A review on valorization of different byproducts of mango (Mangifera indica L.) for functional food and human health

Mangiferin: A comprehensive review on its extraction, purification and uses in food systems

With the target of fabricating healthier products, food manufacturing companies look for natural-based nutraceuticals that can potentially improve the physicochemical properties of food systems while being nutritive to the consumer and providing additional health benefits (biological activities). In this regard, Mangiferin joins all these requirements as a potential nutraceutical, which is typically contained in Mangifera indica products and its by-products. Unfortunately, knowing the complex chemical composition of Mango and its by-products, the extraction and purification of Mangiferin remains a challenge. Therefore, this comprehensive review revises the main strategies proposed by scientists for the extraction and purification of Mangiferin. Importantly, this review identifies that there is no report reviewing and criticizing the literature in this field so far. Our attention has been targeted on the timely findings on the primary extraction techniques and the relevant insights into isolation and purification. Our discussion has emphasized the advantages and limitations of the proposed strategies, including solvents, extracting conditions and key interactions with the target xanthone. Additionally, we report the current research gaps in the field after analyzing the literature, as well as some examples of functional food products containing Mangiferin.

Value addition of mango kernel for development and characterization of starch with starch nanoparticles for packaging applications

The present research was conducted to explore the potential of mango kernel starch from the Chaunsa variety to develop starch and starch nanoparticles (SNPs) based films. The investigation included starch isolation from mango kernel followed by the preparation of SNPs by acid hydrolysis and a thorough examination of various physicochemical properties for film formation. The properties of SNPs were found to be distinctly different from those of native starch. SNPs exhibited an aggregated form with an irregular surface, whereas native starch had an oval and elongated shape with a smooth surface. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed that the starch type in SNPs was of the A-type. Additionally, the pasting properties of SNPs were minimal due to the acid hydrolysis process. SNP-based composite film was developed with (5 %) SNP concentration added. This successful incorporation of SNPs enhanced biodegradability, with complete degradation occurring within three weeks. Moreover, the composite films displayed increased burst strength, measuring 1303.51 ± 73.7 g, and lower water vapor transmission rates (WVTR) at (7.40 ± 0.50) × 10-3 g per square meter per second and reduced water solubility at 35.32 ± 3.0 %. This development represents a significant advancement in the field of eco-friendly packaging materials.

Nanotechnology for controlling mango malformation: a promising approach

Mango (Mangifera indica L.) is one of the most important fruit crops in the world with yields of approximately 40 million tons annually and its production continues to decrease every year as a result of the attack of certain pathogens i.e. Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Erythricium salmonicolor, Amritodus atkinsoni, Idioscopus clypealis, Idioscopus nitidulus, Bactrocera obliqua, Bactrocera frauenfeldi, Xanthomonas campestris, and Fusarium mangiferae. So F. mangiferae is the most harmful pathogen that causes mango malformation disease in mango which decreases its 90% yield. Nanotechnology is an eco-friendly and has a promising effect over traditional methods to cure fungal diseases. Different nanoparticles possess antifungal potential in terms of controlling the fungal diseases in plants but applications of nanotechnology in plant disease managements is minimal. The main focus of this review is to highlight the previous and current strategies to control mango malformation and highlights the promising applications of nanomaterials in combating mango malformation. Hence, the present review aims to provide brief information on the disease and effective management strategies.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

Mango Peels as an Industrial By-Product: A Sustainable Source of Compounds with Antioxidant, Enzymatic, and Antimicrobial Activity

Plant waste materials are important sources of bioactive compounds with remarkable health-promoting benefits. In particular, industrial by-products such as mango peels are sustainable sources of bioactive substances, with antioxidant, enzymatic, and antimicrobial activity. Appropriate processing is essential to obtain highly bioactive compounds for further use in generating value-added products for the food industry. The objective of the study was to investigate and compare the biological activity of compounds from fresh and dried mango peels obtained by different conventional methods and unconventional extraction methods using supercritical fluids (SFE). The highest total phenolic content (25.0 mg GAE/g DW) and the total content of eight phenolic compounds (829.92 µg/g DW) determined by LC-MS/MS were detected in dried mango peel extract obtained by the Soxhlet process (SE). SFE gave the highest content of proanthocyanidins (0.4 mg PAC/g DW). The ethanolic ultrasonic process (UAE) provided the highest antioxidant activity of the product (82.4%) using DPPH radical scavenging activity and total protein content (2.95 mg protein/g DW). Overall, the dried mango peels were richer in bioactive compounds (caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, gallic acid, catechin, and hesperidin/neohesperidin), indicating successful preservation during air drying. Furthermore, outstanding polyphenol oxidase, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and lipase activities were detected in mango peel extracts. This is the first study in which remarkable antibacterial activities against the growth of Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and Gram-positive bacteria (Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus) were evaluated by determining the microbial growth inhibition rate after 12 and 24 h incubation periods for mango peel extracts obtained by different methods. Ethanolic SE and UAE extracts from dried mango peels resulted in the lowest minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC90) for all bacterial species tested. Mango peels are remarkable waste products that could contribute to the sustainable development of exceptional products with high-added value for various applications, especially as dietary supplements.

Screening and Characterization of Phenolic Compounds from Selected Unripe Fruits and Their Antioxidant Potential

The food sector's interest in sustainability and the demand for novel bioactive compounds are increasing. Many fruits are wasted every year before ripening due to various climatic conditions and harsh weather. Unripe mangoes, grapes, and black lemons could be rich sources of phenolic compounds that need to be fully elucidated. Using fruit waste as a source of bioactive chemicals has grown increasingly appealing as it may have significant economic benefits. Polyphenols are beneficial for human health to inhibit or minimize oxidative stress and can be used to develop functional and nutraceutical food products. In this context, this study aimed to characterize and screen unripe mangoes, grapes, and black lemons for phenolic compounds using LC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS and their antioxidant activities. Unripe mangoes were quantified with higher total phenolic content (TPC, 58.01 ± 6.37 mg GAE/g) compared to black lemon (23.08 ± 2.28 mg GAE/g) and unripe grapes (19.42 ± 1.16 mg GAE/g). Furthermore, unripe mangoes were also measured with higher antioxidant potential than unripe grapes and black lemons. A total of 85 phenolic compounds (70 in black lemons, 49 in unripe grapes, and 68 in unripe mango) were identified, and 23 phenolic compounds were quantified using LC-MS/MS. Procyanidin B2, gallic acid, epicatechin, caffeic acid, quercetin, and chlorogenic acid were measured with higher concentration in these selected unripe fruits. A positive correlation was found between phenolic contents and the antioxidant activities of unripe fruits. Furthermore, chemometric analysis was conducted to validate the results. This study will explore the utilization of these unripe fruits to develop functional and therapeutic foods.

Risk assessment and environmental consequences of the use of the Allium-derived compound propyl-propane thiosulfonate (PTSO) in agrifood applications

The organosulfur compound propyl-propane thiosulfonate (PTSO), mainly found in Allium cepa, has a promising use in the agrifood industry. To confirm its safety for livestock, consumers, and environment, toxicological assessment is needed. In this regard, endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are in the spotlight of research. Therefore, as part of the risk assessment of PTSO, in the present work, an in vivo study was performed in mice exposed to PTSO to investigate its potential reproductive toxicity considering fertility, genetic and endocrine endpoints. Five-weeks-old CD1 mice (80 males, 80 females) were exposed for 11 or 16 weeks (males or females, respectively) to different doses of PTSO (0, 14, 28 and 55 mg PTSO/kg b.w./day; 20 animals per group and sex) through the food pellets. No clinical observations or mortality and no changes in absolute organ weights and relative organ weights/body weight or brain ratios occurred during the study. The estrous cycle did not undergo any significant toxicologically relevant change. Most of the sex hormones displayed normal values. Some alterations in the expression of some genes related to reproduction is only observed in females, but they do not appear to have consequences in the development of sex organs. Docking results showed the impossibility of stable binding to estrogen and androgen receptors. Considering all the results obtained, the safe profile of PTSO can be confirmed for different agrifood applications at the conditions assayed.

Consumption Behaviour towards Branded Functional Beverages among Gen Z in Post-COVID-19 Times: Exploring Antecedents and Mediators

This study investigates the predictors and mediators of branded functional beverage consumption behaviour (CB) within the Gen Z demographic group in Bulgaria. An integrated model based on two widely known psychosocial theories was developed to examine the relationships between the consumers' personal values within the value-belief-norm theory and the components of the protection motivation theory (PMT). The conceptual framework included two more influencing factors whose impact had not been researched in depth in previous studies concerning CB-namely, the role of media (RM) and branded functional beverage health benefits (HB). An empirical survey based on 435 Gen Z members aged between 16 and 26 years was conducted. Structural equation modelling was used to analyse the proposed hypotheses. The results revealed that the consumers' personal values were significant predictors of the PMT threat and coping appraisal components, which, in turn, had a significant positive impact on CB. CB was not directly affected by the branded functional beverage health benefits but was indirectly influenced by the HB via purchase intention toward functional beverages and RM. The study highlighted the important role of RM, which directly and indirectly affected CB. The theoretical and practical implications were discussed, and recommendations were given for raising Gen Z's awareness of the benefits of functional beverages and increasing their consumer acceptance.

Comparative assessment of physicochemical, structural and functional properties of dietary fiber extracted from mango (Mangifera indica L.) and soursop (Annona muricata) peels

The potential of soursop, a less well-known tropical fruit, was assessed as a source of dietary fiber (DF) and compared to mango. After optimizing the conditions to maximize the extraction yield of soluble and insoluble DF, their structural, physicochemical, and functional properties were evaluated. The results showed that soursop excelled in total and insoluble DF content (50 % higher than mango). The antioxidant response and reducing sugar content obtained for soursop were significantly higher than in mango. Yet, the insoluble fraction in both fruits was characterized by higher antioxidant activity and phenolic content. The chemical composition of both fruits revealed that glucose and potassium were the main sugar and mineral, respectively. Lactic, formic, and acetic acids were the main short-chain fatty acids produced after in vitro colonic fermentation with Lacticaseibacillus casei and Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus, and negligible amounts of butyric, propionic, and valeric acids were detected after 48-h-fermentation, independent of the fruit. Soursop is a promising rich source of DF that can be used together with mango to develop and enhance foods' textural and nutritional characteristics.

Quality Assessment of Burdekin Plum (Pleiogynium timoriense) during Ambient Storage

Pleiogynium timoriense, commonly known as Burdekin plum (BP), is among many Australian native plants traditionally used by Indigenous people. However, only limited information is available on the nutritional and sensory quality of BP grown in Australia as well as its changes during storage. Therefore, this study evaluated the quality of BP during one week of ambient storage (temperature 21 °C, humidity 69%). Proximate analysis revealed a relatively high dietary fiber content in BP (7-10 g/100 g FW). A significant reduction in fruit weight and firmness (15-30% and 60-90%, respectively) with distinguishable changes in flesh color (ΔE > 3) and an increase in total soluble solids (from 11 to 21 °Brix) could be observed during storage. The vitamin C and folate contents in BP ranged from 29 to 59 mg/100g FW and 0.3 to 5.9 μg/100g FW, respectively, after harvesting. A total phenolic content of up to 20 mg GAE/g FW and ferric reducing antioxidant power of up to 400 μmol Fe²⁺/g FW in BP indicate a strong antioxidant capacity. In total, 34 individual phenolic compounds were tentatively identified in BP including cyanidin 3-galactoside, ellagic acid and gallotannins as the main phenolics. Principle component analysis (PCA) of the quantified phenolics indicated that tree to tree variation had a bigger impact on the phenolic composition of BP than ambient storage. Sensory evaluation also revealed the diversity in aroma, appearance, texture, flavor and aftertaste of BP. The results of this study provide crucial information for consumers, growers and food processors.

Modulation of growth, immune response, and immune-antioxidant related gene expression of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) reared under biofloc system using mango peel powder

This study aimed to investigate the effects of mango peel powder (MGPP) on growth, innate immunity, and immune-antioxidant related gene expression of Nile tilapia reared under biofloc system. Three hundred Nile tilapia (average weight 14.78 ± 0.05 g) were distributed into 15 fiber tanks (300 L per tank) assigned to five treatments in triplication. Fish were fed basal diet containing different levels MGPP as follows: 0 (MGPP0: control), 6.25 (MGPP 6.25), 12.5 (MGPP 12.25), 25 (MGPP 25), and 50 (MGPP 50) g kg^-1 diet for 8 weeks. Specific growth rate (SGR), weight gain (WG), final weight (FW), feed conversion ratio (FCR), skin mucus of lysozyme (SMLA), and peroxidase activities (SMPA), serum of lysozyme (SL) and peroxidase (SP) were measured every for weeks; while immune-antioxidant-related gene expressions were determined after 8 weeks post-feeding. The results indicated that MGPP 25 diet resulted in higher SGR, WG, FW, and FCR but no significant differences among treatments were noticed. In terms of immune responses, lysozyme and peroxidase activities in mucus and serum were significantly higher in MGPP 12.5 and MGPP 25 diets against the control. Similarly, significant up-regulation of IL-1 and IL-8 gene expressions was observed in fish fed MGPP 25 against the control. However, no significant differences in LBP, GSTa, GPX, and GSR among treatments were observed. Overall, dietary inclusion of MGPP 25 significantly enhanced immune response and immune related gene expressions but not growth performance and antioxidant gene expressions. The results implied that MGPP can be potentially used as an immunostimulants in Nile tilapia culture.

Impact of Water Supply Reduction and Cold Storage on Phenolic Compounds from Mango (Mangifera indica L. cv. Cogshall) Pulp and Peel

The impacts of water supply reduction and cold storage were investigated on the peels and pulps of cv. Cogshall mangoes, regarding their phenolic compound contents. Phenolics identification was operated using HPLC-MSn for both compartments revealing an unbalanced repartition. Peels had a richer and more complex profile, counting xanthone glycoside (mangiferin), flavonoids (quercetin, kaempferol) and majorly gallotannins. Pulps presented smaller amounts of phenolics and a simpler profile majorly represented by gallotannins and gallic acid derivatives. During fruit ripening, the phenolic contents decreased in both compartments, but faster in the pulp. This behavior can be attributed to the oxidative stress observed in mango pulp during ripening. Cutting down the water supply during the fruit growth triggered an increase in phenolic contents of both the peels and pulp of mango fruits. This increase affected all compounds. Cold storage at 12 or 7 °C led to an increase in mangiferin and flavonoids contents in the fruit peel, interpreted as a stress-response reaction.