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Ikram A, Khalid W, Wajeeha Zafar KU, Ali A, Afzal MF, Aziz A, Faiz Ul Rasool I, Al-Farga A, Aqlan F, Koraqi H. Nutritional, biochemical, and clinical applications of carob: A review. Food Sci Nutr 2023; 11:3641-3654. [PMID: 37457186 PMCID: PMC10345664 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.3367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Carob is botanically called as Ceratonia siliqua and belongs to the Legumes family. The fruit is derived from hermaphrodite trees and hard in shape. The carob contains high sugar contents in pulp, fat in seed and minerals like potassium, calcium, and phosphorus are present in pods. Polyphenols and antioxidants are abundant in leaves and pods. It can be used for enhancing human health due to its high nutritional profile. Carob gum is used in the pharmaceutical industry in the form of pomades, anti-celiac ingredients, pills, and dental paste. The clinical carob can aid as an anti-cancer, anti-reflux, anti-diabetic, anti-diarrheal, anti-hyperlipidemia, anti-bacterial, anti-microbial, and anti-fungal. Nowadays, carob seeds are being used as an alternative to cocoa powder in food items whereas the leaves, pods, and seeds of carob are also historically used as food for animal feed. However, these parts of carob are available in markets with reasonable prices. Carob production, though with a rising contribution, contributes to the local economy. In this sense, we can incorporate knowledge on the chemical properties and the biological effect of carob fruits on human health. In this study, the supportive and health-promoting impacts of carob are discussed along with the clinical testing obtained from natural constituents of carob. In addition, further studies can be performed to extract and separate polyphenols and antioxidant potential for the development of functional that play a valuable role in pharmaceutical and food sectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Ikram
- University Institute of Food Science and Technology, The University of Lahore Lahore Pakistan
| | - Waseem Khalid
- University Institute of Food Science and Technology, The University of Lahore Lahore Pakistan
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Life Sciences Government College University Faisalabad Pakistan
| | | | - Anwar Ali
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health Central South University Changsha China
| | - Muhammad Faizan Afzal
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Life Sciences Government College University Faisalabad Pakistan
| | - Afifa Aziz
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Life Sciences Government College University Faisalabad Pakistan
| | - Izza Faiz Ul Rasool
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Life Sciences Government College University Faisalabad Pakistan
| | - Ammar Al-Farga
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Sciences University of Jeddah Jeddah Saudi Arabia
| | - Faisal Aqlan
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences Ibb University Ibb Governorate Yemen
| | - Hyrije Koraqi
- Faculty of Food Science and Biotechnology UBT-Higher Education Institution Pristina Kosovo
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2
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Elsayad K. What Ancient Egyptian Medicine Can Teach Us. JCO Glob Oncol 2023; 9:e2300146. [PMID: 37348032 PMCID: PMC10497278 DOI: 10.1200/go.23.00146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Dr Elsayad describes his impressions regarding the medical and surgical procedures used for patients with cancer and reports on the oncologic cases from ancient Egyptian remains published in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled Elsayad
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
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3
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Gregoriou G, Neophytou CM, Vasincu A, Gregoriou Y, Hadjipakkou H, Pinakoulaki E, Christodoulou MC, Ioannou GD, Stavrou IJ, Christou A, Kapnissi-Christodoulou CP, Aigner S, Stuppner H, Kakas A, Constantinou AI. Anti-Cancer Activity and Phenolic Content of Extracts Derived from Cypriot Carob ( Ceratonia siliqua L.) Pods Using Different Solvents. Molecules 2021; 26:5017. [PMID: 34443605 PMCID: PMC8401790 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26165017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracts derived from the Ceratonia siliqua L. (carob) tree have been widely studied for their ability to prevent many diseases mainly due to the presence of polyphenolic compounds. In this study, we explored, for the first time, the anti-cancer properties of Cypriot carobs. We produced extracts from ripe and unripe whole carobs, pulp and seeds using solvents with different polarities. We measured the ability of the extracts to inhibit proliferation and induce apoptosis in cancer and normal immortalized breast cells, using the MTT assay, cell cycle analysis and Western Blotting. The extracts' total polyphenol content and anti-oxidant action was evaluated using the Folin-Ciocalteu method and the DPPH assay. Finally, we used LC-MS analysis to identify and quantify polyphenols in the most effective extracts. Our results demonstrate that the anti-proliferative capacity of carob extracts varied with the stage of carob maturity and the extraction solvent. The Diethyl-ether and Ethyl acetate extracts derived from the ripe whole fruit had high Myricetin content and also displayed specific activity against cancer cells. Their mechanism of action involved caspase-dependent and independent apoptosis. Our results indicate that extracts from Cypriot carobs may have potential uses in the development of nutritional supplements and pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregoria Gregoriou
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus, Nicosia 1678, Cyprus; (G.G.); (Y.G.); (A.I.C.)
| | - Christiana M. Neophytou
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus, Nicosia 1678, Cyprus; (G.G.); (Y.G.); (A.I.C.)
- European University Research Center, Nicosia 2404, Cyprus
| | - Alexandru Vasincu
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iaşi, Romania;
| | - Yiota Gregoriou
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus, Nicosia 1678, Cyprus; (G.G.); (Y.G.); (A.I.C.)
| | - Haria Hadjipakkou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cyprus, Nicosia 1678, Cyprus; (H.H.); (E.P.); (M.C.C.); (G.D.I.); (I.J.S.); (A.C.); (C.P.K.-C.)
| | - Eftychia Pinakoulaki
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cyprus, Nicosia 1678, Cyprus; (H.H.); (E.P.); (M.C.C.); (G.D.I.); (I.J.S.); (A.C.); (C.P.K.-C.)
| | - Marios C. Christodoulou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cyprus, Nicosia 1678, Cyprus; (H.H.); (E.P.); (M.C.C.); (G.D.I.); (I.J.S.); (A.C.); (C.P.K.-C.)
| | - Georgia D. Ioannou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cyprus, Nicosia 1678, Cyprus; (H.H.); (E.P.); (M.C.C.); (G.D.I.); (I.J.S.); (A.C.); (C.P.K.-C.)
| | - Ioannis J. Stavrou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cyprus, Nicosia 1678, Cyprus; (H.H.); (E.P.); (M.C.C.); (G.D.I.); (I.J.S.); (A.C.); (C.P.K.-C.)
- Department of Life Sciences, European University Cyprus, Nicosia 2404, Cyprus
| | - Atalanti Christou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cyprus, Nicosia 1678, Cyprus; (H.H.); (E.P.); (M.C.C.); (G.D.I.); (I.J.S.); (A.C.); (C.P.K.-C.)
| | | | - Siegfried Aigner
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmacognosy, Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (S.A.); (H.S.)
| | - Hermann Stuppner
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmacognosy, Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (S.A.); (H.S.)
| | - Antonis Kakas
- Department of Computer Science, University of Cyprus, Nicosia 1678, Cyprus;
| | - Andreas I. Constantinou
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus, Nicosia 1678, Cyprus; (G.G.); (Y.G.); (A.I.C.)
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4
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Nivedita PS, Shettar AK, Joy HH. Applications of Polysaccharides in Nutrition and Medicine. POLYSACCHARIDES 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/9781119711414.ch30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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5
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Ben Ayache S, Behija Saafi E, Emhemmed F, Flamini G, Achour L, Muller CD. Biological Activities of Aqueous Extracts from Carob Plant ( Ceratonia siliqua L.) by Antioxidant, Analgesic and Proapoptotic Properties Evaluation. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25143120. [PMID: 32650498 PMCID: PMC7397290 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25143120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The present work describes the volatile compounds profile and phytochemical content of Ceratonia siliqua L. Fifty different components have been identified. Among them, three constituents are shared i.e., 2-methlybutanoic acid, methyl hexanoate and limonene by different common carob preparations: pulp decoction (PD), seeds decoction (SD) and Rob, a sweet syrup extracted from the pulp of the carob pod. Each extract exhibits different volatile aromatic emission profiles. The antioxidant activity of the extracts was evaluated using three methods, DPPH, ABTS and FRAP, producing a dose-dependent response. The IC50, when determined by FRAP, gave the lowest values (0.66 ± 0.01, 0.73 ± 0.05 and 0.55 ± 0.00 mg/mL PD, SD and Rob, respectively). The nociception essay, after intraperitoneal injection of acetic acid in mice, demonstrated that Rob, pulp and seeds decoction extracts showed an efficient inhibition of writhes over time, with persistence over 30 min. The SD decoction revealed the highest efficacy in decreasing the writhing reflex (90.3 ± 1.2%; p < 0.001). Furthermore, the proapoptotic activity of SD against three human cell line, THP-1, MCF-7 and LOVO, evaluated by flow cytometry, showed a significantly stronger proapoptotic activity on colon cancer (LOVO) than on the other cell lines, a phenomenon known as phenotypic selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siwar Ben Ayache
- Research Laboratory “Bioresources, Integrative Biology & Valorization”, Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Monastir, University of Monastir, Monastir 5000, Tunisia; (E.B.S.); (L.A.)
- Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, UMR 7178 CNRS, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Strasbourg, 67401 Illkirch, France;
- Correspondence: (S.B.A.); (C.D.M.); Tel.: +216-73-463-716 (S.B.A.); Fax: +216-73465-404 (S.B.A.)
| | - Emna Behija Saafi
- Research Laboratory “Bioresources, Integrative Biology & Valorization”, Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Monastir, University of Monastir, Monastir 5000, Tunisia; (E.B.S.); (L.A.)
| | - Fathi Emhemmed
- Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, UMR 7178 CNRS, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Strasbourg, 67401 Illkirch, France;
| | - Guido Flamini
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy;
- Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca “Nutraceutica e Alimentazione per la Salute” Nutrafood, Università di Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Lotfi Achour
- Research Laboratory “Bioresources, Integrative Biology & Valorization”, Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Monastir, University of Monastir, Monastir 5000, Tunisia; (E.B.S.); (L.A.)
| | - Christian D. Muller
- Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, UMR 7178 CNRS, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Strasbourg, 67401 Illkirch, France;
- Correspondence: (S.B.A.); (C.D.M.); Tel.: +216-73-463-716 (S.B.A.); Fax: +216-73465-404 (S.B.A.)
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Chait YA, Gunenc A, Bendali F, Hosseinian F. Simulated gastrointestinal digestion and in vitro colonic fermentation of carob polyphenols: Bioaccessibility and bioactivity. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2019.108623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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7
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Sadat SS, Mohammadi S, Sazegar G, Fazel A, Ebrahimzadeh A, Ghayour Mobarhan M, Beheshti F, Attari SS, Tavallaei S. Effects of Carob Fruit Extract on Spermatogenesis, Antioxidant Status, and Apoptosis in Adult Male Mice. PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.15171/ps.2019.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Certain plants stimulate spermatogenesis and increase fertility; in contrast, some plants arrest the spermatogenesis cycle. Ceratonia siliqua is an herb plant with a strong antioxidant property. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of carob fruit extract on spermatogenesis, testicular apoptosis, and oxidative stress in adult male mice. Methods: Forty adult male mice were randomly divided into five groups: control, sham, and carob 1–3. The sham group was injected with normal saline and the carob 1–3 groups were injected with 200, 400, and 800 mg/kg of the carob fruit extract intraperitoneally for 14 days, respectively. At the end of the injection period, spermatogenesis, testicular apoptosis, and oxidative stress were examined. Results: The sperm parameters increased in the mice that received 200 mg/kg of carob compared to the sham group (p <0.05). There was a significant increase in the weight index of the epididymis in the carob 3 group in comparison to the sham group (p = 0.01). The number of positive tunnel cells was not statistically significant between different groups (p>0.05). The level of malondialdehyde decreased in the carob 1 and carob 3 groups, but this reduction was not statistically significant (p > 0.05). In addition, the statistical analysis showed a significant difference in the mean superoxide dismutase levels in the carob 2 and carob 3 groups in comparison to the sham group (p ≤ 0.001). The statistical analysis showed a significant increase in the mean level of the catalase enzyme in the carob 1 group in comparison to the sham (p = 0.02), and carob 2 groups (p = 0.008). Conclusion: The administration of 200 mg of the carob fruit extract for 14 days increased the testicular index as well as sperm parameters and decreased the level of oxidative stress in the testicular tissue of adult mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Sadegh Sadat
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Shabnam Mohammadi
- Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ghasem Sazegar
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Alireza Fazel
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Alireza Ebrahimzadeh
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Majid Ghayour Mobarhan
- Biochemistry of Nutritional Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Science, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Farimah Beheshti
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyedeh Saleheh Attari
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Shima Tavallaei
- Biochemistry of Nutritional Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Science, Mashhad, Iran
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Zhu BJ, Zayed MZ, Zhu HX, Zhao J, Li SP. Functional polysaccharides of carob fruit: a review. Chin Med 2019; 14:40. [PMID: 31583011 PMCID: PMC6767635 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-019-0261-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Polysaccharides in carob fruit, including carob bean gum (also known as carob gum, locust bean gum) and carob fiber, are widely used in industries such as food, pharmaceuticals, paper, textile, oil well drilling and cosmetics. Carob bean gum is a galactomannan obtained from the seed endosperm of carob tree and the fiber is obtained by removing most of soluble carbohydrates in carob pulp by water extraction. Both the gum and fiber are beneficial to health for many diseases such as diabetes, bowel movements, heart disease and colon cancer. This article reviewed the composition, properties, food applications and health benefits of polysaccharides from carob fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao-Jie Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Macao, 999078 China
| | - Mohamed Zaky Zayed
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Macao, 999078 China.,2Forestry & Wood Technology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Hua-Xu Zhu
- 3Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023 China
| | - Jing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Macao, 999078 China
| | - Shao-Ping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Macao, 999078 China
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9
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Urine and fecal samples targeted metabolomics of carobs treated rats. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2019; 1114-1115:76-85. [PMID: 30933879 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2019.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Ceratonia siliqua, known as the carob, is considered to be of high nutritional value and of great economic significance due to its unique composition. The beneficial effects of carob against cancer, metabolic syndrome, diabetes, diarrhea, hyperlipidemia and gastro esophageal reflux disease are only a few of its therapeutic actions. Metabolomics-based analysis provides an ultimate tool, for the deciphering of nutritional intervention derived metabolic alterations. In the present study, 16 male Wistar rats were treated with carob powder for a 15-day period. Fecal and urine samples were collected at 5 time points (0, 1, 5, 10 and 15 days). By the applied HILIC-MS/MS method, 63 and 67 hydrophilic metabolites were detected in the fecal and urine samples, respectively, including amino acids, organic acids, sugars, vitamins and other endogenous compounds. A clear group separation based on fecal metabolome was observed after 1 day and 15 days treatment, while only a mild differentiation at day 1 was observed based on urine metabolome. Twenty-one fecal metabolites were responsible for the separation including amino acids and their derivatives, vitamins and organic acids. However, only 7 metabolites were altered in rat urine samples. Metabolic alterations in fecal samples could be attributed to physiological and biochemical adaptations derived from the nutritional intervention. Fecal targeted metabolomics were proven to be suitable for uplifting and highlighting such alterations.
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10
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Colorectal cancer and medicinal plants: Principle findings from recent studies. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 107:408-423. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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Alzoubi KH, Alibbini S, Khabour OF, El-Elimat T, Al-Zubi M, Alali FQ. Carob (Ceratonia siliqua L.) Prevents Short-Term Memory Deficit Induced by Chronic Stress in Rats. J Mol Neurosci 2018; 66:314-321. [PMID: 30218423 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-018-1161-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Long-term exposure to stressful conditions could impair the normal brain structure and function, specifically the hippocampus-dependent memory. This impairment could be attributed to a decrease in brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels during chronic stress. Knowing that carob [Ceratonia siliqua L. (Fabaceae)] is rich in a wide variety of polyphenols with a high antioxidant value, we hypothesized that the methanolic carob extract (C. siliqua) pods will prevent stress-induced memory impairment. Hence, the methanolic extract of carob pods was investigated for its ability to enhance learning and memory as well as to protect from memory impairment in normal stressed animals. Rats were chronically stressed for 7 weeks via the intruder stress model. Carob extract was administered to animals via intraperitoneal (i.p.) route at a daily dose of 50 mg/kg. Radial arm water maze (RAWM) was utilized to test for spatial learning and memory. In addition, brain tissues were dissected to determine BDNF levels. Chronic stress (CS) impaired short-term spatial memory (number of committed errors: P < 0.05, days to criterion (DTC): P < 0.001). Animal treatment with carob pod extract prevented the short-term memory impairment induced by CS (P < 0.05), while such treatment showed no effect on memory functions of unstressed rats. Moreover, carob pod extract prevented the reduction in the hippocampal BDNF (P < 0.05) induced by chronic stress exposure. In conclusion, CS impaired short-term memory function, while methanolic extract of carob pods prevented this impairment, probably as a result of preventing reduction in BDNF levels in the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karem H Alzoubi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
| | - Sanaa Alibbini
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
| | - Omar F Khabour
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
| | - Tamam El-Elimat
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
| | - Mohammad Al-Zubi
- Department of Pathology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Feras Q Alali
- College of Pharmacy, Qatar University, Doha, 2713, Qatar.
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Development of biopolymers based interpenetrating polymeric network of capecitabine: A drug delivery vehicle to extend the release of the model drug. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 115:907-919. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.04.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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13
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Ferk F, Kundi M, Brath H, Szekeres T, Al-Serori H, Mišík M, Saiko P, Marculescu R, Wagner KH, Knasmueller S. Gallic Acid Improves Health-Associated Biochemical Parameters and Prevents Oxidative Damage of DNA in Type 2 Diabetes Patients: Results of a Placebo-Controlled Pilot Study. Mol Nutr Food Res 2018; 62. [PMID: 29193677 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201700482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Oxidative imbalance plays a key role in cancer induction and cardiovascular diseases (CVD) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The aim of this study is to find out if gallic acid (GA) prevents oxidative stress in diabetic patients. Therefore, we investigate its impact on oxidation of DNA bases and on other health-related macromolecules. METHODS AND RESULTS We perform an intervention study (n = 19) with GA and monitored alterations of the DNA stability in single cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE) assays in lymphocytes. Furthermore, a panel of health-related biomarkers is measured before and after consumption of GA (15 mg p-1 d-1 ) for 7 d. Significant reduction of oxidized purines (by 31%, p < 0.001, effect size 0.404) and pyrimidines (by 2%, p < 0.022, effect size 0.089) is observed in SCGE assays. Furthermore, the plasma concentrations of oxidized-LDL and C-reactive protein are reduced after the intervention by 24% (p = 0.014, effect size 0.384) and 39% (p < 0.001, effect size 0.686), respectively. No alterations of other biomarkers are found. CONCLUSIONS A small amount of GA (in the range of daily consumption in Central Europe) prevents oxidative DNA damage and reduces markers which reflect inflammation and increased risks of cancer and CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Ferk
- Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Kundi
- Institute for Environmental Health, Center for Public Health, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Helmut Brath
- Diabetes Outpatient Clinic, Health Centre South, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Szekeres
- Department of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Halh Al-Serori
- Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Miroslav Mišík
- Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Philipp Saiko
- Department of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Rodrig Marculescu
- Department of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Siegfried Knasmueller
- Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
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Loullis A, Pinakoulaki E. Carob as cocoa substitute: a review on composition, health benefits and food applications. Eur Food Res Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-017-3018-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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15
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Carob leaf polyphenols trigger intrinsic apoptotic pathway and induce cell cycle arrest in colon cancer cells. J Funct Foods 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2017.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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16
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Hartmann A. Back to the roots - dermatology in ancient Egyptian medicine. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2016; 14:389-96. [PMID: 27027749 DOI: 10.1111/ddg.12947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Although ancient Greek and Roman medicine is generally considered the origin of European medicine, there is evidence in ancient Egyptian texts suggesting a precursor role of ancient Egyptian medicine in this regard. What did Greek and Roman physicians learn from their Egyptian counterparts? Of the medical papyri discovered to date, the largest and most significant - the Ebers papyrus and the Smith papyrus - originate from the beginning of the New Kingdom, however, they were - at least in part - already written during the Old Kingdom. Considering the times, the spectrum of diseases treated as well as the range of conservative and surgical treatment methods was truly astounding. Taking a medical history, performing a thorough manual examination, and assessing clinical findings constituted key components in establishing a diagnosis. Apart from hygienic aspects, skin and hair disorders, the treatment of acute and chronic wounds and injuries as well as cosmetic procedures took on an important role. Even back then, physicians sought to assess inflammatory processes with respect to their cardinal features, implement graded wound therapy, and treat diseases with allopathic drugs. The 'channel theory' prevalent at that time, in which the unimpeded flow of bodily fluids was considered a fundamental prerequisite for health, may likely be regarded as precursor of ancient Greek humoral pathology. The latter became the basis for the subsequently established theory of the four humors, and was thus essential for the entire field of medieval medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anke Hartmann
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Germany
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Goulas V, Stylos E, Chatziathanasiadou MV, Mavromoustakos T, Tzakos AG. Functional Components of Carob Fruit: Linking the Chemical and Biological Space. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:E1875. [PMID: 27834921 PMCID: PMC5133875 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17111875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Revised: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The contribution of natural products to the drug-discovery pipeline has been remarkable since they have served as a rich source for drug development and discovery. Natural products have adapted, during the course of evolution, optimum chemical scaffolds against a wide variety of diseases, including cancer and diabetes. Advances in high-throughput screening assays, assisted by the continuous development on the instrumentation's capabilities and omics, have resulted in charting a large chemical and biological space of drug-like compounds, originating from natural sources. Herein, we attempt to integrate the information on the chemical composition and the associated biological impact of carob fruit in regards to human health. The beneficial and health-promoting effects of carob along with the clinical trials and the drug formulations derived from carob's natural components are presented in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vlasios Goulas
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology and Food Science, Cyprus University of Technology, Lemesos 3603, Cyprus.
| | - Evgenios Stylos
- Section of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece.
- Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biological Applications and Technologies, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece.
| | - Maria V Chatziathanasiadou
- Section of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece.
| | - Thomas Mavromoustakos
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11571 Athens, Greece.
| | - Andreas G Tzakos
- Section of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece.
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18
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Hartmann A. Back to the roots - die Anfänge der Dermatologie in der altägyptischen Medizin. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/ddg.12947_g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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19
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Nasar-Abbas SM, E-Huma Z, Vu TH, Khan MK, Esbenshade H, Jayasena V. Carob Kibble: A Bioactive-Rich Food Ingredient. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2015; 15:63-72. [PMID: 33371575 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Carob (Ceratonia siliqua L.) is well known for its valuable locust bean gum obtained from the carob seeds. Separation of seeds from the pod leaves behind the carob kibble which is a good source of dietary fiber, sugars, and a range of bioactive compounds such as polyphenols and pinitol. Bioactive compounds present in carob kibble have been found to be beneficial in the control of many health problems such as diabetes, heart diseases, and colon cancer due to their antidiabetic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities. Carob kibble has substantial potential to be used as a food ingredient. This article focuses on the composition, health benefits, and food applications of carob kibble.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed M Nasar-Abbas
- Dept. of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food Technology, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin Univ, Bentley, WA, 6102, Australia
| | - Zill- E-Huma
- Dept. of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food Technology, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin Univ, Bentley, WA, 6102, Australia.,National Inst. of Food Science & Technology, Univ. of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Thi-Huong Vu
- Dept. of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food Technology, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin Univ, Bentley, WA, 6102, Australia
| | - Muhammad Kamran Khan
- Dept. of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food Technology, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin Univ, Bentley, WA, 6102, Australia.,Dept. of Food Science, Government College Univ. Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Vijay Jayasena
- School of Science and Health, Wrestern Sydney Univ, Parramatta NSW 2150, Australia
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20
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Optimization of roasting conditions as an useful approach for increasing antioxidant activity of carob powder. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2014.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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21
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Forester SC, Choy YY, Waterhouse AL, Oteiza PI. The anthocyanin metabolites gallic acid, 3-O
-methylgallic acid, and 2,4,6-trihydroxybenzaldehyde decrease human colon cancer cell viability by regulating pro-oncogenic signals. Mol Carcinog 2012; 53:432-9. [DOI: 10.1002/mc.21974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2012] [Revised: 09/18/2012] [Accepted: 10/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah C. Forester
- Department of Viticulture and Enology; One Shields Avenue; University of California; Davis
| | - Ying Y. Choy
- Department of Viticulture and Enology; One Shields Avenue; University of California; Davis
| | - Andrew L. Waterhouse
- Department of Viticulture and Enology; One Shields Avenue; University of California; Davis
| | - Patricia I. Oteiza
- Departments of Nutrition and Environmental Toxicology; One Shields Avenue; University of California; Davis
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22
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Bernardo-Gil MG, Roque R, Roseiro LB, Duarte LC, Gírio F, Esteves P. Supercritical extraction of carob kibbles (Ceratonia siliqua L.). J Supercrit Fluids 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2011.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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23
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Hsouna AB, Saoudi M, Trigui M, Jamoussi K, Boudawara T, Jaoua S, Feki AE. Characterization of bioactive compounds and ameliorative effects of Ceratonia siliqua leaf extract against CCl₄ induced hepatic oxidative damage and renal failure in rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2011; 49:3183-91. [PMID: 21996303 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2011.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2011] [Revised: 08/09/2011] [Accepted: 09/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Ceratonia siliqua is a typical Mediterranean plant, mainly used in food and Tunisian traditional folk medicine. Among the tested extracts, the ethyl acetate fraction (EACs) exhibited the highest total phenolic and flavonoids content. The antioxidant activity in vitro systems showed a more significant potent free radical scavenging activity of this extract than other analysis fractions. The HPLC finger print of EACs active extract showed the presence of six phenolic compounds. The in vivo results showed that oral administration of CCl(4) enhanced levels of hepatic and renal markers (ALT, AST, ALP, LDH, γ-GT, urea and creatinine) in the serum of experimental animals. It also increased the oxidative stress markers resulting in increased levels of the lipid peroxidation with a concomitant decrease in the levels of enzymatic antioxidants (SOD, CAT, GPx) in both liver and kidney. The pre-treatment of experimental rats with 250 mg/kg (BW) of the EACs, by intraperitoneal injection for 8 days, prevented CCl(4) induced disorders in the levels of hepatic and kidney markers. The biochemical changes were in accordance with histopathological observations suggesting a marked hepatoprotective and nephroprotective effect of the EACs extract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anis Ben Hsouna
- Biopesticides Team (LPIP), Center of Biotechnology of Sfax, PB 1177, 3018 Sfax, Tunisia
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Potent protection of gallic acid against DNA oxidation: results of human and animal experiments. Mutat Res 2011; 715:61-71. [PMID: 21827773 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2011.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2011] [Revised: 06/23/2011] [Accepted: 07/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Gallic acid (3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid, GA) is a constituent of plant derived foods, beverages and herbal remedies. We investigated its DNA protective properties in a placebo controlled human intervention trial in single cell gel electrophoresis experiments. Supplementation of drinking water with GA (12.8 mg/person/d) for three days led to a significant reduction of DNA migration attributable to oxidised pyrimidines (endonuclease III sensitive sites) and oxidised purines (formamidopyrimidine glycosylase sensitive sites) in lymphocytes of healthy individuals by 75% and 64% respectively. Also DNA damage caused by treatment of the cells with reactive oxygen species (ROS) was reduced after GA consumption (by 41%). These effects were paralleled by an increase of the activities of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathion-S-transferase-π) and a decrease of intracellular ROS concentrations in lymphocytes, while no alterations of the total antioxidant capacity (TAC), of malondialdehyde levels in serum and of the urinary excretion of isoprostanes were found. Experiments with rats showed that GA reduces oxidatively damaged DNA in lymphocytes, liver, colon and lungs and protects these organs against γ-irradiation-induced strand breaks and formation of oxidatively damaged DNA-bases. Furthermore, the number of radiation-induced preneoplastic hepatic foci was decreased by 43% after oral administration of the phenolic. Since we did not find alterations of the TAC in plasma and lipid peroxidation of cell membranes but intracellular effects it is likely that the antioxidant properties of GA seen in vivo are not due to direct scavenging of radicals but rather to indirect mechanisms (e.g. protection against ROS via activation of transcription factors). As the amount of GA used in the intervention trial is similar to the daily intake in Middle Europe (18 mg/person/day), our findings indicate that it may contribute to prevention of formation of oxidatively damaged DNA in humans.
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25
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Custodio L, Fernandes E, Escapa AL, Fajardo A, Aligue R, Albericio F, Neng NR, Nogueira JMF, Romano A. Antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of carob tree fruit pulps are strongly influenced by gender and cultivar. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:7005-12. [PMID: 21639092 DOI: 10.1021/jf200838f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Extracts from fruit pulps of six female cultivars and two hermaphrodite Portuguese carob trees [(Ceratonia siliqua L., Fabaceae)] exhibited strong antioxidant activity and were rich in phenolic compounds. The extracts decreased the viability of different human cancer cell lines on a dose- and time-dependent manner. Gender and cultivar significantly influenced the chemical content and the biological activities of the extracts. Extracts from hermaphrodite trees had a higher content of phenolic compounds, and exhibited higher antioxidant and cytotoxic activities. Among females, cv. Aida had the highest radical scavenging activity and total content of phenolics, Mulata the highest capacity to inhibit lipid oxidation and Gasparinha the strongest cytotoxic activity on HeLa cells. The decrease in cell viability was associated with apoptosis on HeLa and MDA-MB-231 lines. (+)-Catechin and gallic acid (GA) were the main compounds identified in the extracts, and GA contributed to the antioxidant activity. Our results show that the antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of carob tree fruit pulps are strongly influenced by gender and cultivar, and provide new knowledge about the advantages of hermaphrodite trees over female cultivars, namely, as a source of compounds with biological interest, which may represent an increase of their agronomic interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Custodio
- University of Algarve , Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Campus of Gambelas, Faro, Portugal.
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26
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Modification of anin vitromodel simulating the whole digestive process to investigate cellular endpoints of chemoprevention. Br J Nutr 2011; 105:678-87. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114510004320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In vitrogut fermentation systems are relevant tools to study health benefits of foodstuffs. Most of them are commonly used to investigate the degradation of nutrients or the development of gut flora. Using these models, strong cytotoxic effects of the resulting samples on cultured cells were observed. Hence, the aim of the present study was to develop a modifiedin vitrofermentation model that simulates the whole digestive tract and generates fermented samples that are suitable for testing in cell culture experiments. Wholemeal wheat flour (wwf) was digested and fermentedin vitrowith a fermentation model using different ox gall concentrations (41·6 and 0·6 g/l). The resulting fermentation supernatants (fs) were characterised for metabolites and biological effects in HT29 cells. The fermentation of wwf increased chemopreventive SCFA and decreased carcinogenic deoxycholic acid (DCA). The strong cytotoxic effects of the fs, which were partly due to cholic acid and DCA, were diminished by lowering the ox gall concentration, allowing the use of the samples in cell culture experiments. In conclusion, anin vitrodigestion model, which can be used to study the effects of foodstuffs on chemoprevention and gut health in colon cells, is introduced and its physiological relevance is demonstrated.
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27
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Forester SC, Waterhouse AL. Gut metabolites of anthocyanins, gallic acid, 3-O-methylgallic acid, and 2,4,6-trihydroxybenzaldehyde, inhibit cell proliferation of Caco-2 cells. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2010; 58:5320-5327. [PMID: 20373763 DOI: 10.1021/jf9040172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Gut microflora metabolize anthocyanins to phenolic acids and aldehydes. These metabolites may explain the relationship between anthocyanin consumption and reduced incidence of colon cancer. Here, all six major metabolites, along with a Cabernet Sauvignon anthocyanin extract, were incubated with Caco-2 cells at concentrations of 0-1000 microM over 72 h to determine effects on cell proliferation and for 24 h to assess cytotoxicity effects and at 140 microM for 24 h to measure induction of apoptosis. These measurements were based on colorimetric methods. Gallic acid and 3-O-methylgallic acid inhibited cell proliferation and lacked cytotoxicity at low concentrations. The aldehyde metabolite and anthocyanin extract also inhibited cell proliferation at low concentrations and had low cytotoxicity at a wide range of concentrations. Of the four substances that effectively reduced cell proliferation, the aldehyde was the best inducer of apoptosis. In addition, these same four treatments degraded quickly in growth media, suggesting the involvement of subsequent oxidation products in the reduction of cell viability. These results indicate that the anthocyanin microfloral metabolites gallic acid, 3-O-methylgallic acid, and 2,4,6-trihydroxybenzaldehyde reduce cell proliferation in Caco-2 cells more effectively than anthocyanins and may offer protection against colon cancer after their formation in the gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah C Forester
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
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28
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Miene C, Klenow S, Veeriah S, Richling E, Glei M. Impact of apple polyphenols on GSTT2 gene expression, subsequent protection of DNA and modulation of proliferation using LT97 human colon adenoma cells. Mol Nutr Food Res 2010; 53:1254-62. [PMID: 19753602 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.200800444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Apple extract (AE) enhances expression of glutathione S-transferases (e.g., GSTT2) in human colon cells (LT97). Therefore, aim of the present study was to identify functional consequences of GSTT2 induction by AE and to determine the relation of AE effects to isolated compounds. Polyphenol composition of AE was analyzed. LT97 cells were treated with AE or synthetic polyphenol mixture (SPM) under conditions that induced GSTT2, and challenged with GSTT2-2 substrate cumene hydroperoxide (CumOOH) to determine DNA damage using comet assay. Modulation of GSTT2 expression (real-time PCR) was reassessed, and the influence on cell proliferation and pro-oxidative potential of AE and SPM were assessed to understand additional mechanisms. Induction of GSTT2 by AE was accompanied by protection of LT97 cells from CumOOH-induced genotoxicity. Although SPM was unable to reflect AE-specific bioactivity related to GSTT2 modulation and anti-genotoxicity, inhibition of LT97 cell proliferation by SPM was comparable. Storage of AE caused changes in phenolic composition along with loss of activity regarding GSTT2 induction and amplified growth inhibition. At the applied concentrations, no H(2)O(2) formation was detectable with any of the substances. AE can protect against oxidatively induced DNA damage. Nevertheless, chemopreventive effects of AE strongly depend on the specific composition, which is modified by storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Miene
- Institute for Nutrition, Department of Nutritional Toxicology, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany.
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Klenow S, Glei M. New insight into the influence of carob extract and gallic acid on hemin induced modulation of HT29 cell growth parameters. Toxicol In Vitro 2009; 23:1055-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2009.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2009] [Revised: 06/01/2009] [Accepted: 06/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Habermann N, Christian B, Luckas B, Pool-Zobel BL, Lund EK, Glei M. Effects of fatty acids on metabolism and cell growth of human colon cell lines of different transformation state. Biofactors 2009; 35:460-7. [PMID: 19798733 DOI: 10.1002/biof.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies suggest that high fish intake is associated with a decreased risk of colorectal cancer which has been linked to the high content of the n - 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in some fish. In this study, two different cell lines are compared in relation to their response to EPA and DHA versus the plant derived PUFAs, linoleic acid (LA), gamma-linolenic acid (GLA), and alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) and to the ubiquitous arachidonic acid (ARA). The uptake of 100 microM of each fatty acid (FA) was determined using GC. The 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole assay for DNA quantification and the Cell-Titer-Blue assay were used to determine cell survival and metabolic activity at 2-72 h after treatment. All FAs were utilized more efficiently by the human colon adenoma cell line LT97 than by the adenocarcinoma cell line HT29. LT97 were more susceptible than HT29 cells to the growth inhibitory activities of all FAs except for DHA where both were equally sensitive. Inhibition of survival and metabolic activity by EPA and DHA increased with treatment time in both cell lines. ALA or GLA were less growth inhibitory than EPA or DHA and ARA had intermediary activity. The data show that the tested FAs are incorporated into colon cells. Furthermore, adenoma cells are more susceptible than the adenocarcinoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Habermann
- Department for Nutritional Toxicology, Institute of Nutrition, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Dornburger Strasse 24, D-07743 Jena, Germany.
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Hop proanthocyanidins induce apoptosis, protein carbonylation, and cytoskeleton disorganization in human colorectal adenocarcinoma cells via reactive oxygen species. Food Chem Toxicol 2009; 47:827-36. [PMID: 19271284 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2009.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Proanthocyanidins (PCs) have been shown to suppress the growth of diverse human cancer cells and are considered as promising additions to the arsenal of chemopreventive phytochemicals. An oligomeric mixture of PCs from hops (Humulus lupulus) significantly decreased cell viability of human colon cancer HT-29 cells in a dose-dependent manner. Hop PCs, at 50 or 100 microg/ml, exhibited apoptosis-inducing properties as shown by the increase in caspase-3 activity. Increased levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) was accompanied by an augmented accumulation of protein carbonyls. Mass spectrometry-based proteomic analysis in combination with 2-alkenal-specific immunochemical detection identified beta-actin and protein disulfide isomerase as major putative targets of acrolein adduction. Incubation of HT-29 cells with hop PCs resulted in morphological changes that indicated disruption of the actin cytoskeleton. PC-mediated hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) formation in the cell culture media was also quantified; but, the measured H2O2 levels would not explain the observed changes in the oxidative modifications of actin. These findings suggest new modes of action for proanthocyandins as anticarcinogenic agents in human colon cancer cells, namely, promotion of protein oxidative modifications and cytoskeleton derangement.
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Klenow S, Jahns F, Pool-Zobel BL, Glei M. Does an extract of carob (Ceratonia siliqua L.) have chemopreventive potential related to oxidative stress and drug metabolism in human colon cells? JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2009; 57:2999-3004. [PMID: 19296575 DOI: 10.1021/jf802872b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Phenolic ingredients of an aqueous carob extract are well characterized and consist of mainly gallic acid (GA). In order to assess possible chemopreventive mechanisms of carob, which can be used as a cacao substitute, effects on expression of genes related to stress response and drug metabolism were studied using human colon cell lines of different transformation state (LT97 and HT29). Stress-related genes, namely catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD2), were induced by carob extract and GA in LT97 adenoma, but not in HT29 carcinoma cells. Although corresponding protein products and enzyme activities were not elevated, pretreatment with carob extract and GA for 24 h reduced DNA damage in cells challenged with hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)). In conclusion, carob extract and its major phenolic ingredient GA modulate gene expression and protect colon adenoma cells from genotoxic impact of H(2)O(2). Upregulation of stress-response genes could not be related to functional consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Klenow
- Department of Nutritional Toxicology, Institute for Nutrition, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Dornburger Strasse 24, 07743 Jena, Germany.
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Klenow S, Pool-Zobel BL, Glei M. Influence of inorganic and organic iron compounds on parameters of cell growth and survival in human colon cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2009; 23:400-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2009.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Fermentation products of inulin-type fructans reduce proliferation and induce apoptosis in human colon tumour cells of different stages of carcinogenesis. Br J Nutr 2009; 102:663-71. [PMID: 19250571 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114509274770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological evidence suggests that the intake of prebiotic dietary fibres, for example, inulin, protects against colorectal cancer. However, little is known about cellular responses to complex fermentation samples. Therefore, we prepared a fermentation supernatant fraction of inulin and studied biological properties in human colon cell lines, LT97 and HT29 (representing early and late stages of colon cancer). Inulin enriched with oligofructose (Synergy 1) was incubated under anaerobic conditions with faecal inocula and the supernatant fraction was characterised for content of SCFA and secondary bile acid deoxycholic acid (DCA). A Synergy fermentation supernatant fraction (SFS) and a synthetic fermentation mixture (SFM) mimicking the SFS in SCFA and DCA content were used in the concentration range of 1.25-20 % (v/v) for 24-72 h. The effects on cell growth were determined by quantifying DNA. Effects on apoptosis were analysed by measuring poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) cleavage using Western blotting. Compared with the faecal blank, produced without the addition of inulin, the SFS resulted in an almost 2.5-fold increase of SCFA and 3.4-fold decrease of DCA. In comparison with HT29 cells, LT97 cells responded more sensitively to the growth-inhibitory activities. Additionally, a significant increase in PARP cleavage was observed in LT97 cells after incubation with the SFS, demonstrating induction of apoptosis. The present results indicate growth-inhibiting and apoptosis-inducing effects of fermentation supernatant fractions of inulin. Moreover, since early adenoma cells were found to be more sensitive, this may have important implications for chemoprevention when translated to the in vivo situation, because survival of early transformed cells could be reduced.
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