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Aytekin Sahin G, Aykemat Y, Yildiz AT, Dishan A, Inanc N, Gonulalan Z. Total aflatoxin and ochratoxin A levels, dietary exposure and cancer risk assessment in dried fruits in Türkiye. Toxicon 2024; 237:107540. [PMID: 38042309 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2023.107540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/04/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to measure total aflatoxin (AF) (AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2) and ochratoxin A (OTA) levels in dried fruit samples and to evaluate the potential dietary exposure and cancer risk to these mycotoxins in Kayseri/Türkiye. Dried fruit samples were collected between April-May 2021. A total of 11 dried grapes and apricot samples, 7 dried fig and plum samples were collected. Total aflatoxins and OTA in dried fruits were determined by ELISA method. Then, the margin of exposure (MOE) and cancer risk were calculated. Total AF was detected in dried fruit samples between 42.86%, and 100%. Between 18.18% and 57.14% of samples exceeded the European Commission (EC) limits for total AF. Moreover, OTA was detected in all samples. Between 71.43% and 100% of samples exceeded the EC limits for OTA. Cancer risk due to OTA exposure was higher than total AF and it was determined that OTA exposure could pose a risk for public health (MOE < 10,000). Although mycotoxin exposure seems to be low due to the low consumption of dried fruit in Türkiye, the risk of exposure and cancer may increase because of complying with the recommendations of the dietary guidelines. The findings provide new insights into exposure to total AF and OTA through the consumption of dried fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gizem Aytekin Sahin
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Nuh Naci Yazgan University, Kayseri, Turkey.
| | - Yusuf Aykemat
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Nuh Naci Yazgan University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Aysegul Tugba Yildiz
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Nuh Naci Yazgan University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Adalet Dishan
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bozok University, Yozgat, Turkey
| | - Neriman Inanc
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Nuh Naci Yazgan University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Zafer Gonulalan
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bozok University, Yozgat, Turkey; Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
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2
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Mannani N, El Boujamaai M, Sifou A, Bennani M, El Adlouni C, Abdennebi EH, Zinedine A. Aflatoxins and Ochratoxin A in dried fruits from Morocco: Monitoring, regulatory aspects, and exposure assessment. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2023; 145:105503. [PMID: 37778435 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2023.105503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
The present study aims to investigate the presence of Aflatoxins (AF) in 180 samples dried fruits and Ochratoxin A (OTA) in 210 samples dried fruits and grape juices collected in Morocco. Mycotoxins were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled to fluorescence detection and immunoaffinity columns (IAC) cleanup. Contamination levels were compared with the maximum regulatory limits (MRL) recently adopted in the country, and mycotoxin exposure of adult consumers was assessed. Results showed that 13.8% of samples were contaminated with AF, with incidences of 23.3, 23.3, 20, 13.8, and 3.3%, in raisins, figs, nuts, peanuts and pistachio, respectively. There were 12 samples (6.6%) that exceeded the MRL of 2-12 ng/g set for aflatoxin B1 (AFB1). While OTA was detected in 17.1% of samples, with incidences of 3.3, 3.3, 30, 30, and 53.3% in walnuts, pistachios, peanuts, raisins and figs, respectively, and a maximum value of 99.1 in dried raisins, that exceeded the MRL (10 ng/g) set for OTA. The co-occurrence of OTA and AF was observed in 4.7% of total samples. Dietary intake showed that the OTA exposure level was lower than safety guidelines set by The Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) at 100 ng/kg b.w./week.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nysrine Mannani
- Laboratory of Marine Biotechnologies and Environment (BIOMARE), Faculty of Sciences, Road of Ben Maachou, P.O. Box 20, Chouaib Doukkali University, El Jadida, 24000, Morocco.
| | - Mounir El Boujamaai
- Laboratory of Marine Biotechnologies and Environment (BIOMARE), Faculty of Sciences, Road of Ben Maachou, P.O. Box 20, Chouaib Doukkali University, El Jadida, 24000, Morocco
| | - Aicha Sifou
- Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Nanotechnologies and Environment, Center of Materials, Mohammed V University, Faculty of Sciences, Avenue Ibn Battouta, P.O. Box 1014, Rabat, 10000, Morocco
| | - Mohamed Bennani
- Laboratory of Physico-Chemistry and Toxicology, Institut Pasteur (IPM), 1, Place Louis Pasteur, Casablanca, 20360, Morocco
| | - Chakib El Adlouni
- Laboratory of Marine Biotechnologies and Environment (BIOMARE), Faculty of Sciences, Road of Ben Maachou, P.O. Box 20, Chouaib Doukkali University, El Jadida, 24000, Morocco
| | - El Hassane Abdennebi
- Institute of Agronomy and Veterinary (IAV Hassan II), Department of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, P.O. Box 6202, Rabat-Institutes, 10101, Morocco
| | - Abdellah Zinedine
- Laboratory of Marine Biotechnologies and Environment (BIOMARE), Faculty of Sciences, Road of Ben Maachou, P.O. Box 20, Chouaib Doukkali University, El Jadida, 24000, Morocco
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González-Curbelo MÁ, Kabak B. Occurrence of Mycotoxins in Dried Fruits Worldwide, with a Focus on Aflatoxins and Ochratoxin A: A Review. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:576. [PMID: 37756002 PMCID: PMC10537527 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15090576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Dried fruits are popular and nutritious snacks consumed worldwide due to their long shelf life and concentrated nutrient content. However, fruits can be contaminated with various toxigenic fungal species during different stages, including cultivation, harvesting, processing, drying, and storage. Consequently, these products may contain high levels of mycotoxins. This risk is particularly pronounced in developed countries due to the impact of climate change. Several factors contribute to mycotoxin production, including the type of fruit, geographical location, climate conditions, harvest treatments, and storage management practices. The main mycotoxins in dried fruits are aflatoxins (AFs) and ochratoxin A (OTA), which can induce human health problems and economic losses. Mycotoxin contamination can vary significantly depending on the geographic origin of dried fruits (vine fruits, figs, dates, apricots, prunes, and mulberries). The aim of this review was to fill the knowledge gap by consolidating data from various regions to understand the global picture and identify regions with higher contamination risks. By consolidating research from various origins and stages of the supply chain, the review intends to shed light on potential contamination events during pre-harvest, drying, storage, and trading, while also highlighting the effects of storage conditions and climate change on mycotoxin contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Ángel González-Curbelo
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad EAN, Calle 79 no 11-45, Bogotá 110221, Colombia
| | - Bulent Kabak
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hitit University, Corum 19030, Turkey
- Biotechnology Laboratory, Machinery and Manufacturing Technology Application and Research Center, Hitit University, Corum 19030, Turkey
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Lactic Acid Bacteria as Potential Agents for Biocontrol of Aflatoxigenic and Ochratoxigenic Fungi. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14110807. [PMID: 36422981 PMCID: PMC9699002 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14110807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxins (AF) and ochratoxin A (OTA) are fungal metabolites that have carcinogenic, teratogenic, embryotoxic, genotoxic, neurotoxic, and immunosuppressive effects in humans and animals. The increased consumption of plant-based foods and environmental conditions associated with climate change have intensified the risk of mycotoxin intoxication. This study aimed to investigate the abilities of eleven selected LAB strains to reduce/inhibit the growth of Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus parasiticus, Aspergillus carbonarius, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus welwitschiae, Aspergillus steynii, Aspergillus westerdijkiae, and Penicillium verrucosum and AF and OTA production under different temperature regiments. Data were treated by ANOVA, and machine learning (ML) models able to predict the growth inhibition percentage were built, and their performance was compared. All factors LAB strain, fungal species, and temperature significantly affected fungal growth and mycotoxin production. The fungal growth inhibition range was 0-100%. Overall, the most sensitive fungi to LAB treatments were P. verrucosum and A. steynii, while the least sensitive were A. niger and A. welwitschiae. The LAB strains with the highest antifungal activity were Pediococcus pentosaceus (strains S11sMM and M9MM5b). The reduction range for AF was 19.0% (aflatoxin B1)-60.8% (aflatoxin B2) and for OTA, 7.3-100%, depending on the bacterial and fungal strains and temperatures. The LAB strains with the highest anti-AF activity were the three strains of P. pentosaceus and Leuconostoc mesenteroides ssp. dextranicum (T2MM3), and those with the highest anti-OTA activity were Leuconostoc paracasei ssp. paracasei (3T3R1) and L. mesenteroides ssp. dextranicum (T2MM3). The best ML methods in predicting fungal growth inhibition were multilayer perceptron neural networks, followed by random forest. Due to anti-fungal and anti-mycotoxin capacity, the LABs strains used in this study could be good candidates as biocontrol agents against aflatoxigenic and ochratoxigenic fungi and AFL and OTA accumulation.
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Galván AI, Hernández A, Córdoba MDG, Martín A, Serradilla MJ, López-Corrales M, Rodríguez A. Control of toxigenic Aspergillus spp. in dried figs by volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from antagonistic yeasts. Int J Food Microbiol 2022; 376:109772. [PMID: 35667262 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2022.109772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus niger are fungi which can contaminate dried figs before and after harvest and consequently produce aflatoxins (AFs) and ochratoxin A (OTA). Many approaches have been applied to minimise the growth of these filamentous fungi, mainly involving the use of synthetic fungicides which are limited due to their negative impact on human health and the environment. In this context, biocontrol is a recent approach that needs to be explored. This study evaluated the potential of three volatile organic compounds (VOCs), octanoic acid (OA), 2-phenylethyl acetate (2PEA) and furfuryl acetate (FA), produced by Hanseniaspora uvarum and Hanseniaspora opuntiae yeasts on the growth, germination, gene expression and production of AFs and OTA by A. flavus M144 and A. niger M185 on dried fig-based agar and the incidence rates in dried figs. Two of the three VOCs evaluated (2PEA and FA) effectively controlled A. flavus M144 and A. niger M185 by using at least amounts of 50 μL (715 μL/L in the headspace) for FA and 100 μL (1430 μL/L in the headspace) for 2PEA in dried figs. One of the mode of actions of both compounds consists in early repressing the expression of genes involved in the biosynthesis of AFs (aflR) and OTA (pks) of A. flavus and A. niger, respectively. The results of this study support the application of 2PEA and FA at the early post-harvest stages of dried figs to control mycotoxin accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Isabel Galván
- Área de Fruticultura, Centro de Investigaciones Finca La Orden-Valdesequera (CICYTEX), Autovía Madrid-Lisboa, s/n, 06187 Guadajira, Spain
| | - Alejandro Hernández
- Nutrición y Bromatología, Escuela de Ingenierías Agrarias, Instituto Universitario de Recursos Agrarios (INURA), Universidad de Extremadura, Ctra. de Cáceres s/n, 06007 Badajoz, Spain.
| | - María de Guía Córdoba
- Nutrición y Bromatología, Escuela de Ingenierías Agrarias, Instituto Universitario de Recursos Agrarios (INURA), Universidad de Extremadura, Ctra. de Cáceres s/n, 06007 Badajoz, Spain
| | - Alberto Martín
- Nutrición y Bromatología, Escuela de Ingenierías Agrarias, Instituto Universitario de Recursos Agrarios (INURA), Universidad de Extremadura, Ctra. de Cáceres s/n, 06007 Badajoz, Spain
| | - Manuel Joaquín Serradilla
- Área de Postcosecha, Instituto Tecnológico Agroalimentario de Extremadura (INTAEX), Centro de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas de Extremadura (CICYTEX), Avenida Adolfo Suárez s/n, 06007 Badajoz, Spain
| | - Margarita López-Corrales
- Área de Fruticultura, Centro de Investigaciones Finca La Orden-Valdesequera (CICYTEX), Autovía Madrid-Lisboa, s/n, 06187 Guadajira, Spain
| | - Alicia Rodríguez
- Nutrición y Bromatología, Escuela de Ingenierías Agrarias, Instituto Universitario de Recursos Agrarios (INURA), Universidad de Extremadura, Ctra. de Cáceres s/n, 06007 Badajoz, Spain
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Evaluation of fungal hazards associated with dried fig processing. Int J Food Microbiol 2022; 365:109541. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2022.109541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Motlhanka K, Zhou N, Kamakama M, Masilo M, Lebani K. Mycotoxins in khadi, A Traditional Non-Cereal Based Alcoholic Beverage of Botswana. Microbiol Insights 2022; 15:11786361221139817. [DOI: 10.1177/11786361221139817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxin contamination is a major food safety drawback towards the commercialization of food products. The commercialization of khadi, a popular fermented alcoholic beverage of Botswana necessitates the investigation of the presence of mycotoxins. Khadi brewing involves the uncontrolled and unstandardized spontaneous fermentation of sun-dried Grewia flava fruits, which could be a source of mycotoxin-producing filamentous fungi (molds). This study sought to investigate the presence of mycotoxins producing fungi and mycotoxins in 18 samples of khadi collected in Central and Northern Botswana. Periconia thailandica, Cladosporium cladosporioides, Aspergillus ochraceus, Phoma eupyrena, Setosphaeria turcica, Cladosporium sphaerospermum, Chaetomium longiciliata, and Flavodon ambrosius were identified in 10 out of 18 khadi samples. Mycotoxins were detected using the Myco-10 Randox Evidence Investigator biochip kit and confirmed using a UPLC-ESI-MS/MS. Mycotoxins such as paxilline, ochratoxin A, ergot alkaloids, aflatoxin G1/G2, and zearalenone were detected using the Myco-10 Randox Evidence Investigator biochip kit. The Myco-10 results revealed that the mycotoxins in the khadi samples were lower than the regulatory limits set by FDA or European Commission. Confirmation of results using an UPLC-ESI-MS/MS system involved confirming selected mycotoxins (AFB1, DON. ZEA, FB1, FB2, FB3, NIV, and OTA) from selected khadi samples (Palapye 1, Palapye 2, Letlhakane 2, Maun 3, Mmashoro 3, and Tonota 3). The UPLC results demonstrated that the aforementioned mycotoxins in the selected khadi samples were below the detection thresholds. The study shows that while fungal isolates were present, there is no to minimal danger/risk of exposure to toxic mycotoxins after consumption of khadi. Towards commercialization endeavors, the production process would necessitate minimal mycotoxin monitoring and product preservation but no detoxifying steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koketso Motlhanka
- Department of Animal Science, Botswana University of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Nerve Zhou
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Botswana International University of Science and Technology, Palapye, Botswana
| | - Malaki Kamakama
- Department of Chemistry, National Food Technology Research Center, Kanye, Botswana
| | - Monkgogi Masilo
- Department of Chemistry, National Food Technology Research Center, Kanye, Botswana
| | - Kebaneilwe Lebani
- Department of Animal Science, Botswana University of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Gaborone, Botswana
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Botswana International University of Science and Technology, Palapye, Botswana
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Pereira RHA, Keijok WJ, Prado AR, de Oliveira JP, Guimarães MCC. Rapid and sensitive detection of ochratoxin A using antibody-conjugated gold nanoparticles based on Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance. Toxicon 2021; 199:139-144. [PMID: 34153309 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2021.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The regulation of tolerable levels of ochratoxin A in food for human and animal consumption has been defined in some countries. To meet these levels, simpler, more efficient, and faster analytical methods are being developed to facilitate the identification of this dangerous contaminant in food. Here, we combined gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) with anti-ochratoxin A (OTA) IgG to detect elementary levels of OTA based on Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance. AuNPs were prepared with trisodium citrate and characterized by UV-visible spectroscopy, X-ray, dynamic light scattering, and transmission electron microscopy. The conjugation of AuNPs to IgG anti-OTA was confirmed by bathochromic shift (UV-vis) and RAMAN spectroscopy. The sensitivity of the nanosensor was investigated by measuring LSPR band λmax shifts. Our results suggest this assay is highly sensitive, with a lower detection limit of about 0.001 pg mL-1. The LSPR nanosensor reduced detection limits by roughly 10 times compared to other methods. We demonstrated that the approach investigated here is a rapid and sensitive method for OTA detection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jairo Pinto de Oliveira
- Federal University of Espirito Santo, Av Marechal Campos1468, Vitoria, ES, 29.040-090, Brazil
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Mehri F, Esfahani M, Heshmati A, Jenabi E, Khazaei S. The prevalence of ochratoxin A in dried grapes and grape-derived products: a systematic review and meta-analysis. TOXIN REV 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/15569543.2020.1845739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fereshteh Mehri
- Nutrition Health Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Maryam Esfahani
- Nutrition Health Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Ali Heshmati
- Nutrition Health Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Ensiyeh Jenabi
- Autism Spectrum Disorders Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Salman Khazaei
- Research Center for Health Sciences, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
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A preliminary assessment of dietary exposure of ochratoxin A in Central Anatolia Region, Turkey. Mycotoxin Res 2020; 36:327-337. [PMID: 32621108 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-020-00397-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine dietary exposure to ochratoxin A (OTA) in Turkish adults. In this study, 500 food samples (50 rice, 50 wheat bread, 50 pasta, 50 raisins, 50 dried figs, 50 pistachios, 50 hazelnuts, 50 almonds, 50 chilli, 25 coffee, and 25 cocoa) collected from Turkey were analysed with a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Moreover, a total of 370 analytical results (110 cereal-based snacks, 95 wine, 35 beer, and 130 chocolate) collected from our previous observations were also used in the evaluation of exposure estimates. OTA was found in 52% of cocoa, 42% of raisins, 40% of coffee, 34% of chilli, 14% of dried figs, 10% of pasta, 8% of pistachios, 6% of wheat bread, 4% of rice, and 4% of hazelnuts. The chronic dietary exposure to OTA for Turkish adults, using lower bound (LB) and upper bound (UB) concentrations, varied from 0.683 to 4.487 ng/kg body weight (b.w.) per week for mean estimate and from 3.976 to 5.760 ng/kg b.w. per week for the 95th percentile (P95) estimate. Cereals and cereal-based products made the largest contribution (75.3-85.7%) to OTA exposure. Both mean and P95 chronic exposure to OTA were greatly below the tolerable weekly intake of 120 ng/kg b.w. per week and thus not a health concern for Turkish adults.
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More AS, Ranadheera CS, Fang Z, Warner R, Ajlouni S. Biomarkers associated with quality and safety of fresh-cut produce. FOOD BIOSCI 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2019.100524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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12
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Pigłowski M. Food hazards on the European Union market: The data analysis of the Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed. Food Sci Nutr 2020; 8:1603-1627. [PMID: 32180969 PMCID: PMC7063371 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.1448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 12/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to examine similarities in notifications on main hazards within food reported in the Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed (RASFF) in 1979-2017. The main problems were mycotoxins in nuts, pathogenic microorganisms in poultry meat and fish, pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables, and heavy metals in fish. The increase in the number of notifications has been observed since 2002/2003. Products were notified mainly by Italy, Germany, and United Kingdom and originated from Asian and European Union countries. The notification basis was border control and official control, and the notification type was border rejections, information, and alerts. Notified products were not distributed and not placed on the market, distribution status could be also not specified, or distribution was possible, also to other countries. The risk decision on hazard was usually not made. Products were redispatched, withdrawn from the market, and destroyed, or import was not authorized. Remarks, which can be used to improve the RASFF database, were also presented. It was further pointed out that European law should significantly reduce the use of pesticides, drugs, and food additives, and European agriculture should be reoriented from an intensive farming to a more sustainable and ecological one.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Pigłowski
- Department of Commodity and Quality ManagementFaculty of Entrepreneurship and Quality ScienceGdynia Maritime UniversityGdyniaPoland
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Pigłowski M. Comparative analysis of notifications regarding mycotoxins in the Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed (RASFF). QUALITY ASSURANCE AND SAFETY OF CROPS & FOODS 2019. [DOI: 10.3920/qas2018.1398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Pigłowski
- Gdynia Maritime University, Morska 81-87, 81-225 Gdynia, Poland
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14
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Hajok I, Kowalska A, Piekut A, Ćwieląg-Drabek M. A risk assessment of dietary exposure to ochratoxin A for the Polish population. Food Chem 2019; 284:264-269. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.01.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Heshmati A, Ghadimi S, Ranjbar A, Khaneghah AM. Changes in aflatoxins content during processing of pekmez as a traditional product of grape. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2019.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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18
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Iqbal SZ, Mehmood Z, Asi MR, Shahid M, Sehar M, Malik N. Co-occurrence of aflatoxins and ochratoxin A in nuts, dry fruits, and nuty products. J Food Saf 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/jfs.12462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shahzad Zafar Iqbal
- Department of Applied Chemistry; Government College University Faisalabad; Faisalabad Pakistan
- Department of Plant Biology; Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey; New Brunswick New Jersey
| | - Zehid Mehmood
- Department of Biochemistry; Government College University Faisalabad; Faisalabad Pakistan
| | | | - Misbah Shahid
- Department of Biochemistry; Government College University Faisalabad; Faisalabad Pakistan
| | - Mubasharah Sehar
- Department of Biochemistry; Government College University Faisalabad; Faisalabad Pakistan
| | - Noeen Malik
- Department of Radiology; New York State University; New York New York
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Tarazona A, Gómez JV, Gavara R, Mateo-Castro R, Gimeno-Adelantado JV, Jiménez M, Mateo EM. Risk management of ochratoxigenic fungi and ochratoxin A in maize grains by bioactive EVOH films containing individual components of some essential oils. Int J Food Microbiol 2018; 269:107-119. [PMID: 29421354 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Aspergillus steynii and Aspergillus tubingensis are possibly the main ochratoxin A (OTA) producing species in Aspergillus section Circumdati and section Nigri, respectively. OTA is a potent nephrotoxic, teratogenic, embryotoxic, genotoxic, neurotoxic, carcinogenic and immunosuppressive compound being cereals the first source of OTA in the diet. In this study bioactive ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH) films containing cinnamaldehyde (CINHO), linalool (LIN), isoeugenol (IEG) or citral (CIT) which are major components of some plant essential oils (EOs) were produced and tested against A. steynii and A. tubingensis growth and OTA production in partly milled maize grains. Due to the favourable safety profile, these bioactive compounds are considered in the category "GRAS". The study was carried out under different water activity (0.96 and 0.99 aw), and temperature (24 and 32 °C) conditions. ANOVA showed that class of film, fungal species, aw and temperature and their interactions significantly affected growth rates (GR), ED50 and ED90 and the doses for total fungal growth inhibition and OTA production. The most effective EVOH films against both species were those containing CINHO. ED50, ED90 and doses for total growth and OTA inhibition were 165-405, 297-614, 333-666 μg of EVOH-CINHO/plate (25 g of maize grains), respectively, depending on environmental conditions. The least efficient were EVOH-LIN films. ED50, ED90 and doses for total growth and OTA inhibition were 2800->3330, >3330 and >3330 μg of EVOH-LIN/plate (25 g of maize grains), respectively. The effectiveness of the bioactive films increased with increasing doses. Overall, A. tubingensis was less sensitive to treatments than A. steynii. Depending on the species, aw and temperature affected GR and OTA production in a different way. In A. steynii cultures, optimal growth occurred at 0.96 aw and 32 °C while optimal OTA production happened at 0.99 aw and 32 °C. In A. tubingensis cultures optimal growth happened at 0.99 aw and 32 °C, although the best conditions for OTA production were 0.99 aw and 24 °C. Thus, these species can be very competitive in warm climates and storage conditions. The EVOH-CINHO films followed by EVOH-IEG and EVOH-CIT films, designed in this study and applied in vapour phase, can be potent antifungal agents against A. steynii and A. tubingensis and strong inhibitors of OTA biosynthesis in maize grains at very low doses. This is the first study on the impact that interacting environmental conditions and bioactive films containing individual components of EOs have on the growth of these ochratoxigenic fungi and on OTA production in maize grains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Tarazona
- Department of Microbiology and Ecology, University of Valencia, Dr. Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - José V Gómez
- Department of Microbiology and Ecology, University of Valencia, Dr. Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Rafael Gavara
- Packaging Lab, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology, CSIC, Avenida Agustín Escardino 7, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Rufino Mateo-Castro
- Department of Analytical Chemistry. University of Valencia, Dr. Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - José V Gimeno-Adelantado
- Department of Analytical Chemistry. University of Valencia, Dr. Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Misericordia Jiménez
- Department of Microbiology and Ecology, University of Valencia, Dr. Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Eva M Mateo
- Microbiology Service, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Institute for Research INCLIVA, Av. Menéndez y Pelayo 4, 46010, Valencia, Spain.
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Fanelli F, Cozzi G, Raiola A, Dini I, Mulè G, Logrieco AF, Ritieni A. Raisins and Currants as Conventional Nutraceuticals in Italian Market: Natural Occurrence of Ochratoxin A. J Food Sci 2017; 82:2306-2312. [PMID: 28892149 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.13854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Revised: 06/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The healthy consumers make a strong pressure to natural products that can prevent the chronic diseases and improve the general health status, and therefore an important aspect that have to be considered is the safe level of the nutraceuticals. This study reports the occurrence of Ochratoxin A (OTA) and associated fungal contamination in 35 samples of dried vine fruits imported in the European community potentially used for the development of new nutraceutical supplements. High pressure liquid chromatography analysis identified 18 samples as contaminated by OTA with an average level of 2.6 μg/kg. OTA was measured in 4 samples of currants (mean value of 6.6 μg/kg) and 13 samples of raisins (mean value of 1.4 μg/kg). In one sample of currants and one of raisins from Turkey OTA exceeded the limits set by European Commission of 10 μg/kg, being contaminated with 12.61 and 15.99 μg/kg, respectively. All the positive samples were confirmed by Orbitrap Q Exactive through their molecular weight and the corresponding fragmentation. The worldwide consumption of dried vine fruits contributed to OTA exposure in several group of consumers. In particular, considering the potential nutraceutical approach, this consumption may be represent a severe risk for healthy consumers that consider these products like healthy and salutistic for their contents in antioxidants, flavonoids, and polyphenols. Data reported in this study confirmed the need to regularly monitor mycotoxin levels in these food products and optimize the process of fruits drying in order to reduce the development of toxigenic molds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Fanelli
- Inst. of Sciences of Food Production, CNR, via Amendola 122/0, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Cozzi
- Inst. of Sciences of Food Production, CNR, via Amendola 122/0, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Assunta Raiola
- Dept. of Agricultural Sciences, Univ. of Naples "Federico II," Via Università 100, Portici, 80055 Naples, Italy
| | - Irene Dini
- Dept. of Pharmacy, Univ. of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, Napoli 80141, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Mulè
- Inst. of Sciences of Food Production, CNR, via Amendola 122/0, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Antonio F Logrieco
- Inst. of Sciences of Food Production, CNR, via Amendola 122/0, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Alberto Ritieni
- Dept. of Pharmacy, Univ. of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, Napoli 80141, Italy
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Pigłowski M. Product categories and hazard categories in the RASFF notifications: dependences between chosen variables. QUALITY ASSURANCE AND SAFETY OF CROPS & FOODS 2017. [DOI: 10.3920/qas2016.1004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Pigłowski
- Gdynia Maritime University, Morska 81-87, 81-225 Gdynia, Poland
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22
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Wei D, Wang Y, Jiang D, Feng X, Li J, Wang M. Survey of Alternaria Toxins and Other Mycotoxins in Dried Fruits in China. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:toxins9070200. [PMID: 28672847 PMCID: PMC5535147 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9070200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Occurrence of toxigenic molds and mycotoxins on dried fruits is a worldwide problem, but limited information is available in China. A total of 220 dried fruits (raisins, dried apricots, dates and wolfberries) purchased from China were analyzed for 17 mycotoxins (i.e., Alternaria toxins, ochratoxin A (OTA), patulin (PAT) and trichothecenes) by UPLC-MS/MS, combined with a single-step cleanup. The result showed that at least one mycotoxin was detected in 142 samples (64.6%). The lowest incidence of contaminated samples was observed in dried apricots (48.2%), and the highest incidence in dried wolfberries (83.3%). The Alternaria toxins seemed to be the major problem in dried fruits, rather than OTA or PAT. Tenuazonic acid (TeA) was the predominant mycotoxin, in both frequency and concentration, ranging from 6.9 to 5665.3 μg kg−1, followed by tentoxin (TEN; 20.5%), and mycophenolic acid (MPA; 19.5%). Moreover, raisins are more likely to be contaminated with OTA than the other dried fruits. Penicillic acid (PA) was detected only in dried dates, and PAT was detected only in one apricot sample. In addition, our results also showed that the simultaneous presence of 2–4 mycotoxins was observed in 31.4% of dried fruits. TeA and TEN were the most frequent combination, detected in 29 (13.2%) samples, followed by TeA and MPA with a prevalence of 11.4%. Therefore, the results of this survey suggest the need for wider monitoring on the contamination of these mycotoxins, especially Alternaria toxins in agro-products, and indicate the importance of setting a maximum limit for Alternaria toxins in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dizhe Wei
- Beijing Research Center for Agricultural Standards and Testing, No. 9 Middle Road of Shuguanghuayuan, Haidian District, Beijing 100097, China.
- Risk Assessment Laboratory for Agro-Products, Ministry of Agriculture, No. 9 Middle Road of Shuguanghuayuan, Haidian District, Beijing 100097, China.
| | - Yao Wang
- Beijing Research Center for Agricultural Standards and Testing, No. 9 Middle Road of Shuguanghuayuan, Haidian District, Beijing 100097, China.
- Risk Assessment Laboratory for Agro-Products, Ministry of Agriculture, No. 9 Middle Road of Shuguanghuayuan, Haidian District, Beijing 100097, China.
| | - Dongmei Jiang
- Beijing Research Center for Agricultural Standards and Testing, No. 9 Middle Road of Shuguanghuayuan, Haidian District, Beijing 100097, China.
- Risk Assessment Laboratory for Agro-Products, Ministry of Agriculture, No. 9 Middle Road of Shuguanghuayuan, Haidian District, Beijing 100097, China.
| | - Xiaoyuan Feng
- Beijing Research Center for Agricultural Standards and Testing, No. 9 Middle Road of Shuguanghuayuan, Haidian District, Beijing 100097, China.
- Risk Assessment Laboratory for Agro-Products, Ministry of Agriculture, No. 9 Middle Road of Shuguanghuayuan, Haidian District, Beijing 100097, China.
| | - Jun Li
- Food Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Meng Wang
- Beijing Research Center for Agricultural Standards and Testing, No. 9 Middle Road of Shuguanghuayuan, Haidian District, Beijing 100097, China.
- Risk Assessment Laboratory for Agro-Products, Ministry of Agriculture, No. 9 Middle Road of Shuguanghuayuan, Haidian District, Beijing 100097, China.
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Škrbić B, Antić I, Cvejanov J. Determination of mycotoxins in biscuits, dried fruits and fruit jams: an assessment of human exposure. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2017; 34:1012-1025. [PMID: 28332414 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2017.1303195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
A reliable, fast and simple method using UHPLC-MS/MS was developed for the determination of aflatoxins B1 (AFB1), G1 (AFG1), B2 (AFB2) and G2 (AFG2), ochratoxin A (OTA), deoxynivalenol (DON), zearalenone (ZEA), HT-2 toxin and T-2 toxin in crude extracts of biscuits with fruit filling, cookies, dried fruits and fruit jams. The method was successfully demonstrated on 39 samples of biscuits with fruit filling, 34 cookies, 14 dried fruits and 10 fruit jams. The mycotoxins detected in biscuits samples were ZEA, OTA, T-2 and AFB1 with an average concentrations of positive samples of 2.64, 4.10, 8.13 and 1.32 µg kg-1, respectively; while the mycotoxins detected in jam samples were AFB1, OTA, T-2 and AFB2 with an average concentrations of positive samples of 2.00, 17.7, 4.37 and 1.15 µg kg-1, respectively. The results showed that the majority of samples were in compliance with relevant regulations. However in eight samples of biscuits and three samples of fig jam the contents of OTA were higher than the existing OTA limits. The combined dietary exposure of selected mycotoxins was estimated for the first time for children, adolescents and adults. The estimated combined dietary exposures were all lower than the proposed value assumed to predict a possible risk scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biljana Škrbić
- a Faculty of Technology , University of Novi Sad , Novi Sad , Serbia
| | - Igor Antić
- a Faculty of Technology , University of Novi Sad , Novi Sad , Serbia
| | - Jelena Cvejanov
- a Faculty of Technology , University of Novi Sad , Novi Sad , Serbia
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24
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Kolakowski B, O'Rourke SM, Bietlot HP, Kurz K, Aweryn B. Ochratoxin A Concentrations in a Variety of Grain-Based and Non-Grain-Based Foods on the Canadian Retail Market from 2009 to 2014. J Food Prot 2016; 79:2143-2159. [PMID: 28221957 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-16-051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The extent of ochratoxin A (OTA) contamination of domestically produced foods sold across Canada was determined from 2009 to 2014 with sampling and testing occurring each fiscal year. Cereal-based, fruit-based, and soy-based food samples (n = 6,857) were analyzed. Almost half of the samples (3,200; 47%) did not contain detectable concentrations of OTA. The remaining 3,657 samples contained OTA at 0.040 to 631 ng/g. Wheat, oats, milled products of other grains (such as rye and buckwheat), and to a lesser extent corn products and their derived foods were the most significant potential sources of OTA exposure for the Canadian population. Wine, grape juice, soy products, beer, dairy-based infant formula, and licorice candy were not significant contributors to OTA consumption. Spices had the highest OTA concentrations; but because so little is ingested, these foods are not considered to be a significant source of OTA. In contrast, infant formulas and cereals can be important dietary sources of OTA. Infant cereals containing oats and infant formulas containing soy had detectable concentrations of OTA, some of which exceeded the proposed Canadian guidelines. The prevalence and concentrations of OTA in major crops (wheat, corn, and oats) varied widely across years. Because these foods were purchased at retail stores, no information was available on the OTA concentrations in the raw materials, the storage conditions before purchase of the samples, or the origin of the ingredients (may include blends of raw materials from different years and/or different geographical regions of Canada); therefore, impact of these factors could not be assessed. Overall, 2.3% of the samples exceeded the proposed Canadian OTA regulatory limits and 2.7% exceeded the current European Union (EU) OTA regulatory limits. These results are consistent with a Health Canada exposure assessment published in 2010, despite the inclusion of a wider range of products and confirm the safety of foods widely available across Canada.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Kolakowski
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 1400 Merivale Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0Y9
| | - Sarah M O'Rourke
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 1400 Merivale Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0Y9
| | - Henri P Bietlot
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 1400 Merivale Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0Y9
| | - Karl Kurz
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 1400 Merivale Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0Y9
| | - Barbara Aweryn
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 1400 Merivale Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0Y9
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25
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Kanapitsas A, Batrinou A, Aravantinos A, Sflomos C, Markaki P. Gamma radiation inhibits the production of Ochratoxin A by Aspergillus carbonarius. Development of a method for OTA determination in raisins. FOOD BIOSCI 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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26
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Ikoma T, Tsuchiya Y, Asai T, Okano K, Ito N, Endoh K, Yamamoto M, Nakamura K. Ochratoxin A Contamination of Red Chili Peppers from Chile, Bolivia and Peru, Countries with a High Incidence of Gallbladder Cancer. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2016; 16:5987-91. [PMID: 26320485 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2015.16.14.5987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous study detected aflatoxins in red chili peppers from Chile, Bolivia, and Peru, each of which have a high incidence of gallbladder cancer (GBC). Since the aflatoxin B1 concentration was not so high in these peppers, it is important to clarify the presence of other mycotoxins. Here we attempted to determine any associations between the concentrations of aflatoxins and ochratoxin A (OTA) in red chili peppers, and the corresponding GBC incidences. We collected red chili peppers from three areas in Peru: Trujillo (a high GBC incidence area), Cusco (an intermediate GBC incidence area), and Lima (a low GBC incidence rate), and from Chile and Bolivia. Aflatoxins and OTA were extracted with organic solvents. The concentrations of aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, and G2, and OTA were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography. The values obtained were compared with the incidence of GBC in each area or country. All of the red chili peppers from the three areas showed contamination with aflatoxins below the Commission of the European Communities (EC) recommended limits (5 μg/kg), but the OTA contamination of two samples was above the EC recommended limit (15 μg/kg). The mean concentrations of OTA in the peppers from Chile (mean 355 μg/kg, range <5-1,059 μg/kg) and Bolivia (mean 207 μg/kg, range 0.8-628 μg/kg), which has a high incidence of GBC, were higher than that in Peru (14 μg/kg, range <5-47 μg/kg), which has an intermediate GBC incidence. The OTA contamination in the red chili peppers from Chile, Bolivia, and Peru was stronger than that of aflatoxins. Our data suggest that OTA in red chili peppers may be associated with the development of GBC.
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Han Z, Dong M, Han W, Shen Y, Nie D, Shi W, Zhao Z. Occurrence and exposure assessment of multiple mycotoxins in dried fruits based on liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2016. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2015.1983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
A reliable analytical method based on liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was developed for simultaneous determination of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), aflatoxin B2 (AFB2), aflatoxin G1, aflatoxin G2, ochratoxin A (OTA), deoxynivalenol, T-2 and HT-2 toxin, and zearalenone (ZEA) in various dried fruits. A simple one-step sample extraction without using clean-up cartridges made the established method less labour consuming and less expensive, while optimisation of the several important MS/MS parameters, i.e. the scan time and run segments, ensured its sensitivity and selectivity. After careful validation of the method by determining the linearity (R2>0.99), recovery (77.8-115.9%), precision (relative standard deviation ≤19.5%) and sensitivity (limits of quantification in the range of 0.1-10 μg/kg), a survey of 125 dried fruit samples including 25 pistachios, 28 dried longans, 32 raisins and 40 dried dates randomly collected from different markets in Shanghai, China, was performed. Results revealed that 32.0% of samples were contaminated with different mycotoxins, among which, OTA was the most frequent contaminant with the incidence of 29.6% attaining the concentration levels in the range of 0.4-212.6 μg/kg. ZEA was positively found in 2 pistachio samples with the concentrations of 84.9 μg/kg and 426.9 μg/kg. Trace amounts of AFB1 (0.8 μg/kg) and AFB2 (0.2 μg/kg) were also observed in one pistachio sample and one dried longan sample, respectively. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report to reveal the real situations of mycotoxin contaminations in various dried fruits in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z. Han
- Institute for Agri-food Standards & Testing Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1000 Jinqi Road, Shanghai 201403, China, P.R
- Laboratory of Food Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - M. Dong
- Institute for Agri-food Standards & Testing Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1000 Jinqi Road, Shanghai 201403, China, P.R
| | - W. Han
- Institute for Agri-food Standards & Testing Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1000 Jinqi Road, Shanghai 201403, China, P.R
| | - Y. Shen
- Institute for Agri-food Standards & Testing Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1000 Jinqi Road, Shanghai 201403, China, P.R
| | - D. Nie
- Institute for Agri-food Standards & Testing Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1000 Jinqi Road, Shanghai 201403, China, P.R
| | - W. Shi
- Institute for Agri-food Standards & Testing Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1000 Jinqi Road, Shanghai 201403, China, P.R
| | - Z. Zhao
- Institute for Agri-food Standards & Testing Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1000 Jinqi Road, Shanghai 201403, China, P.R
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Smith MC, Madec S, Coton E, Hymery N. Natural Co-Occurrence of Mycotoxins in Foods and Feeds and Their in vitro Combined Toxicological Effects. Toxins (Basel) 2016; 8:94. [PMID: 27023609 PMCID: PMC4848621 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8040094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 325] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Revised: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Some foods and feeds are often contaminated by numerous mycotoxins, but most studies have focused on the occurrence and toxicology of a single mycotoxin. Regulations throughout the world do not consider the combined effects of mycotoxins. However, several surveys have reported the natural co-occurrence of mycotoxins from all over the world. Most of the published data has concerned the major mycotoxins aflatoxins (AFs), ochratoxin A (OTA), zearalenone (ZEA), fumonisins (FUM) and trichothecenes (TCTs), especially deoxynivalenol (DON). Concerning cereals and derived cereal product samples, among the 127 mycotoxin combinations described in the literature, AFs+FUM, DON+ZEA, AFs+OTA, and FUM+ZEA are the most observed. However, only a few studies specified the number of co-occurring mycotoxins with the percentage of the co-contaminated samples, as well as the main combinations found. Studies of mycotoxin combination toxicity showed antagonist, additive or synergic effects depending on the tested species, cell model or mixture, and were not necessarily time- or dose-dependent. This review summarizes the findings on mycotoxins and their co-occurrence in various foods and feeds from all over the world as well as in vitro experimental data on their combined toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Caroline Smith
- Université de Brest, EA 3882 Laboratoire Universitaire de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie Microbienne, ESIAB, Technopôle Brest-Iroise, 29280 Plouzané, France.
| | - Stéphanie Madec
- Université de Brest, EA 3882 Laboratoire Universitaire de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie Microbienne, ESIAB, Technopôle Brest-Iroise, 29280 Plouzané, France.
| | - Emmanuel Coton
- Université de Brest, EA 3882 Laboratoire Universitaire de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie Microbienne, ESIAB, Technopôle Brest-Iroise, 29280 Plouzané, France.
| | - Nolwenn Hymery
- Université de Brest, EA 3882 Laboratoire Universitaire de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie Microbienne, ESIAB, Technopôle Brest-Iroise, 29280 Plouzané, France.
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30
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Saidi A, Mirzaei M. Spectrofluorimetric Determination of Ochratoxin a in Wheat and Rice Products Using an Artificial Neural Network. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934816020039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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31
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Heshmati A, Mozaffari Nejad AS. Ochratoxin A in dried grapes in Hamadan province, Iran. FOOD ADDITIVES & CONTAMINANTS PART B-SURVEILLANCE 2015. [PMID: 26219951 DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2015.1074945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The occurrence of ochratoxin A (OTA) in dried grapes was surveyed in this study. Sixty-six samples of dried grapes (40 currants, 16 sultanas and 10 raisins) were collected from dried grapes factories in Hamadan province, Iran, from October 2012 to March 2013. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to determine OTA in these samples. OTA was detected in 23 (57.5%) currants, 10 (62.5%) sultanas and 6 (60%) raisins samples. Levels in five samples exceeded the Institute of Standards and Industrial Research of Iran (ISIRI) maximum level of 5 µg/kg. However, OTA content in none of the samples exceeded the maximum limit prescribed in the European Union (EU) regulations, which is 10 µg/kg. The obtained data contribute to information on OTA levels in Iranian dried grapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Heshmati
- a Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine , Hamadan University of Medical Sciences , Hamadan , Iran
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32
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Azaiez I, Font G, Mañes J, Fernández-Franzón M. Survey of mycotoxins in dates and dried fruits from Tunisian and Spanish markets. Food Control 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2014.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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33
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Palumbo JD, O'Keeffe TL, Ho YS, Santillan CJ. Occurrence of ochratoxin a contamination and detection of ochratoxigenic Aspergillus species in retail samples of dried fruits and nuts. J Food Prot 2015; 78:836-42. [PMID: 25836414 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-14-471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a mycotoxin produced by several species of Aspergillus and Penicillium and is a potential contaminant of a wide variety of food products. To determine the incidence of OTA contamination in dried fruits and tree nuts, retail packaged and bulk raisins, dates, figs, prunes, almonds, pistachios, and walnuts were collected from small and large supermarkets in seven areas of the United States between 2012 and 2014. Of the 665 samples analyzed, OTA was detected in 48 raisin samples, 4 fig samples, 4 pistachio samples, and 1 date sample. OTA contamination levels ranged from 0.28 to 15.34 ng/g in dried fruits and 1.87 to 890 ng/g in pistachios; two raisin samples and one pistachio sample exceeded the European Union regulatory limit of 10 ng/g. PCR detection of potential OTA-producing Aspergillus species revealed the presence of A. niger, A. welwitschiae, and A. carbonarius in 20, 7, and 7 of the 57 OTA-contaminated samples, respectively. However, OTA-producing A. carbonarius was isolated from only one raisin sample, and no other OTA-producing Aspergillus species were found. These results suggest that raisins are more frequently contaminated with low levels of OTA than are other dried fruits and nuts and that Aspergillus species are the likely source of that contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey D Palumbo
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention Research Unit, 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, California 94710, USA.
| | - Teresa L O'Keeffe
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention Research Unit, 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, California 94710, USA
| | - Yvonne S Ho
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention Research Unit, 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, California 94710, USA
| | - Carlo J Santillan
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention Research Unit, 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, California 94710, USA
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Loo AH, Bonanni A, Pumera M. Mycotoxin Aptasensing Amplification by using Inherently Electroactive Graphene-Oxide Nanoplatelet Labels. ChemElectroChem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201402403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Lai X, Ruan C, Liu R, Liu C. Application of ionic liquid-based dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction for the analysis of ochratoxin A in rice wines. Food Chem 2014; 161:317-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Revised: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 04/06/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Analysis of ochratoxin A in grapes, musts and wines by LC–MS/MS: First comparison of stable isotope dilution assay and diastereomeric dilution assay methods. Anal Chim Acta 2014; 818:39-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2014.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Revised: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Rhouati A, Yang C, Hayat A, Marty JL. Aptamers: a promosing tool for ochratoxin A detection in food analysis. Toxins (Basel) 2013; 5:1988-2008. [PMID: 24196457 PMCID: PMC3847711 DOI: 10.3390/toxins5111988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2013] [Revised: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The contamination of food and feed by mycotoxins has become an increasingly serious problem. Mycotoxins represent a major risk to human and animal health, as well as economics. Herein, we focus on Ochratoxin A (OTA), which is one of the most common mycotoxins contaminating feed and foodstuffs. OTA is a secondary metabolite produced by various Aspergillus and Penicillium strains. Upon ingestion, OTA has a number of acute and chronic toxic effects. It is nephrotoxic, teratogenic, immunosuppressive, and carcinogenic (group 2B). As a consequence, some regulatory limits have been introduced on the levels of OTA in several commodities. The toxic nature of OTA demands highly sensitive and selective monitoring techniques to protect human and animal health. As alternative to traditional analytical techniques, biochemical methods for OTA analysis have attained great interest in the last few decades. They are mainly based on the integration of antibodies or aptamers as biorecognition elements in sensing platforms. However, aptamers have gained more attention in affinity-based assays because of their high affinity, specificity, stability, and their easy chemical synthesis. In this brief review, we present an overview of aptamer-based assays and their applications in OTA purification and detection, appeared in the literature in the last five years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amina Rhouati
- IMAGES, Université de Perpignan, 52 Avenue Paul Alduy, Perpignan Cedex 66860, France; E-Mails: (A.R.); (C.Y.)
| | - Cheng Yang
- IMAGES, Université de Perpignan, 52 Avenue Paul Alduy, Perpignan Cedex 66860, France; E-Mails: (A.R.); (C.Y.)
| | - Akhtar Hayat
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY 13699, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Jean-Louis Marty
- IMAGES, Université de Perpignan, 52 Avenue Paul Alduy, Perpignan Cedex 66860, France; E-Mails: (A.R.); (C.Y.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +33-468662254; Fax: +33-468662223
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Tolosa J, Font G, Mañes J, Ferrer E. Nuts and dried fruits: Natural occurrence of emerging Fusarium mycotoxins. Food Control 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2013.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Kollia E, Kanapitsas A, Markaki P. Occurrence of aflatoxin B1and ochratoxin A in dried vine fruits from Greek market. FOOD ADDITIVES & CONTAMINANTS PART B-SURVEILLANCE 2013; 7:11-6. [DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2013.825647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Akdeniz AS, Ozden S, Alpertunga B. Ochratoxin A in dried grapes and grape-derived products in Turkey. FOOD ADDITIVES & CONTAMINANTS PART B-SURVEILLANCE 2013; 6:265-9. [PMID: 24779935 DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2013.814719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a naturally occurring mycotoxin and widespread food contaminant which results in a probable human exposure. A total of 85 samples (50 dried grapes, 10 grape juices and 25 pekmez (boiled and concentrated grape juices) were collected from different supermarkets and traditional bazaars in Istanbul during 2008-2009. An analytical method based on immuno-affinity column for clean-up and high-performance liquid chromatography equipped with fluorescence detection was used to determine the OTA. Contamination frequencies were 8%, 20% and 88% with mean concentrations of positive samples of 1.15, 1.40 and 2.04 µg/kg for dried grapes, grape juices and pekmez samples, respectively. These levels were lower than the maximum levels as set by the European Commission (EC). However, 12 of 25 pekmez samples had higher levels than permitted by the European Union (EU) for safe consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayse Sibel Akdeniz
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology , Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul University , Istanbul , Turkey
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Rahimi E, Shakerian A. Ochratoxin A in dried figs, raisings, apricots, dates on Iranian retail market. Health (London) 2013. [DOI: 10.4236/health.2013.512282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Determination of ochratoxin A in wines by capillary liquid chromatography with laser induced fluorescence detection using dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction. Food Chem 2012; 135:368-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2011] [Revised: 04/24/2012] [Accepted: 05/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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A review on the occurrence and control of ochratoxigenic fungal species and ochratoxin A in dehydrated grapes, non-fortified dessert wines and dried vine fruit in the Mediterranean area. Food Control 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2012.01.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Ozden S, Akdeniz AS, Alpertunga B. Occurrence of ochratoxin A in cereal-derived food products commonly consumed in Turkey. Food Control 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2011.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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Pavón MÁ, González I, Martín R, García T. Competitive direct ELISA based on a monoclonal antibody for detection of Ochratoxin A in dried fig samples. FOOD AGR IMMUNOL 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/09540105.2011.604769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
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Heperkan D, Güler FK, Oktay H. Mycoflora and natural occurrence of aflatoxin, cyclopiazonic acid, fumonisin and ochratoxin A in dried figs. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2012; 29:277-86. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2011.597037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Pavón MÁ, González I, de la Cruz S, Martín R, Lacarra TG. The use of high-performance liquid chromatography to detect ochratoxin A in dried figs from the Spanish market. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2012; 92:74-77. [PMID: 21744361 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.4543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2010] [Revised: 05/10/2011] [Accepted: 06/02/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Detection and quantification of ochratoxin A (OTA) in dried fig samples purchased in Spain has been carried out using high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection after extraction with methanol and sodium bicarbonate, and clean-up by using an immunoaffinity column. RESULTS The detection limit of the method was 0.06 ng g(-1), and the limit of quantification 0.18 ng g(-1) . OTA was detected in 31 (88.6%) out of 35 samples of dried figs analysed, with concentrations that ranged from < 0.1 to 277 ng g(-1). However, only three samples contained OTA concentrations above the tolerable level set by European Commission regulations for dried vine fruits (10 ng g(-1)). CONCLUSION The results of this survey show the value of monitoring OTA in dried figs especially if they are home grown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Ángel Pavón
- Departamento de Nutrición, Bromatología y Tecnología de Alimentos. Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Caballero-Casero N, García-Fonseca S, Rubio S. Vesicular aggregate-based solventless microextraction of Ochratoxin A in dried vine fruits prior to liquid chromatography and fluorescence detection. Talanta 2012; 89:377-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2011.12.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2011] [Revised: 12/10/2011] [Accepted: 12/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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