1
|
Pereira AD, Ribeiro DC, Cardoso LMDF, Ribeiro GG, Quintes BDCR, Boueri BFDC, Costa NDS, Chagas M, Silva EMD, da Costa CAS, Velarde LGC, Boaventura GT. Dietary Intake of Flaxseed Oil since Early Stages of Life Promotes Femur Quality in Male Rats. J Am Coll Nutr 2021; 41:462-467. [PMID: 34370629 DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2021.1912673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Flaxseed oil (FO) is an alpha linolenic acid source important for growth and body development. However, there is little literature on the role of FO in critical stages of bone development and formation. OBJECTIVE This study evaluated the influence of a diet containing FO on rat femurs. METHODS After birth, mothers and pups were divided into control and flaxseed groups (n = 6 pups each) fed diets containing 7% soybean oil (C) or 7% FO. At 21 days, pups were weaned and separated from the mothers, and control or experimental diets were continued. At 67 days, the following were analyzed: osteocalcin and osteoprotegerin (OPG) levels, bone mineral density (BMD) and content, and bone area; the dimension, BMD, head radiodensity, and biomechanical proprieties of the right femur; and histomorphometric parameters of the left femur. RESULTS Compared to the C group, the FO group presented (p < 0.05) a lower body mass (-3.7%) and medullary area (-10.1%) and higher osteocalcin (+36.7%), OPG (+52.5%), femur width (+3.8%), absolute mass (+2.3%), femur BMD (+3.6%), head radiodensity (+6.1%), maximum force (+7.4%), breaking strength (+17.3), and cortical thickness (+7.0). CONCLUSION The FO diet contributed to femur quality in healthy male Wistar rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aline D'Avila Pereira
- Laboratory of Experimental Nutrition, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Danielle Cavalcante Ribeiro
- Laboratory of Experimental Nutrition, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Gabrielle Gracio Ribeiro
- Laboratory of Experimental Nutrition, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Bruna da Costa Rodrigues Quintes
- Laboratory of Experimental Nutrition, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Bianca Ferolla da Camara Boueri
- Laboratory of Experimental Nutrition, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Nathália da Silva Costa
- Laboratory of Experimental Nutrition, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Maurício Chagas
- Laboratory of Cellular and Extracellular Biomorphology, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Moreira da Silva
- Analytical Laboratory of Restorative Biomaterials, Dental School, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Carlos Alberto Soares da Costa
- Laboratory of Experimental Nutrition, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Health and Science Center, Federal University Reconcavo of Bahia, Santo Antonio de Jesus, Bahia, Brazil
| | | | - Gilson Teles Boaventura
- Laboratory of Experimental Nutrition, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Silva-Couto S, Correia-Santos AM, Vicente GC, Castro CLC, Barreto VDLM, Martins JEC, Lenzi Q, Boaventura GT, Chagas MA. Maternal Intake of Flaxseed During Lactation and Exercise Training Protect Against Salt Overload-Induced Aortic Remodeling in Adult Offspring. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CARDIOVASCULAR SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.36660/ijcs.20190165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
|
3
|
Abstract
Abstract
Lactation is a critical period during which maternal nutritional and environmental challenges affect milk composition and, therefore, organ differentiation, structure, and function in offspring during the early postnatal period. Evidence to date shows that lactation is a vulnerable time during which transient insults can have lasting effects, resulting in altered health outcomes in offspring in adult life. Despite the importance of the developmental programming that occurs during this plastic period of neonatal life, there are few comprehensive reviews of the multiple challenges—especially to the dam—during lactation. This review presents milk data from rodent studies involving maternal nutritional challenges and offspring outcome data from studies involving maternal manipulations during lactation. Among the topics addressed are maternal nutritional challenges and the effects of litter size and artificial rearing on offspring metabolism and neural and endocrine outcomes. The lactation period is an opportunity to correct certain functional deficits resulting from prenatal challenges to the fetus, but, if not personalized, can also lead to undesirable outcomes related to catch up-growth and overnutrition.
Collapse
|
4
|
van Elst K, Brouwers JF, Merkens JE, Broekhoven MH, Birtoli B, Helms JB, Kas MJH. Chronic dietary changes in n-6/n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid ratios cause developmental delay and reduce social interest in mice. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2019; 29:16-31. [PMID: 30563719 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2018.11.1106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are one of the main cellular building blocks, and dietary changes in PUFA composition are proposed as a potential route to influence brain development. For example, initial studies indicated that there is a relation between blood omega-6(n-6)/omega-3(n-3) PUFA ratios and neurodevelopmental disease diagnosis. To study the consequences of dietary n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio changes, we investigated the impact of a n-3 supplemented and n-3 deficient diet in developing BTBR T + Itpr3tf/J (BTBR) - a mouse inbred strain displaying Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)-like symptomatology - and control C57BL/6J mice. This study showed that pre- and postnatal changed dietary n-6/n-3 ratio intake has a major impact on blood and brain PUFA composition, and led to delayed physical development and puberty onset in both strains. The PUFA induced developmental delay did not impact adult cognitive performance, but resulted in reduced social interest, a main ASD behavioral feature. Thus, both chronic dietary n-3 PUFA supplementation and depletion may not be beneficial.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kim van Elst
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jos F Brouwers
- Department of Biochemistry and Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
| | - Jessica E Merkens
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mark H Broekhoven
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - J Bernd Helms
- Department of Biochemistry and Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
| | - Martien J H Kas
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Gomes RM, Bueno FG, Schamber CR, de Mello JCP, de Oliveira JC, Francisco FA, Moreira VM, Junior MDF, Pedrino GR, de Freitas Mathias PC, Miranda RA, de Moraes SMF, Natali MRM. Maternal diet-induced obesity during suckling period programs offspring obese phenotype and hypothalamic leptin/insulin resistance. J Nutr Biochem 2018; 61:24-32. [PMID: 30179726 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2018.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
During the early post-natal period, offspring are vulnerable to environmental insults, such as nutritional and hormonal changes, which increase risk to develop metabolic diseases later in life. Our aim was to understand whether maternal obesity during lactation programs offspring to metabolic syndrome and obese phenotype, in addition we aimed to assess the peripheral glucose metabolism and hypothalamic leptin/insulin signaling pathways. At delivery, female Wistar rats were randomly divided in two groups: Control group (CO), mothers fed a standard rodent chow (Nuvilab); and Diet-induced obesity group (DIO), mothers who had free access to a diet performed with 33% ground standard rodent chow, 33% sweetened condensed milk (Nestlé), 7% sucrose and 27% water. Maternal treatment was performed throughout suckling period. All offspring received standard rodent chow from weaning until 91-day-old. DIO dams presented increased total body fat and insulin resistance. Consequently, the breast milk from obese dams had altered composition. At 91-day-old, DIO offspring had overweight, hyperphagia and higher adiposity. Furthermore, DIO animals had hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance, they also showed pancreatic islet hypertrophy and increased pancreatic β-cell proliferation. Finally, DIO offspring showed low ObRb, JAK2, STAT-3, IRβ, PI3K and Akt levels, suggesting leptin and insulin hypothalamic resistance, associated with increased of hypothalamic NPY level and decreased of POMC. Maternal obesity during lactation malprograms rat offspring to develop obesity that is associated with impairment of melanocortin system. Indeed, rat offspring displayed glucose dyshomeostasis and both peripheral and central insulin resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Mello Gomes
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Vieira AM, de Almeida Brasiel PG, Ferreira MS, Mateus K, Figueiredo MS, Lisboa PC, de Moura EG, do Amaral Corrêa JO, Lopes FCF, da Silva PHF, Sabarense CM, Dutra SCPL, de Aguiar AS. Maternal soybean diet during lactation alters breast milk composition and programs the lipid profile in adult male rat offspring. Endocrine 2018; 60:272-281. [PMID: 29520624 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-018-1572-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the effects of maternal dietary soybean during lactation on the milk composition, body composition, lipid profile and glucose homeostasis of dams and offspring at weaning (21 days) and adulthood (150 days). METHODS Lactating rats were divided into: casein control (C): casein diet; soy (S): soybean diet; soy oil control (SOC): casein diet, but with fat content similar to the S group. RESULTS At 21 days, S mothers showed lower estradiol, total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL) and triglycerides (TG) in serum; and lower TC and TG in milk. The S offspring had lower body weight, body fat mass, TC, LDL, hyperleptinemia and hypertriglyceridemia. At 150 days, S offspring presented higher total mineral content and lower TC (v. SOC) and LDL (v. C and SOC), and hyperinsulinemia with lower glycemia v. SOC group, which had lower insulinemia with higher glycemia, TC and LDL. CONCLUSIONS Maternal intake of soybeans in lactation changes the lipid content of breast milk and programmed offspring for phenotype of the lower metabolic risk, with lower serum TC and LDL, and seems to protect the progeny of alterations in glucose metabolism despite the higher lipid content. The difference in fat content of breast milk and the higher isoflavones content of soy diet are possible imprinting factors that could program the offspring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Moura Vieira
- Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | | | - Kacia Mateus
- Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Mariana Sarto Figueiredo
- Department of Physiological Sciences, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Cristina Lisboa
- Department of Physiological Sciences, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Egberto Gaspar de Moura
- Department of Physiological Sciences, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Aline Silva de Aguiar
- Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zhao M, Li Y, Yao H, Dou L, Zhang S, Zhao Q, Li L. Sex-specific Alterations in Serology and the Expression of Liver FATP4 Protein in Offspring Exposed to High-Fat Diet during Pregnancy and/or Lactation. Lipids 2018; 53:301-311. [PMID: 29701266 DOI: 10.1002/lipd.12029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Revised: 01/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Changes in dietary composition will have a significant impact on the nutritional status of the mother and the offspring. To examine the relevant hormone level changes during lactation and the expression of fatty acid transporters in the placenta and liver under the condition of a high-fat (HF) diet, we established HF animal models and conducted a cross-fostering program to mimic the shift in diet. On gestation day (GD)18, the weight of placenta in the HF group was significantly higher than that in the control group (p < 0.05). HF-fed male pups had a significantly lower serum insulin level, but the same phenomenon was not found in females. On the contrary, serum triacylglycerol (TAG) level presented a tendency to decrease only in female offspring. Oil red O staining showed lipid accumulation in the HF diet offspring livers. The mRNA levels of FATP4 in the placenta in the HF diet group were significantly upregulated compared to the control diet group (p < 0.05). High-fat diet (HFD) consumption also altered the liver mRNA levels of FATP4, SREBP-1, and SCD-1 in the male offspring, while the changes in protein levels of FATP4 were not observed in either sex. In conclusion, maternal HF diet has a profound impact on offspring growth, metabolism, and the risk of metabolic disorders, which would depend on the exposure period of pregnancy and lactation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mingqiu Zhao
- Department of Food and Nutrition Hygiene, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230601, China
| | - Yi Li
- Anhui Provincial Hospital, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Huihui Yao
- Department of Food and Nutrition Hygiene, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230601, China
| | - Lihua Dou
- Department of Food and Nutrition Hygiene, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230601, China
| | - Shuya Zhang
- Department of Food and Nutrition Hygiene, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230601, China
| | - Qihong Zhao
- Department of Food and Nutrition Hygiene, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230601, China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Food and Nutrition Hygiene, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230601, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Han A, Won SB, Kwon YH. Different Effects of Maternal Low-Isoflavone Soy Protein and Genistein Consumption on Hepatic Lipid Metabolism of 21-Day-Old Male Rat Offspring. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9091039. [PMID: 28930193 PMCID: PMC5622799 DOI: 10.3390/nu9091039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Amino acid composition and isoflavone are alleged contributors to the beneficial effects of soy protein isolate (SPI) on lipid metabolism. Therefore, we investigated the contributing component(s) of SPI in a maternal diet to the regulation of lipid metabolism in offspring. We also determined serum parameters in dams to investigate specific maternal cues that might be responsible for this regulation. Female rats were fed either a casein (CAS), a low-isoflavone SPI, or a casein plus genistein (GEN, 250 mg/kg) diet for two weeks before mating, as well as during pregnancy and lactation. Male offspring (CAS, SPI and GEN groups) were studied 21 days after birth. The SPI group had lower serum triglyceride levels than the other groups. Serum cholesterol was reduced in both the SPI and GEN groups compared with the CAS group. Expressions of target genes of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α were altered in the SPI group. Serum aromatic amino acid levels in dams were associated with serum triglyceride in offspring. In conclusion, the maternal consumption of a low-isoflavone SPI diet or a casein diet containing genistein has different effects on the lipid metabolism of their offspring; however, more profound effects were observed in the SPI group. Therefore, the altered lipid metabolism of offspring may be attributed to amino acid composition in maternal dietary protein sources.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Han
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.
| | - Sae Bom Won
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.
- Research Institute of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.
| | - Young Hye Kwon
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.
- Research Institute of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Correia-Santos AM, Vicente GC, Boaventura GT. Functional implications of maternal intake of flaxseed and its by-products during pregnancy and lactation on offspring. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1108/nfs-03-2017-0041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this review of the literature is to provide data about flaxseed intake during pregnancy and/or lactation and its effects in the offspring from birth to adulthood.
Design/methodology/approach
This review includes up-to-date information from evidence-based sources on flaxseed intake and its by-products, during pregnancy and lactation and its effects on male and female offspring, from post-weaning until adulthood. Topics included are effects on body mass; glycaemic metabolism; lipid profile; blood pressure and aortic structure; reproductive system and brain tissue.
Findings
The main effects of flaxseed or its by-products were observed in the cardiovascular system, where a lipid profile improvement and minor aortic remodelling were noticed, and in the cerebral development, where greater n-3 PUFA incorporation in the brain was detected.
Originality/value
The research done in this study, to understand the offspring response that were early exposed to the flaxseed components during pregnancy and lactation, may be the first step toward guiding future strategies for recommending the use of this seed during the offspring’s perinatal period.
Collapse
|
10
|
Corrêa LB, Cardozo LFDF, Ribeiro ICDA, Boaventura GT, Chagas MA. Influence of prolonged flaxseed ( Linum usitatissimum ) consumption over epididymis and testicle histoarchitecture of Wistar rats. PESQUISA VETERINÁRIA BRASILEIRA 2017. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-736x2017000600020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT: Flaxseed is considered a functional food with several health benefits. However, because of its high phytoestrogen content, flaxseed influences hormone metabolism and affects the gonadal biomorphology. In this study, computerized histomorphometry was used to evaluate seminiferous and epididymal tubules, considering the different regions of the epididymis (head, body and tail) of rats subjected to a prolonged diet of flaxseed. Young adult male Wistar rats (n=20) were divided into 2 groups during their lactation period: Control Group (CG), fed casein-based meals and Flaxseed Group (FG), fed a 25% flaxseed meal. After 250 days of continuous ingestion, the animals were euthanized and a blood sample was collected. The testicles and epididymis were removed and fixed in buffered formalin solution. The samples were subjected to routine histological paraffin techniques and stained with hematoxilin and eosin. Immunostaining was performed using an antivimentin antibody for Sertoli cell identification. For morphometry, images of the slides were scanned and analyzed using Image J to determine the epithelial height, tubular and luminal diameter and tubular and luminal area. In the hormonal evaluation, FG had a higher serum concentration of estrogen (P=0.001), but no change was observed in the concentration of testosterone. The morphometric assay of seminiferous tubules and epididymal regions revealed no significant differences between the analyzed groups. Similarly, Sertoli cell quantification showed no significant differences in the FG (P=0.98). These results revealed that the continuous and prolonged intake of 25% flaxseed meals from gestation to 250 days of age, even with a significant increase in serum levels of estradiol, does not exert adverse effects on the testicular and epididymal structure or on the cells participating in the spermatogenesis of rats.
Collapse
|
11
|
Flaxseed secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG) during lactation improves bone metabolism in offspring at adulthood. J Funct Foods 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2016.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
|
12
|
Guarda DS, de Moura EG, Carvalho JC, Reis AMD, Soares PN, Lisboa PC, Figueiredo MS. Maternal flaxseed oil intake during lactation changes body fat, inflammatory markers and glucose homeostasis in the adult progeny: role of gender dimorphism. J Nutr Biochem 2016; 35:74-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2016.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2016] [Revised: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
13
|
Vicente GC, Correia-Santos AM, Suzuki A, Anjos JSD, Velarde LGC, Chagas MA, Boaventura GT. Perinatal consumption of flaxseed oil and flaxseed flour has beneficial effects on cardiac fibrosis of male offspring from rat dams with experimental diabetes. Food Res Int 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2016.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
|
14
|
de Amorim Ribeiro IC, da Costa CAS, da Silva VAP, Côrrea LBNS, Boaventura GT, Chagas MA. Flaxseed reduces epithelial proliferation but does not affect basal cells in induced benign prostatic hyperplasia in rats. Eur J Nutr 2016; 56:1201-1210. [PMID: 26857761 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-016-1169-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to quantitatively and qualitatively evaluate the effects of a flaxseed-based diet on the histoarchitecture of the prostate of normal Wistar rats and of rats with induced BPH. METHODS The study included four experimental groups of ten animals each: casein control group (CCG), who were fed a casein-based diet; flaxseed control group (FCG), who were fed a flaxseed-based diet; hyperplasia-induced casein group (HICG), who were fed a casein-based diet; and hyperplasia-induced flaxseed group (HIFG), who were fed a flaxseed-based diet. Hyperplasia was induced by the subcutaneous implantation of silicone pellets containing testosterone propionate. After 20 weeks, the rats were euthanized and their prostate fixed in buffered formalin. Tissue sections were stained with HE, picrosirius red and immunostained for nuclear antigen p63. Histomorphometric analysis evaluated the epithelial thickness, epithelial area, individual luminal area, and total area of prostatic alveoli. RESULTS The mean epithelial thickness obtained for HIFG and HICG was 16.52 ± 1.65 and 20.58 ± 2.86 µm, respectively. The mean epithelial thickness in HICG was greater than that in the other groups tested. HIFG had a smaller epithelial thickness and lower percentage of papillary projections in the prostatic alveoli. No significant difference was observed between CCG and FCG. The total area and mean alveolar area showed no significant differences between the groups. The number of cells immunostained for p63 was not significantly different between the groups evaluated. CONCLUSION These results suggest that flaxseed has a protective effect on the prostate epithelium in BPH-induced animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ilma Cely de Amorim Ribeiro
- Department of Morphology, Laboratory of Cellular and Extracellular Biomorphology Biomedic Institute, Federal Fluminense University, Rua Hernani Melo, 101, São Domingos, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 24210-130, Brazil
| | - Carlos Alberto Soares da Costa
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Experimental Nutrition Laboratory, College of Nutrition, Federal Fluminense University, 30/5th floor, Rio de Janeiro, 24020-140, Brazil
| | - Vivian Alves Pereira da Silva
- Department of Morphology, Laboratory of Cellular and Extracellular Biomorphology Biomedic Institute, Federal Fluminense University, Rua Hernani Melo, 101, São Domingos, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 24210-130, Brazil
| | - Lanna Beatriz Neves Silva Côrrea
- Department of Morphology, Laboratory of Cellular and Extracellular Biomorphology Biomedic Institute, Federal Fluminense University, Rua Hernani Melo, 101, São Domingos, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 24210-130, Brazil
| | - Gilson Teles Boaventura
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Experimental Nutrition Laboratory, College of Nutrition, Federal Fluminense University, 30/5th floor, Rio de Janeiro, 24020-140, Brazil
| | - Mauricio Alves Chagas
- Department of Morphology, Laboratory of Cellular and Extracellular Biomorphology Biomedic Institute, Federal Fluminense University, Rua Hernani Melo, 101, São Domingos, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 24210-130, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Maternal flaxseed diet during lactation changes adrenal function in adult male rat offspring. Br J Nutr 2015; 114:1046-53. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114515002184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) has been a focus of interest in the field of functional foods because of its potential health benefits. However, we hypothesised that maternal flaxseed intake during lactation could induce several metabolic dysfunctions in adult offspring. In the present study, we aimed to characterise the adrenal function of adult offspring whose dams were supplemented with whole flaxseed during lactation. At birth, lactating Wistar rats were divided into two groups: rats from dams fed the flaxseed diet (FLAX) with 25 % of flaxseed and controls dams. Pups received standard diet after weaning and male offspring were killed at age 180 days old to collect blood and tissues. We evaluated body weight and food intake during development, corticosteronaemia, adrenal catecholamine content, hepatic cholesterol, TAG and glycogen contents, and the protein expression of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), 11-β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) and adrenaline β2 receptor at postnatal day 180 (PN180). After weaning, pups from the FLAX group had a higher body weight (+10 %) and food intake (+10 %). At PN180, the FLAX offspring exhibited higher serum corticosterone (+48 %) and lower adrenal catecholamine ( − 23 %) contents, lower glycogen ( − 30 %), higher cholesterol (4-fold increase) and TAG (3-fold-increase) contents in the liver, and higher 11β-HSD1 (+62 %) protein expression. Although the protein expression of hypothalamic CRH was unaffected, the FLAX offspring had lower protein expression of pituitary ACTH ( − 34 %). Therefore, induction of hypercorticosteronaemia by dietary flaxseed during lactation may be due to an increased hepatic activation of 11β-HSD1 and suppression of ACTH. The changes in the liver fat content of the FLAX group are suggestive of steatosis, in which hypercorticosteronaemia may play an important role. Thus, it is recommended that lactating women restrict the intake of flaxseed during lactation.
Collapse
|
16
|
Conceição E, Peixoto-Silva N, Pinheiro C, Oliveira E, Moura E, Lisboa P. Maternal nicotine exposure leads to higher liver oxidative stress and steatosis in adult rat offspring. Food Chem Toxicol 2015; 78:52-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2015.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Revised: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 01/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
|
17
|
Early weaning by maternal prolactin inhibition leads to higher neuropeptide Y and astrogliosis in the hypothalamus of the adult rat offspring. Br J Nutr 2015; 113:536-45. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114514003882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The suppression of prolactin production with bromocriptine (BRO) in the last 3 d of lactation reduces milk yield (early weaning) and increases the transfer of leptin through the milk, causing hyperleptinaemia in pups. In adulthood, several changes occur in the offspring as a result of metabolic programming, including overweight, higher visceral fat mass, hypothyroidism, hyperglycaemia, insulin resistance, hyperleptinaemia and central leptin resistance. In the present study, we investigated whether overweight rats programmed by early weaning with maternal BRO treatment have hypothalamic alterations in adulthood. We analysed the expression of neuropeptide Y (NPY), cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART), pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) and α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) by immunohistochemistry in the following hypothalamic nuclei: medial and lateral arcuate nucleus (ARC); paraventricular nucleus (PVN); lateral hypothalamus (LH). Additionally, we sought to determine whether these programmed rats exhibited hypothalamic inflammation as indicated by astrogliosis. NPY immunostaining showed a denser NPY-positive fibre network in the ARC and PVN (+82 % in both nuclei) of BRO offspring. Regarding the anorexigenic neuropeptides, no difference was found for CART, POMC and α-MSH. The number of astrocytes was higher in all the nuclei of BRO rats. The fibre density of glial fibrillary acidic protein was also increased in both medial and lateral ARC (6·06-fold increase and 9·13-fold increase, respectively), PVN (5·75-fold increase) and LH (2·68-fold increase) of BRO rats. We suggest that early weaning has a long-term effect on the expression of NPY as a consequence of developmental plasticity, and the presence of astrogliosis indicates hypothalamic inflammation that is closely related to overweight and hyperleptinaemia observed in our model.
Collapse
|
18
|
Vicente GC, Correia-Santos AM, Suzuki A, Chagas MA, Boaventura GT. Maternal use of a diet rich omega-3 from flaxseed improves aortic remodeling but not the biochemical parameters of female offspring of diabetic rats. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201400210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Câmara Vicente
- Federal Fluminense University (UFF); Postgraduate Program in Medical Sciences; Niterói-RJ Brazil
| | | | - Akemi Suzuki
- Federal Fluminense University (UFF); Postgraduate Program in Medical Sciences; Niterói-RJ Brazil
| | - Maurício Alves Chagas
- Federal Fluminense University (UFF); Laboratory of Cellular and Extracellular Biomorphology; Niterói-RJ Brazil
| | - Gilson Teles Boaventura
- Federal Fluminense University (UFF); Postgraduate Program in Medical Sciences; Niterói-RJ Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Reddy KVK, Naidu KA. Maternal supplementation of α-linolenic acid in normal and protein-restricted diets modulate lipid metabolism, adipose tissue growth and leptin levels in the suckling offspring. Eur J Nutr 2014; 54:761-70. [DOI: 10.1007/s00394-014-0755-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
20
|
Guarda DS, Lisboa PC, de Oliveira E, Nogueira-Neto JF, de Moura EG, Figueiredo MS. Flaxseed oil during lactation changes milk and body composition in male and female suckling pups rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2014; 69:69-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2014.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2013] [Revised: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
21
|
Cardozo LFMDF, Boaventura GT, Brant LHC, Pereira VA, Velarde LGC, Chagas MA. Prolonged consumption of flaxseed flour increases the 17β-estradiol hormone without causing adverse effects on the histomorphology of Wistar rats’ penis. Food Chem Toxicol 2012; 50:4092-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2012.08.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2012] [Revised: 08/15/2012] [Accepted: 08/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
|
22
|
Franco JG, Fernandes TP, Rocha CPD, Calviño C, Pazos-Moura CC, Lisboa PC, Moura EG, Trevenzoli IH. Maternal high-fat diet induces obesity and adrenal and thyroid dysfunction in male rat offspring at weaning. J Physiol 2012; 590:5503-18. [PMID: 22869015 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2012.240655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal nutritional status affects the future development of offspring. Both undernutrition and overnutrition in critical periods of life (gestation or lactation) may cause several hormonal changes in the pups and programme obesity in the adult offspring. We have shown that hyperleptinaemia during lactation results in central leptin resistance, higher adrenal catecholamine secretion, hyperthyroidism, and higher blood pressure and heart rate in the adult rats. Here, we evaluated the effect of a maternal isocaloric high-fat diet on breast milk composition and its impact on leptinaemia, energy metabolism, and adrenal and thyroid function of the offspring at weaning. We hypothesised that the altered source of fat in the maternal diet even under normal calorie intake would disturb the metabolism of the offspring. Female Wistar rats were fed a normal (9% fat; C group) or high-fat diet (29% fat as lard; HF group) for 8 weeks before mating and during pregnancy and lactation. HF mothers presented increased total body fat content after 8 weeks (+27%, P < 0.05) and a similar fat content at the end of lactation. In consequence, the breast milk from the HF group had higher concentration of protein (+18%, P < 0.05), cholesterol (+52%, P < 0.05) and triglycerides (+86%, P < 0.05). At weaning, HF offspring had increased body weight (+53%, P < 0.05) and adiposity (2 fold, P < 0.05), which was associated with lower β3-adrenoreceptor content in adipose tissue (-40%, P < 0.05). The offspring also presented hyperglycaemia (+30%, P < 0.05) and hyperleptinaemia (+62%, P < 0.05). In the leptin signalling pathway in the hypothalamus, we found lower p-STAT3/STAT3 (-40%, P < 0.05) and SOCS3 (-55%, P < 0.05) content in the arcuate nucleus, suggesting leptin resistance. HF offspring also had higher adrenal catecholamine content (+17%, P < 0.05), liver glycogen content (+50%, P < 0.05) and hyperactivity of the thyroid axis at weaning. Our results suggest that a high fat diet increases maternal body fat and this additional energy is transferred to the offspring during lactation, since at weaning the dams had normal fat and the pups were obese. The higher fat and protein concentrations in the breast milk seemed to induce early overnutrition in the HF offspring. In addition to storing energy as fat, the HF offspring had a larger reserve of glycogen and hyperglycaemia that may have resulted from increased gluconeogenesis. Hyperleptinaemia may stimulate both adrenal medullary and thyroid function, which may contribute to the development of cardiovascular diseases. These early changes induced by the maternal high-fat diet may contribute to development of metabolic syndrome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J G Franco
- Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Biology Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Flaxseed bioactive compounds change milk, hormonal and biochemical parameters of dams and offspring during lactation. Food Chem Toxicol 2012; 50:2388-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2012.04.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2012] [Revised: 04/25/2012] [Accepted: 04/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
24
|
Figueiredo MS, da Fonseca Passos MC, Trevenzoli IH, Troina AA, Carlos AS, Alves Nascimento-Saba CC, Fraga MC, Manhães AC, de Oliveira E, Lisboa PC, de Moura EG. Adipocyte morphology and leptin signaling in rat offspring from mothers supplemented with flaxseed during lactation. Nutrition 2012; 28:307-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2011.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2011] [Revised: 07/03/2011] [Accepted: 07/04/2011] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
|
25
|
Fernandes FS, de Souza AS, do Carmo MDGT, Boaventura GT. Maternal intake of flaxseed-based diet (Linum usitatissimum) on hippocampus fatty acid profile: implications for growth, locomotor activity and spatial memory. Nutrition 2011; 27:1040-7. [PMID: 21439792 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2010.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2010] [Accepted: 11/06/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate flaxseed as a partial source of protein and an exclusive source of lipids and fibers in the development of the central nervous system by analyzing hippocampal fatty acid composition and cognitive and locomotor functions. METHODS Experimental diets were given to dams during preconception, pregnancy, and lactation and to their pups after weaning. Female Wistar rats were separated into three groups according to experimental diet: a control group (CG) and a flaxseed group (FG), fed ad libitum diets, and a modified control group (MCG), pair-fed with the FG. After weaning, the pups received their mothers' diets. After 30 d, eight males from each group were tested in a Morris water maze to assess learning, memory, and motor function. RESULTS The offspring of FG dams showed a lower body mass than CG dams, probably due to non-nutritional factors and an imbalance between ω-3 and ω-6 fatty acids of the seed, and displayed a higher concentration of α-linolenic acid, possibly suggesting inhibition of arachidonic acid synthesis. The content of docosahexaenoic acid in the hippocampus was higher in the FG followed by the MCG compared with the CG. Hippocampal docosahexaenoic acid content correlated with better spatial memory performance in the FG, whereas arachidonic acid content correlated with longer time in solving the task. CONCLUSION Flaxseed during perinatal and postweaning periods improves spatial memory to the detriment of growth. These findings indicate that there must be caution in encouraging the maternal intake of flaxseed during pregnancy and lactation.
Collapse
|
26
|
de Souza AS, Fernandes FS, do Carmo MDGT. Effects of maternal malnutrition and postnatal nutritional rehabilitation on brain fatty acids, learning, and memory. Nutr Rev 2011; 69:132-44. [PMID: 21348877 DOI: 10.1111/j.1753-4887.2011.00374.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Undernutrition still affects mothers and children in developing countries and thus remains the major focus of nutritional intervention efforts. Neuronal development, which classically includes neurogenesis, migration, maturation, and synapse refinement, begins in utero and continues into the early postnatal period. These processes are not only genetically regulated but also clearly susceptible to environmental manipulation. Dietary deprivation during early life is known to have adverse effects on brain anatomy, physiology, and biochemistry, and may even lead to permanent brain damage. Although all nutrients are important for the structural development of the central nervous system, lipids such as long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, especially docosahexaenoic acid (22:6 n-3) and arachidonic acid (20:4 n-6), are important for normal brain development. The purpose of this literature review is to examine how early undernutrition involving a deficiency in long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids can affect brain development and function and produce deficits in spatial cognitive learning ability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Santos de Souza
- Instituto de Nutrição Josué de Castro, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Early weaning causes undernutrition for a short period and programmes some metabolic syndrome components and leptin resistance in adult rat offspring. Br J Nutr 2011; 105:1405-13. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114510005064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Maternal malnutrition during lactation programmes for overweight and central leptin resistance in adulthood. The inhibition of lactation by maternal treatment with bromocriptine (a prolactin inhibitor) programmes for obesity, hyperleptinaemia and leptin resistance. Here, we evaluated the short- and long-term effects of early weaning (EW) on body-weight regulation, leptin signalling, and hormone and lipid profiles in rats offspring. Lactating rats were separated into two groups: EW – dams were wrapped with a bandage to interrupt the lactation in the last 3 d of lactation; control – dams whose pups had free access to milk during all lactation (21 d). Data were significant at P < 0·05. At weaning, EW pups presented lower body weight ( − 10 %), length ( − 4 %), visceral fat ( − 40 %), total fat ( − 30 %), serum leptin ( − 73 %), glycaemia ( − 10 %), serum insulin ( − 20 %) and insulin resistance index (IRI; − 30 %), but higher total body protein content (+40 %). At 180 d, EW offspring showed hyperphagia, higher length (+3 %), body weight (+8 %), visceral and total fat (+36 and 84 %), serum TAG (+96 %), glycaemia (+15 %), leptinaemia (+185 %) and IRI (+29 %); however, they showed lower total protein content ( − 23 %), leptin:body fat ratio (41 %), prolactinaemia ( − 38 %) and adiponectinaemia ( − 59 %). Despite unchanged leptin receptor (OB-R) and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), they displayed lower hypothalamic janus tyrosine kinase 2, phosphorylated STAT3 and a higher suppressor of cytokine signalling 3 levels, suggesting a central leptin resistance. Adult rats that were early weaned displayed higher adiposity, insulin resistance and dyslipidaemia, which are related to metabolic syndrome development. Our model reinforces the idea that neonatal malnutrition caused by shortening of the lactation period is important for metabolic programming of future diseases.
Collapse
|
28
|
Perinatal programming of murine immune responses by polyunsaturated fatty acids. J Dev Orig Health Dis 2010; 2:112-23. [DOI: 10.1017/s204017441000067x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
29
|
|