1
|
Raj PS, Bergfeld WF, Belsito DV, Cohen DE, Klaassen CD, Liebler DC, Rettie AE, Ross D, Slaga TJ, Snyder PW, Tilton S, Fiume M, Heldreth B. Glyceryl Diesters. Int J Toxicol 2023; 42:40S-44S. [PMID: 37751399 DOI: 10.1177/10915818231204269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
The Expert Panel for Cosmetic Ingredient Safety reviewed newly available studies since their original assessment in 2002, along with updated information regarding product types and concentrations of use, and confirmed that these 17 glyceryl diesters are safe as cosmetic ingredients in the practices of use and concentration as described in this report.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Preethi S Raj
- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Senior Scientific Analyst/Writer
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - David Ross
- Expert Panel for Cosmetic Ingredient Safety Member
| | | | | | - Susan Tilton
- Expert Panel for Cosmetic Ingredient Safety Member
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Younes M, Aquilina G, Castle L, Engel K, Fowler P, Frutos Fernandez MJ, Fürst P, Gürtler R, Husøy T, Manco M, Mennes W, Moldeus P, Passamonti S, Shah R, Waalkens‐Berendsen I, Wölfle D, Wright M, Dusemund B, Mortensen A, Turck D, Barmaz S, Tard A, Vianello G, Gundert‐Remy U. Opinion on the re-evaluation of mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids (E 471) as food additive in foods for infants below 16 weeks of age and follow-up of their re-evaluation as food additives for uses in foods for all population groups. EFSA J 2021; 19:e06885. [PMID: 34765031 PMCID: PMC8573540 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids (E 471) was re-evaluated in 2017 by the former EFSA Panel on Food Additives and Nutrient sources added to Food (ANS). As a follow-up to this assessment, the Panel on Food Additives and Flavouring was requested to assess mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids (E 471) for its use as food additive in food for infants below 16 weeks of age belonging to food categories 13.1.1 (Infant formulae) and 13.1.5.1 (Dietary foods for infants for special medical purposes and special formulae for infants). In addition, the FAF Panel was requested to address the issues already identified during the re-evaluation of the food additive in 2017 when used in food for the general population. The Panel considered that there is no indication of adverse effects from the available animal studies at the highest dose tested and from the post marketing data. A comparison was made between the daily exposure to the sum of mono- and di-acylglycerols from breast milk and that resulting from the use of E 471 in the infant formula. The Panel noted that the resulting exposures are in the same order of magnitude. Overall, the Panel concluded that there is no reason for a safety concern when E 471 used as food additive in FC 13.1.1 and 13.1.5.1 and according to the Annex III to Regulation (EC) No 1333/2008. The risk assessment for toxic elements and impurities clearly indicated the need to lower the current maximum limits for arsenic, lead, cadmium and mercury and to include limits for glycidyl esters, 3-monochloropropane diol and erucic acid in the EU specifications of E 471.
Collapse
|
3
|
Diao X, Guan H, Kong B, Liu D, Zhang Y. In vitro digestion of emulsified lard-based diacylglycerols. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2021; 101:3386-3393. [PMID: 33222225 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.10968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diacylglycerols as a fat substitute in meat products is a growing area of interest. This study was conducted to analyze the digestion rate, digestion extent, and changes in interfacial properties of lard, glycerolized lard (GL), and purified GL (PGL) in an emulsions system by pH-stat in vitro digestion. RESULTS PGL had significantly higher hydrolysis rate and final digestion extent than lard (P ≤ 0.05) during in vitro digestion. The analysis on diameter variations of lard, GL, and PGL during digestion indicated that the surface- and volume-weighted mean particle diameters of all samples had the same variation trend, but variation degree was different. Concurrently, the ζ-potential analysis of the lard, GL, and PGL during the digestion process showed that the absolute values of the ζ-potentials of the three types of lipids increased at first and subsequently decreased. The microstructure changes results for lard, GL, and PGL showed there was no obvious flocculation, and the particle size of lard throughout the digestion process was larger than that of GL and PGL. CONCLUSION This study showed that lard-based diacylglycerols had high digestibility characteristics and could be applied as a functional lipid in meat products to improve human health. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqin Diao
- College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
- College of Food Science and Technology, Bohai University, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Storage, Jinzhou, China
| | - Haining Guan
- College of Food Science and Technology, Bohai University, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Storage, Jinzhou, China
| | - Baohua Kong
- College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Dengyong Liu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Bohai University, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Storage, Jinzhou, China
| | - Yonggen Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Bushita H, Liu S, Ohta T, Ito Y, Saito K, Nukada Y, Ikeda N, Morita O. Effects of dietary alpha-linolenic acid-enriched diacylglycerol oil on embryo/fetal development in rats. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2018; 98:108-114. [PMID: 30009862 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2018.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies suggest that diets supplemented with alpha-linolenic acid (ALA)-enriched diacylglycerol (DAG) oil provide potential health benefits in preventing or managing obesity. However, available safety information about reproductive and developmental toxicities of ALA-DAG oil is limited. This study was conducted to clarify the effect, if any, of ALA-DAG oil on embryo-fetal development, following maternal exposure during the critical period of major organogenesis. ALA-DAG oil was administered via gavage to pre-mated female Sprague Dawley rats from gestation day 6 through 19, at dose levels of 0, 1.25, 2.5, and 5.0 mL/kg/day (equivalent to 0, 1149, 2325, and 4715 mg/kg/day, respectively), with total volume adjusted to 5 mL/kg/day with rapeseed oil. All females survived to the scheduled necropsy. There were no treatment-related changes in clinical or internal findings, maternal body weights, feed consumption, intrauterine growth, survival, and number of implantations. No ALA-DAG oil-related fetal malformations or developmental variations were noted. A maternal maximum tolerated dose for ALA-DAG oil could not be achieved in this study. Based on these results, a dose level of 5.0 mL/kg (4715 mg/kg/day), the highest dose tested, was considered as the no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) for both maternal and developmental toxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroto Bushita
- R&D Safety Science Research, Kao Corporation, 2-1-3, Bunka, Sumida-ku, Tokyo, 131-8501, Japan.
| | - Shujie Liu
- R&D Safety Science Research, Kao Corporation, 2606, Akabane, Ichikai-machi, Haga-gun, Tochigi, 321-3497, Japan
| | - Takafumi Ohta
- Kumamoto Safety Assessment Department, Nonclinical Research Center, Drug Development Service Segment, LSI Medience Corporation, 1285, Kurisaki-machi, Uto-shi, Kumamoto, 869-0425, Japan
| | - Yuichi Ito
- R&D Safety Science Research, Kao Corporation, 2-1-3, Bunka, Sumida-ku, Tokyo, 131-8501, Japan
| | - Kazutoshi Saito
- R&D Safety Science Research, Kao Corporation, 2606, Akabane, Ichikai-machi, Haga-gun, Tochigi, 321-3497, Japan
| | - Yuko Nukada
- R&D Safety Science Research, Kao Corporation, 2606, Akabane, Ichikai-machi, Haga-gun, Tochigi, 321-3497, Japan
| | - Naohiro Ikeda
- R&D Safety Science Research, Kao Corporation, 2606, Akabane, Ichikai-machi, Haga-gun, Tochigi, 321-3497, Japan
| | - Osamu Morita
- R&D Safety Science Research, Kao Corporation, 2606, Akabane, Ichikai-machi, Haga-gun, Tochigi, 321-3497, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Younes M, Aggett P, Aguilar F, Crebelli R, Dusemund B, Filipič M, Frutos MJ, Galtier P, Gott D, Gundert-Remy U, Kuhnle GG, Leblanc JC, Lillegaard IT, Moldeus P, Mortensen A, Oskarsson A, Stankovic I, Waalkens-Berendsen I, Woutersen RA, Wright M, Boon P, Chrysafidis D, Gürtler R, Mosesso P, Tobback P, Rincon AM, Horvath Z, Lambré C. Re-evaluation of mono- and di-glycerides of fatty acids (E 471) as food additives. EFSA J 2017; 15:e05045. [PMID: 32625340 PMCID: PMC7010209 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2017.5045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The EFSA Panel on Food Additives and Nutrient Sources added to Food (ANS) provides a scientific opinion re-evaluating the safety of mono- and di-glycerides of fatty acids (E 471) when used as a food additive. The Panel considered that it is very likely that hydrolysis of mono- and di-glycerides of fatty acids by lipases in the gastrointestinal tract would occur, resulting in the release of glycerol and fatty acids. Glycerol (E 422) and fatty acids (E 570) have been re-evaluated and the Panel concluded that there was no safety concern regarding their use as food additives. Toxicological studies with mono- and di-glycerides rich in unsaturated fatty acids were considered for the re-evaluation of E 471. No evidence for adverse effects was reported in short-term, subchronic studies, chronic, reproductive and developmental toxicity studies. Neither carcinogenic potential nor a promotion effect in initiation/promotion was reported. The available studies did not raise any concern with regard to genotoxicity. The refined estimates were based on 31 out of 84 food categories in which E 471 is authorised. The Panel noted that the contribution of E 471 represented at the mean only 0.8-3.5% of the recommended daily fat intake. Based on the approach described in the conceptual framework for the risk assessment of certain food additives re-evaluated under Commission Regulation (EU) No 257/2010 and taking into account the considerations mentioned above, the Panel concluded that there was no need for a numerical acceptable daily intake (ADI) and that the food additive mono- and di-glycerides of fatty acids (E 471) was of no safety concern at the reported uses and use levels. The Panel recommended some modifications of the EU specifications for E 471.
Collapse
|
6
|
Alpha-linolenic acid-enriched diacylglycerol oil does not promote tumor development in tongue and gastrointestinal tract tissues in a medium-term multi-organ carcinogenesis bioassay using male F344 rat. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 106:185-192. [PMID: 28465188 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.04.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Revised: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Alpha-linolenic acid (ALA)-enriched diacylglycerol (DAG) oil is an edible oil enriched with DAG (>80%) and ALA (>50%). The present study investigated whether ALA-DAG oil promotes tumorigenesis in the tongue and gastrointestinal tract, using a rat medium-term multi-organ carcinogenesis bioassay model. Rats were treated with five genotoxic carcinogens to induce multi-organ tumorigenesis until week 4, and from 1 week after withdrawal, fed a semi-synthetic diet (AIN-93G) containing ALA-DAG oil at concentrations of 0, 13,750, 27,500, and 55,000 ppm. Rats fed AIN-93G containing 55,000 ppm ALA-triacylglycerol or a standard basal diet served as reference and negative control groups, respectively. Animals were euthanized at week 30. ALA-DAG oil was shown to have no effects on survival, general condition, body weight, food consumption, or organ weight. More discolored spots were observed in the stomachs of the 13,750- and 55,000-ppm ALA-DAG groups than in those of the control groups; however, there were no differences in the frequency of histopathological findings across groups. There were no meaningful increases in the incidence of pre-neoplastic and neoplastic lesions in the tongue and gastrointestinal tract among the groups. We therefore conclude that ALA-DAG oil does not promote tumor development in the digestive system.
Collapse
|
7
|
Honda H, Fujita Y, Hayashi A, Ikeda N, Ito Y, Morita O. Genotoxicity evaluation of alpha-linolenic acid-diacylglycerol oil. Toxicol Rep 2016; 3:716-722. [PMID: 28959597 PMCID: PMC5616014 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2016] [Revised: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the genotoxicity of ALA-DAG oil using standard tests. Bacterial reverse mutation and in vitro/in vivo micronucleus tests were conducted. No genotoxicity was observed under the testing conditions.
The alpha-linolenic acid (ALA)-diacylglycerol (DAG) oil is an edible oil enriched with DAG (>80%) and ALA (>50%). Although DAG oil, which mainly consists of oleic and linoleic acids has no genotoxic concerns, the fatty acid composition could affect the chemical property of DAG. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the genotoxicity of ALA-DAG oil using standard genotoxicity tests in accordance with the OECD guidelines. ALA-DAG oil showed negative results in the bacterial reverse mutation test (Ames test) and in vitro micronucleus test in cultured Chinese hamster lung cells with and without metabolic activation, and in the in vivo bone marrow micronucleus test in mice. Our results did not show any genotoxicity, suggesting that the fatty acid composition had no deleterious effects. We conclude that ALA-DAG oil had no genotoxicity concerns under the testing conditions.
Collapse
Key Words
- 2AA, 2-aminoanthracene
- 9AA, 9-aminoacridine hydrochloride hydrate
- AF-2, 2-(2-furyl)-3-(5-nitro-2-furyl)acrylamide
- ALA, alpha-linolenic acid
- Alpha-linolenic acid
- Alpha-linolenic acid-rich diacylglycerol
- B(a)P, benzo(a)pyrene
- CLC, Colchicine
- CP, cyclophosphamide
- DAG, diacylglycerol
- DMSO, dimethyl sulfoxide
- Diacylglycerol
- Fatty acid composition
- Genotoxicity
- ICH, International Conference on Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use
- LA, linolenic acid
- MMC, mitomycin C
- MNPCE, micronucleated polychromatic erythrocyte
- NCE, normochromatic erythrocyte
- NaN3, sodium azide
- TAG, triacylglycerol
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Honda
- R&D Safety Science Research, Kao Corporation, 2606 Akabane, Ichikai-Machi, Haga-Gun, Tochigi 321-3497, Japan
| | - Yurika Fujita
- R&D Safety Science Research, Kao Corporation, 2606 Akabane, Ichikai-Machi, Haga-Gun, Tochigi 321-3497, Japan
| | - Aya Hayashi
- Drug Safety Research Laboratories, Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories Ltd., 2438 Miyanoura, Yoshida, Kagoshima 891-1394, Japan
| | - Naohiro Ikeda
- R&D Safety Science Research, Kao Corporation, 2606 Akabane, Ichikai-Machi, Haga-Gun, Tochigi 321-3497, Japan
| | - Yuichi Ito
- R&D Safety Science Research, Kao Corporation, 2606 Akabane, Ichikai-Machi, Haga-Gun, Tochigi 321-3497, Japan
| | - Osamu Morita
- R&D Safety Science Research, Kao Corporation, 2606 Akabane, Ichikai-Machi, Haga-Gun, Tochigi 321-3497, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Effects of cloned-cattle meat diet on reproductive parameters in pregnant rabbits. Food Chem Toxicol 2010; 48:871-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2009.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2009] [Revised: 12/16/2009] [Accepted: 12/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
9
|
Morita O, Soni MG. Safety assessment of diacylglycerol oil as an edible oil: A review of the published literature. Food Chem Toxicol 2009; 47:9-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2008.09.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2008] [Revised: 09/12/2008] [Accepted: 09/16/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|