Pharmacokinetic of sulfaclozine in broiler chickens

Typical antibiotic exposure and dysglycemia risk in an elderly Chinese population

Studies examined the connection between antibiotic exposure in urine and dysglycemia risk (including prediabetes and diabetes) in the elderly were limited. Multiple linear regression, binary logistic regression, restricted cubic splines (RCS), and stratified analysis were applied to analyze the relationship between antibiotic exposure and dysglycemia risk. We observed that sulfaclozine exposure 0.07 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.01-0.23) significantly increased fasting blood glucose (FBG) level. By mechanism, usage, and antimicrobial action, sulfonamides 0.08 (95% CI: 0.06-0.36), veterinary antibiotics (VA) 0.07 (95% CI: 0.01-0.30), or bacteriostatic antibiotics 0.07 (95% CI: 0.02-0.29) significantly increased FBG level. Additionally, sulfaclozine exposure 1.54 (95% CI: 1.02-2.33) resulted in a higher dysglycemia risk, while doxycycline exposure 0.53 (95% CI: 0.30-0.95) resulted in a lower dysglycemia risk. By mechanism, usage, and antimicrobial action, sulfonamides 1.44 (95% CI: 1.02-2.04), VA 1.68 (95% CI: 1.21-2.35), or bacteriostatic antibiotics 1.40 (95% CI: 1.02-1.93) exposure had a higher dysglycemia risk. Taken together, exposure to sulfonamides, VA, especially sulfaclozine, was correlated with a higher dysglycemia risk in the elderly. Exposure to bacteriostatic antibiotics was associated with a higher dysglycemia risk in the female.

Practical and Computational Studies of Bivalence Metal Complexes of Sulfaclozine and Biological Studies

In the search for novel, metal-based drug complexes that may be of value as anticancer agents, five new transition metal complexes of sulfaclozine (SCZ) with Cu(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Zn(II), and Fe(II) were successfully synthesized. The chemical structure of each complex was characterized using elemental analysis (CHN), IR spectroscopy, UV–Vis spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and electronic paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. IR spectra indicated that the donor atoms were one sulfonyl oxygen atom and one pyrazine nitrogen atom, which associated with the metal ions to form a stable hexagonal coordination ring. The metal–ligand stability constant (K_f) revealed that Cu(II) and Ni(II) have good coordination stability among the metal compounds. Theoretical studies using DFT/B3LYP were performed to further validate the proposed structures. The obtained results indicated that Cu(II) has a trigonal bipyramidal geometry, whereas Fe(II), Co(II), and Ni(II) have an octahedral structure, while Zn(II) has a tetrahedral arrangement. The bio-activities of the characterized complexes were evaluated using DNA binding titration and molecular docking. The binding constant values for the metal complexes were promising, with a maximum value for the copper metal ion complex, which was 9 × 10⁵ M^-1. Molecular docking simulations were also carried out to evaluate the interaction strength and properties of the synthesized metal complexes with both DNA and selected cancer-relevant proteins. These results were supported by in vitro cytotoxicity assays showing that the Cu(II) and Ni(II) complexes display promising antitumor activity against colon and breast cancer cell lines.

Determination of sulfachloropyridazine residue levels in feathers from broiler chickens after oral administration using liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry

Several antimicrobials are routinely used by the poultry farming industry on their daily operations, however, researchers have found for some antimicrobials that their residues persist for longer periods in feathers than they do in edible tissues, and at higher concentrations, as well. But this information is not known for other classes of antimicrobials, such as the sulfonamides. Therefore, this work presents an accurate and reliable analytical method for the detection of sulfachloropyridazine (SCP) in feathers and edible tissues from broiler chickens. This method was also validated in-house and then used to study the depletion of sulfachloropyridazine in those matrices. The experimental group comprised 54 broiler chickens, who were raised under controlled conditions and then treated with a commercial formulation of 10% sulfachloropyridazine for 5 days. Samples were analyzed via LC-MS/MS, using ¹³C₆-sulfamethazine (SMZ-¹³C₆) as an internal standard. Aromatic sulfonic acid solid phase extraction (SPE) cartridges were used to clean up the samples. The Limit of Detection (LOD) for this method was set at 10 μg kg^-1 on feathers and liver; and at 5 μg kg^-1 on muscle. Within the range of 10–100 μg kg^-1, the calibration curves for all matrices presented a determination coefficient greater than 0.96. Our results show, with a 95% confidence level, that sulfachloropyridazine persisted in feathers for up to 55 days after ceasing treatment, and its concentrations were higher than in edible tissues. In consequence, to avoid re-entry of antimicrobial residues into the food-chain, we recommend monitoring and inspecting animal diets that contain feather derivatives, such as feathers meals, because they could be sourced from birds that might have been medicated with sulfachloropyridazine.

Effect of water constituents on the degradation of sulfaclozine in the three systems: UV/TiO2, UV/K2S2O8, and UV/TiO2/K2S2O8

Bicarbonate, phosphate, chloride ions, and humic substances are among the constituents most widely present in natural waters. These non-target constituents can greatly affect the efficiency of advanced oxidation processes used for water decontamination due to their capacity to interfere with the adsorption of the target compounds on the surface of TiO₂, absorb photons, scavenge hydroxyl radicals (·OH), and generate photochemical reactive intermediates. In this work, the effect of these constituents on the degradation of sulfaclozine (SCL) was monitored in three different AOPs systems: UV/TiO₂, UV/K₂S₂O₈, and UV/TiO₂/K₂S₂O₈. It was shown that bicarbonate (HCO₃^-) and phosphate (HPO₄^2-) ions enhanced the degradation of SCL in UV/TiO₂ and UV/TiO₂/K₂S₂O₈ systems whereas the addition of humic substances influenced these rates with a much smaller extent. On the other hand, the degradation rate of SCL in the UV/K₂S₂O₈ system was not affected by the presence of HCO₃^- and HPO₄^2- but was inhibited in the presence of humic substances. In addition, the different mechanisms that can take place in the presence of these constituents were discussed and the degradation rate enhancement in presence of HCO₃^- and HPO₄^2- was attributed to the formation of new reactive species such as carbonate (CO₃^·-) and hydroxyl (·OH) radicals activated by TiO₂ holes (h⁺). In the presence of chloride (Cl^-) and nitrate (NO₃^-) ions, an enhancement of SCL adsorption on the surface of TiO₂ was observed. Finally, a comparative study of the degradation of SCL in river water and ultrapure water was reported.