1
|
Hou W, Feng J, Sun Y, Chen X, Liu Y, Wei J. Utilizing metabolomics and network analysis to explore the effects of artificial production methods on the chemical composition and activity of agarwood. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1357381. [PMID: 38774207 PMCID: PMC11107428 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1357381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Agarwood is a traditional aromatic southern medicine. It has a long history of being used in traditional Chinese aromatherapy to treat insomnia, anxiety and depression. Due to the scarcity of wild resources, people have planted trees successfully and begun to explore various agarwood-inducing techniques. This study comparative analysis of volatile metabolites in agarwood produced by various inducing techniques and its potential sleep-promoting, anti-anxiety and anti-depressant network pharmacological activities. Methods: A total of 23 batches of two types of agarwood were collected, one of which was produced by artificial techniques, including 6 batches of TongTi (TT) agarwood produced by "Agar-Wit" and 6 batches of HuoLao (HL) agarwood produced by "burning, chisel and drilling", while the other was collected from the wild, including 6 batches of BanTou (BT) agarwood with trunks broken due to natural or man-made factors and 5 batches of ChongLou (CL) agarwood with trunks damaged by moth worms. The study employed metabolomics combined with network analysis to compare the differences in volatile metabolites of agarwood produced by four commonly used inducing techniques, and explored their potential roles and possible action targets in promoting sleep, reducing anxiety, and alleviating depression. Results: A total of 147 volatile metabolites were detected in agarwood samples, mainly including small aromatic hydrocarbons, sesquiterpenes and 2-(2-phenylethyl) chromone and their pyrolysis products. The results showed composition of metabolites was minimally influenced by the agarwood induction method. However, their concentrations exhibited significant variations, with 17 metabolites showing major differences. The two most distinct metabolites were 6-methoxy-2-(2-phenylethyl) chromone and 6,7-dimethoxy-2-(2-phenylethyl) chromone. Among the volatile metabolites, 142 showed promising potential in treating insomnia, anxiety, and depression, implicating various biological and signaling pathways, predominantly ALB and TNF targets. The top three active metabolites identified were 2-(2-phenylethyl) chromone, 1,5-diphenylpent-1-en-3-one, and 6-methoxy-2-[2-(4'-methoxyphenyl) ethyl] chromone, with their relative content in the four types of agarwood being TT>HL>CL>BT. Conclusion: The differences in the content of 2-(2-phenylethyl) chromones suggest that they may be responsible for the varying therapeutic activities observed in different types of agarwood aromatherapy. This study offers theoretical support for the selection of agarwood in aromatherapy practices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wencheng Hou
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Resources Conservation and Development of Southern Medicine and Key Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Agarwood Sustainable Utilization, Hainan Branch of the Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Haikou, China
| | - Jian Feng
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Resources Conservation and Development of Southern Medicine and Key Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Agarwood Sustainable Utilization, Hainan Branch of the Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Haikou, China
| | - Yuanyuan Sun
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education and National Engineering Laboratory for Breeding of Endangered Medicinal Materials, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiqin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education and National Engineering Laboratory for Breeding of Endangered Medicinal Materials, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yangyang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education and National Engineering Laboratory for Breeding of Endangered Medicinal Materials, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jianhe Wei
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Resources Conservation and Development of Southern Medicine and Key Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Agarwood Sustainable Utilization, Hainan Branch of the Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Haikou, China
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education and National Engineering Laboratory for Breeding of Endangered Medicinal Materials, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Su G, Yu C, Liang S, Wang W, Wang H. Multi-omics in food safety and authenticity in terms of food components. Food Chem 2024; 437:137943. [PMID: 37948800 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.137943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
One of the main goals of food science is to ensure the high quality and safety of food. The inspection technology for known hazards has matured, and the identification of unknown and potential food safety hazards, as well as the identification of their composition and origin, is a challenge faced by food safety. Food safety and authenticity require multi-omics methods to support the implementation of qualitative discrimination to precise quantitative analysis, from targeted screening to non-target detection, and from multi component to full component analysis to address these challenges. The present review aims to provide characterizations, advantages, the latest progress, and prospects of using omics (including genomics, proteomics, and metabonomics) in food safety and authenticity. Multi omics strategies used to detect and verify different standard biomarkers of food will contribute to understanding the basic relationship between raw materials, processing, foods, nutrition, food safety, and human health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guangyue Su
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, PR China; School of Functional Food and Wine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, PR of China
| | - Chong Yu
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, PR China; Department of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Shuwen Liang
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, PR China; Department of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Wei Wang
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, PR China; Department of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Haifeng Wang
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, PR China; Department of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhang H, Wang P, Wang J, Liu H, Chen X. Assessing the impact of Chlorantraniliprole (CAP) pesticide stress on oilseed rape (Brassia campestris L.): Residue dynamics, enzyme activities, and metabolite profiling. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 200:105785. [PMID: 38582570 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2024.105785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
This study investigates the effects of chlorantraniliprole (CAP) pesticide stress on oilseed rape through comprehensive pot experiments. Assessing CAP residue variations in soil and oilseed rape (Brassia campestris L.), enzyme activities (POD, CPR, GST), and differential metabolites, we unveil significant findings. The average CAP residue levels were 18.38-13.70 mg/kg in unplanted soil, 9.94-6.30 mg/kg in planted soil, and 0-4.18 mg/kg in oilseed rape samples, respectively. Soil microbial influences and systemic pesticide translocation into oilseed rape contribute to CAP residue variations. Under the influence of CAP stress, oilseed rape displays escalated enzyme activities (POD, CPR, GST) and manifests 57 differential metabolites. Among these, 32 demonstrate considerable downregulation, mainly impacting amino acids and phenolic compounds, while 25 exhibit noteworthy overexpression, primarily affecting flavonoid compounds. This impact extends to 24 metabolic pathways, notably influencing amide biosynthesis, as well as arginine and proline metabolism. These findings underscore the discernible effects of CAP pesticide stress on oilseed rape.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Product Processing and Quality Control (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection and Control of Spoilage Organisms and Pesticide Residues in Agricultural Products, Department of Food Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Pingping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Product Processing and Quality Control (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection and Control of Spoilage Organisms and Pesticide Residues in Agricultural Products, Department of Food Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Jiangfei Wang
- Beijing Yunong High Quality Cultivation of Agricultural Products Company, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Huijun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Product Processing and Quality Control (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection and Control of Spoilage Organisms and Pesticide Residues in Agricultural Products, Department of Food Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China.
| | - Xiangning Chen
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Product Processing and Quality Control (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection and Control of Spoilage Organisms and Pesticide Residues in Agricultural Products, Department of Food Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
de León-Solis C, Casasola V, Monterroso T. Metabolomics as a tool for geographic origin assessment of roasted and green coffee beans. Heliyon 2023; 9:e21402. [PMID: 38028010 PMCID: PMC10651463 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Coffee is widely consumed across the globe. The most sought out varieties are Arabica and Robusta which differ significantly in their aroma and taste. Furthermore, varieties cultivated in different regions are perceived to have distinct characteristics encouraging some producers to adopt the denomination of origin label. These differences arise from variations on metabolite content related to edaphoclimatic conditions and post-harvest management among other factors. Although sensory analysis is still standard for coffee brews, instrumental analysis of the roasted and green beans to assess the quality of the final product has been encouraged. Metabolomic profiling has risen as a promising approach not only for quality purposes but also for geographic origin assignment. Many techniques can be applied for sample analysis: chromatography, mass spectrometry, and NMR have been explored. The data collected is further sorted by multivariate analysis to identify similar characteristics among the samples, reduce dimensionality and/or even propose a model for predictive purposes. This review focuses on the evolution of metabolomic profiling for the geographic origin assessment of roasted and green coffee beans in the last 21 years, the techniques that are usually applied for sample analysis and also the most common approaches for the multivariate analysis of the collected data. The prospect of applying a wide range of analytical techniques is becoming an unbiased approach to determine the origin of different roasted and green coffee beans samples with great correlation. Predictive models worked accurately for the geographic assignment of unknown samples once the variety was known.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia de León-Solis
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas, Biológicas, Biomédicas y Biofísicas, Mariano Gálvez University, 3 Avenida 9-00 zona 2, 01002, Interior Finca El Zapote, Ciudad de Guatemala, Guatemala
| | - Victoria Casasola
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas, Biológicas, Biomédicas y Biofísicas, Mariano Gálvez University, 3 Avenida 9-00 zona 2, 01002, Interior Finca El Zapote, Ciudad de Guatemala, Guatemala
| | - Tania Monterroso
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas, Biológicas, Biomédicas y Biofísicas, Mariano Gálvez University, 3 Avenida 9-00 zona 2, 01002, Interior Finca El Zapote, Ciudad de Guatemala, Guatemala
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Amalia F, Irifune T, Takegami T, Yusianto, Sumirat U, Putri SP, Fukusaki E. Identification of potential quality markers in Indonesia's Arabica specialty coffee using GC/MS-based metabolomics approach. Metabolomics 2023; 19:90. [PMID: 37880543 PMCID: PMC10600306 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-023-02051-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The cupping test is a widely used method for quality assessment of Arabica coffee. However, the cupping test is limited by the low number of certified panelists and the low throughput. Therefore, an analytical-based quality assessment may be a promising tool to complement the cupping test. A present, there is no report investigating quality marker candidates, focusing only on "specialty" grade Arabica coffee from Indonesia. OBJECTIVE This study identified the potential quality marker(s) in Arabica Specialty coffee at different stages (green beans, roasted beans, and brewed coffee. METHODS The metabolite profiles of ten different Arabica specialty-grade coffees were analyzed with different cup scores using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS). From the ten samples, green coffee beans, roasted coffee beans, and brewed coffee were selected. In addition, an orthogonal projection to latent structure (OPLS) regression analysis was conducted to obtain a potential quality marker based on the variable importance in projection (VIP). The potential quality marker(s) were validated by GC/MS metabolome profiling and OPLS analysis of different sets of samples consisting of 35 Arabica specialty-grade coffee samples. RESULTS In Arabica coffee samples, the OPLS model of the three stages showed galactinol to have a high VIP score. Galactinol showed a consistent positive correlation with cup scores at all stages of coffee production (green beans, roasted beans, and brewed coffee). The correlation suggests galactinol is a potential quality marker after further validation using different samples. CONCLUSION GC/MS combined with OPLS regression analysis suggested galactinol as a quality marker and provide an early screening method for Arabica coffee quality that complements the cupping test performed by certified panelists.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fitri Amalia
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tomoya Irifune
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tetsuji Takegami
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yusianto
- Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute, Jl. PB. Sudirman 90, Jember, East Java, 68118, Indonesia
| | - Ucu Sumirat
- Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute, Jl. PB. Sudirman 90, Jember, East Java, 68118, Indonesia
| | - Sastia Prama Putri
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
- Industrial Biotechnology Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Eiichiro Fukusaki
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
- Industrial Biotechnology Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
- Osaka University Shimadzu Omics Innovation Research Laboratories, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Markos MU, Tola Y, Kebede BT, Ogah O. Metabolomics: A suitable foodomics approach to the geographical origin traceability of Ethiopian Arabica specialty coffees. Food Sci Nutr 2023; 11:4419-4431. [PMID: 37576063 PMCID: PMC10420859 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.3434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Coffee arabica, originated in Ethiopia, is considered a quality bean for its high sensory qualities, and has a special price in the world coffee market. The country is a pool of genetic diversity for Arabica coffee, and coffee from different regions has a distinct flavor profile. Their exceptional quality is attributed to their genetic diversity, favorable environmental conditions, and agroforestry-based production system. However, the country still needs to benefit from its single-origin product due to a lack of appropriate traceability information to register for its geographical indication. Certification of certain plants or plant-derived products emerged to inform consumers about their exceptional qualities due to their geographical origin and protect the product from fraud. The recently emerging foodomics approaches, namely proteomics, genomics, and metabolomics, are reported as suitable means of regional agri-food product authentication and traceability. Particularly, the metabolomics approach provides truthful information on product traceability. Despite efforts by some researchers to trace the geographical origin of Ethiopian Arabica coffees through stable isotope and phenolic compound profiling and elemental analysis, foodomics approaches are not used to trace the geographical origin of Arabica specialty coffees from various parts of the country. A metabolomics-based traceability system that demonstrates the connection between the exceptional attributes of Ethiopian Arabica specialty coffees and their geographic origin is recommended to maximize the benefit of single-origin coffees.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Makiso Urugo Markos
- Department of Food Science and Postharvest Technology, College of Agricultural SciencesWachemo UniversityHosannaEthiopia
- Department of Postharvest Management, College of Agriculture and Veterinary MedicineJimma UniversityJimmaEthiopia
| | - Yetenayet Tola
- Department of Postharvest Management, College of Agriculture and Veterinary MedicineJimma UniversityJimmaEthiopia
| | | | - Onwuchekwa Ogah
- Department of BiotechnologyEbonyi State UniversityAbakalikiNigeria
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Pumbua R, Sricharoen N, Wongravee K, Praneenararat T. Paper Spray Mass Spectrometry as an Effective Tool for Differentiating Coffees Based on Their Geographical Origins. Food Chem X 2023; 18:100624. [PMID: 37122555 PMCID: PMC10139933 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2023.100624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
With the rising trend of valuing flavor complexity of coffees, means to distinguish the properties of individual coffee sources is vital to the sustainable growth of the coffee industry. Herein, paper spray mass spectrometry (PS-MS), a simple technique with little sample preparation, was used to collect mass data from aqueous extracts of coffees from various sources. Thereafter, principal component analysis and linear discriminant analysis were used to successfully classify coffee samples (with 80-100 % accuracy) from various studies including the differentiations of Arabica and Robusta coffees, Arabica coffees from different countries, Robusta coffees from different geographical locations, and Arabica coffees from different locations within the same province in Thailand. With further insight from significant test via Fisher weight determination, this method was proved to be practical for differentiating coffees based on types and geographical origins, thus paving the way for broader applications.
Collapse
|
8
|
Tsai PW, Tayo LL, Ting JU, Hsieh CY, Lee CJ, Chen CL, Yang HC, Tsai HY, Hsueh CC, Chen BY. Interactive deciphering electron-shuttling characteristics of Coffea arabica leaves and potential bioenergy-steered anti-SARS-CoV-2 RdRp inhibitor via microbial fuel cells. INDUSTRIAL CROPS AND PRODUCTS 2023; 191:115944. [PMID: 36405420 PMCID: PMC9659477 DOI: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2022.115944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Due to the pandemics of COVID-19, herbal medicine has recently been explored for possible antiviral treatment and prevention via novel platform of microbial fuel cells. It was revealed that Coffea arabica leaves was very appropriate for anti-COVID-19 drug development. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory tests exhibited the most promising activities for C. arabica ethanol extracts and drying approaches were implemented on the leaf samples prior to ethanol extraction. Ethanol extracts of C. arabica leaves were applied to bioenergy evaluation via DC-MFCs, clearly revealing that air-dried leaves (CA-A-EtOH) exhibited the highest bioenergy-stimulating capabilities (ca. 2.72 fold of power amplification to the blank). Furthermore, molecular docking analysis was implemented to decipher the potential of C. arabica leaves metabolites. Chlorogenic acid (-6.5 kcal/mol) owned the highest binding affinity with RdRp of SARS-CoV-2, showing a much lower average RMSF value than an apoprotein. This study suggested C. arabica leaves as an encouraging medicinal herb against SARS-CoV-2.
Collapse
Key Words
- ADMET,, Absorption-distribution-metabolism-excretion-toxicity
- BBB,, Blood-brain barrier
- Biorefinery
- C. arabica,, Coffea arabica
- CA-40-EtOH,, EtOH extract of C. arabica leaves by 40°C oven-dried
- CA-80-EtOH,, EtOH extract of C. arabica leaves by 80°C oven-dried
- CA-A-EtOH,, EtOH extract of C. arabica leaves by air-dried
- CA-AC,, Acetone extract of C. arabica leaves by 40°C oven-dried
- CA-EA,, Ethyl acetate extract of C. arabica leaves by 40°C oven-dried
- CA-F-EtOH,, EtOH extract of C. arabica leaves by freeze-dried
- CA-H2O,, Water extract of C. arabica leaves by 40°C oven-dried
- CA-HX,, Hexane extract of C. arabica leaves by 40°C oven-dried
- COVID-19
- Chlorogenic acid
- Coffea arabica leaves
- DC-MFCs,, Dual Chamber-Microbial Fuel Cells
- DPPH,, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl
- FRAP,, Ferric ion reducing antioxidant power
- MFC,, Microbial fuel cell
- Microbial fuel cells
- QSAR,, Quantitative-structure-activity relationship
- RMSF,, Root-mean-square fluctuation
- RdRp
- RdRp,, RNA-dependent RNA polymerase
- SARS-CoV-2,, Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Po-Wei Tsai
- Department of Medical Science Industries, College of Health Sciences, Chang Jung Christian University, Tainan 711, Taiwan
| | - Lemmuel L Tayo
- School of Chemical, Biological, and Materials Engineering and Sciences, Mapúa University, 1002 Metro Manila, the Philippines
| | - Jasmine U Ting
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, De La Salle University, Metro Manila 1004, the Philippines
| | - Cheng-Yang Hsieh
- Ph.D. Program in Clinical Drug Development of Herbal Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Jung Lee
- Ph.D. Program in Clinical Drug Development of Herbal Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
- Traditional Herbal Medicine Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Ling Chen
- Department of Medical Science Industries, College of Health Sciences, Chang Jung Christian University, Tainan 711, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Chuan Yang
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National I-Lan University, I-Lan 260, Taiwan
| | - Hsing-Yu Tsai
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National I-Lan University, I-Lan 260, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Chuan Hsueh
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National I-Lan University, I-Lan 260, Taiwan
| | - Bor-Yann Chen
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National I-Lan University, I-Lan 260, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|