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Ramadan SS, El Zaiat FA, Habashy EA, Montaser MM, Hassan HE, Tharwat SS, El-khadragy M, Abdel Moneim AE, Elshopakey GE, Akabawy AMA. Coenzyme Q10-Loaded Albumin Nanoparticles Protect against Redox Imbalance and Inflammatory, Apoptotic, and Histopathological Alterations in Mercuric Chloride-Induced Hepatorenal Toxicity in Rats. Biomedicines 2023; 11:3054. [PMID: 38002054 PMCID: PMC10669886 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11113054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure to mercuric chloride (HgCl2), either accidental or occupational, induces substantial liver and kidney damage. Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) is a natural antioxidant that also has anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic activities. Herein, our study aimed to investigate the possible protective effects of CoQ10 alone or loaded with albumin nanoparticles (CoQ10NPs) against HgCl2-induced hepatorenal toxicity in rats. Experimental animals received CoQ10 (10 mg/kg/oral) or CoQ10NPs (10 mg/kg/oral) and were injected intraperitoneally with HgCl2 (5 mg/kg; three times/week) for two weeks. The results indicated that CoQ10NP pretreatment caused a significant decrease in serum liver and kidney function markers. Moreover, lowered MDA and NO levels were associated with an increase in antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD, GPx, GR, and CAT), along with higher GSH contents, in both the liver and kidneys of intoxicated rats treated with CoQ10NPs. Moreover, HgCl2-intoxicated rats that received CoQ10NPs revealed a significant reduction in the hepatorenal levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, NF-κB, and TGF-β, as well as an increase in the hepatic level of the fibrotic marker (α-SMA). Notably, CoQ10NPs counteracted hepatorenal apoptosis by diminishing the levels of Bax and caspase-3 and boosting the level of Bcl-2. The hepatic and renal histopathological findings supported the abovementioned changes. In conclusion, these data suggest that CoQ10, alone or loaded with albumin nanoparticles, has great power in reversing the hepatic and renal tissue impairment induced by HgCl2 via the modulation of hepatorenal oxidative damage, inflammation, and apoptosis. Therefore, this study provides a valuable therapeutic agent (CoQ10NPs) for preventing and treating several HgCl2-induced hepatorenal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimaa S. Ramadan
- Biochemistry Sector, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo 11795, Egypt
| | - Farah A. El Zaiat
- Molecular Biotechnology Sector, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo 11795, Egypt
| | - Engy A. Habashy
- Molecular Biotechnology Sector, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo 11795, Egypt
| | - Mostafa M. Montaser
- Molecular Biotechnology Sector, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo 11795, Egypt
| | - Habeba E. Hassan
- Molecular Biotechnology Sector, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo 11795, Egypt
| | - Shahinaz S. Tharwat
- Molecular Biotechnology Sector, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo 11795, Egypt
| | - Manal El-khadragy
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Ahmed E. Abdel Moneim
- Zoology and Entomology Department, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo 11795, Egypt
| | - Gehad E. Elshopakey
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M. A. Akabawy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Cairo 11795, Egypt
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Mitra S, Chakraborty AJ, Tareq AM, Emran TB, Nainu F, Khusro A, Idris AM, Khandaker MU, Osman H, Alhumaydhi FA, Simal-Gandara J. Impact of heavy metals on the environment and human health: Novel therapeutic insights to counter the toxicity. JOURNAL OF KING SAUD UNIVERSITY - SCIENCE 2022; 34:101865. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jksus.2022.101865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 109.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
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Blas-Valdivia V, Rojas-Franco P, Serrano-Contreras JI, Sfriso AA, Garcia-Hernandez C, Franco-Colín M, Cano-Europa E. C-phycoerythrin from Phormidium persicinum Prevents Acute Kidney Injury by Attenuating Oxidative and Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:md19110589. [PMID: 34822460 PMCID: PMC8624244 DOI: 10.3390/md19110589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Revised: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
C-phycoerythrin (C-PE) is a phycobiliprotein that prevents oxidative stress and cell damage. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether C-PE also counteracts endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress as a mechanism contributing to its nephroprotective activity. After C-PE was purified from Phormidium persicinum by using size exclusion chromatography, it was characterized by spectrometry and fluorometry. A mouse model of HgCl2-induced acute kidney injury (AKI) was used to assess the effect of C-PE treatment (at 25, 50, or 100 mg/kg of body weight) on oxidative stress, the redox environment, and renal damage. ER stress was examined with the same model and C-PE treatment at 100 mg/kg. C-PE diminished oxidative stress and cell damage in a dose-dependent manner by impeding the decrease in expression of nephrin and podocin normally caused by mercury intoxication. It reduced ER stress by preventing the activation of the inositol-requiring enzyme-1α (IRE1α) pathway and avoiding caspase-mediated cell death, while leaving the expression of protein kinase RNA-like ER kinase (PERK) and activating transcription factor 6α (ATF6α) pathways unmodified. Hence, C-PE exhibited a nephroprotective effect on HgCl2-induced AKI by reducing oxidative stress and ER stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Blas-Valdivia
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología, Departamento de Fisiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México 07738, Mexico; (V.B.-V.); (C.G.-H.)
| | - Plácido Rojas-Franco
- Laboratorio de Metabolismo I, Departamento de Fisiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México 07738, Mexico;
| | - Jose Ivan Serrano-Contreras
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Division of Systems Medicine, Section of Biomolecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK;
| | - Andrea Augusto Sfriso
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy;
| | - Cristian Garcia-Hernandez
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología, Departamento de Fisiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México 07738, Mexico; (V.B.-V.); (C.G.-H.)
- Laboratorio de Metabolismo I, Departamento de Fisiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México 07738, Mexico;
| | - Margarita Franco-Colín
- Laboratorio de Metabolismo I, Departamento de Fisiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México 07738, Mexico;
- Correspondence: (M.F.-C.); (E.C.-E.); Tel./Fax: +52-55-57-29-60-00 (ext. 52351) (M.F.-C. & E.C.-E.)
| | - Edgar Cano-Europa
- Laboratorio de Metabolismo I, Departamento de Fisiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México 07738, Mexico;
- Correspondence: (M.F.-C.); (E.C.-E.); Tel./Fax: +52-55-57-29-60-00 (ext. 52351) (M.F.-C. & E.C.-E.)
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Garcia-Pliego E, Franco-Colin M, Rojas-Franco P, Blas-Valdivia V, Serrano-Contreras JI, Pentón-Rol G, Cano-Europa E. Phycocyanobilin is the molecule responsible for the nephroprotective action of phycocyanin in acute kidney injury caused by mercury. Food Funct 2021; 12:2985-2994. [PMID: 33704296 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo03294h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
C-Phycocyanin (CPC) exerts therapeutic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory actions. It prevents oxidative stress and acute kidney damage caused by HgCl2. However, the exact mechanism of the pharmacological action of C-phycocyanin is as yet unclear. Some proposals express that CPC metabolism releases the active compound phycocyanobilin (PCB) that is able to induce CPC's therapeutical effects as an antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and nephroprotective. This study is aimed to demonstrate that PCB is the molecule responsible for C-phycocyanin's nephroprotective action in the acute kidney injury model caused by HgCl2. PCB was purified from C-phycocyanin and characterized by spectroscopy and mass spectrometry methods. Thirty-six male mice were administrated with 0.75, 1.5, or 3 mg per kg per d of PCB 30 min before the 5 mg kg-1 HgCl2 administration. PCB was administered during the following five days, after which the mice were euthanized. Kidneys were dissected to determine oxidative stress and redox environment markers, first-line antioxidant enzymes, effector caspase activities, and kidney damage markers.The quality of purified PCB was evaluated by spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. All PCB doses prevented alterations in oxidative stress markers, antioxidant enzymes, and caspase 9 activities. However, only the dose of 3 mg per kg per d PCB avoided the redox environment disturbance produced by mercury. All doses of PCB partially prevented the down-expression of nephrin and podocin with a consequent reduction in the damage score in a dose-effect manner. In conclusion, it was proven that phycocyanobilin is the molecule responsible for C-phycocyanin's nephroprotective action on acute kidney injury caused by mercury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erick Garcia-Pliego
- Laboratorio de Metabolismo I, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
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Khalil SR, Salem HFA, Metwally MMM, Emad RM, Elbohi KM, Ali SA. Protective effect of Spirulina platensis against physiological, ultrastructural and cell proliferation damage induced by furan in kidney and liver of rat. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 192:110256. [PMID: 32014724 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The modulatory role of the Spirulina platensis (SP) against furan-induced (FU) hepatic and renal damage was assessed in this study. For achieving this, sixty rats were distributed into six groups: control group, SP-administered group (300 mg/kg b.wt orally for 28 days), a FU-intoxicated group (16 mg/kg b.wt, orally, daily for 28 days), protective co-treated group SP/F (administered SP 300 mg/kg b.wt, one week before, and concurrently with FU intoxication), therapeutic co-treated group FU/SP (administered SP 300 mg/kg b.wt, one week after FU intoxication for 28 days) and protective/therapeutic co-treated group SP/FU/SP (administered SP one week before and after, concurrently with FU intoxication). Subsequently, the biochemical responses and the histology of hepatic and renal tissues in treated rats were assessed. The results indicated that FU intoxication induced a significant hepato- and nephropathy represented by the elevation in the values of tissue injury biomarkers and reduction in protein levels. Histologically, a wide range of morphological, cytotoxic, inflammatory, and vascular alterations as well as downregulation in the immunoexpression of the proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and the proliferation-associated nuclear antigen (Ki-67) were induced by FU intoxication. Oral SP administration, particularly in the protective/therapeutic co-treated group, markedly supressed the serum levels of the tissue injury biomarkers, diminished the inflammatory response, restored the cytotoxic alterations, upregulated the immunoexpression of PCNA and Ki-67, and restored the perturbed morphology of the hepatic and renal tissues. In conclusion, the obtained data demonstrated that SP co-administration elicits both protective and therapeutic potential against the FU-induced hepato- and nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samah R Khalil
- Forensic Medicine and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt.
| | - Hoda F A Salem
- Histology and Cytology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt
| | | | - Rasha M Emad
- Histology and Cytology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt
| | - Khlood M Elbohi
- Forensic Medicine and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt
| | - Sozan A Ali
- Histology and Cytology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt
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Rojas-Franco P, Franco-Colín M, Camargo MEM, Carmona MME, Ortíz-Butrón MDRE, Blas-Valdivia V, Cano-Europa E. Phycobiliproteins and phycocyanin of Arthrospira maxima ( Spirulina) reduce apoptosis promoters and glomerular dysfunction in mercury-related acute kidney injury. TOXICOLOGY RESEARCH AND APPLICATION 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/2397847318805070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Arthrospira maxima ( Spirulina) is considered a nutraceutical or functional food because it provides health benefits and it is used as nephroprotector because it contains nucleophilic compounds as phycobiliproteins and phycocyanin that prevent oxidative stress and cellular damage process. Also, it is known that inorganic mercury is bioaccumulated and exerted kidney toxicity. Despite the nephroprotective effect of Spirulina and its components, there is not enough information about the effect of them on renal function as well as the apoptosis process inhibition. This work aimed to investigate whether phycobiliproteins and phycocyanin of Spirulina can improve HgCl2-related glomerular and tubular renal dysfunction as well as the Bax, Bcl2, and effectors caspases alterations. Male mice were administrated with Spirulina, phycobiliproteins or phycocyanin 30 min before 5 mg/Kg HgCl2 administration. The nutraceuticals were administrated for the next 5 days. Then, the mice were euthanized. The renal function, caspases 3 and 9 activities, as well as Bax and Bcl2 expression were evaluated. Spirulina and its components prevent HgCl2-related apoptosis induction and glomerular dysfunction. We concluded that phycobiliproteins and phycocyanin of Spirulina reduce glomerular damage but not the tubular dysfunction in a mercury-related acute kidney injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Placido Rojas-Franco
- Laboratorio de Metabolismo, Departamento de Fisiología, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Delegación Gustavo Madero, México
| | - Margarita Franco-Colín
- Laboratorio de Metabolismo, Departamento de Fisiología, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Delegación Gustavo Madero, México
| | - María Estela Meléndez Camargo
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Hepática y Renal, Departamento de Farmacia, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Delegación Gustavo Madero, México
| | - María Mirian Estévez Carmona
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Hepática y Renal, Departamento de Farmacia, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Delegación Gustavo Madero, México
| | - María del Rocío Elizabeth Ortíz-Butrón
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología, Departamento de Fisiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Delegación Gustavo Madero, México
| | - Vanessa Blas-Valdivia
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología, Departamento de Fisiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Delegación Gustavo Madero, México
| | - Edgar Cano-Europa
- Laboratorio de Metabolismo, Departamento de Fisiología, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Delegación Gustavo Madero, México
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Khalil SR, Khalifa HA, Abdel-Motal SM, Mohammed HH, Elewa YHA, Mahmoud HA. Spirulina platensis attenuates the associated neurobehavioral and inflammatory response impairments in rats exposed to lead acetate. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 157:255-265. [PMID: 29625400 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.03.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metals are well known as environmental pollutants with hazardous impacts on human and animal health because of their wide industrial usage. In the present study, the role of Spirulina platensis in reversing the oxidative stress-mediated brain injury elicited by lead acetate exposure was evaluated. In order to accomplish this aim, rats were orally administered with 300 mg/kg bw Spirulina for 15 d, before and simultaneously with an intraperitoneal injection of 50 mg/kg bw lead acetate [6 injections through the two weeks]. As a result, the co-administration of Spirulina with lead acetate reversed the most impaired open field behavioral indices; however, this did not happen for swimming performance, inclined plane, and grip strength tests. In addition, it was observed that Spirulina diminished the lead content that accumulated in both the blood and the brain tissue of the exposed rats, and reduced the elevated levels of oxidative damage indices, and brain proinflammatory markers. Also, because of the Spirulina administration, the levels of the depleted biomarkers of antioxidant status and interleukin-10 in the lead-exposed rats were improved. Moreover, Spirulina protected the brain tissue (cerebrum and cerebellum) against the changes elicited by lead exposure, and also decreased the reactivity of HSP70 and Caspase-3 in both cerebrum and cerebellum tissues. Collectively, our findings demonstrate that Spirulina has a potential use as a food supplement in the regions highly polluted with heavy metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samah R Khalil
- Forensic Medicine and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt.
| | - Hesham A Khalifa
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt
| | - Sabry M Abdel-Motal
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt
| | - Hesham H Mohammed
- Veterinary Public Health Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt
| | - Yaser H A Elewa
- Histology and Cytology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt; Laboratory of Anatomy, Department of Biomedical Sciences. Graduate school of Veterinary, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hend Atta Mahmoud
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt
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Khalil SR, Elhady WM, Elewa YH, Abd El-Hameed NE, Ali SA. Possible role of Arthrospira platensis in reversing oxidative stress-mediated liver damage in rats exposed to lead. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 97:1259-1268. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.11.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Revised: 11/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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Liu XR, Wang YY, Fan HR, Wu CJ, Kumar A, Yang LG. Preventive effects of β-cryptoxanthin against cadmium-induced oxidative stress in the rat testis. Asian J Androl 2016; 18:920-924. [PMID: 27101804 PMCID: PMC5109889 DOI: 10.4103/1008-682x.173449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Revised: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
β-cryptoxanthin (CRY), a major carotenoid of potential interest for health, is obtained naturally from orange vegetables and fruits. A few research studies have reported that CRY could decrease oxidative stress and germ cell apoptosis. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of CRY on acute cadmium chloride (CdCl 2 )-induced oxidative damage in rat testes. For this study, 24 rats were divided into four groups, one of which serves as a control group that received intraperitoneal (i.p.) injections of corn oil and physiological saline. The other rats were i.p. injected with CRY (10 μg kg-1 ) every 8 h, beginning 8 h before CdCl 2 (2.0 mg kg-1 ) treatment. The pathological and TUNEL findings revealed that CRY ameliorated the Cd-induced testicular histological changes and germ cell apoptosis in the rats. Furthermore, the Cd-induced decrease in the testicular testosterone (T) level was attenuated after CRY administration (P < 0.05). The administration of CRY significantly reversed the Cd-induced increases in the lipid peroxide (LPO) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels (P < 0.01). The testicular antioxidants superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione (GSH) were decreased by treatment with Cd alone but were restored by CRY co-treatment. These results demonstrated that the application of CRY can enhance the tolerance of rats to Cd-induced oxidative damage and suggest that it has promised as a pharmacological agent to protect against Cd-induced testicular toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ran Liu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yue-Ying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Hai-Rui Fan
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Can-Jie Wu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Ashok Kumar
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Li-Guo Yang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
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Martínez-Galero E, Pérez-Pastén R, Perez-Juarez A, Fabila-Castillo L, Gutiérrez-Salmeán G, Chamorro G. Preclinical antitoxic properties of Spirulina (Arthrospira). PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2016; 54:1345-1353. [PMID: 26439611 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2015.1077464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Spirulina (Arthrospira) exerts a wide spectrum of pharmacological activities which are mainly attributed to its antioxidant effect. However, Spirulina has also been reported (both in preclinical and in clinical scenarios) to exhibit other bioactive effects, including an antitoxic potential. OBJECTIVE We performed a systematic review of the literature, conducted in TOXNET, PubMed/MEDLINE, and Science Direct-Scopus; all available years were included. Searching criteria included the effects of Spirulina on experimental poisonings from arsenic, cadmium, carbon tetrachloride, deltamethrin, fluoride, hexachlorocyclohexane, iron, lead, lindane, and mercury. RESULTS In all cases, it was established that the blue-green alga, and its isolated compounds, effectively counteracted these pollutants toxic effects on the exposed organisms. Some molecular mechanisms are proposed, although they have not been fully elucidated yet. CONCLUSION Spirulina could be a useful coadjuvant agent within clinical practice for treatment of these or other pollutants poisonings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizdath Martínez-Galero
- a Departamento de Farmacia , Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional , México DF , México and
| | - Ricardo Pérez-Pastén
- a Departamento de Farmacia , Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional , México DF , México and
| | - Angélica Perez-Juarez
- a Departamento de Farmacia , Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional , México DF , México and
| | - Luis Fabila-Castillo
- a Departamento de Farmacia , Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional , México DF , México and
| | | | - German Chamorro
- a Departamento de Farmacia , Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional , México DF , México and
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Macirella R, Guardia A, Pellegrino D, Bernabò I, Tronci V, Ebbesson LOE, Sesti S, Tripepi S, Brunelli E. Effects of Two Sublethal Concentrations of Mercury Chloride on the Morphology and Metallothionein Activity in the Liver of Zebrafish (Danio rerio). Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:361. [PMID: 26978352 PMCID: PMC4813222 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17030361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Mercury (Hg) is a highly hazardous pollutant widely used in industrial, pharmaceutical and agricultural fields. Mercury is found in the environment in several forms, elemental, inorganic (iHg) and organic, all of which are toxic. Considering that the liver is the organ primarily involved in the regulation of metabolic pathways, homeostasis and detoxification we investigated the morphological and ultrastructural effects in Danio rerio liver after 96 h exposure to two low HgCl2 concentrations (7.7 and 38.5 μg/L). We showed that a short-term exposure to very low concentrations of iHg severely affects liver morphology and ultrastructure. The main effects recorded in this work were: cytoplasm vacuolization, decrease in both lipid droplets and glycogen granules, increase in number of mitochondria, increase of rough endoplasmic reticulum and pyknotic nuclei. Pathological alterations observed were dose dependent. Trough immunohistochemistry, in situ hybridization and real-time PCR analysis, the induction of metallothionein (MT) under stressor conditions was also evaluated. Some of observed alterations could be considered as a general response of tissue to heavy metals, whereas others (such as increased number of mitochondria and increase of RER) may be considered as an adaptive response to mercury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachele Macirella
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Science, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci 4/B, Rende (Cosenza) 87036, Italy.
| | - Antonello Guardia
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Science, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci 4/B, Rende (Cosenza) 87036, Italy.
| | - Daniela Pellegrino
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Science, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci 4/B, Rende (Cosenza) 87036, Italy.
| | - Ilaria Bernabò
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Science, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci 4/B, Rende (Cosenza) 87036, Italy.
| | | | - Lars O E Ebbesson
- Uni Research Environment, Uni Research, Bergen 5006, Norway.
- Department of Biology, University of Bergen, Bergen High Technology Center, Bergen 5020, Norway.
| | - Settimio Sesti
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Science, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci 4/B, Rende (Cosenza) 87036, Italy.
| | - Sandro Tripepi
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Science, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci 4/B, Rende (Cosenza) 87036, Italy.
| | - Elvira Brunelli
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Science, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci 4/B, Rende (Cosenza) 87036, Italy.
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Farag MR, Abd El-Aziz RM, Ali HA, Ahmed SA. Evaluating the ameliorative efficacy of Spirulina platensis on spermatogenesis and steroidogenesis in cadmium-intoxicated rats. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:2454-2466. [PMID: 26423278 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-5314-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The present study was conducted to evaluate the ameliorative efficacy of Spirulina platensis (SP) on reproductive dysfunctions induced by cadmium chloride (CdCl2) in male rats. Rats (n = 40) were divided into five groups (eight rats/each). Group 1: served as control without any treatment. Group 2: Rats were administered SP (150 mg/kg body weight (BW)) in drinking water for 10 days. Group 3: Rats were subcutaneously injected with CdCl2 (2 mg/kg BW) daily for 10 days. Group 4: Rats were co-treated with both CdCl2 (2 mg/kg BW) and SP (150 mg/kg BW) daily for 10 days (SP prophylactic group). Group 5: Rats received CdCl2 for 10 days followed by administration of SP alone in drinking water daily for another 30 days with the same mentioned routes and doses (SP treatment group). From our findings, the administration of SP alone or co-administration with Cd significantly attenuated the harmful effects of Cd, suggesting its beneficial role in improving spermatogenesis and steroidogenesis after Cd exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayada R Farag
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44111, Egypt.
| | - R M Abd El-Aziz
- Department of Physiology, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44111, Egypt
| | - H A Ali
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44111, Egypt
| | - Sahar A Ahmed
- Department of Forensic Medicine and clinical Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44111, Egypt
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Farag MR, Alagawany M, Abd El-Hac ME, Dhama K. Nutritional and Healthical Aspects of Spirulina (Arthrospira) for Poultry, Animals and Human. INT J PHARMACOL 2015. [DOI: 10.3923/ijp.2016.36.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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14
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Carneiro MFH, Morais C, Small DM, Vesey DA, Barbosa F, Gobe GC. Thimerosal induces apoptotic and fibrotic changes to kidney epithelial cells in vitro. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2015; 30:1423-1433. [PMID: 24942245 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Thimerosal is an ethyl mercury-containing compound used mainly in vaccines as a bactericide. Although the kidney is a key target for mercury toxicity, thimerosal nephrotoxicity has not received the same attention as other mercury species. The aim of this study was to determine the potential cytotoxic mechanisms of thimerosal on human kidney cells. Human kidney proximal tubular epithelial (HK2) cells were exposed for 24 h to thimerosal (0-2 µM), and assessed for cell viability, apoptosis, and cell proliferation; expression of proteins Bax, nuclear factor-κB subunits, and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGFβ1); mitochondrial health (JC-1, MitoTracker Red CMXRos); and fibronectin levels (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay). Thimerosal diminished HK2 cell viability and mitosis, promoted apoptosis, impaired the mitochondrial permeability transition, enhanced Bax and TGFβ1 expression, and augmented fibronectin secretion. This is the first report about kidney cell death and pro-fibrotic mechanisms promoted by thimerosal. Collectively, these in vitro results demonstrate that (1) thimerosal induces kidney epithelial cell apoptosis via upregulating Bax and the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway, and (2) thimerosal is a potential pro-fibrotic agent in human kidney cells. We suggest that new evidence on toxicity as well as continuous surveillance in terms of fibrogenesis is required concerning thimerosal use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Fernanda Hornos Carneiro
- Centre for Kidney Disease Research, School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Kent Street, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Laboratório de Toxicologia e Essencialidade de Metais, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Do Café, s/n, Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Christudas Morais
- Centre for Kidney Disease Research, School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Kent Street, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - David M Small
- Centre for Kidney Disease Research, School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Kent Street, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - David A Vesey
- Centre for Kidney Disease Research, School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Kent Street, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Fernando Barbosa
- Laboratório de Toxicologia e Essencialidade de Metais, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Do Café, s/n, Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Glenda C Gobe
- Centre for Kidney Disease Research, School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Kent Street, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Gutiérrez-Rebolledo GA, Galar-Martínez M, García-Rodríguez RV, Chamorro-Cevallos GA, Hernández-Reyes AG, Martínez-Galero E. Antioxidant Effect of Spirulina (Arthrospira) maxima on Chronic Inflammation Induced by Freund's Complete Adjuvant in Rats. J Med Food 2015; 18:865-71. [PMID: 25599112 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2014.0117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the major mechanisms in the pathogenesis of chronic inflammation is the excessive production of reactive oxygen and reactive nitrogen species, and therefore, oxidative stress. Spirulina (Arthrospira) maxima has marked antioxidant activity in vivo and in vitro, as well as anti-inflammatory activity in certain experimental models, the latter activity being mediated probably by the antioxidant activity of this cyanobacterium. In the present study, chronic inflammation was induced through injection of Freund's complete adjuvant (CFA) in rats treated daily with Spirulina (Arthrospira) maxima for 2 weeks beginning on day 14. Joint diameter, body temperature, and motor capacity were assessed each week. On days 0 and 28, total and differential leukocyte counts and serum oxidative damage were determined, the latter by assessing lipid peroxidation and protein carbonyl content. At the end of the study, oxidative damage to joints was likewise evaluated. Results show that S. maxima favors increased mobility, as well as body temperature regulation, and a number of circulating leukocytes, lymphocytes, and monocytes in specimens with CFA-induced chronic inflammation and also protects against oxidative damage in joint tissue as well as serum. In conclusion, the protection afforded by S. maxima against development of chronic inflammation is due to its antioxidant activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marcela Galar-Martínez
- 1 Department of Pharmacy, ENCB-IPN, Zacatenco Unity of Professional Studies, Del. GAM, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Germán A Chamorro-Cevallos
- 1 Department of Pharmacy, ENCB-IPN, Zacatenco Unity of Professional Studies, Del. GAM, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Elizdath Martínez-Galero
- 1 Department of Pharmacy, ENCB-IPN, Zacatenco Unity of Professional Studies, Del. GAM, Mexico City, Mexico
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Carneiro MFH, Oliveira Souza JM, Grotto D, Batista BL, de Oliveira Souza VC, Barbosa F. A systematic study of the disposition and metabolism of mercury species in mice after exposure to low levels of thimerosal (ethylmercury). ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2014; 134:218-227. [PMID: 25173055 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2014.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2014] [Revised: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Thimerosal (TM) is an ethylmercury (etHg)-containing preservative used in some vaccines despite very limited knowledge on the kinetics and direct interaction/effects in mammals׳ tissues after exposure. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the kinetics of Hg species in mice in a time course analysis after intramuscular injection of TM, by estimating Hg half-lives in blood and tissues. Mice were exposed to one single intramuscular dose of 20 µg of Hg as TM. Blood, brain, heart, kidney and liver were collected at 0.5 hour (h), 1 h, 8 h, 16 h, 144 h, 720 h and 1980 h after TM exposure (n=4). Hg species in animal tissues were identified and quantified by speciation analysis via liquid chromatography hyphenated with inductively coupled mass spectrometry (LC-ICP-MS). It was found that the transport of etHg from muscle to tissues and its conversion to inorganic Hg (inoHg) occur rapidly. Moreover, the conversion extent is modulated in part by the partitioning between EtHg in plasma and in whole blood, since etHg is rapidly converted in red cells but not in a plasma compartment. Furthermore, the dealkylation mechanism in red cells appears to be mediated by the Fenton reaction (hydroxyl radical formation). Interestingly, after 0.5 h of TM exposure, the highest levels of both etHg and inoHg were found in kidneys (accounting for more than 70% of the total Hg in the animal body), whereas the brain contributed least to the Hg body burden (accounts for <1.0% of total body Hg). Thirty days after TM exposure, most Hg had been excreted while the liver presented the majority of the remaining Hg. Estimated half-lives (in days) were 8.8 for blood, 10.7 for brain, 7.8 for heart, 7.7 for liver and 45.2 for kidney. Taken together, our findings demonstrated that TM (etHg) kinetics more closely approximates Hg(2+) than methylmercury (meHg) while the kidney must be considered a potential target for etHg toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Fernanda Hornos Carneiro
- Laboratório de Toxicologia e Essencialidade de Metais, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto - USP, Avenida do Café, s/n, Monte Alegre, CEP 14040-903 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
| | - Juliana Maria Oliveira Souza
- Laboratório de Toxicologia e Essencialidade de Metais, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto - USP, Avenida do Café, s/n, Monte Alegre, CEP 14040-903 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
| | - Denise Grotto
- Laboratório de Toxicologia e Essencialidade de Metais, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto - USP, Avenida do Café, s/n, Monte Alegre, CEP 14040-903 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de Sorocaba, Rodovia Raposo Tavares km 92.5, CEP 18023-000 Sorocaba, SP, Brazil.
| | - Bruno Lemos Batista
- Laboratório de Toxicologia e Essencialidade de Metais, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto - USP, Avenida do Café, s/n, Monte Alegre, CEP 14040-903 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil; Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, Bloco B, Avenida dos Estados 5001, CEP 0910-170 Santo André, SP, Brazil.
| | - Vanessa Cristina de Oliveira Souza
- Laboratório de Toxicologia e Essencialidade de Metais, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto - USP, Avenida do Café, s/n, Monte Alegre, CEP 14040-903 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
| | - Fernando Barbosa
- Laboratório de Toxicologia e Essencialidade de Metais, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto - USP, Avenida do Café, s/n, Monte Alegre, CEP 14040-903 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
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17
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Mohamed WA, Ismail SA, El-Hakim YMA. Spirulina platensis ameliorative effect against GSM 900-MHz cellular phone radiation-induced genotoxicity in male Sprague-Dawley rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00580-014-2003-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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18
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Sarumathi A, Sethupathy S, Saravanan N. The protective efficacy of spirulina against bacterial endotoxin potentiated alcoholic liver disease. J Funct Foods 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2014.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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19
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Agha FE, Youness ER, Selim MMH, Ahmed HH. Nephroprotective potential of selenium and taurine against mercuric chloride induced nephropathy in rats. Ren Fail 2014; 36:704-16. [DOI: 10.3109/0886022x.2014.890012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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20
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Martinez CS, Escobar AG, Torres JGD, Brum DS, Santos FW, Alonso MJ, Salaices M, Vassallo DV, Peçanha FM, Leivas FG, Wiggers GA. Chronic exposure to low doses of mercury impairs sperm quality and induces oxidative stress in rats. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2014; 77:143-154. [PMID: 24555655 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2014.867202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Mercury (Hg) is a widespread environmental pollutant that adversely affects the male reproductive system. The precise mechanisms underlying mercuric chloride (HgCl2)-induced toxicity are not fully understood; however, evidence indicates that oxidative stress may be involved in this process. Although the adverse effects of high levels of inorganic Hg on the male reproductive system have been investigated, the effects of low levels of exposure are unknown. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of chronic exposure to low concentrations of HgCl2 on sperm parameters, lipid peroxidation, and antioxidant activity of male rats. Three-month-old male Wistar rats were treated for 30 d and divided into groups: control (saline, i.m.) and HgCl2 group (i.m., first dose 4.6 μg/kg, subsequent doses 0.07 μg/kg/d). Sperm parameters (count, motility and morphology) and biomarkers of oxidative stress in testis, epididymis, prostate, and vas deferens were analyzed. Mercury treatment produced a reduction in sperm quantity (testis and epididymis) and daily sperm production, following by decrease in sperm motility and increase on head and tail morphologic abnormalities. HgCl2 exposure was correlated with enhanced oxidative stress in reproductive organs, represented not only by augmented lipid peroxidation but also by changes in antioxidant enzymes activity superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) and nonprotein thiol levels. In conclusion, chronic exposure to low doses of Hg impaired sperm quality and adversely affected male reproductive functions, which may be due, at least in part, to enhanced oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline S Martinez
- a Postgraduate Program in Biochemistry and Postgraduate Program in Animal Science , Universidade Federal do Pampa , Uruguaiana , RS , Brazil
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21
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Kalender S, Uzun FG, Demir F, Uzunhisarcıklı M, Aslanturk A. Mercuric chloride-induced testicular toxicity in rats and the protective role of sodium selenite and vitamin E. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 55:456-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Revised: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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22
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Phycobiliproteins or C-phycocyanin of Arthrospira (Spirulina) maxima protect against HgCl2-caused oxidative stress and renal damage. Food Chem 2012; 135:2359-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.07.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2012] [Revised: 06/22/2012] [Accepted: 07/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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23
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Liu W, Xu Z, Yang H, Deng Y, Xu B, Wei Y. The protective effects of tea polyphenols and schisandrin B on nephrotoxicity of mercury. Biol Trace Elem Res 2011; 143:1651-65. [PMID: 21369715 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-011-8996-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2010] [Accepted: 02/04/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Mercury (Hg) is an occupational and environmental contaminant that is a well-recognized health hazard. To approach the concrete mechanisms of mercury nephrotoxicity and find out a new way to prevent it, the rats were subcutaneously injected with different dosages of mercuric chloride (HgCl(2))--0, 2.2, 4.4, and 8.8 μmol/kg. The levels of Hg, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), urine protein, glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA) and activities of N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) were investigated, and the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and apoptosis and the pathological changes were also observed. In addition, the effects of 1 mmol/kg tea polyphenols (TP) and 0.04 mmol/kg schisandrin B (Sch B) were studied at 8.8 μmol/kg HgCl(2). It was observed that the levels of Hg, BUN, urine protein, GSH, and MDA and activities of NAG, ALP, and LDH increased significantly; the activities of SOD and GSH-Px decreased significantly; the levels of ROS and apoptosis increased obviously; and many pathological changes occurred dose-dependently in the HgCl(2) injection groups. Further investigation indicated that pretreatment with TP and Sch B significantly reversed the toxic effects of HgCl(2). These results suggested that TP and Sch B might antagonize the nephrotoxicity caused by HgCl(2) exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, Peoples Republic of China
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Gad AS, Khadrawy YA, El-Nekeety AA, Mohamed SR, Hassan NS, Abdel-Wahhab MA. Antioxidant activity and hepatoprotective effects of whey protein and Spirulina in rats. Nutrition 2011; 27:582-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2010.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2009] [Revised: 03/06/2010] [Accepted: 04/05/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Karadeniz A, Yildirim A, Simsek N, Kalkan Y, Celebi F. Spirulina platensis protects against gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Phytother Res 2008; 22:1506-10. [PMID: 18690652 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.2522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the protective effect of Spirulina platensis (SP) on gentamicin sulphate (GS)-induced changes in the levels of lipid peroxidation and endogenous antioxidants in the kidney of rats. Sprague-Dawley rats were treated in separate groups as follows for 7 consecutive days: control (C), gentamicin sulphate (100 mg/kg i.p.) (GS), Spirulina platensis (1000 mg/kg orally) (SP) and Spirulina platensis (1000 mg/kg orally) plus gentamicin sulphate (100 mg/kg i.p.) (SP + GS). The degree of protection was evaluated by determining the effects of Spirulina platensis on malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and nitric oxide (NO), and plasma creatinine and urea levels were estimated in kidney homogenates to evaluate antioxidant activity, and the kidney was histologically examined as well. Spirulina platensis elicited significant nephroprotective activity by decreasing lipid peroxidation (MDA) and elevated the levels of GSH, SOD, GPX, NO, creatinine and urea. Furthermore, these biochemical observations were supplemented by histological examination of the rat kidneys. In conclusion, the present study indicates a very important role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the relation to renal dysfunction and point to the therapeutic potential of Spirulina platensis in gentamicin sulphate induced nephrotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Karadeniz
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey.
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Sinha M, Manna P, Sil PC. Arjunolic acid attenuates arsenic-induced nephrotoxicity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 15:147-56. [PMID: 18434106 DOI: 10.1016/j.pathophys.2008.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2007] [Revised: 03/07/2008] [Accepted: 03/13/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Arsenic is highly toxic naturally occurring element that affects numerous organ systems in humans. Present study was designed to investigate the preventive role of a triterpenoid saponin, arjunolic acid (AA) against arsenic-induced nephrotoxicity in mouse model. For this study, NaAsO(2) was chosen as the source of arsenic. Oral administration of NaAsO(2) at a dose of 10mg/kg body weight for 2 days caused significant accumulation of arsenic in renal tissues as well as altered the activities of serum markers, urea nitrogen (UN) and creatinine, antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), glutathione reductase (GR) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), level of cellular metabolites, reduced glutathione (GSH), oxidized glutathione (GSSG) and total thiols, level of lipid peroxidation end products and protein carbonyl content. Treatment with AA at a dose of 20mg/kg body weight for 4 days almost normalized above indices. Histological studies also indicated preventive role of AA against NaAsO(2)-induced nephrotoxicity. The radical scavenging activity and in vivo antioxidant power of AA were determined from its DPPH radical scavenging ability and ferric reducing/antioxidant power (FRAP), respectively. A well-known antioxidant, vitamin C was used as positive control throughout the study. Combining all, results suggest that arsenic could cause kidney damage by inducing oxidative stress in mice and that could be prevented by AA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahua Sinha
- Department of Chemistry, Bose Institute, 93/1, Acharya Prafulla Chandra Road, Kolkata 700009, West Bengal, India
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