1
|
Zhang C, Li Y, Yu Z, Liu Y, Dong L. Effectiveness of biological drying for citric acid dewatered sludge: Evaluating the impact of energy-efficient ventilation strategies. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2024; 182:237-249. [PMID: 38677141 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2024.04.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
The effectiveness of dehydration and utilization processes for citric acid dewatered sludge is hampered by its high concentrations of polysaccharides, proteins, and water-binding properties of microbial extracellular polymers (EPS). This research explores the efficacy and mechanisms involved in extracting water from this type of sludge using biological drying technology, with varying rates of ventilation. Especially pertinent was the use of low ventilation rates as control variables. Our results suggest that a scheduled intermittent ventilation at lower rates allows for the most efficient removal of water, achieving a rate of 41.71 % within eight days, according to the zero-order kinetic model. Remarkably, the peak temperature registered was 60 °C, reaching this threshold in just 0.1 days and maintaining high temperatures for approximately 5.9 days. Component analysis of organic matter illustrated a preferential degradation process for lipids under these ventilation conditions which is pivotal for releasing and transforming bound water for efficient extraction, as well as facilitating the breakdown of easily hydrolysable materials. Further, polysaccharide/protein (EPS) decomposition contributed to water removal, though less significantly. The periodic ventilation strategy allowed for the maximum cumulative temperature to be sustained, demonstrating superior efficiency in harnessing bio-generated heat (82.77 % for water evaporation), resulting in dry sludge suitable for self-sustained combustion at relatively low cost ($26.61/t). Highlighted by this study is the considerable potential of energy-efficient ventilation methods in the biological drying treatment of citric acid fermented sludge and similar industrial waste materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chen Zhang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Cleaner Production and Integrated Resource Utilization of China National Light Industry, Beijing, China
| | - YangYang Li
- College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - ZhanQiu Yu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Cleaner Production and Integrated Resource Utilization of China National Light Industry, Beijing, China
| | - YanFeng Liu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Cleaner Production and Integrated Resource Utilization of China National Light Industry, Beijing, China
| | - LiMing Dong
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Cleaner Production and Integrated Resource Utilization of China National Light Industry, Beijing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Yu B, Fu L, Chen T, Zheng G, Yang J, Cheng Y, Liu Y, Huang X. Environmental impacts of cement kiln co-incineration sewage sludge biodried products in a scale-up trial. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2024; 177:24-33. [PMID: 38290345 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2024.01.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
The biodrying technology as a pretreatment technology can overcome the limitations of cement kilns co-incineration sewage sludge (SS) on energy consumption. But the impact of SS biodried products on cement kilns and the route carbon reduction potential of biodrying + cement kilns have not been studied. In this study, SS biodrying and cement kiln co-incineration biodried product trials were conducted to highlight the matrix combustion characteristics, and the impact of biodried products on cement kilns (clinker capacity, coal consumption, and pollutant discharge). The carbon emissions of the four scenarios were assessed based on these results. The results showed that water removal rate reached 65.5 % after 11-day biodrying, and the wet-based lower heating value of the biodried product increased by 76.0 % compared with the initial matrix. Comprehensive combustibility index of the biodried product (0.745 × 10-7 %2℃-3min-2) was better than that of SS (0.433 × 10-7 %2℃-3min-2) although a portion of the organic matter was degraded. Cement kiln co-incineration of biodried products (150 t/d) resulted in per tonne of clinker saved 5.61 kg of coal due to the heat utilization efficiency of biodried products reached to 93.7 %. However, it led to an increase in the emission concentrations of NOX and SO2. Assessment results indicated that the biodrying + cement kiln pathway reduced CO2 emissions by 385.7 kg/t SS. Biodried products have greater potential to reduce emissions as alternative fuels than as fertilizers. This study indicated the advantages of SS biodrying + cement kiln co-incineration route.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bao Yu
- Center for Environmental Remediation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Lili Fu
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Beijing Greentech Technology Group Co.Ltd., Beijing 100080, China
| | - Tongbin Chen
- Center for Environmental Remediation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guodi Zheng
- Center for Environmental Remediation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Junxing Yang
- Center for Environmental Remediation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuan Cheng
- Center for Environmental Remediation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- Center for Environmental Remediation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xue Huang
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Beijing Greentech Technology Group Co.Ltd., Beijing 100080, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Famielec S, Malinowski M, Tomaszek K, Wolny-Koładka K, Krilek J. The effect of biological methods for MSW treatment on the physicochemical, microbiological and phytotoxic properties of used biofilter bed media. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2024; 175:276-285. [PMID: 38232519 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2024.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Biofilters are commonly used in municipal solid waste treatment (MSW) facilities to remove odors and pollutants from process gases. However, the effectiveness of biofilter bed media decreases over time, necessitating periodic replacement. The type of the treatment process may affect the lifespan of the bed and the way it should be utilized after replacement. This study aimed to analyze the physical, chemical, calorific, microbiological, and phytotoxic parameters of bed media in biofilters operated at an industrial scale in MSW treatment plants. The experiments included three full cycles of biofiltering gases from biodrying, composting, and aerobic biostabilization in two variations. Physicochemical properties (moisture, organic matter, carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, heavy metal contents), respiration activity (AT4), phytotoxicity, and microorganism abundance were determined for initial materials and samples from two biofilter layers collected after each cycle. Results revealed a substantial reduction in AT4 (by 63%-87% compared to initial material), significant moisture content increase in the bottom layers (by 61% or more, depending on the process), and a considerable decrease in microorganism abundance. Biofilter bed media from biodrying and composting exhibited low environmental risk (low heavy metal concentrations, negligible phytotoxicity, and microbiological stability). However, bed packings from aerobic biostabilization processes showed significant inhibition of indicator plants and incomplete sanitization (presence of pathogens like E. coli and Salmonella spp.). Therefore, these bed packings can be utilized for energy recovery, such as incineration after drying. This research provides significant insights into the effectiveness and safety of biofilter bed media in MSW treatment plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stanisław Famielec
- Department of Bioprocesses Engineering, Energetics and Automatization, Faculty of Production and Power Engineering, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Balicka Street 116b, 30-149 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Mateusz Malinowski
- Department of Bioprocesses Engineering, Energetics and Automatization, Faculty of Production and Power Engineering, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Balicka Street 116b, 30-149 Krakow, Poland
| | - Klaudia Tomaszek
- Department of Bioprocesses Engineering, Energetics and Automatization, Faculty of Production and Power Engineering, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Balicka Street 116b, 30-149 Krakow, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Wolny-Koładka
- Department of Microbiology and Biomonitoring, Faculty of Agriculture and Economics, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Mickiewicz Ave 24/28, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
| | - Jozef Krilek
- Department of Environmental and Forestry Machinery, Faculty of Technology, Technical University in Zvolen, T.G. Masaryka Street 24, 960 01 Zvolen, Slovakia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Claudia Salanță L, Corina Fărcaş A, Borșa A, Rodica Pop C. Current strategies for the management of valuable compounds from hops waste for a circular economy. Food Chem X 2023; 19:100876. [PMID: 37780312 PMCID: PMC10534220 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2023.100876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
World beer production generates large volumes of waste discharged with every brew. Recently, new methods of reducing and reusing hops waste: hot trub (HT), and brewer-spent hops (BSH) are being exploited to improve the circular economy processes. This review outlines the current achievements in the management of hops waste. Following an in-depth review of various scientific publications, current strategies are discussed as a sustainable alternative to food waste exploitation and an inexpensive source of valuable compounds. Moreover, key aspects concerning the nutritional value of hops waste and the potential to enhance the functional properties of food and beverages are highlighted. Due to their nutritional composition, hops residues may be used as prospective sources of added-value co-products or additives for food enrichment, especially for products rich in fat, or as a new source of vegetable protein.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liana Claudia Salanță
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Anca Corina Fărcaş
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Andrei Borșa
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Carmen Rodica Pop
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Malinowski M, Famielec S. Impact of Biochar Addition and Air-Flow Rate on Ammonia and Carbon Dioxide Concentration in the Emitted Gases from Aerobic Biostabilization of Waste. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15051771. [PMID: 35269003 PMCID: PMC8911222 DOI: 10.3390/ma15051771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Application of additives to waste may influence the course of the biostabilization process and contribute to its higher effectiveness, as well as to a reduction in greenhouse gas and ammonia (NH3) emission from this process. This paper presents research on the impact of biochar addition on the course of the biostabilization process of an undersized fraction from municipal solid waste (UFMSW) in terms of temperature changes, CO2 concentration in the exhaust gases, NH3 emission from the process, as well as changes in the carbon and nitrogen content in the processed waste. Six different biochar additives and three different air-flow rates were investigated for 21 days. It was found that biochar addition contributes to extending the thermophilic phase duration (observed in the case of the addition of 3% and 5% of biochar). The concentration of CO2 in exhaust gases was closely related to the course of temperature changes. The highest concentration of CO2 in the process gases (approx. 18–19%) was recorded for the addition of 10% and 20% of biochar at the lowest air-flow rate applied. It was found that the addition of 3% or a higher amount of biochar reduces nitrogen losses in the processed UFMSW and reduces NH3 emission by over 90% compared to the control.
Collapse
|
6
|
Current Status and Review of Waste-to-Biogas Conversion for Selected European Countries and Worldwide. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14031823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Growing world population and increasing population density are leading to increasing waste production with biological waste amounting to several billion tonnes annually. Together with the increasing need for renewable energy sources, waste-to-biogas conversion as a prime example of waste-to-energy technology represents a facile way of solving two problems simultaneously. This review aims to address the recent progress in the field of waste-to-biogas technology, which is lately facing intensive research and development, and present the current status of this waste treatment method both in technological and legislative terms. The first part provides an overview of waste and waste management issues. This is followed by a detailed description of applicable waste-to-energy (WtE) technologies and their current implementation in selected European countries. Moreover, national energy and climate plans (NECPs) of selected EU Member States are reviewed and compared with a focus on implementation of WtE technologies. In a further section, biogas production from waste around the world is reviewed and compared country wise. Finally, an outlook into the future of WtE technologies is provided alongside the conclusions based upon the reviewed data.
Collapse
|
7
|
Rheological Properties of Industrial Hot Trub. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14237162. [PMID: 34885316 PMCID: PMC8658480 DOI: 10.3390/ma14237162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The boiling of beer wort with hops results in the formation of a hot trub, a sediment consisting mainly of water-insoluble tannin and protein conglomerates and hop residue. Hot trub is a waste product, removed in a clarifying tank and discarded. The use of barley malt substitutes in recipes for beer is associated with an increase in the amount of generated hot trub. In presented study, an analysis of the rheological properties of industrial hot trub was carried out. Samples varied with regard to the quantities of unmalted barley (0%, 35%, and 45%) and worts’ extract (12.5, 14.1, 16.1, and 18.2 °Plato) in the recipe. The rheology of each type of sludge was determined using a hysteresis loop at four different temperatures. The results showed the shear-thinning and thixotropic properties of the hot trub. It was found that, regardless of the raw material and extract used, all samples exhibited the same rheological properties, but with different values. It was also proved that both raw material composition and temperature affected the hot trub’s rheology. The highest values of viscosity were identified for malted barley, whereas the lowest apparent viscosity values were recorded for the hot trub with a 30% addition of unmalted barley. The Herschel–Bulkley model had the best fit to the experimental data.
Collapse
|
8
|
Antibiotic Resistance of Escherichia coli Isolated from Processing of Brewery Waste with the Addition of Bulking Agents. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su131810174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to determine the drug resistance profile and to assess the presence of genes responsible for the production of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases in Escherichia coli isolated from energy-processed hop sediment with the addition of bulking agents. Antibiotic resistance was determined by the disk diffusion method and the PCR technique to detect genes determining the extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) mechanism. A total of 100 strains of E. coli were collected. The highest resistance was found to aztreonam, tetracycline, ampicillin, ticarcillin, and ceftazidime. The bacteria collected were most often resistant to even 10 antibiotics at the same time and 15 MDR strains were found. The ESBL mechanism was determined in 14 isolates. Among the studied genes responsible for beta-lactamase production, blaTEM was the most common (64%). The study revealed that the analysed material was colonised by multi-drug-resistant strains of E. coli, which pose a threat to public health. The obtained results encourage further studies to monitor the spread of drug resistance in E. coli.
Collapse
|
9
|
Sterczyńska M, Zdaniewicz M, Wolny-Koładka K. Rheological and Microbiological Characteristics of Hops and Hot Trub Particles Formed during Beer Production. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26030681. [PMID: 33525580 PMCID: PMC7866070 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26030681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
During the production of beer, and especially beer wort, the main wastes are spent grain and hot trub, i.e., the so-called "hot break." Combined with yeast after fermentation, they represent the most valuable wastes. Hot trub is also one of the most valuable by-products. Studies on the chemical composition of these sediments and their rheological properties as waste products will contribute to their effective disposal and even further use as valuable pharmaceutical and cosmetic raw materials. So far, hot trub has been studied for morphology and particle distribution depending on the raw material composition and beer wort extract. However, there are no preliminary studies on the rheological properties of hot trub and hops. In particular, no attention has yet been paid to the dependence of these properties on the hop variety or different protein sources used. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of different hopping methods on hot trub viscosity and beer wort physicochemical parameters. Additionally, the hop solutions were measured at different temperatures. A microbiological analysis of hop sediments was also performed to determine the post-process survival of selected microorganisms in these wastes. For manufacturers of pumps used in the brewing industry, the most convenient material is that of the lowest viscosity. Low viscosity hot trub can be removed at lower velocities, which reduces costs and simplifies washing and transport. The sediments also had similar equilibrium viscosity values at high shear rates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monika Sterczyńska
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Food Industry Processes and Facilities, Koszalin University of Technology, 15-17 Raclawicka, PL75620 Koszalin, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Marek Zdaniewicz
- Department of Fermentation Technology and Microbiology, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Balicka 122, 30-149 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Katarzyna Wolny-Koładka
- Department of Microbiology and Biomonitoring, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Mickiewicza Ave 24/28, 30-059 Krakow, Poland;
| |
Collapse
|