyose, and verbascose were rapidly depleted in the initial stage of ripening. Both germination and the presence of bacilli during seed germination had impact on polysaccharide hydrolysis during ripening. Bacilli but not seed germination enhanced proteolysis of plant cheese during ripening. In conclusion, the use of germination with lactic acid bacteria in combination with Bacillus spp. exhibited the potential to improve the quality of ripened plant cheeses with a positive effect on the reduction of hygienic risks. IMPORTANCE The development of novel plant-based fermented food products for which no traditional templates exist requires the development of starter cultures. Although the principles of microbial flavor formation in plant-based analogs partially overlap with dairy fermentations, the composition of the raw materials and thus likely the selective pressure on the activity of starter cultures differs. Experiments that are described in this study explored the use of seed germination, the use of lactic acid bacteria, and the use of bacilli to reduce hygienic risks, to acidify plant milk, and to generate taste-active compounds through proteolysis and fermentative conversion of carbohydrates. The characterization of fermentation microbiota by culture-dependent and culture-independent methods also confirmed that the starter cultures used were able to control microbial communities throughout 90 d of ripening. Taken together, the results provide novel tools for the development of plant-based analogs of fermented dairy products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Xie
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Gloria Yap
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - David Simpson
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Michael Gänzle
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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Xie J, Gänzle M. Microbiology of fermented soy foods in Asia: Can we learn lessons for production of plant cheese analogues? Int J Food Microbiol 2023; 407:110399. [PMID: 37716309 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2023.110399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023]
Abstract
The food industry is facing the challenge of creating innovative, nutritious, and flavored plant-based products, due to consumer's increasing demand for the health and environmental sustainability. Fermentation as a unique and effective tool plays an important role in the innovation of food products. Traditional fermented soy foods are popular in many Asian and African countries as nutritious, digestible and flavorful daily staples or condiments. They are produced by specific microorganisms with the unique fermentation process in which microorganisms convert the ingredients of whole soybean or soybean curd to flavorful and functional molecules. This review provides an overview on traditional fermented food produced from soy, including douchi, natto, tempeh, and sufu as well as stinky tofu, including the background of these products, the manufacturing process, and the microbial diversity involved in fermentation procedures as well as flavor volatiles that were identified in the final products. The contribution of microbes to the quality of these five fermented soy foods is discussed, with the comparison to the role of cheese ripening microorganisms in cheese flavor formation. This communication aims to summarize the microbiology of fermented soy foods in Asia, evoking innovative ideas for the development of new plant-based fermented foods especially plant-based cheese analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Xie
- University of Alberta, Dept. of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Michael Gänzle
- University of Alberta, Dept. of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, Edmonton, Canada; Hubei University of Technology, College of Bioengineering and Food Science, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China.
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Qiao Y, Zhang K, Zhang Z, Zhang C, Sun Y, Feng Z. Fermented soybean foods: A review of their functional components, mechanism of action and factors influencing their health benefits. Food Res Int 2022; 158:111575. [PMID: 35840260 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
After thousands of years of evolution and development, traditional fermented soybean foods, with their unique charm, have gained a stable place in the global market. With the explosive development of modern biological technologies, some traditional fermented soybean foods that possess health-promoting benefits are gradually appearing. Physiologically active substances in fermented soybean foods have received extensive attention in recent decades. This review addresses the potential health benefits of several representative fermented soybean foods, as well as the action mechanism and influencing factors of their functional components. Phenolic compounds, low-molecular-weight peptides, melanoidins, furanones and 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid are the antioxidative components predominantly found in fermented soybean foods. Angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitory peptides and γ-aminobutyric acid isolated from fermented soy foods provide potential selectivity for hypertension therapy. The potential anti-inflammatory bioactive components in fermented soybean foods include γ-linolenic acid, butyric acid, soy sauce polysaccharides, 2S albumin and isoflavone glycones. Deoxynojirimycin, genistein, and betaine possess high activity against α-glucosidase. Additionally, fermented soybean foods contain neuroprotective constituents, including indole alkaloids, nattokinase, arbutin, and isoflavone vitamin B12. The anticancer activities of fermented soybean foods are associated with surfactin, isolavone, furanones, trypsin inhibitors, and 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid. Nattokinase is highly correlated with antioxidant activity. And a high level of menaquinones-7 is linked to protection against neurodegenerative diseases. Sufficiently recognizing and exploiting the health benefits and functional components of traditional fermented soybean foods could provide a new strategy in the development of the food fermentation industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yali Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, No.600, Changjiang Road, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Kenan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, No.600, Changjiang Road, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Zongcai Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, No.600, Changjiang Road, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, No.600, Changjiang Road, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Yan Sun
- Heilongjiang Tobacco Industry Co., Ltd. Harbin Cigarette Factory, Harbin 150027, China
| | - Zhen Feng
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, No.600, Changjiang Road, Harbin 150030, China; Spice and Beverage Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Wanning 571533, China.
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Determination of 14 Isoflavone Isomers in Natto by UPLC-ESI-MS/MS and Antioxidation and Antiglycation Profiles. Foods 2022; 11:foods11152229. [PMID: 35892813 PMCID: PMC9332870 DOI: 10.3390/foods11152229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Natto is a famous traditional fermented food, but the influence of the fermentation process on the content and composition of soybean isoflavones and nutritional value is still unclear. In the present study, the variation in soybean isoflavones during fermentation by Bacillus subtilis natto was revealed by UPLC-ESI-MS/MS (Ultra high performance liquid chromatography-electron spray ionization-mass spectrometry) analysis. After 24 h of fermentation, the total isoflavone content in natto increased by 1.62 times compared with fresh soybean, and the content of aglycones was 3.07 times that of raw beans. More importantly, among 14 isoflavone isomers identified in natto, the isomers of daidzin, genistin, and succinyl genistin were detected for the first time, which might be due to the result of isomerase and succinylase and other corresponding enzymes’ action in Bacillus subtilis. In addition, natto isoflavones performed great antioxidant activity than its monomer components (glycosides daidzin and genistin, aglycones genistein and daidzein), except for genistein. Moreover, natto isoflavone and its aglycones (especially genistein) performed great inhibitory activity against AGEs (Advanced Glycation End Products) in three in vitro models. The mechanism test showed that genistein could form adducts (UPLC-Q-TOF-ESI-MS/MS analysis) with methylglyoxal. These findings demonstrated that soybean fermented with Bacillus subtilis natto had a significant influence on the isoflavone profiles and its bioactivity.
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Liu H, Wang Y, Zhu D, Xu J, Xu X, Liu J. Bioaccessibility and Application of Soybean Isoflavones: A Review. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2022.2103824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- He Liu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Bohai University, Jinszhou, Liaoning, China
| | - Yue Wang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Bohai University, Jinszhou, Liaoning, China
| | - Danshi Zhu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Bohai University, Jinszhou, Liaoning, China
| | - Jiaxin Xu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Bohai University, Jinszhou, Liaoning, China
| | - Xinyue Xu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Bohai University, Jinszhou, Liaoning, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Shandong Yuwang Ecological Food Industry Co. Ltd, Yucheng, Shandong, China
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Sasi M, Kumar S, Hasan M, S R A, Garcia-Gutierrez E, Kumari S, Prakash O, Nain L, Sachdev A, Dahuja A. Current trends in the development of soy-based foods containing probiotics and paving the path for soy-synbiotics. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 63:9995-10013. [PMID: 35611888 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2078272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In the world of highly processed foods, special attention is drawn to the nutrient composition and safety of consumed food products. Foods fortified with probiotic bacteria confer beneficial effects on human health and are categorized as functional foods. The salubrious activities of probiotics include the synthesis of vital bioactives, prevention of inflammatory diseases, anticancerous, hypocholesterolemic, and antidiarrheal effects. Soy foods are exemplary delivery vehicles for probiotics and prebiotics and there are diverse strategies to enhance their functionality like employing mixed culture fermentation, engineering probiotics, and incorporating prebiotics in fermented soy foods. High potential is ascribed to the concurrent use of probiotics and prebiotics in one product, termed as "synbiotics," which implicates synergy, in which a prebiotic ingredient particularly favors the growth and activity of a probiotic micro-organism. The insights on emended bioactive profile, metabolic role, and potential health benefits of advanced soy-based probiotic and synbiotic hold a promise which can be profitably implemented to meet consumer needs. This article reviews the available knowledge about strategies to enhance the nutraceutical potential, mechanisms, and health-promoting effects of advanced soy-based probiotics. Traditional fermentation merged with diverse strategies to improve the efficiency and health benefits of probiotics considered vital, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minnu Sasi
- Division of Biochemistry, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Sandeep Kumar
- Division of Biochemistry, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
- Quality and Productivity Improvement Division, ICAR-Indian Institute of Natural Resins and Gums, Ranchi, India
| | - Muzaffar Hasan
- Division of Biochemistry, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
- Agro Produce Processing Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Bhopal, India
| | - Arpitha S R
- Division of Biochemistry, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Sweta Kumari
- Division of Biochemistry, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Om Prakash
- National Centre for Microbial Resource (NCMR), National Centre for Cell Science, Pune, India
| | - Lata Nain
- Division of Microbiology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Archana Sachdev
- Division of Biochemistry, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Anil Dahuja
- Division of Biochemistry, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
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Comparative Metabolomics Study of Chaenomeles speciosa (Sweet) Nakai from Different Geographical Regions. Foods 2022; 11:foods11071019. [PMID: 35407106 PMCID: PMC8997580 DOI: 10.3390/foods11071019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Chaenomeles speciosa (Sweet) Nakai (C. speciosa) is not only a Chinese herbal medicine but also a functional food widely planted in China. Its fruits are used to treat many diseases or can be processed into food products. This study aims to find key metabolic components, distinguish the differences between geographical regions and find more medicinal and edible values of C. speciosa fruits. We used ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) and widely targeted metabolomics analysis to reveal key and differential metabolites. We identified 974 metabolites and screened 548 differential metabolites from 8 regions. We selected significantly high-content differential metabolites to visualize a regional biomarker map. Comparative analysis showed Yunnan had the highest content of total flavonoids, the highest amounts of compounds related to disease resistance and drug targets and the most significant difference from the other regions according to the Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology Database and Analysis Platform database, a unique platform for studying the systematic pharmacology of Chinese herbal medicine and capturing the relationship between drugs, targets and diseases. We used oral bioavailability (OB) ≥ 30% and drug likeness (DL) ≥ 0.18 as the selection criteria and found 101 key active metabolites, which suggests that C. speciosa fruits were rich in healthy metabolites. These results provide valuable information for the development of C. speciosa.
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