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Benkerroum N, Ismail A. Human Breast Milk Contamination with Aflatoxins, Impact on Children's Health, and Possible Control Means: A Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:16792. [PMID: 36554670 PMCID: PMC9779431 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192416792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Aflatoxins are natural toxicants produced mainly by species of the Aspergillus genus, which contaminate virtually all feeds and foods. Apart from their deleterious health effects on humans and animals, they can be secreted unmodified or carried over into the milk of lactating females, thereby posing health risks to suckling babies. Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) is the major and most toxic aflatoxin type after aflatoxin B1 (AFB1). It contaminates human breast milk upon direct ingestion from dairy products or by carry-over from the parent molecule (AFB1), which is hydroxylated in the liver and possibly in the mammary glands by cytochrome oxidase enzymes and then excreted into breast milk as AFM1 during lactation via the mammary alveolar epithelial cells. This puts suckling infants and children fed on this milk at a high risk, especially that their detoxifying activities are still weak at this age essentially due to immature liver as the main organ responsible for the detoxification of xenobiotics. The occurrence of AFM1 at toxic levels in human breast milk and associated health conditions in nursing children is well documented, with developing countries being the most affected. Different studies have demonstrated that contamination of human breast milk with AFM1 represents a real public health issue, which should be promptly and properly addressed to reduce its incidence. To this end, different actions have been suggested, including a wider and proper implementation of regulatory measures, not only for breast milk but also for foods and feeds as the upstream sources for breast milk contamination with AFM1. The promotion of awareness of lactating mothers through the organization of training sessions and mass media disclosures before and after parturition is of a paramount importance for the success of any action. This is especially relevant that there are no possible control measures to ensure compliance of lactating mothers to specific regulatory measures, which can yet be appropriate for the expansion of breast milk banks in industrialized countries and emergence of breast milk sellers. This review attempted to revisit the public health issues raised by mother milk contamination with AFM1, which remains undermined despite the numerous relevant publications highlighting the needs to tackle its incidence as a protective measure for the children physical and mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noreddine Benkerroum
- Expertise Aliments Santé, Food Health Consultancy, 7450 Dollier Str., Montréal, QC H1S 2J6, Canada
| | - Amir Ismail
- Institute of Food Science and Nutrition, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60000, Pakistan
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2
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Doğan RA, Afacan M, Ozdemir M. Determination of aflatoxin M1 in breast milk and related factors. Rev Assoc Med Bras (1992) 2022; 68:1000-1005. [PMID: 36000599 PMCID: PMC9575001 DOI: 10.1590/1806-9282.20211077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Breastfeeding in women with aflatoxin M1 exposure may be a risk factor for the newborn. Thus, it is crucial to determine aflatoxin M1 levels in breast milk and raise mothers’ awareness about nutrition in lactation and other periods. This study was carried out to determine aflatoxin M1 contamination in milk samples taken from mothers who gave birth. METHODS: The study was carried out in the postpartum department of Training and Research Hospital between December 31, 2018, and June 31, 2019, and 90 breastfeeding mothers were included in the study. RESULTS: A total of 75 (83.3%) of the examined samples were found positive. The mean aflatoxin M1 ratio in positive samples was 12.16 pg/mL (5.00–23.18 pg/mL). Mothers’ consumption of processed food was associated with aflatoxin M1 levels (p=0.043). It was determined that the aflatoxin M1 levels of mothers who consumed processed food products 1 or 2 times a month were 3.22 times lower than those who consumed 1–2 times a week. CONCLUSIONS: This study emphasized the importance of monitoring aflatoxin M1 levels in breast milk for infant health. It is thought that nutrition education given to mothers during pregnancy will significantly impact aflatoxin M1 results. In addition, the dangers of mycotoxins in mother-infant nutrition should be emphasized regularly in health education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reyhan Aydın Doğan
- Karabuk University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Midwifery - Karabük, Turkey
| | - Merve Afacan
- Karabuk University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Midwifery - Karabük, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Ozdemir
- Karabuk University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Pharmacology - Karabük, Turkey
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3
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Yalçin SS, Güneş B, Yalçin S. Influence of season and lactational stage on aflatoxin M1 and ochratoxin A in human milk in a cohort study from southeastern region of Turkey. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2022; 32:1192-1203. [PMID: 33307760 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2020.1860200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The aim was to evaluate the changes in aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) and ochratoxin A (OTA) levels in human breast milk (HBM) during the first five postpartum months according to the sampling season in a cohort study from Şanlıurfa. From 78 healthy lactating mothers, HBM was taken at the 5-14 days postpartum (D5-14) and the 6th and 18th weeks postpartum (W6 and W18). Mycotoxin levels were analyzed with competitive ELISA. Generalized Estimating Equations with repeated measures (three-correlation matrix dimension) revealed a significantly higher mean AFM1 level at W6 than that on D5-14. AFM1 and OTA levels in winter and spring were considerably higher than that in summer and autumn. Maternal smoke exposure, body mass index, history of moldy food exposure, birth order, and breastfeeding type did not influence the results. Whilst season had a marked effect on the milk levels of both analytes, lactation stage affected AFM1 more notable than OTA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bülent Güneş
- Child Health and Disease Service, Özel Şan Med Hospital, Şanlıurfa, Turkey
| | - Suzan Yalçin
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Selçuk University, Konya, Turkey
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4
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Monitoring of Aflatoxin M1 in Various Origins Greek Milk Samples Using Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry. SEPARATIONS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/separations9030058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxin M1(AFM1), a major metabolite of Aflatoxin B1(AFB1), has been identified as a potential contaminant in dairy products. Because of its possible carcinogenicity, the legislation limits as set by Commission Regulation (EC) No. 1881/2006 are very strict, namely 0.050 μg kg−1 in milk and 0.025 μg kg−1 in infant formulas. To meet these requirements, a sensitive and accurate method was developed, employing liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). Ιmmunoaffinity columns (R-Biopharm) were used for sample purification and preconcentration of the analyte of interest. The quantification of AFM1 was conducted using fortified milk samples, while Aflatoxin B2 (AFB2) was used as an internal standard (IS). The method was validated in terms of linearity, precision, trueness, limits of detection and quantification and uncertainty. The performance criteria for the method were evaluated based on European Commission Regulation (EC) No. 401/2006 and its most recent amendment, as well as the suggested criteria for revision by the EU Reference Laboratory for Mycotoxins and Plant Toxins. The recovery was in the range of 77.9–81.0% for all fortification levels (0.025–0.050–0.075 μg kg−1), with RSDR values (Relative Standard Deviation of intermediate precision) ranging from 6.1% to 12%. The method’s detection and quantification limits were 0.0027 μg kg−1 and 0.0089 μg kg−1, respectively. The occurrence of AFM1 was investigated in 40 samples of different animal origin (cow, goat and sheep milk) provided by Greek producers.
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Smith JW, Matchado AJ, Wu LSF, Arnold CD, Burke SM, Maleta KM, Ashorn P, Stewart CP, Shaikh S, Ali H, Labrique AB, West KP, Christian P, Dewey KG, Groopman JD, Schulze KJ. Longitudinal Assessment of Prenatal, Perinatal, and Early-Life Aflatoxin B 1 Exposure in 828 Mother-Child Dyads from Bangladesh and Malawi. Curr Dev Nutr 2022; 6:nzab153. [PMID: 35155983 PMCID: PMC8829025 DOI: 10.1093/cdn/nzab153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In utero or early-life exposure to aflatoxin, which contaminates staple crops in disadvantaged settings, may compromise pregnancy and infant outcomes, but investigations into the extent, persistence, and determinants of aflatoxin exposure at these life stages have lacked longitudinal data collection and broad geographic representation. OBJECTIVES Aflatoxin exposure and selected determinants thereof were characterized in mother-child dyads with serial plasma/serum samples in prenatal, perinatal, and early life in Malawi and Bangladesh. METHODS Circulating aflatoxin B1 (AFB1)-lysine albumin adducts were measured in dyads from Bangladesh (n = 573; maternal first and third trimester, 3 mo postpartum, cord blood, infant 24 mo) and Malawi (n = 255; maternal second and third trimester, 6 mo postpartum, infant 6 and 18 mo) with isotope dilution mass spectrometry. We examined AFB1-lysine adduct magnitude, persistence, seasonality, and associations with infant feeding, and estimated daily AFB1 intake. RESULTS Maternal AFB1-lysine was higher in Malawi (98% detectable; median: 0.469, IQR: 0.225-1.027 pg/µL) than in Bangladesh (59%; 0.030, nondetectable [nd]-0.077 pg/µL). Although estimated dietary exposure in Malawi was temporally stable (648 ng AFB1/day), estimated intake in Bangladesh was reduced by 94% between rainy and winter seasons (98 to 6 ng/day). AFB1-lysine was low in cord blood from Bangladesh (15% detectable; 0.045, 0.031-0.088 pg/µL among detectable) and in Malawian infants at 6 mo of age (0.072, nd-0.236 pg/µL), but reached maternal concentrations by 18 or 24 mo (Bangladesh: 0.034, nd-0.063 pg/µL; Malawi: 0.370, 0.195-0.964 pg/µL). In Malawian infants, exclusive breastfeeding at 3 mo was associated with 58% lower AFB1-lysine concentrations at 6 mo compared with other feeding modes (P = 0.010). CONCLUSIONS Among pregnant women, aflatoxin exposure was persistently high in Malawi, while lower and seasonal in Bangladesh. Infants were partially protected from exposure in utero and with exclusive breastfeeding, but exposures reached adult levels by 18-24 mo of age. The Bangladesh and Malawi trials are registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00860470 and NCT01239693.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua W Smith
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Andrew J Matchado
- Department of Nutrition and Institute for Global Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- School of Public Health and Family Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Lee S-F Wu
- Center for Human Nutrition, Department of International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Charles D Arnold
- Department of Nutrition and Institute for Global Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Sean M Burke
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kenneth M Maleta
- School of Public Health and Family Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Per Ashorn
- Tampere University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Center for Child, Adolescent and Maternal Health Research and Tampere University Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Tampere, Finland
| | - Christine P Stewart
- Department of Nutrition and Institute for Global Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Saijuddin Shaikh
- Center for Human Nutrition, Department of International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- The JiVitA Project of Johns Hopkins University, Bangladesh, Gaibandha, Bangladesh
| | - Hasmot Ali
- Center for Human Nutrition, Department of International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- The JiVitA Project of Johns Hopkins University, Bangladesh, Gaibandha, Bangladesh
| | - Alain B Labrique
- Center for Human Nutrition, Department of International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Keith P West
- Center for Human Nutrition, Department of International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Parul Christian
- Center for Human Nutrition, Department of International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kathryn G Dewey
- Department of Nutrition and Institute for Global Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - John D Groopman
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kerry J Schulze
- Center for Human Nutrition, Department of International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Pourtalebi S, Ayatollahi Mousavi SA, Assadollahi Z, Mousavi SM. Assessment of Aflatoxin M1 in human breast milk in Rafsanjan, Iran. Curr Med Mycol 2021; 7:6-11. [PMID: 34553091 PMCID: PMC8443883 DOI: 10.18502/cmm.7.1.6177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose Aflatoxins (AFs) are a group of highly toxic mycotoxins present both in the environment and in foodstuffs. The food of infants should be safe and free of various pollutants, including breast milk mycotoxins. This study aimed to measure the mycotoxin of Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in human milk samples obtained from lactating mothers living in Rafsanjan city, Iran. Materials and Methods In the current cross-sectional study, breast milk samples were collected from 150 lactating mothers in Rafsanjan city from September 2015 to April 2016 using the structured food-frequency questionnaire. The AFM1 was measured by employing enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay specific kits. The statistical analysis was performed in SPSS software (version 16). Results The AFM1 was detected in 98 mothers (65%) with a mean concentration of 14.69±8.15 ng/kg, ranging from 5.02 to 41.25 ng/kg. The AFM1 concentration exceeded the tolerable and accepted limit promulgated by the European Union and the USA (25 ng/kg) in only 10 milk samples. Moreover, in 59 milk samples, the AFM1 concentration exceeded the limit recommended by Australia and Switzerland (10 ng/kg). Conclusion According to the results of the present study, lactating mothers and their infants are at risk of AFM1 exposure in southern Iran. Accordingly, the examination of AFM1 concentrations in lactating mothers, as a critical postnatal exposure marker of infants to this carcinogenic compound, requires further studies in various seasonal periods and different parts of Iran.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somayeh Pourtalebi
- Immunology of Infectious Diseases Research Center, Research Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran.,Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | | | - Zahra Assadollahi
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran.,Occupational Environment Research Center, Research Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Seyyed Mahdi Mousavi
- Immunology of Infectious Diseases Research Center, Research Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran.,Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
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7
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Prevalence and associated factors of breastmilk aflatoxin M1 levels in mothers from Banke, Nepal. Food Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.108069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Bou Zerdan M, Moussa S, Atoui A, Assi HI. Mechanisms of Immunotoxicity: Stressors and Evaluators. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:8242. [PMID: 34361007 PMCID: PMC8348050 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system defends the body against certain tumor cells and against foreign agents such as fungi, parasites, bacteria, and viruses. One of its main roles is to distinguish endogenous components from non-self-components. An unproperly functioning immune system is prone to primary immune deficiencies caused by either primary immune deficiencies such as genetic defects or secondary immune deficiencies such as physical, chemical, and in some instances, psychological stressors. In the manuscript, we will provide a brief overview of the immune system and immunotoxicology. We will also describe the biochemical mechanisms of immunotoxicants and how to evaluate immunotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maroun Bou Zerdan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Naef K. Basile Cancer Institute, American University of Beirut Medical Center, 1107 2020 Beirut, Lebanon; (M.B.Z.); (A.A.)
| | - Sara Moussa
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Balamand, 1100 Beirut, Lebanon;
| | - Ali Atoui
- Department of Internal Medicine, Naef K. Basile Cancer Institute, American University of Beirut Medical Center, 1107 2020 Beirut, Lebanon; (M.B.Z.); (A.A.)
| | - Hazem I. Assi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Naef K. Basile Cancer Institute, American University of Beirut Medical Center, 1107 2020 Beirut, Lebanon; (M.B.Z.); (A.A.)
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Hernández M, Juan-García A, Moltó JC, Mañes J, Juan C. Evaluation of Mycotoxins in Infant Breast Milk and Infant Food, Reviewing the Literature Data. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:535. [PMID: 34437408 PMCID: PMC8402439 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13080535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, an analysis focusing on mycotoxin determination in infant breast milk and infant food has been summarised for the last fifteen years of research focused on the intended population group of 1-9 months. The objective was to know the level of exposure of the child population to an estimated daily intake (EDI) of mycotoxins from the consumption of habitual foods. The EDI was compared with the tolerable daily intake (TDI) established by EFSA to estimate risk. In breast milk, the high prevalence and levels were for samples from Africa (Egypt and Tanzania) with aflatoxin M1 (1.9 μg/L and 10%), and Asia (Iran) with ochratoxin-A (7.3 μg/L and 100%). In infant formulas, high incidences and values were for samples with aflatoxin M1 from Burkina Faso (167 samples, 84%, 87 μg/kg). In cereal products, the highest incidence was for DON from the United States (96 samples), and the highest value was an Italian sample (0.83 μg/kg of enniatin B). In fruit products, patulin was the most detected in Italian (78) and Spanish (24) samples. The highest risk was observed in breast milk during the first month of age, the highest EDI for aflatoxin M1 was reported for Egypt (344-595 ng/kg bw/day) and ochratoxin-A for Iran (97-167ng/kg bw/day), representing a public health problem.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ana Juan-García
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Burjassot, 46100 València, Spain; (M.H.); (J.C.M.); (J.M.)
| | | | | | - Cristina Juan
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Burjassot, 46100 València, Spain; (M.H.); (J.C.M.); (J.M.)
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Marimón Sibaja KV, Garcia SDO, Nogueira WV, de Oliveira FK, Badiale-Furlong E, Garda-Buffon J. Dietary Exposure Assessment of Aflatoxin M1 in Milk and Dairy Products of Latin America. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2021.1880434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karen Vanessa Marimón Sibaja
- Mycotoxin and Food Science Laboratory, Federal University of Rio Grande (FURG), Av. Itália Km 8, Campus Carreiros, Rio Grande, Brazil
| | - Sabrina De Oliveira Garcia
- Mycotoxin and Food Science Laboratory, Federal University of Rio Grande (FURG), Av. Itália Km 8, Campus Carreiros, Rio Grande, Brazil
| | - Wesclen Vilar Nogueira
- Mycotoxin and Food Science Laboratory, Federal University of Rio Grande (FURG), Av. Itália Km 8, Campus Carreiros, Rio Grande, Brazil
| | - Francine Kerstner de Oliveira
- Mycotoxin and Food Science Laboratory, Federal University of Rio Grande (FURG), Av. Itália Km 8, Campus Carreiros, Rio Grande, Brazil
| | - Eliana Badiale-Furlong
- Mycotoxin and Food Science Laboratory, Federal University of Rio Grande (FURG), Av. Itália Km 8, Campus Carreiros, Rio Grande, Brazil
| | - Jaqueline Garda-Buffon
- Mycotoxin and Food Science Laboratory, Federal University of Rio Grande (FURG), Av. Itália Km 8, Campus Carreiros, Rio Grande, Brazil
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Samiee F, Kharazi A, Elaridi J, Taravati Javad M, Leili M. An assessment of the occurrence and nutritional factors associated with aflatoxin M1, ochratoxin A, and zearalenone in the breast milk of nursing mothers in Hamadan, Iran. Toxicon 2020; 187:209-213. [PMID: 32971098 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2020.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This research investigated the occurrence of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1), ochratoxin A (OTA), and zearalenone (ZEN) in human milk samples in the Hamadan city, Iran. The study was carried out using the milk of nursing mothers from ten governmental health care centers. Mycotoxin content of ninety milk samples measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). All samples that tested positive for AFM1 with the ELISA test were subsequently analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The mean ± SD concentrations of AFM1, determined by ELISA and HPLC were 5.98 ± 1.47 and 4.36 ± 1.23 ng/L, respectively. OTA and ZEN levels were below the detection limit (<5 ng/L) in all samples. None of the contaminated samples exceeded the regulation limit set by the European Commission (25 ng/L) for AFM1 in infant formula. We found a significant correlation between the AFM1 concentration in breast milk and infant age and milk consumption by the nursing mother (p < 0.05). These findings revealed that infants are susceptible to AFM1 exposure from their mother's milk. The authors recommend that additional research be conducted on the analysis of foodstuff and biological fluids for various mycotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fateme Samiee
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Research Center for Health Sciences, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Ava Kharazi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Research Center for Health Sciences, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Jomana Elaridi
- Department of Natural Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Masoumeh Taravati Javad
- Department of Midwifery, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Mostafa Leili
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Research Center for Health Sciences, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
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12
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Aflatoxin M1 prevalence in breast milk in Morocco: Associated factors and health risk assessment of newborns "CONTAMILK study". Toxicon 2020; 187:203-208. [PMID: 32971097 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2020.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the contamination of breast milk by aflatoxin M1 among nursing mothers from Rabat, Morocco, and to explore its association with several maternal parameters and dietary habits. In addition, the health risk assessment of the newborns by the estimation of the daily intake. A competitive Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay method was used for the analysis of aflatoxin M1 in breast milk samples. Analytical results indicate that out of 82 total samples, 43 samples (52.4%) of milk were positive. Aflatoxin M1 levels ranged from undetectable to 13.33 ng/L, while the mean level was 5.75 ± 3.44 ng/L. Besides, several factors and foodstuffs seem to increase the level of AFM1 in breast milk. As regards the estimated daily intake of aflatoxin M1, it varies between immeasurable and a maximum of 1.16 ng/kg.bw. The degree of exposure to AFB1 and the levels of its metabolite AFM1 in breast milk were low, compared to some studies from other countries. Further investigations and periodic monitoring programs are recommended in large samples and in many cities of morocco to assess the level of exposure of the Moroccan population.
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13
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Tonon KM, Reiter MG, de Oliveira Dutra M, Savi GD, Scussel VM. Dietary Intake of Mycotoxin Susceptible Foods by Brazilian Nursing Mothers. CURRENT NUTRITION & FOOD SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1573401315666191009094147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
The human milk has several health benefits to the mother and child, and it is
the ideal form of nutrition for infants. However, some food contaminants such as mycotoxins can be
transferred from the mother to the child through breast milk.
Objective:
To access the dietary intake of mycotoxin susceptible foods by nursing mothers.
Methods:
The dietary intake of mycotoxin susceptible foods was investigated by interviewing nursing
mothers (n = 86), who were registered donors of the Human Milk Bank (HMB) of Blumenau
(Brazil), through a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). The mothers were contacted and those who
agreed to answer the FFQ were recruited for the study group. The interview was conducted individually,
face to face with each mother, by a trained researcher. The FFQ was divided into three food
Groups (vegetables, animal and beverages, respectively), considered most prone to mycotoxins contamination.
Socio-demographic characteristics of the mothers were also obtained.
Results:
The FFQ revealed a high weekly intake of foods susceptible to fungi and mycotoxin contamination.
Consumption of wheat, coffee and cow’s milk was reported by 52, 44 and 51% of the
mothers, respectively. The consumption of those foods occurred daily to more than 7 times per week.
Conclusion:
The study revealed that Brazilian nursing mothers frequently consume foods susceptible
to mycotoxin contamination, especially wheat and its by-products. Brazilian health, environmental
and agriculture authorities should pay permanent attention by applying monitoring programs to
grains and cereals - both imported and domestically produced - as they are highly susceptible to fungi
and mycotoxin contamination, which can be transferred to infants via breastfeeding, apart from
harming the general population health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina M. Tonon
- Food Science and Tecnhology Department, Laboratory of Mycotoxicology and Food Contaminants, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Brazil
| | | | - Milena de Oliveira Dutra
- Food Science and Tecnhology Department, Laboratory of Mycotoxicology and Food Contaminants, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Brazil
| | - Geovana D. Savi
- Food Science and Tecnhology Department, Laboratory of Mycotoxicology and Food Contaminants, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Brazil
| | - Vildes M. Scussel
- Food Science and Tecnhology Department, Laboratory of Mycotoxicology and Food Contaminants, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Brazil
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Patyal A, Gill JPS, Bedi JS, Aulakh RS. Potential risk factors associated with the occurrence of aflatoxin M1 in raw milk produced under different farm conditions. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2020; 55:827-834. [PMID: 32602778 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2020.1787019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The present study was carried out with the objectives to determine the occurrence of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in raw milk and identification of associated risk factors from three different types of animal farming systems. A total of 189 pooled raw milk samples were tested for AFM1 with enzyme linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA) as screening and high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (HPLC-FLD) as confirmatory techniques. AFM1 was found positive in 58% pooled milk samples with the mean level of 0.917 µg/L, while 50.8% and 36.5% samples were found above the legal limits set by European Commission (EC) and Food safety and standard authority of India (FSSAI), respectively for AFM1 in milk. Among all investigated risk factors, feeding of readymade concentrate feed and leftover household cereals, longer feed storage duration and feed storage quality were found significantly associated with presence of AFM1 in farm milk. High prevalence as well as levels of AFM1 in farm milk poses a health risk to the consumers especially children. Therefore, efforts are urgently required to create awareness among dairy farmers about aflatoxins contamination of feed and milk, to improve farm management practices and to control AFM1 level in milk below the legal limits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Patyal
- School of Public Health and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Science, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - Jatinder Paul Singh Gill
- School of Public Health and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Science, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - Jasbir Singh Bedi
- School of Public Health and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Science, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - Rabinder Singh Aulakh
- School of Public Health and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Science, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
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15
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Kamali M, Kamali A, Taheri sarvtin M. Evaluation of Aflatoxin M1 Level in Human Breast Milk samples from Jiroft, South of Iran. MEDICAL LABORATORY JOURNAL 2020. [DOI: 10.29252/mlj.14.3.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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16
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Karayağiz Muslu G, Özdemir M. Occurrence of and Factors Associated With the Presence of Aflatoxin M 1 in Breast Milk of Mothers in Fethiye, Turkey. Biol Res Nurs 2020; 22:362-368. [PMID: 32314592 DOI: 10.1177/1099800420919900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Aflatoxins comprise a group of mycotoxins that are found in the environment. Exposure to aflatoxins has been reported to cause serious health problems in humans. Since aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) is secreted in breast milk, the exposure of infants to this toxin is an important concern. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence, levels of, and factors associated with the presence of AFM1 in breast milk of mothers in Fethiye, Turkey. Breast milk samples were taken from 100 mothers who had given birth over the period of October-November 2017. The AFM1 content of the samples was determined via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The lowest limit for milk samples in the Ridascreen® AFM1 commercial test kit is 5 ng/L. Because of this, AFM1 levels below 5 ng/L in the breast milk samples were assessed as negative. Of the breast milk samples tested, 53 were positive. The average AFM1 amount in the positive samples was 6.36 ng/L (ppt; range 5.10-8.31 ng/L). Mothers who were housewives, lived in damp, humid houses, or ate spices or dried fruits and vegetables had significantly greater prevalence of AFM1 in their breast milk than those who were employed, did not report dampness or mold in the home, or did not eat spices or dried fruits and vegetables. AFM1 in breast milk could be an important risk factor for infant health. Informing the public about food safety could reduce the amount of AFM1 being transferred into breast milk via food channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonca Karayağiz Muslu
- Department of Nursing, Fethiye Faculty of Health Sciences, Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Özdemir
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Karabük University, Turkey
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17
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Pour SH, Mahmoudi S, Masoumi S, Rezaie S, Barac A, Ranjbaran M, Oliya S, Mehravar F, Sasani E, Noorbakhsh F, Khodavaisy S. Aflatoxin M1 contamination level in Iranian milk and dairy products: a systematic review and meta-analysis. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2020. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2019.2485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Aflatoxin M1 is a derivate of aflatoxin B1 and an important contaminant of milk and dairy products. This systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted on relevant Persian and English original articles in national and international databases with no time limits until 1 January 2018. In total 605 articles were found among which 70 articles met the inclusion criteria for meta-analysis. The prevalence (95% confidence interval (CI)) and mean concentration (95% CI) of aflatoxin M1 was found to be 64% (53-75%) and 39.7 ng/l (31.9-47.4 ng/l) in raw milk, 95% (89-98%) and 62.3 ng/l (40.6-84 ng/l) in pasteurised milk, 71% (56-84%) and 60.1 ng/l (30.9-89.3 ng/l) in sterilised milk, 59% (20-93%) and 5.5 ng/l (3.3-7.7 ng/l) in breast milk and 72% (61-81%) and 82.3 ng/kg (63.7-100.9 ng/kg) in dairy products. In general, 9% (4-16%) of milks and 10% (4-17%) of dairy products had aflatoxin M1 in concentrations exceeding the permitted level of Iranian standards (500 ng/l). Based on the maximum permitted aflatoxin M1 concentration in standards of Europe (50 ng/l), these percentages increase to 25% (18-32%) for milks and 18% (9-29%) for dairy products. According to the results, further control and preventive measures should be applied on livestock feeds because decreased aflatoxin B1 contamination at this level results in decreased aflatoxin M1 in milk and dairy products.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Hamzeh Pour
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - S. Mahmoudi
- Students’ Scientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - S. Masoumi
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - S. Rezaie
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - A. Barac
- Clinic for Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Clinical Centre of Serbia, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - M. Ranjbaran
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - S. Oliya
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - F. Mehravar
- Health Management and Social Development Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - E. Sasani
- Department of Medical Mycology, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - F. Noorbakhsh
- Department of Microbiology, Biological Science college, Varamin- pishva branch, Islamic Azad University, Varamin-pishva, Iran
| | - S. Khodavaisy
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Probiotic bacteria and yeasts adsorb aflatoxin M1 in milk and degrade it to less toxic AFM1-metabolites. Toxicon 2019; 172:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2019.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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19
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Sengling Cebin Coppa CF, Mousavi Khaneghah A, Alvito P, Assunção R, Martins C, Eş I, Gonçalves BL, Valganon de Neeff D, Sant'Ana AS, Corassin CH, Oliveira CAF. The occurrence of mycotoxins in breast milk, fruit products and cereal-based infant formula: A review. Trends Food Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2019.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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20
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Al-Jaal BA, Jaganjac M, Barcaru A, Horvatovich P, Latiff A. Aflatoxin, fumonisin, ochratoxin, zearalenone and deoxynivalenol biomarkers in human biological fluids: A systematic literature review, 2001–2018. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 129:211-228. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.04.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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21
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Fakhri Y, Rahmani J, Oliveira CAF, Franco LT, Corassin CH, Saba S, Rafique J, Mousavi Khaneghah A. Aflatoxin M1 in human breast milk: A global systematic review, meta-analysis, and risk assessment study (Monte Carlo simulation). Trends Food Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2019.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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22
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Fakhri Y, Ghorbani R, Taghavi M, Keramati H, Amanidaz N, Moradi B, Nazari SH, Shariatifar N, Khaneghah AM. Concentration and Prevalence of Aflatoxin M 1 in Human Breast Milk in Iran: Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis, and Carcinogenic Risk Assessment: A Review. J Food Prot 2019; 82:785-795. [PMID: 30995144 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-18-367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
This meta-analysis was designed to review the published reports regarding the concentration and/or prevalence of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in human breast milk in Iran. The carcinogenic risk for Iranian infants consuming this milk was estimated with the hazard index. The PubMed and Scopus databases and the Scientific Information Database were screened for relevant studies between 1995 and 2017, and 11 of the 112 collected studies were included in the systematic review and meta-analysis. The mean (95% confidence interval) concentration of AFM1 was 5.85 ng/L (4.54 to 7.15 ng/L), which was lower than the European Union standard (25 ng/L). The mean prevalence of AFM1 in breast milk in Iran was 42% (11 to 77%). The estimated daily intakes for male and female infants were 0.02 to 5.57 ng/kg and 0.02 to 3.68 ng/kg of body weight per day, respectively. The rank order of estimated daily intake for both male and female infants according to age was 1 week > 1 month > 6 months > 12 months. The hazard index for all age groups of infants in all provinces in Iran was less than 1. Therefore, infants in Iran were not considered at carcinogenic risk from AFM1 in human breast milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yadolah Fakhri
- 1 Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health and Safety, Student Research Committee, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Raheb Ghorbani
- 2 Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Taghavi
- 3 Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Social Development & Health Promotion Research Center, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
| | - Hassan Keramati
- 2 Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Nazak Amanidaz
- 4 Environmental Health Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Golestan, Iran
| | - Bigard Moradi
- 5 Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Simin Hagh Nazari
- 6 Department Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Nabi Shariatifar
- 7 Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amin Mousavi Khaneghah
- 8 Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Rua Monteiro Lobato 80, 13083-862 Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5769-0004 )
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23
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Memiş EY, Yalçın SS. Human milk mycotoxin contamination: smoking exposure and breastfeeding problems. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2019; 34:31-40. [PMID: 30810418 DOI: 10.1080/14767058.2019.1586879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: Mammalian milk may contain pollutants as a result of the maternal exposure. The objective was to determine the presence of selected mycotoxins in human milk and to investigate the effect of maternal characteristics on breastmilk mycotoxin levels and to examine the effect of mycotoxin contamination on lactational problems.Materials and methods: Information about maternal characteristics were taken by a questionnaire and breast milk samples were collected. Levels of aflatoxins M1 (AFM1), ochratoxins A (OTA), zearalenone (ZEN), Deoxynivalenol (DON) were determined by the solid-phase direct competitive enzyme immunoassay.Results: Median levels of breast milk AFM1 and OTA was 3.07 pg/mL and 1.38 ng/mL, respectively. ZEN and DON levels were higher than 0.3 ng/mL in 59% and higher than 10 ng/mL in 37.7%. After controlling for confounding factors, mothers who experienced "delayed onset of lactogenesis" had odds 3.33 times more for the highest quartile of ZEN and mothers with cracked nipples had odds 8.36 times more for the highest quartile of DON. Multiple regression analysis revealed that smoking exposure (environmental, maternal smoking versus never) significantly affected being in the highest quartile of OTA.Conclusion: Mycotoxin can pass to breast milk and smoking exposure of the mother may influence this situation. Mycotoxin exposure may lead to lactation problems. Maternal and infant health can be protected by preventing smoking exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esra Yasemin Memiş
- Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sıddıka Songül Yalçın
- Unit of Social Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
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24
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Shirani K, Zanjani BR, Mahmoudi M, Jafarian AH, Hassani FV, Giesy JP, Karimi G. Immunotoxicity of aflatoxin M 1 : as a potent suppressor of innate and acquired immune systems in a subacute study. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2018; 98:5884-5892. [PMID: 30014474 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.9240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2018] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although, to date, there have been several in vitro and in vivo studies of immunomodulatory effects of aflatoxin M1 (AFB1 ), little is known about the effect of AFM1 on various aspects of innate and acquired immunity. In the present study, AFM1 was administered intraperitoneally, at doses of 25 and 50 μg kg-1 , body mass for 28 days and various immunological parameters were measured. RESULTS Several parameters related to immune function were suppressed: organ mass, cellularity of spleen, proliferation response to lipopolysaccaride and phytohemagglutinin-A, hemagglutination titer, delayed type of hypersensitivity response, spleen cell subtypes, serum hemolytic activity, serum immunoglobulin G level and cytokine production. AFM1 did not cause changes in body mass, hematological parameters or the concentration of immunoglobulin M in blood serum. CONCLUSIONS Overall, the data suggested that AFM1 suppressed innate and acquired immunity. Therefore, with respect to consumer safety, it is extremely important to further control the level of AFM1 in milk, and this should be considered as a precedence for risk management actions. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kobra Shirani
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Bamdad R Zanjani
- Medical Toxicology Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Mahmoudi
- Immunology Research Center, School of Medicine, Bu-Ali Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amir H Jafarian
- Cancer Molecular Pathology Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Ghaem Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Faezeh V Hassani
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - John P Giesy
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences and Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
- Department of Zoology, Center for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Gholamreza Karimi
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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25
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Ahmad M, Awais M, Ali SW, Ali Khan HA, Riaz M, Sultan A, Shakeel Bashir M, Ishtiaq Chaudhry A. Occurrence of Aflatoxin M1 in raw and processed milk and assessment of daily intake in Lahore, Multan cities of Pakistan. FOOD ADDITIVES & CONTAMINANTS PART B-SURVEILLANCE 2018; 12:18-23. [DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2018.1509899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mateen Ahmad
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, University of the Punjab, Quaid-i-Azam Campus, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Awais
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, University of the Punjab, Quaid-i-Azam Campus, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Shinawar Waseem Ali
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, University of the Punjab, Quaid-i-Azam Campus, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Hafiz Azhar Ali Khan
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, University of the Punjab, Quaid-i-Azam Campus, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Riaz
- Institute of Food Science and Nutrition, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Asif Sultan
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, University of the Punjab, Quaid-i-Azam Campus, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Shakeel Bashir
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, University of the Punjab, Quaid-i-Azam Campus, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Adnan Ishtiaq Chaudhry
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, University of the Punjab, Quaid-i-Azam Campus, Lahore, Pakistan
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26
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Ortiz J, Jacxsens L, Astudillo G, Ballesteros A, Donoso S, Huybregts L, De Meulenaer B. Multiple mycotoxin exposure of infants and young children via breastfeeding and complementary/weaning foods consumption in Ecuadorian highlands. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 118:541-548. [PMID: 29883782 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2017] [Revised: 06/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The dietary exposure to mycotoxins in Ecuadorian children aged 0-23 months (320 rural and 603 urban) was evaluated based on the intake of breast milk and staple cereals used as complementary/weaning foods. A probabilistic distribution approach by first order Monte Carlo simulation was adopted to assess the locally occurring mycotoxins (aflatoxins M1 and B1 in breast milk, ochratoxin A and deoxynivalenol in wheat noodles and oat flakes, and HT-2 toxin in polished rice). Overall, exposure was modest but higher for rural children due to their monotonous diet. Aflatoxin exposure by breast milk intake were of health concern in both areas (Margin of Exposure and Combined Margin of Exposure Index<10,000). Mycotoxin exposure by staple cereals intake was considered tolerable across feeding stages for individual mycotoxin-cereal combination (Hazard Quotient<1) and combined exposure (Hazard Index<1). The major exposure was to HT-2 toxin by rice intake at complementary feeding (15% rural and 4% urban above TDI) and at weaning stage (26% rural and 6% urban above TDI). Since the usual Ecuadorian diet is based on the same staple cereals, risk management actions could lead to a better protection of young children and also ensure higher safety of the recommended breastfeeding practices by protecting nursing mothers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johana Ortiz
- Department of Food Safety and Food Quality, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biosciences, Food Nutrition and Health Research Unit, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, Cuenca University, Av. 12 de Abril s/n Cdla. Universitaria, P.O. Box 01.01.168, Cuenca, Ecuador.
| | - Liesbeth Jacxsens
- Department of Food Safety and Food Quality, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Gabriela Astudillo
- Department of Biosciences, Food Nutrition and Health Research Unit, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, Cuenca University, Av. 12 de Abril s/n Cdla. Universitaria, P.O. Box 01.01.168, Cuenca, Ecuador
| | - Adriana Ballesteros
- Department of Biosciences, Food Nutrition and Health Research Unit, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, Cuenca University, Av. 12 de Abril s/n Cdla. Universitaria, P.O. Box 01.01.168, Cuenca, Ecuador
| | - Silvana Donoso
- Department of Biosciences, Food Nutrition and Health Research Unit, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, Cuenca University, Av. 12 de Abril s/n Cdla. Universitaria, P.O. Box 01.01.168, Cuenca, Ecuador
| | - Lieven Huybregts
- Department of Food Safety and Food Quality, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Child Health and Nutrition Unit, Department of Public Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Bruno De Meulenaer
- Department of Food Safety and Food Quality, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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Slepchenko GB, Gindullina TM, Gavrilova MA, Auelbekova AZ. The Simultaneous Voltammetric Determination of Aflatoxins В 1 and М 1 on a Glassy-Carbon Electrode. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL METHODS IN CHEMISTRY 2018; 2018:6285623. [PMID: 29862123 PMCID: PMC5971310 DOI: 10.1155/2018/6285623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
For the first time, the possibility of using stripping voltammetry for the simultaneous determination of aflatoxins В1 and М1 on a glassy-carbon electrode has been shown. The influence of various factors (Еэ, τэ, w, and the nature of the background electrolyte) on the potential and magnitude of the oxidation current of mycotoxins has been estimated. Working conditions for voltammetric determination and reproducibility of analytical signals for two mycotoxins have been selected. The mutual influence of aflatoxins В1 and М1 on the value of analytical signals in their simultaneous presence has been studied. It has been found that, in the range of their detectable contents, the presence of aflatoxin В1 reduces the analytical signal of aflatoxin М1 by 45-50%, but the linearity of the calibration dependence is preserved. The content of aflatoxin М1 in determination of aflatoxin B1 does not exert a significant effect in the range of 10-15%. Based on the results obtained, a procedure has been proposed for determining the content of aflatoxins В1 and М1 in their joint presence in milk by voltammetry in the concentration ranges 2 × 10-3 ÷ 2 × 10-1 mg/dm3 and 2 × 10-4 ÷ 2 × 10-2 mg/dm3, respectively (Sr not more than 18%).
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Affiliation(s)
- G. B. Slepchenko
- National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk 634050, Russia
| | - T. M. Gindullina
- National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk 634050, Russia
| | - M. A. Gavrilova
- National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk 634050, Russia
| | - A. Zh. Auelbekova
- National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk 634050, Russia
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28
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Namvar Rad M, Razavilar V, Anvar SAA, Akbari-Adergani B. Selected bio-physical factors affecting the efficiency ofBifidobacterium animalis lactisandLactobacillus delbrueckii bulgaricusto degrade aflatoxin M1in artificially contaminated milk. J Food Saf 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/jfs.12463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Namvar Rad
- Student of Food Hygiene, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University; Tehran Iran
| | - Vadood Razavilar
- Department of Food Hygiene, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University; Tehran Iran
| | - Seyed Amir Ali Anvar
- Department of Food Hygiene, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University; Tehran Iran
| | - Behrouz Akbari-Adergani
- Food and Drug Laboratory Research Center, Food and Drug Organization, Ministry of Health and Medical Education; Tehran Iran
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29
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Azarikia M, Mahdavi R, Nikniaz L. Occurrence and dietary factors associated with the presence of aflatoxin B1 and M1 in breast milk of nursing mothers in Iran. Food Control 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2017.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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30
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Tonon KM, Reiter MGR, Savi GD, Scussel VM. Human milk AFM1
, OTA, and DON evaluation by liquid chromatography tandem mass specrometry and their relation to the Southern Brazil nursing mothers' diet. J Food Saf 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/jfs.12452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karina Merini Tonon
- Food Science and Technology Department; Federal University of Santa Catarina; Florianopolis Brazil
- Laelia purpurata Center for Research and Technological Development of Human Milk, Human Milk Bank of Blumenau, University of Blumenau; Blumenau Brazil
| | - Mercedes Gabriela Ratto Reiter
- Laelia purpurata Center for Research and Technological Development of Human Milk, Human Milk Bank of Blumenau, University of Blumenau; Blumenau Brazil
- Natural Sciences Department; University of Blumenau; Blumenau Brazil
| | - Geovana Dagostim Savi
- Food Science and Technology Department; Federal University of Santa Catarina; Florianopolis Brazil
| | - Vildes Maria Scussel
- Food Science and Technology Department; Federal University of Santa Catarina; Florianopolis Brazil
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Bilandžić N, Varenina I, Solomun Kolanović B, Božić Luburić Đ, Varga I, Želježić B, Cvetnić L, Benić M, Tanković S, Cvetnić Ž. Occurrence of aflatoxin M1 in raw cow, goat and sheep milk during spring and autumn in Croatia during 2016. TOXIN REV 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/15569543.2017.1306785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nina Bilandžić
- Laboratory for Residue Control, Department of Veterinary Public Health, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Zagreb, Croatia,
| | - Ivana Varenina
- Laboratory for Residue Control, Department of Veterinary Public Health, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Zagreb, Croatia,
| | - Božica Solomun Kolanović
- Laboratory for Residue Control, Department of Veterinary Public Health, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Zagreb, Croatia,
| | - Đurđica Božić Luburić
- Laboratory for Residue Control, Department of Veterinary Public Health, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Zagreb, Croatia,
| | - Ines Varga
- Laboratory for Residue Control, Department of Veterinary Public Health, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Zagreb, Croatia,
| | - Blaženka Želježić
- Laboratory for Residue Control, Department of Veterinary Public Health, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Zagreb, Croatia,
| | - Luka Cvetnić
- Laboratory for Mastitis and Raw Milk Quality, Department for Bacteriology and Parasitology, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Zagreb, Croatia,
| | - Miroslav Benić
- Laboratory for Mastitis and Raw Milk Quality, Department for Bacteriology and Parasitology, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Zagreb, Croatia,
| | - Sanin Tanković
- State Veterinary Office of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and
| | - Željko Cvetnić
- Laboratory for Bacterial Zoonoses and Molecular Diagnostics of Bacterial Diseases, Department for Bacteriology and Parasitology, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
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Elaridi J, Bassil M, Kharma JA, Daou F, Hassan HF. Analysis of Aflatoxin M 1 in Breast Milk and Its Association with Nutritional and Socioeconomic Status of Lactating Mothers in Lebanon. J Food Prot 2017; 80:1737-1741. [PMID: 28922028 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-17-083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is the most potent of the dietary aflatoxins, and its major metabolite, aflatoxin M1 (AFM1), is frequently found in the breast milk of lactating mothers. The aim of this study was to assess the occurrence and factors associated with AFM1 contamination of breast milk collected from lactating mothers in Lebanon. A total of 111 breast milk samples were collected according to the guidelines set by the World Health Organization. Samples were analyzed with a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay between December 2015 and November 2016. A survey was used to determine the demographic and anthropometric characteristics of participating lactating mothers. Dietary habits were assessed using a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire. Mean (±standard deviation) concentration of AFM1 in the breast milk samples was 4.31 ± 1.8 ng/L, and 93.8% of samples contained AFM1 at 0.2 to 7.9 ng/L. The mean concentration of AFM1 was significantly lower (P < 0.05) in fall and winter (4.1 ± 1.9 ng/L) than in spring and summer (5.0 ± 1.7 ng/L). None of the samples exceeded the European Commission regulation limit (25 ng/L) for infant milk replacement formula. AFM1 contamination was significantly associated (P < 0.05) with the daily consumption of white cheeses but not with the consumption of meat or cereal products. No significant association (P > 0.05) was observed between AFM1 concentrations in breast milk and anthropometric sociodemographic factors (age and level of education) or the governorate of residence of the nursing mothers. The mean AFM1 estimated daily intake was found to be 0.69 ng/day/kg of body weight. Although the incidence of AFM1 contamination was low, our first-of-its-kind study highlights the importance of conducting investigations on mycotoxin contamination in breast milk and of developing protection strategies to tackle the exposure of infants to this potent chemical hazard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jomana Elaridi
- 1 Department of Natural Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon; and
| | - Maya Bassil
- 1 Department of Natural Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon; and
| | - Joelle Abi Kharma
- 1 Department of Natural Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon; and
| | - Farah Daou
- 2 Faculty of Health Sciences, American University of Science and Technology, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Hussein F Hassan
- 1 Department of Natural Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon; and
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Kamali A, Mehni S, Kamali M, Taheri Sarvtin M. Detection of ochratoxin A in human breast milk in Jiroft city, south of Iran. Curr Med Mycol 2017; 3:1-4. [PMID: 29707666 PMCID: PMC5914919 DOI: 10.29252/cmm.3.3.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose Breastfeeding plays an important role in the growth and development of infants. However, breast milk may be contaminated with various mycotoxins. Ochratoxin A is one of the most important mycotoxins with nephrotoxic, carcinogenic, teratogenic, genotoxic, and immunotoxic properties. Thus, we carried out this study to determine the concentration of ochratoxin A in human breast milk in Jiroft, Kerman Province, south of Iran. Materials and Methods Eighty-four human breast milk samples were collected from mothers visiting the number one clinic in Jiroft city. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to detect ochratoxin A in the samples. Results Ochratoxin A was found in all the tested samples at a concentration ranging from 0.11 to 7.34 ng/ml. The mean concentration of ochratoxin A in the samples was 1.99±1.34 ng/ml. Fourteen samples contained ochratoxin A at concentrations exceeding the quantitation limit (3 ng/ml). Conclusion The results of this study showed that infants are exposed to ochratoxin A in our region. In cases exceeding the quantitation limit, the infant's body cannot detoxify the toxin. Therefore, the infant can be affected by various illnesses such as nephropathy, immune system deficiency, and different types of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Kamali
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Jiroft University of Medical Sciences, Jiroft, Iran
| | - Sareh Mehni
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Jiroft University of Medical Sciences, Jiroft, Iran
| | - Mohadeseh Kamali
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.,Department of Medical Mycology and Parasitology, School of Medicine, Jiroft University of Medical Sciences, Jiroft, Iran
| | - Mehdi Taheri Sarvtin
- Department of Medical Mycology and Parasitology, School of Medicine, Jiroft University of Medical Sciences, Jiroft, Iran
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Matabaro E, Ishimwe N, Uwimbabazi E, Lee BH. Current Immunoassay Methods for the Rapid Detection of Aflatoxin in Milk and Dairy Products. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2017; 16:808-820. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Revised: 06/11/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Matabaro
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology; Jiangnan Univ.; Wuxi Jiangsu 214122 China
| | - Nestor Ishimwe
- Hefei Natl. Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and School of Life Sciences; Univ. of Science and Technology of China; Hefei Anhui 230027 China
- the Dept. of Chemistry, College of Science and Technology; Univ. of Rwanda; Rwanda
| | - Eric Uwimbabazi
- School of Food Science; Jiangnan Univ.; Wuxi Jiangsu 214122 China
| | - Byong H. Lee
- Dept. of Microbiology and Immunology; McGill Univ.; Montreal QC H3A 2B4 Canada
- Dept. of Food Science and Biotechnology; Kangwon Natl. Univ.; Chuncheon 200701 South Korea
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Ketney O, Santini A, Oancea S. Recent aflatoxin survey data in milk and milk products: A review. INT J DAIRY TECHNOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/1471-0307.12382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Otto Ketney
- Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Food Industry and Environmental Protection; ‘Lucian Blaga’ University of Sibiu; Bulevardul Victoriei 10 Sibiu 550024 Romania
| | - Antonello Santini
- Department of Pharmacy; University of Napoli Federico II; Via D. Montesano 49 - 80131 Napoli Italy
| | - Simona Oancea
- Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Food Industry and Environmental Protection; ‘Lucian Blaga’ University of Sibiu; Bulevardul Victoriei 10 Sibiu 550024 Romania
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36
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Shuib NS, Makahleh A, Salhimi SM, Saad B. Natural occurrence of aflatoxin M 1 in fresh cow milk and human milk in Penang, Malaysia. Food Control 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2016.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Jafari T, Fallah AA, Kheiri S, Fadaei A, Amini SA. Aflatoxin M 1 in human breast milk in Shahrekord, Iran and association with dietary factors. FOOD ADDITIVES & CONTAMINANTS PART B-SURVEILLANCE 2017; 10:128-136. [PMID: 28091279 DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2017.1282545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
This survey was conducted to determine the occurrence and levels of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in 250 breast milk samples of lactating mothers, obtained from urban and rural regions of Shahrekord, Iran. Moreover, the association between AFM1 occurrence levels and dietary factors was assessed. AFM1 analysis was carried out using the competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay technique for screening and high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (HPLC-FLD) for confirmatory purposes. The toxin was detected in 39 samples (15.6%), ranging from 11.1 to 39.3 ng/l, of which 8 samples (3.2%) had levels above the Iranian national standard limit (25 ng/l). AFM1 occurrence and levels in breast milk samples obtained from rural regions were significantly higher (P ≤ 0.05) than those obtained from urban ones. It might be due to the different dietary patterns in these regions. It was found that dietary habits with more tendencies to consume bread, rice and non-alcoholic beer beverage significantly increased (P ≤ 0.05) the risk of AFM1 occurrence in breast milk. In addition, higher consumption of bread, olive and traditional cream significantly increased (P ≤ 0.05) the levels of AFM1 in breast milk samples. Further investigations should be performed to determine more precisely the association between AFM1 occurrence and dietary factors and also the risk of infant exposure to this mycotoxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Jafari
- a Clinical Biochemistry Research Center , Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences , Shahrekord , Iran.,b Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine , Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences , Shahrekord , Iran
| | - Aziz A Fallah
- c Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Shahrekord University , Shahrekord , Iran
| | - Soleiman Kheiri
- d Social Health Determinants Research Center , Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences , Shahrekord , Iran
| | - Abdolmajid Fadaei
- e Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health , Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences , Shahrekord , Iran
| | - Sayed Asadollah Amini
- a Clinical Biochemistry Research Center , Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences , Shahrekord , Iran
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Radonić JR, Kocić Tanackov SD, Mihajlović IJ, Grujić ZS, Vojinović Miloradov MB, Škrinjar MM, Turk Sekulić MM. Occurrence of aflatoxin M1 in human milk samples in Vojvodina, Serbia: Estimation of average daily intake by babies. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2017; 52:59-63. [PMID: 27726497 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2016.1229454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The objectives of the study were to determine the aflatoxin M1 content in human milk samples in Vojvodina, Serbia, and to assess the risk of infants' exposure to aflatoxins food contamination. The growth of Aspergillus flavus and production of aflatoxin B1 in corn samples resulted in higher concentrations of AFM1 in milk and dairy products in 2013, indicating higher concentrations of AFM1 in human milk samples in 2013 and 2014 in Serbia. A total number of 60 samples of human milk (colostrum and breast milk collected 4-8 months after delivery) were analyzed for the presence of AFM1 using the Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay method. The estimated daily intake of AFM1 through breastfeeding was calculated for the colostrum samples using an average intake of 60 mL/kg body weight (b.w.)/day on the third day of lactation. All breast milk collected 4-8 months after delivery and 36.4% of colostrum samples were contaminated with AFM1. The greatest percentage of contaminated colostrum (85%) and all samples of breast milk collected 4-8 months after delivery had AFM1 concentration above maximum allowable concentration according to the Regulation on health safety of dietetic products. The mean daily intake of AFM1 in colostrum was 2.65 ng/kg bw/day. Results of our study indicate the high risk of infants' exposure, who are at the early stage of development and vulnerable to toxic contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena R Radonić
- a Department of Environmental Engineering and Occupational Safety and Health, Faculty of Technical Sciences , University of Novi Sad , Novi Sad , Serbia
| | | | - Ivana J Mihajlović
- a Department of Environmental Engineering and Occupational Safety and Health, Faculty of Technical Sciences , University of Novi Sad , Novi Sad , Serbia
| | - Zorica S Grujić
- c Faculty of Medicine , University of Novi Sad , Novi Sad , Serbia
| | - Mirjana B Vojinović Miloradov
- a Department of Environmental Engineering and Occupational Safety and Health, Faculty of Technical Sciences , University of Novi Sad , Novi Sad , Serbia
| | - Marija M Škrinjar
- b Faculty of Technology , University of Novi Sad , Novi Sad , Serbia
| | - Maja M Turk Sekulić
- a Department of Environmental Engineering and Occupational Safety and Health, Faculty of Technical Sciences , University of Novi Sad , Novi Sad , Serbia
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Kunter İ, Hürer N, Gülcan HO, Öztürk B, Doğan İ, Şahin G. Assessment of Aflatoxin M1 and Heavy Metal Levels in Mothers Breast Milk in Famagusta, Cyprus. Biol Trace Elem Res 2017; 175:42-49. [PMID: 27250496 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-016-0750-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Breast milk contributes towards optimal nutrition for infants. However, studies showed that it can also contain different toxins and heavy metals, which reduce its health benefits. The aim of this study is to determine the level of contaminants such as aflatoxin M1 (AFM1), Pb, Cd, As, and Hg in breast milk samples from Famagusta, Cyprus. Correlations between moldy food consumption, smoking habits of the mothers, and contaminant levels in breast milk were also investigated. Breast milk samples from 50 lactating mothers in rural and urban areas of Famagusta District were analyzed for AFM1 by ELISA. Eighty percent of them were found to be contaminated with AFM1 with the mean measurement of 7.84 ± 1.72 ng/l. Socio-demographic status, moldy food consumption habits, and smoking status do not have any effect on the AFM1 levels observed in breast milk. Heavy metal levels in breast milk were examined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, and the mean measurements were1.19 ± 1.53 ppm for Pb, 0.73 ± 0.58 ppm for As, 0 ± 0.20 ppm for Hg, and 0.45 ± 0.23 ppm for Cd. This study indicates that the levels of these contaminants in breast milk samples obtained in Famagusta District are well within the acceptable levels. However, the presence of AFM1 and heavy metals still may pose risks for infant health.
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Affiliation(s)
- İmge Kunter
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Eastern Mediterranean University, North Cyprus via Mersin 10, Famagusta, 99628, Turkey.
| | - Nazife Hürer
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Eastern Mediterranean University, North Cyprus via Mersin 10, Famagusta, 99628, Turkey
| | - Hayrettin Ozan Gülcan
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Eastern Mediterranean University, North Cyprus via Mersin 10, Famagusta, 99628, Turkey
| | - Barış Öztürk
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetic, Faculty of Health Sciences, Biruni University, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - İrfan Doğan
- Uzman Expert Quality Education Consultancy and Laboratory Services, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Gönül Şahin
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Eastern Mediterranean University, North Cyprus via Mersin 10, Famagusta, 99628, Turkey
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40
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Díaz-Bao M, Regal P, Barreiro R, Fente CA, Cepeda A. A facile method for the fabrication of magnetic molecularly imprinted stir-bars: A practical example with aflatoxins in baby foods. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1471:51-59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 08/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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41
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Determination of Aflatoxins in Yogurt by Dispersive Liquid–Liquid Microextraction and HPLC with Photo-Induced Fluorescence Detection. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-016-0611-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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42
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Warth B, Braun D, Ezekiel CN, Turner PC, Degen GH, Marko D. Biomonitoring of Mycotoxins in Human Breast Milk: Current State and Future Perspectives. Chem Res Toxicol 2016; 29:1087-97. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.6b00125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt Warth
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Chemistry, Department
of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Waehringerstraße 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Department IFA-Tulln, Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Dominik Braun
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Chemistry, Department
of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Waehringerstraße 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Chibundu N. Ezekiel
- Department
of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Babcock University, Ilishan Remo, Nigeria
- Partnership
for Aflatoxin Control in Africa, Department of Rural Economy and Agriculture, African Union Commission, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Paul C. Turner
- Maryland
Institute for Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Gisela H. Degen
- Leibniz-Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo), Ardeystraße 67, D-44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Doris Marko
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Chemistry, Department
of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Waehringerstraße 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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Cantú-Cornelio F, Aguilar-Toalá J, de León-Rodríguez C, Esparza-Romero J, Vallejo-Cordoba B, González-Córdova A, García H, Hernández-Mendoza A. Occurrence and factors associated with the presence of aflatoxin M1 in breast milk samples of nursing mothers in central Mexico. Food Control 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2015.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Cherkani-Hassani A, Mojemmi B, Mouane N. Occurrence and levels of mycotoxins and their metabolites in human breast milk associated to dietary habits and other factors: A systematic literature review, 1984–2015. Trends Food Sci Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2016.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Supriya C, Akhila B, Pratap Reddy K, Girish BP, Sreenivasula Reddy P. Effects of maternal exposure to aflatoxin B1 during pregnancy on fertility output of dams and developmental, behavioral and reproductive consequences in female offspring using a rat model. Toxicol Mech Methods 2016; 26:202-10. [DOI: 10.3109/15376516.2016.1151967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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47
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Redzwan SM, Jamaluddin R, Sokhini AM, Aqilah AN, Zuraini A, Karimi G, Parvaneh K. Ultra-high performance liquid chromatographic determination of aflatoxin M1 in urine. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2015. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2014.1761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The development of analytical methods to detect aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in foodstuffs and its metabolites in human biological samples is useful for risk assessment. The latter methodology, i.e. the measurement of AFB1 biomarkers, has become important to assess human aflatoxin exposure. AFB1-lysine adduct, AFB1-DNA adduct and urinary aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) are some of the AFB1 biomarkers that can be measured by several analytical methods, such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, radioimmunoassay, and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). HPLC coupled to a fluorescence detector is useful and preferable due to its high degree of sensitivity, but the analysis may take time and consume large amount of solvents. Therefore, the present study extrapolated the HPLC method to ultra-HPLC for the determination of urinary AFM1. After the extraction procedure with an immunoaffinity column, chromatographic separation was done using a high performance 1.8 μm microparticulate C18 column. The mean recovery from urine samples spiked with 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 ng/ml AFM1 was 84.4±4.0%, with acceptable recovery values, interday (6.0±5.3%) and intraday (2.6±0.6%) coefficients of variation. The retention time was 5.7 min. This method was used to measure urinary AFM1 in 71 subjects, of which 13 had AFM1 levels above the limit of detection (0.018 ng/ml). The mean urinary AFM1 level of the positive samples was 18.8±28.6 pg/ml, ranging from 2.4 to 100.4 pg/ml. As this is one of the few studies investigating the occurrence of aflatoxin biomarkers in human biological samples in Malaysia, a study with a larger sample size is necessary to investigate the magnitude of aflatoxin exposure among the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Mohd Redzwan
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - R. Jamaluddin
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - A.M. Mohd Sokhini
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - A.R. Nurul Aqilah
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - A. Zuraini
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - G. Karimi
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - K. Parvaneh
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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Magoha H, De Meulenaer B, Kimanya M, Hipolite D, Lachat C, Kolsteren P. Fumonisin B1 contamination in breast milk and its exposure in infants under 6 months of age in Rombo, Northern Tanzania. Food Chem Toxicol 2014; 74:112-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2014.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Revised: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/21/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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