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Tee PYE, Krishnan T, Cheong XT, Maniam SAP, Looi CY, Ooi YY, Chua CLL, Fung SY, Chia AYY. A review on the cultivation, bioactive compounds, health-promoting factors and clinical trials of medicinal mushrooms Taiwanofungus camphoratus, Inonotus obliquus and Tropicoporus linteus. Fungal Biol Biotechnol 2024; 11:7. [PMID: 38987829 PMCID: PMC11238383 DOI: 10.1186/s40694-024-00176-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Medicinal mushrooms, such as Taiwanofungus camphoratus, Inonotus obliquus, and Tropicoporus linteus, have been used in traditional medicine for therapeutic purposes and promotion of overall health in China and many East Asian countries for centuries. Modern pharmacological studies have demonstrated the large amounts of bioactive constituents (such as polysaccharides, triterpenoids, and phenolic compounds) available in these medicinal mushrooms and their potential therapeutic properties. Due to the rising demand for the health-promoting medicinal mushrooms, various cultivation methods have been explored to combat over-harvesting of the fungi. Evidence of the robust pharmacological properties, including their anticancer, hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, antioxidant, and antiviral activities, have been provided in various studies, where the health-benefiting properties of the medicinal fungi have been further proven through numerous clinical trials. In this review, the cultivation methods, available bioactive constituents, therapeutic properties, and potential uses of T. camphoratus, I. obliquus and T. linteus are explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phoebe Yon Ern Tee
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, 47500, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Thiiben Krishnan
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, 47500, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Xin Tian Cheong
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, 47500, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Snechaa A P Maniam
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, 47500, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Chung Yeng Looi
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, 47500, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Yin Yin Ooi
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, 47500, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Caroline Lin Lin Chua
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, 47500, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Shin-Yee Fung
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Building, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Adeline Yoke Yin Chia
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, 47500, Selangor, Malaysia.
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Ren Y, Li HX, Zhou L, Lu ZM, Shi J, Geng Y, Xu ZH. Protective Effect of Spore Powder of Antrodia camphorata ATCC 200183 on CCl 4-Induced Liver Fibrosis in Mice. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12092778. [PMID: 32932919 PMCID: PMC7551437 DOI: 10.3390/nu12092778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver fibrosis is a pathological process with intrahepatic diffused deposition of the excess extracellular matrix, which leads to various chronic liver diseases. Drugs with high efficacy and low toxicity for liver fibrosis are still unavailable. Antrodia camphorata has antioxidant, antivirus, antitumor and anti-inflammation roles, and has been used to treat liver diseases in the population. However, the hepatoprotective effects of A. camphorata spores and the mechanisms behind it have not been investigated. In this study, we evaluate the hepatoprotective effect of spore powder of A. camphorata (SP, 100 mg/kg/day or 200 mg/kg/day) on carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver fibrosis in mice. SP groups reduced serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activities compared with the CCl4 group. SP also showed a decrease in hydroxyproline (Hyp) content in liver tissues. SP improved cell damage and reduced collagen deposition by H&E, Sirius red and Masson staining. Furthermore, SP down-regulated the mRNA levels of α-SMA and Col 1, and the protein expression of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), collagen I (Col 1), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), toll like receptor 4 (TLR4) and nuclear factor-Κb (NF-κB) p65. In summary, SP has an ameliorative effect on hepatic fibrosis, probably by inhibiting the activation of hepatic stellate cells, reducing the synthesis of extracellular matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilin Ren
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (Y.R.); (J.S.)
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (Z.-M.L.); (Z.-H.X.)
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Bioactive Products Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Hua-Xiang Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China;
| | - Lingxi Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China;
| | - Zhen-Ming Lu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (Z.-M.L.); (Z.-H.X.)
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Bioactive Products Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Jinsong Shi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (Y.R.); (J.S.)
| | - Yan Geng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (Y.R.); (J.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-510-85918206
| | - Zheng-Hong Xu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (Z.-M.L.); (Z.-H.X.)
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Bioactive Products Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China;
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Antrodia cinnamomea, a Treasured Medicinal Mushroom, Induces Growth Arrest in Breast Cancer Cells, T47D Cells: New Mechanisms Emerge. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20040833. [PMID: 30769922 PMCID: PMC6412332 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20040833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 02/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Reported cases of breast cancer have skyrocketed in the last decades with recent advances in examination techniques. Brest cancer has become the second leading cause of mortality among women worldwide, urging the scientific community to develop or find new drugs from natural sources with potent activity and a reasonable safety profile to tackle this ailment. Antrodia cinnamomea (AC) is a treasured medicinal fungus which has attracted attention due to its potent hepatoprotective and cytotoxic activities. We evaluated the antiproliferative activity of the ethanol extract of artificially cultured AC (EEAC) on breast cancer cells (T47D cells) in vivo and in vitro. Ethanol extract of artificially cultured AC inhibited T47D cells' proliferation mediated by cell cycle arrest at G1 phase as well induced autophagy. Immunoblotting assay confirmed that EEAC not only decreased the expression of the cell-cycle-related proteins but also increased the expression of transcription factor FOXO1, autophagic marker LC3 II, and p62. Ethanol extract of artificially cultured AC mediated endoplasmic reticulum stress by promoting the expression of IRE1 (inositol-requiring enzyme 1α), GRP78/Bip (glucose regulating protein 78), and CHOP (C/EBP homologous protein). Apart from previous studies, HDACs (histone deacetylases) activity was inhibited as demonstrated by a cell-free system, immunoblotting, and immunofluorescence assays following EEAC treatment. The in vivo studies demonstrated that EEAC decreased tumor volume and inhibited tumor growth without any significant side effects. High performance liquid chromatography profile demonstrated similar triterpenoids compared to the profile of wild AC ethanol extract. The multiple targets of EEAC on breast cancer cells suggested that this extract may be developed as a potential dietary supplement targeting this debilitating disease.
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Novel Rhodanine Derivative, 5-[4-(4-Fluorophenoxy) phenyl]methylene-3-{4-[3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl) propoxy]phenyl}-2-thioxo-4-thiazolidinone dihydrochloride, Induces Apoptosis via Mitochondria Dysfunction and Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Human Colon Cancer Cells. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23112895. [PMID: 30404185 PMCID: PMC6278386 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23112895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 11/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously reported that 5-[4-(4-fluorophenoxy) phenyl] methylene-3-{4-[3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)propoxy]phenyl}-2-thioxo-4-thiazolidinone dihydrochloride (KSK05104) has potent, selective and metabolically stable IKKβ inhibitory activities. However, the apoptosis-inducing of KSK05104 and its underlying mechanism have not yet been elucidated in human colon cancer cells. We show that KSK05104 triggered apoptosis, as indicated by externalization of Annexin V-targeted phosphatidylserine residues in HT-29 and HCT-116 cells. KSK05104 induced the activation of caspase-8, -9, and -3, and the cleavage of poly (ADP ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1). KSK05104-induced apoptosis was significantly suppressed by pretreatment with z-VAD-fmk (a broad caspase inhibitor). KSK05104 also induced release of cytochrome c (Cyt c), apoptosis inducing factor (AIF), and endonuclease G (Endo G) by damaging mitochondria, resulting in caspase-dependent and -independent apoptotic cell death. KSK05104 triggered endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and changed the intracellular calcium level ([Ca2+]i). Interestingly, treatment with KSK05104 activated not only ER stress marker proteins including inositol-requiring enzyme 1-alpha (IRE-1α) and protein kinase RNA-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK), but also μ-calpain, and caspase-12 in a time-dependent manner. KSK05104-induced apoptosis substantially decreased in the presence of BAPTA/AM (an intracellular calcium chelator). Taken together, these results suggest that mitochondrial dysfunction and ER stress contribute to KSK05104-induced apoptosis in human colon cancer cells.
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Zhang BB, Hu PF, Huang J, Hu YD, Chen L, Xu GR. Current Advances on the Structure, Bioactivity, Synthesis, and Metabolic Regulation of Novel Ubiquinone Derivatives in the Edible and Medicinal Mushroom Antrodia cinnamomea. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:10395-10405. [PMID: 29125753 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b04206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, Antrodia cinnamomea has attracted great attention around the world as an extremely precious edible and medicinal mushroom. Ubiquinone derivatives, which are characteristic metabolites of A. cinnamomea, have shown great bioactivities. Some of them have been regarded as promising therapeutic agents and approved into clinical trial by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Although some excellent reviews have been published covering different aspects of A. cinnamomea, this review brings, for the first time, complete information about the structure, bioactivity, chemical synthesis, biosynthesis, and metabolic regulation of ubiquinone derivatives in A. cinnamomea. It not only advances our knowledge on the bioactive metabolites, especially the ubiquinone derivatives, in A. cinnamomea but also provides valuable information for the investigation on other edible and medicinal mushrooms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Bo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University , Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng-Fei Hu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University , Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Huang
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University , Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong-Dan Hu
- Yunnan Institute of Food Safety, Kunming University of Science and Technology , Kunming, Yunnan 650500, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University , Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Gan-Rong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University , Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, People's Republic of China
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Tien AJ, Chien CY, Chen YH, Lin LC, Chien CT. Fruiting Bodies of Antrodia cinnamomea and Its Active Triterpenoid, Antcin K, Ameliorates N-Nitrosodiethylamine-Induced Hepatic Inflammation, Fibrosis and Carcinogenesis in Rats. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2017; 45:173-198. [PMID: 28081627 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x17500124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Antrodia cinnamomea (A. cinnamomea), a popular medicinal mushroom in Taiwan, is widely used to prevent or treat liver diseases. Systematic studies on the anti-inflammatory effect of A. cinnamomea and its molecular mechanisms have not yet been fully investigated. HPLC fingerprint analysis identified seven ergostane-type triterpenoids from A. cinnamomea water extract (ACW), including high amounts of Antcin K (AC), Antcin C, Antcin H, Dehydrosulphurenic acid, Antcin B, Antcin A and Dehydroeburicoic acid. Here, we explored the effects and mechanisms of ACW and the highest content AC on N-nitrosodiethylamine (DEN) induced liver inflammation, fibrosis and carcinogenesis in rats. In the in vitro study, we measured how ACW and AC dose-dependently scavenged O[Formula: see text], H2O2 and HOCl by a chemiluminescence analyzer. In the in vivo experiment, oral intake ACW and AC significantly inhibited DEN-enhanced hepatocellular inflammation, fibrosis and carcinoma by pathologic observation, the elevated bile and liver reactive oxygen species (ROS) amounts, plasma [Formula: see text]-glutamyl transpeptidase, and oxidative stress including 3-nitrotyrosine, 4-hydroxynonenal and Kuppfer cell infiltration (ED-1 stains) in the inflammatory livers. DEN enhanced nuclear factor-[Formula: see text]B (NF-[Formula: see text]B) translocation, whereas ACW and AC suppressed DEN-enhanced NF-[Formula: see text]B translocation through the inhibition of its upstream signaling of p85/phosphoinositide-3-kinase, mitogen activated protein kinase and CYP2E1 expression. In conclusion, DEN can induce hepatocellular inflammation, fibrosis and carcinoma by increasing NF-[Formula: see text]B translocation to the nucleus, and oxidative injury. ACW and its active component, Antcin K, counteract DEN-induced hepatic injury and inflammation by the protective and therapeutic mechanisms of a direct scavenging ROS activity and an upregulation of anti-oxidant defense mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- An-Jan Tien
- * Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 11677, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chen-Yen Chien
- † Department of Surgery, Mackay Memorial Hospital and Mackay Medical College, Taipei 10449, Taiwan, R.O.C.,‡ Mackay Junior College of Medicine, Nursing and Management, New Taipei City 252, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yueh-Hsi Chen
- * Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 11677, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Lung-Chin Lin
- § Department of Internal Medicine, Kuang-Tien General Hospital, Taichung City 433, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chiang-Ting Chien
- * Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 11677, Taiwan, R.O.C
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Chou KCC, Yang SH, Wu HL, Lin PY, Chang TL, Sheu F, Chen KH, Chiang BH. Biosynthesis of Antroquinonol and 4-Acetylantroquinonol B via a Polyketide Pathway Using Orsellinic Acid as a Ring Precursor in Antrodia cinnamomea. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:74-86. [PMID: 28001060 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b04346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Antroquinonol (AQ) and 4-acetylantroquinonol B (4-AAQB), isolated from the mycelium of Antrodia cinnamomea, have a similar chemical backbone to coenzyme Q (CoQ). Based on the postulation that biosynthesis of both AQ and 4-AAQB in A. cinnamomea starts from the polyketide pathway, we cultivated this fungus in a culture medium containing [U-13C]oleic acid, and then we analyzed the crude extracts of the mycelium using UHPLC-MS. We found that AQ and 4-AAQB follow similar biosynthetic sequences as CoQ. Obvious [13C2] fragments on the ring backbone were detected in the mass spectrum for [13C2]AQ, [13C2]4-AAQB, and their [13C2] intermediates found in this study. The orsellinic acid, formed from acetyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA via the polyketide pathway, was found to be a novel benzoquinone ring precursor for AQ and 4-AAQB. The identification of endogenously synthesized farnesylated intermediates allows us to postulate the routes of AQ and 4-AAQB biosynthesis in A. cinnamomea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Chi-Chung Chou
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, ‡Joint Center for Instruments and Researches, College of Bioresources and Agriculture, and §Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University , Taipei, Taiwan 10617, ROC
| | - Shang-Han Yang
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, ‡Joint Center for Instruments and Researches, College of Bioresources and Agriculture, and §Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University , Taipei, Taiwan 10617, ROC
| | - Hsiang-Lin Wu
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, ‡Joint Center for Instruments and Researches, College of Bioresources and Agriculture, and §Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University , Taipei, Taiwan 10617, ROC
| | - Pei-Yin Lin
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, ‡Joint Center for Instruments and Researches, College of Bioresources and Agriculture, and §Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University , Taipei, Taiwan 10617, ROC
| | - Tsu-Liang Chang
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, ‡Joint Center for Instruments and Researches, College of Bioresources and Agriculture, and §Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University , Taipei, Taiwan 10617, ROC
| | - Fuu Sheu
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, ‡Joint Center for Instruments and Researches, College of Bioresources and Agriculture, and §Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University , Taipei, Taiwan 10617, ROC
| | - Kai-Hsien Chen
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, ‡Joint Center for Instruments and Researches, College of Bioresources and Agriculture, and §Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University , Taipei, Taiwan 10617, ROC
| | - Been-Huang Chiang
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, ‡Joint Center for Instruments and Researches, College of Bioresources and Agriculture, and §Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University , Taipei, Taiwan 10617, ROC
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Vong CT, Tseng HHL, Kwan YW, Lee SMY, Hoi MPM. Antrodia camphorata Increases Insulin Secretion and Protects from Apoptosis in MIN6 Cells. Front Pharmacol 2016; 7:67. [PMID: 27047382 PMCID: PMC4800184 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Antrodia camphorata is a Taiwanese-specific fungus which has been used clinically to treat hypertension, immune- and liver-related diseases and cancer; however, it has never been studied in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Hyperglycemia in T2DM causes endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, leading to β-cell dysfunction. During chronic ER stress, misfolded proteins accumulate and initiate β-cell apoptosis. Moreover, β-cell dysfunction leads to defect in insulin secretion, which is the key process in the development and progression of T2DM. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to examine the effects of A. camphorata on insulin secretion and ER stress-induced apoptosis in a mouse β-cell line, MIN6, and their underlying mechanisms. We demonstrated that the ethanolic extract of A. camphorata increased glucose-induced insulin secretion dose-dependently through peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) pathway, and upregulated genes that were involved in insulin secretion, including PPAR-γ, glucose transporter-2 and glucokinase. Furthermore, A. camphorata slightly increased cell proliferation, as well as protected from ER stress-induced apoptosis in MIN6 cells. In conclusion, this study provided evidences that A. camphorata might have anti-diabetic effects and could be a novel drug for T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Teng Vong
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau Macau, China
| | - Hisa Hui Ling Tseng
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau Macau, China
| | - Yiu Wa Kwan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong Hong Kong, China
| | - Simon Ming-Yuen Lee
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau Macau, China
| | - Maggie Pui Man Hoi
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau Macau, China
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Su YC, Liu CT, Chu YL, Raghu R, Kuo YH, Sheen LY. Eburicoic Acid, an Active Triterpenoid from the Fruiting Bodies of Basswood Cultivated Antrodia cinnamomea, Induces ER Stress-Mediated Autophagy in Human Hepatoma Cells. J Tradit Complement Med 2014; 2:312-22. [PMID: 24716146 PMCID: PMC3942909 DOI: 10.1016/s2225-4110(16)30117-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Antrodia cinnamomea, a Taiwan-specific medicinal mushroom, can manipulate biological activities, including hepatoprotection, anti-inflammation, anti-hepatitis B virus activity, anticancer activity, etc. In this study, the anti-liver cancer activity and molecular mechanisms of eburicoic acid, the second most abundant triterpenoid from the fruiting bodies of basswood cultivated Antrodia cinnamomea was investigated using the human hepatoma Hep 3B cells. The results show that eburicoic acid effectively reduced Hep 3B cell viability within 24 hours, and the IC50 was 18.4 μM, which was equivalent to 8.7 μg/mL. Besides, eburicoic acid induced conversion of LC3-I to LC3-II and a large number of autophagosomes/autolysosomes formation. In depth investigation for the molecular mechanisms, revealed that eburicoic acid firstly promoted reactive oxygen species generation and ATP depletion, leading to endoplasmic reticulum stress, followed by elevated cytosolic calcium ion concentration and BiP expression, downregulated phosphorylation of DAPK, upregulated phosphorylation of Beclin-1, JNK, and Bcl-2, and finally induced autophagy in Hep 3B cells. These results indicate that eburicoic acid has significant anti-liver cancer effects and more distinctive mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Cheng Su
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Ting Liu
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Lin Chu
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Rajasekaran Raghu
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yueh-Hsiung Kuo
- Tsuzuki Institute for Traditional Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Lee-Yan Sheen
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Yue PYK, Wong YY, Wong KYK, Tsoi YK, Leung KSY. Current evidence for the hepatoprotective activities of the medicinal mushroom Antrodia cinnamomea. Chin Med 2013; 8:21. [PMID: 24180549 PMCID: PMC3819176 DOI: 10.1186/1749-8546-8-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Antrodia cinnamomea (AC) is an endemic mushroom species of Taiwan, and has been demonstrated to possess diverse biological and pharmacological activities, such as anti-hypertension, anti-hyperlipidemia, anti-inflammation, anti-oxidation, anti-tumor, and immunomodulation. This review focuses on the inhibitory effects of AC on hepatitis, hepatocarcinoma, and alcohol-induced liver diseases (e.g., fatty liver, fibrosis). The relevant biochemical and molecular mechanisms are addressed. Overall, this review summarizes the hepatoprotective activities in vitro and in vivo. However, there is no doubt that human and clinical trials are still limited, and further studies are required for the development of AC-related products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Ying-Kit Yue
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Yi-Yi Wong
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Kay Yuen-Ki Wong
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Yeuk-Ki Tsoi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Kelvin Sze-Yin Leung
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Chiang CC, Huang TN, Lin YW, Chen KH, Chiang BH. Enhancement of 4-acetylantroquinonol B production by supplementation of its precursor during submerged fermentation of Antrodia cinnamomea. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:9160-9165. [PMID: 23930581 DOI: 10.1021/jf402187q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The antiproliferation activity of the ethanol extract of A. cinnamomea mycelium on hepatocellular cancer cells HepG2 was found to be associated with aroma intensity of the broth during fermentation. We hypothesized that some of the volatile compounds are the precursors of the key bioactive component 4-acetylantroquinonol B of this fungus. The major volatile compounds of A. cinnamomea were identified by GC/MS, and they are oct-1-en-3-ol, linalool, methyl phenylacetate, nerolidol, γ-cadinene and 2,4,5-trimethoxybenzaldehyde (TMBA). TMBA and nerolidol were further selected and used as supplements during fermentation. It was found that both of them could increase the production of 4-acetylantroquinonol B and enhance the antiproliferation activity of the fungus. In addition, the TMBA was identified as the most promising supplement for increasing the bioactivity of A. cinnamomea during cultivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Chi Chiang
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University , Taipei 106, Taiwan
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Chiang CC, Chiang BH. Processing characteristics of submerged fermentation of Antrodia cinnamomea in airlift bioreactor. Biochem Eng J 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2013.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Jo MJ, Kim HR, Kim GD. The anticancer effects of Saccharina japonica on 267B1/K-ras human prostate cancer cells. Int J Oncol 2012; 41:1789-97. [PMID: 22941421 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2012.1612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2012] [Accepted: 07/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Saccharina japonica (S. japonica), a brown macro-alga, has been used as a traditional medicine in Korea for thousands of years. In this study, the potential anticancer effects of S. japonica were evaluated on 267B1/K-ras human prostate cancer cells. The exposure of cells to the extract induced inhibition of cell growth by increasing the number of apoptotic cells with cell shrinkage and inhibition of cell cycle progression. The effects of the extract on the cells were assessed by studying the cleavage of caspases and the target proteins of caspases. The increased expression of various cleaved caspases and changed expression of other proteins related in the apoptosis pathway were observed. 4'-6-Diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) and immunofluorescence staining showed the cells undergoing apoptosis. Apoptosis induced changes in the expression of proteins involved in a variety of signaling pathways such as endocellular reticulum (ER) stress, death receptor and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)-FoxO-mediated pathways. The data suggest that the extract (n-hexane sub-fraction) of S. japonica, induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in 267B1/K-ras human prostate cancer cells, and has potential as a complementary agent for cancer prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Jeong Jo
- Department of Microbiology, College of Natural Sciences, Pukyung National University, Busan 608-737, Republic of Korea
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Wen CL, Teng CL, Chiang CH, Chang CC, Hwang WL, Kuo CL, Hsu SL. Methanol extract of Antrodia cinnamomea mycelia induces phenotypic and functional differentiation of HL60 into monocyte-like cells via an ERK/CEBP-β signaling pathway. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2012; 19:424-435. [PMID: 22293124 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2011.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2011] [Revised: 10/05/2011] [Accepted: 11/02/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Antrodia cinnamomea (named as Niu-chang-chih), a well-known Taiwanese folk medicinal mushroom, has a spectrum of biological activities, especially with anti-tumor property. This study was carried out for the first time to examine the potential role and the underlying mechanisms of A. cinnamomea in the differentiation of human leukemia HL60 cells. We found that the methanol extract of liquid cultured mycelia of A. cinnamomea (MEMAC) inhibited proliferation and induced G1-phase cell cycle arrest in HL60 cells. MEMAC could induce differentiation of HL60 cells into the monocytic lineage, as evaluated by the morphological change, nitroblue tetrazolium reduction assay, non-specific esterase assay, and expression of CD14 and CD11b surface antigens. In addition, MEMAC activated the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway and increased CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein β (C/EBPβ) expression. Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction analysis showed that MEMAC upregulated the expression of C/EBPβ and CD14 mRNA in HL60 cells. DNA affinity precipitation assay and chromatin immunoprecipitation analyses indicated that MEMAC enhanced the direct binding of C/EBPβ to its response element located at upstream of the CD14 promoter. Furthermore, inhibiting ERK pathway activation with PD98059 markedly blocked MEMAC-induced HL60 monocytic differentiation. Consistently, the MEMAC-mediated upregulation of C/EBPβ and CD14 was also suppressed by PD98059. These findings demonstrate that MEMAC-induced HL60 cell monocytic differentiation is via the activating ERK signaling pathway, and downstream upregulating the transcription factor C/EBPβ and differentiation marker CD14 gene, suggesting that MEMAC might be a potential differentiation-inducing agent for treatment of leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Luan Wen
- Taiwan Seed Improvement and Propagation Station, Council of Agriculture, Propagation Technology Section, Taichung, Taiwan
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15
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LAI MINNAN, KO HUEYJIUN, NG LEANTEIK. HYPOLIPIDEMIC EFFECTS OF ANTRODIA CINNAMOMEA EXTRACTS IN HIGH-FAT DIET-FED HAMSTERS. J Food Biochem 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4514.2010.00530.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Lin YW, Chiang BH. 4-acetylantroquinonol B isolated from Antrodia cinnamomea arrests proliferation of human hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cell by affecting p53, p21 and p27 levels. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:8625-8631. [PMID: 21739974 DOI: 10.1021/jf2011326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The 4-acetylantroquinonol B isolated from the mycelium of Antrodia cinnamomea could inhibit proliferation of hepatocellular carcinoma cells HepG2 with IC(50) 0.1 μg/mL. When the HepG2 cells were treated with 4-acetylantroquinonol B for 72 h, the proportion of cells in the G1 phase of the cell cycle increased and that in the S phase decreased significantly, and the proportion of G2/M phase cells were not obviously changed. In addition, the 4-acetylantroquinonol B treatment resulted in the decreases of CDK2 and CDK4, and an increase of p27 in a dose-dependent manner. The protein levels of p53 and p21 proteins were also increased when the cells were treated with low dosage (0.1 μg/mL) of 4-acetylantroquinonol B. Higher dosages, however, decreased the expression of p53 and p21 proteins. Assay of RT-PCR indicated that, corresponding to the increases of p53 and p21 proteins at the dosage of 0.1 μg/mL, the mRNAs of p53 and p21 showed 1.66- and 1.61-fold upregulations, respectively. Corresponding to the decreases of CDK2 and CDK4 proteins, the mRNAs of CDK2 and CDK4 showed -1.02- and -1.13-fold downregulations, respectively. However, level of p27 mRNA showed -1.2-fold downregulation in spite of the increase in p27 protein. This observation, again, confirms the fact that the p27 gene rarely undergoes homozygous inactivation in cancer cells. Our finding suggested that the 4-acetylantroquinonol B inhibits proliferation of HepG2 cells via affecting p53, p21 and p27 proteins, and can be considered as a potential cancer drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Wei Lin
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Macrophage mediated anti-proliferation effects of Anthodia camphorata non-polysaccharide based extracts on human hepatoma cells. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2011; 75:624-32. [PMID: 21512226 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.100559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
It has been reported that medicinal mushrooms might induce different types of immune responses. Anthodia camphorata (A. camphorata) has attracted much attention for its therapeutic effects in treating hepatoma. We tested this anti-tumor effects using immunomodulation of macrophages and extracts of A. camphorata. We evaluated the anti-proliferation effects of various extracts of A. camphorata from fruiting bodies (AC-FB), mycelium of solid-state cultures (AC-SS), liquid-state cultures (AC-LS) and polyaccharide extracts from liquid-state cultures (AC-PS), and extracts of A. camphorata stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophage cell-conditioned mediums (MC-CMs). We measured cell proliferation and, did migration assays by cell cycle analysis and by observing apoptosis-related proteins (AKT, PARP-1, and NF-κB) and the mRNA expression of cytokines (TNF-α and IL-1β) of macrophages in human hepatoma cell lines. Our results revealed that two of the extracts (AC-FB and AC-SS) had better anti-proliferation effects, implying an immunomodulatory role the macrophages might play. This outcome is consistent with findings that AC-FB and AC-SS increase mRNA expression of TNF-α and the corresponding expression of apoptosis-related proteins on activation of MC-CMs, while A. camphorata polysaccharides induce macrophage-derived anti-tumor activities in human hepatoma cells via IL-1β and Akt activation. These results indicate that anti-tumor effects exerted by modulation of macrophage activation of A. camphorate may be influenced by the other constituents which (contained little or no polysaccharide) of A. camphorata.
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Apoptotic Cell Death and Inhibition of Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling Pathway in Human Colon Cancer Cells by an Active Fraction (HS7) from Taiwanofungus camphoratus. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2011; 2011:750230. [PMID: 21423639 PMCID: PMC3057579 DOI: 10.1155/2011/750230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2010] [Revised: 01/06/2011] [Accepted: 01/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling plays an important role in the development of colon cancer. HS7 is an active fraction extracted from Taiwanofungus camphoratus, which had been widely used as complementary medicine for Taiwan cancer patients in the past decades. In this study, we demonstrated the effects of HS7 on the growth inhibition, apoptosis induction, and Wnt/β-catenin signaling suppression in human colon cancer cells. HS7 significantly inhibited proliferation of HT29, HCT116, and SW480 colon cancer cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. The apoptosis induction was evidenced by DNA fragmentation and subG1 accumulation, which was associated with increased Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, activation of caspase-3 and cleavage of PARP. By using Tcf-dependent luciferase activity assay, HS7 was found to inhibit the β-catenin/Tcf transcriptional activities. In addition, HS7 strongly suppressed the binding of Tcf complexes to its DNA-binding site shown in electrophoretic mobility shift assay. This inhibition was further confirmed by the decreased protein levels of Tcf-4 and β-catenin. The β-catenin/Tcf downstream target genes, such as survivin, c-myc, cyclin D1, MMP7, and MT1-MMP involved in apoptosis, invasion, and angiogenesis were also diminished as well. These results indicate that Taiwanofungus camphoratus may provide a benefit as integrative medicine for the treatment of colon cancer.
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Geethangili M, Tzeng YM. Review of Pharmacological Effects of Antrodia camphorata and Its Bioactive Compounds. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2011; 2011:212641. [PMID: 19687189 PMCID: PMC3095428 DOI: 10.1093/ecam/nep108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2009] [Accepted: 07/21/2009] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Antrodia camphorata is a unique mushroom of Taiwan, which has been used as a traditional medicine for protection of diverse health-related conditions. In an effort to translate this Eastern medicine into Western-accepted therapy, a great deal of work has been carried out on A. camphorata. This review discusses the biological activities of the crude extracts and the main bioactive compounds of A. camphorata. The list of bioactivities of crude extracts is huge, ranging from anti-cancer to vasorelaxation and others. Over 78 compounds consisting of terpenoids, benzenoids, lignans, benzoquinone derivatives, succinic and maleic derivatives, in addition to polysaccharides have been identified. Many of these compounds were evaluated for biological activity. Many activities of crude extracts and pure compounds of A. camphorata against some major diseases of our time, and thus, a current review is of great importance. It is concluded that A. camphorata can be considered as an efficient alternative phytotherapeutic agent or a synergizer in the treatment of cancer and other immune-related diseases. However, clinical trails of human on A. camphorata extracts are limited and those of pure compounds are absent. The next step is to produce some medicines from A. camphorata, however, the production may be hampered by problems related to mass production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madamanchi Geethangili
- Institute of Biochemical Sciences and Technology, Chaoyang University of Technology, Wufeng, Taiwan
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Anticancer Effects of Taiwanofungus camphoratus Extracts, Isolated Compounds and its Combinational use. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jecm.2010.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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21
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Lin YW, Pan JH, Liu RH, Kuo YH, Sheen LY, Chiang BH. The 4-acetylantroquinonol B isolated from mycelium of Antrodia cinnamomea inhibits proliferation of hepatoma cells. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2010; 90:1739-1744. [PMID: 20564437 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.4010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antrodia cinnamomea is known for its antihepatoma activity, yet the identity of its active compound was unclear. In this study, a 5-ton fermenter was used to prepare sufficient mycelium of A. cinnamomea for active compound isolation and identification. RESULTS Using antiproliferative activity toward HepG2 cells as guidance in the isolation process, 4-acetylantroquinonol B was purified and identified to be the major bioactive compound of A. cinnamomea cultivated by submerged fermentation. The median effective doses (EC(50)) of 4-acetylantroquinonol B for HepG2 cells were 0.10 +/- 0.00 and 0.08 +/- 0.00 microg mL(-1) for 72 and 96 h treatments, respectively. The selective indices of 4-acetylantroquinonol B were 100 and 125 for 72 and 96 h treatments, respectively, indicating that this compound had high selective activity for hepatoma cells. CONCLUSION 4-Acetylantroquinonol B is the major antihepatoma constituent of Antrodia cinnamomea mycelium produced by submerged fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Wei Lin
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, No. 1 Sec. 4 Roosevelt Road, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
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Hsieh YC, Rao YK, Wu CC, Huang CYF, Geethangili M, Hsu SL, Tzeng YM. Methyl Antcinate A from Antrodia camphorata Induces Apoptosis in Human Liver Cancer Cells through Oxidant-Mediated Cofilin- and Bax-Triggered Mitochondrial Pathway. Chem Res Toxicol 2010; 23:1256-67. [PMID: 20557081 DOI: 10.1021/tx100116a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Chih Hsieh
- Department of Education and Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China, Institute of Biochemical Sciences and Technology, Chaoyang University of Technology, Wufeng, Taiwan, Republic of China, Institute of Medical and Molecular Toxicology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China, and Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yerra Koteswara Rao
- Department of Education and Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China, Institute of Biochemical Sciences and Technology, Chaoyang University of Technology, Wufeng, Taiwan, Republic of China, Institute of Medical and Molecular Toxicology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China, and Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chun-Chi Wu
- Department of Education and Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China, Institute of Biochemical Sciences and Technology, Chaoyang University of Technology, Wufeng, Taiwan, Republic of China, Institute of Medical and Molecular Toxicology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China, and Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chi-Ying F. Huang
- Department of Education and Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China, Institute of Biochemical Sciences and Technology, Chaoyang University of Technology, Wufeng, Taiwan, Republic of China, Institute of Medical and Molecular Toxicology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China, and Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Madamanchi Geethangili
- Department of Education and Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China, Institute of Biochemical Sciences and Technology, Chaoyang University of Technology, Wufeng, Taiwan, Republic of China, Institute of Medical and Molecular Toxicology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China, and Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Shih-Lan Hsu
- Department of Education and Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China, Institute of Biochemical Sciences and Technology, Chaoyang University of Technology, Wufeng, Taiwan, Republic of China, Institute of Medical and Molecular Toxicology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China, and Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yew-Min Tzeng
- Department of Education and Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China, Institute of Biochemical Sciences and Technology, Chaoyang University of Technology, Wufeng, Taiwan, Republic of China, Institute of Medical and Molecular Toxicology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China, and Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Chan YY, Chang CS, Chien LH, Wu TF. Apoptotic effects of a high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) fraction of Antrodia camphorata mycelia are mediated by down-regulation of the expressions of four tumor-related genes in human non-small cell lung carcinoma A549 cell. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2010; 127:652-61. [PMID: 19995598 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2009.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2009] [Accepted: 12/02/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY Antrodia camphorata (niu-chang-chih) is a fungus native to Taiwan which is believed to be effective in preventing diseases. Recent reports demonstrate that Antrodia camphorata products induce the apoptosis of various kinds of tumor cells. In this study we determined the inhibitory effects of alcohol extract and individual fractions of alcohol extract on the proliferation of human non-small cell lung carcinoma A549 cell and clarified the mechanism underlying the anti-cancer activities. MATERIALS AND METHODS Alcohol extracts of Antrodia camphorata mycelia were prepared by the serial extraction with the solvents with increasing polarity and fractionated using HPLC. Cell viability was determined by MTT assay. Apoptosis detection was carried out by subG(1) analysis and annexin V/propidium iodide staining using flow cytometry. The impacts of HPLC fractions on the expression levels of apoptosis- and cancer-related proteins were evaluated by western blotting. RESULTS Three HPLC fractions, fractions 5-7, had robust inhibition of human A549 cells and among them fraction 6 (Fr-6) possessed the most potent effectiveness. Apoptotic assay showed that Fr-6-induced human A549 cell apoptosis by triggering the mitochondrial pathway and endothelium reticulum (ER) stress. Immunoblotting results demonstrated that Fr-6 possibly activated ER stress by lowering the expression level of calpain 1/2 small subunit and Fr-6-mediated decrease in cell proliferation might attribute to the suppressive effect on the Erk 1/2 pathway, which arose from Fr-6-derived low galectin-1 expression. Furthermore Fr-6 could diminish Rho GDP dissociation inhibitor alpha (RhoGDI-alpha) expression and subsequently activated c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase (JNK) pathway, which is linked to cell apoptosis. Fr-6 also could decrease the production level of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A, which is a potential cancer intervention target. CONCLUSION These results suggested that the anti-cancer activity of Antrodia camphorata might be due to multiple active metabolites, which work together to induce cell apoptosis via various pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Yi Chan
- Department of Biotechnology, Southern Taiwan University, YungKang City, Tainan County, Taiwan
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Won SJ, Ki YS, Chung KS, Choi JH, Bae KH, Lee KT. 3.ALPHA.,23-Isopropylidenedioxyolean-12-en-27-oic Acid, a Triterpene Isolated from Aceriphyllum rossii, Induces Apoptosis in Human Cervical Cancer HeLa Cells through Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress. Biol Pharm Bull 2010; 33:1620-6. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.33.1620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- So-Jung Won
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University
| | - Yo Sook Ki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Medical Science, Kyung Hee University
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University
| | - Kyung-Sook Chung
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Medical Science, Kyung Hee University
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University
| | - Jung-Hye Choi
- Department of Oriental Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University
| | - Ki Hwan Bae
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University
| | - Kyung-Tae Lee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Medical Science, Kyung Hee University
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University
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Deng JY, Chen SJ, Jow GM, Hsueh CW, Jeng CJ. Dehydroeburicoic Acid Induces Calcium- and Calpain-Dependent Necrosis in Human U87MG Glioblastomas. Chem Res Toxicol 2009; 22:1817-26. [DOI: 10.1021/tx9002275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jhu-Yun Deng
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, No. 155, Section 2, Li-Non Street, Taipei 12212, Taiwan, School of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University, Hsin-Chuang, Taipei County 24205, Taiwan, and Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Armed Forces General Hospital, No. 2, Chung Cheng First Road, Lingya District, Kaohsiun, 80284, Taiwan
| | - Sian-Jin Chen
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, No. 155, Section 2, Li-Non Street, Taipei 12212, Taiwan, School of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University, Hsin-Chuang, Taipei County 24205, Taiwan, and Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Armed Forces General Hospital, No. 2, Chung Cheng First Road, Lingya District, Kaohsiun, 80284, Taiwan
| | - Guey-Mei Jow
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, No. 155, Section 2, Li-Non Street, Taipei 12212, Taiwan, School of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University, Hsin-Chuang, Taipei County 24205, Taiwan, and Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Armed Forces General Hospital, No. 2, Chung Cheng First Road, Lingya District, Kaohsiun, 80284, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Wen Hsueh
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, No. 155, Section 2, Li-Non Street, Taipei 12212, Taiwan, School of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University, Hsin-Chuang, Taipei County 24205, Taiwan, and Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Armed Forces General Hospital, No. 2, Chung Cheng First Road, Lingya District, Kaohsiun, 80284, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Jiuan Jeng
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, No. 155, Section 2, Li-Non Street, Taipei 12212, Taiwan, School of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University, Hsin-Chuang, Taipei County 24205, Taiwan, and Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Armed Forces General Hospital, No. 2, Chung Cheng First Road, Lingya District, Kaohsiun, 80284, Taiwan
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26
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Chen YJ, Chou CJ, Chang TT. Compound MMH01 possesses toxicity against human leukemia and pancreatic cancer cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2009; 23:418-24. [PMID: 19344682 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2009.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2008] [Revised: 12/05/2008] [Accepted: 01/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
MMH01 is a compound isolated from Antrodia cinnamomea. MMH01 markedly inhibited growth of human leukemia U937 and pancreatic cancer BxPC3 cells. It resulted in distinct patterns of cell cycle distribution in U937 (G2/M, sub-G1 and polyploidy) and BxPC3 cells (G0/G1 and sub-G1). The modes of cell death in U937 cells include apoptosis and mitotic catastrophe, whereas apoptosis-associated events or necrosis in BxPC3 cells. Neither mitochondrial membrane permeabilization nor caspase dependence was noted. Proteins involving mitotic catastrophe-associated cell death such as cyclin B1 and checkpoint kinase 2 were activated in U937 cells. Only slight to moderate viability inhibition was noted to human monocytes, the normal counterpart of these myeloid leukemic cells. In conclusion, MMH01 possesses cytotoxicity against human leukemia and pancreatic cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jen Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mackay Memorial Hospital, 92 Chung San North Road, Section 2, Taipei 104, Taiwan.
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Ao ZH, Xu ZH, Lu ZM, Xu HY, Zhang XM, Dou WF. Niuchangchih (Antrodia camphorata) and its potential in treating liver diseases. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2009; 121:194-212. [PMID: 19061947 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2008.10.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2008] [Revised: 10/30/2008] [Accepted: 10/31/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Niuchangchih (Antrodia camphorata (M. Zang & C.H. Su) Sheng H. Wu, Ryvarden & T.T. Chang) is a basidiomycete endemic to Taiwan. It is well known as a Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), and Taiwanese aborigines used this species to treat liver diseases and food and drug intoxication. The compounds identified in Niuchangchih are predominantly polysaccharides, triterpenoids, steroids, benzenoids and maleic/succinic acid derivatives. Recent research has revealed that Niuchangchih possesses extensive biological activity, such as hepatoprotective, antihypertensive, anti-hyperlipidemic, immuno-modulatory, anticancer, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. The fruiting bodies and fermented products of Niuchangchih have been reported to exhibit activity when treating liver diseases, such as preventing ethanol-, CCl(4)- and cytokine-induced liver injury, inhibiting the hepatitis B virus, ameliorating fatty liver and liver fibrosis, and inhibiting liver cancer cells. This review will address the protective effects of Niuchangchih on the pathological development of liver diseases, and the underlying mechanisms of action are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zong-Hua Ao
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Medicine and Pharmaceutics, Jiangnan University, No. 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, PR China
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Kuo MC, Chang CY, Cheng TL, Wu MJ. Immunomodulatory effect of Antrodia camphorata mycelia and culture filtrate. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2008; 120:196-203. [PMID: 18778764 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2008.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2007] [Revised: 08/01/2008] [Accepted: 08/05/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY Antrodia camphorata, a precious folkloric medicinal mushroom, has been used to treat tumorigenic diseases in Taiwan. This study was to investigate the innate immunity augmentation effects of different fractions prepared from hot water extracts of submerged cultured Antrodia camphorata (AC). MATERIALS AND METHODS The cytokine induction potency of AC fraction in diluted peripheral blood culture was measured by ELISA. The effects of AC fraction on phagocytic activity and CD11b expression were measured by the ingestion of FITC-labeled Escherichia coli and by labeling with PE-labeled CD11b monoclonal antibody, respectively, using flow cytometry. The molecular mass of hot water-soluble polysaccharides and content of adenosine in AC fraction were determined by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and HPLC, respectively. RESULTS The mycelia fraction, Fr. M II, and culture filtrate fractions, Fr. E II and Fr. E III, showed the strongest TNF-alpha and IL-6 induction effect as a function of their concentration. These fractions (20mug/ml) also showed marked activity in enhancing phagocytosis in human polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) and monocytes. In parallel, the expression of CD11b, an early marker of PMN activation, was also up-regulated dose-dependently. Composition analysis suggested that immunomodulatory effect of mycelia is mainly attributed to the 10-20kDa polysaccharides and adenosine. CONCLUSIONS These results provide evidences that Antrodia camphorata can modulate innate immunity and may serve as an adjuvant for tumor treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Chun Kuo
- Department of Biotechnology, Chia-Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan, Taiwan
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Chien CM, Yang SH, Chang LS, Lin SR. Involvement of both endoplasmic reticulum- and mitochondria-dependent pathways in cardiotoxin III-induced apoptosis in HL-60 cells. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2008; 35:1059-64. [PMID: 18505440 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.2008.04968.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cardiotoxin (CTX) III, a basic polypeptide with 60 amino acid residues isolated from Naja naja atra venom, has been reported to have anticancer activity. In the present study, we investigated the mechanisms underlying the anticancer activity of CTX III in human leukaemia (HL-60 cells). Cardiotoxin III activated the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) pathway of apoptosis in HL-60 cells, as indicated by increased levels of calcium and glucose-related protein 78 (Grp78), and triggered the subsequent activation of micro-calpain and caspase 12. In addition, CTX III initiated the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway in HL-60 cells, as evidenced by an increased Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, the release of cytochrome c and activation of caspase 9. In the presence of 50 micromol/L Z-ATAD-FMK (a caspase 12 inhibitor) and 100 micromol/L Z-LEHD-FMK (a caspase 9 inhibitor), the CTX III-mediated activation of caspase 9 and caspase 3 was significantly reduced. There was no significant effect of the caspase 12 inhibitor Z-ATAD-FMK on mitochondrial cytochrome c release. Cardiotoxin III-mediated activation of caspase 12 was not abrogated in the presence of the caspase 9 inhibitor Z-LEHD-FMK, indicating that caspase 12 activation was not downstream of caspase 9. These results indicate that CTX III induces cell apoptosis via both ER stress and a mitochondrial death pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Ming Chien
- Faculty of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Yang S, Chien C, Chang L, Lin S. Cardiotoxin III‐induced apoptosis is mediated by Ca2+‐dependent caspase‐12 activation in K562 cells. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2008; 22:209-18. [DOI: 10.1002/jbt.20231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Shen KH, Chang JK, Hsu YL, Kuo PL. Chalcone arrests cell cycle progression and induces apoptosis through induction of mitochondrial pathway and inhibition of nuclear factor kappa B signalling in human bladder cancer cells. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2008; 101:254-61. [PMID: 17845507 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-7843.2007.00120.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Chalcones (1,3-diphenyl-2-propenone) are cancer preventive food components found in a human diet rich in fruits and vegetables. In this study, we first report the chemopreventive effect of chalcone in two human bladder cancer cell lines: T24 and HT-1376. The results show that chalcone inhibits the proliferation of T24 and HT-1376 cells by inducing apoptosis and blocking cell cycle progression in the G2/M phase. Western blot assay showed that chalcone significantly increases the expression of p21 and p27 proteins, and decreases the levels of cyclin B1, cyclin A and Cdc2, thereby contributing to cell cycle arrest. In addition, chalcone increased the expression of Bax and Bak, but decreased the levels of Bcl-2 and Bcl-X(L) and subsequently triggered mitochondrial apoptotic pathway (release of cytochrome c and activation of caspase-9 and caspase-3). Our study suggests that the induction of mitochondrial pathway and inhibition of the nuclear factor kappa B survival system may play important roles in the antiproliferative activity of chalcone in T24 and HT-1376 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun-Hung Shen
- Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, 60 Erh-Jen Road Sec. 1, Jen-Te, Tainan 717, Taiwan
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Hsu YL, Kuo PL, Cho CY, Ni WC, Tzeng TF, Ng LT, Kuo YH, Lin CC. Antrodia cinnamomea fruiting bodies extract suppresses the invasive potential of human liver cancer cell line PLC/PRF/5 through inhibition of nuclear factor κB pathway. Food Chem Toxicol 2007; 45:1249-57. [PMID: 17316946 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2007.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2006] [Revised: 12/22/2006] [Accepted: 01/06/2007] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we first report the anti-invasive effect of ethylacetate extract from Antrodia cinnamomea (EAC) fruiting bodies in the human liver cancer cell line PLC/PRF/5. Treatment with EAC decreased the cancer invasion of PLC/PRF/5 cells in a dose-dependent manner. This effect was strongly associated with a concomitant decrease in either the level or activity of VEGF, MMP-2, MMP-9 and MT1-MMP, and an increase in the expression of TIMP-1 and TIMP-2. EAC inhibited constitutively activated and inducible NF-kappaB in both its DNA-binding activity and transcriptional activity. Furthermore, EAC also inhibited the TNF-alpha-activated NF-kappaB-dependent reporter gene expression of MMP-9 and VEGF, and the invasion of cancer cells. EAC also exhibited an inhibitory effect on angiogenesis in a Matrigel Plug Angiogenesis Assay. Further investigation revealed that EAC's inhibition of cancer cell growth and invasion was also evident in a nude mice model. Our results indicate that EAC inhibits the activation of NF-kappaB, and may provide a molecular basis for drug development using EAC as an anti-invasive agent in the prevention and treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Ling Hsu
- Department of Pharmacy, Chia-Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan, Taiwan
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