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Zhao B, Liu K, Liu X, Li Q, Li Z, Xi J, Xie F, Li X. Plant-derived flavonoids are a potential source of drugs for the treatment of liver fibrosis. Phytother Res 2024; 38:3122-3145. [PMID: 38613172 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.8193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Liver fibrosis is a dynamic pathological process that can be triggered by any chronic liver injury. If left unaddressed, it will inevitably progress to the severe outcomes of liver cirrhosis or even hepatocellular carcinoma. In the past few years, the prevalence and fatality of hepatic fibrosis have been steadily rising on a global scale. As a result of its intricate pathogenesis, the quest for pharmacological interventions targeting liver fibrosis has remained a formidable challenge. Currently, no pharmaceuticals are exhibiting substantial clinical efficacy in the management of hepatic fibrosis. Hence, it is of utmost importance to expedite the development of novel therapeutics for the treatment of this condition. Various research studies have revealed the ability of different natural flavonoid compounds to alleviate or reverse hepatic fibrosis through a range of mechanisms, which are related to the regulation of liver inflammation, oxidative stress, synthesis and secretion of fibrosis-related factors, hepatic stellate cells activation, and proliferation, and extracellular matrix synthesis and degradation by these compounds. This review summarizes the progress of research on different sources of natural flavonoids with inhibitory effects on liver fibrosis over the last decades. The anti-fibrotic effects of natural flavonoids have been increasingly studied, making them a potential source of drugs for the treatment of liver fibrosis due to their good efficacy and biosafety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bolin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Kai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiuxia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhibei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Jingjing Xi
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Fan Xie
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine 610032, China
| | - Xiaofang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
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Plant Bioactives in the Treatment of Inflammation of Skeletal Muscles: A Molecular Perspective. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:4295802. [PMID: 35911155 PMCID: PMC9328972 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4295802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle mass responds rapidly to growth stimuli, precipitating hypertrophies (increased protein synthesis) and hyperplasia (activation of the myogenic program). For ages, muscle degeneration has been attributed to changes in the intracellular myofiber pathways. These pathways are tightly regulated by hormones and lymphokines that ultimately pave the way to decreased anabolism and accelerated protein breakdown. Despite the lacunae in our understanding of specific pathways, growing bodies of evidence suggest that the changes in the myogenic/regenerative program are the major contributing factor in the development and progression of muscle wasting. In addition, inflammation plays a key role in the pathophysiology of diseases linked to the failure of skeletal muscles. Chronic inflammation with elevated levels of inflammatory mediators has been observed in a spectrum of diseases, such as inflammatory myopathies and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Although the pathophysiology of these diseases varies greatly, they all demonstrate sarcopenia and dysregulated skeletal muscle physiology as common symptoms. Medicinal plants harbor potential novel chemical moieties for a plenitude of illnesses, and inflammation is no exception. However, despite the vast number of potential antiinflammatory compounds found in plant extracts and isolated components, the research on medicinal plants is highly daunting. This review aims to explore the various phytoconstituents employed in the treatment of inflammatory responses in skeletal muscles, while providing an in-depth molecular insight into the latter.
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Artini IGA, Indrayani AW, Artana GNB, Aman GM, Dewi NWS. The Activity of Purple Sweet Potato Extract on Antituberculosis-Induced Liver Toxicity. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2022.8753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND: The proportion of antituberculosis-induced liver injury on tuberculosis patients showed a relatively high incidence in many countries. Hepatic damage induced by antituberculosis drugs might potentially fatal. Isoniazid (INH) and rifampicin (RIF) are two main components of antituberculosis with crucial role for the incidence of liver injury. One of the herbal remedies that pose hepatoprotective action is purple sweet potato. Hepatoprotective action of purple sweet potato extract has been proved to pose antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity.
AIM: This study was designed to analyze the effect of purple sweet potato extract on rat interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α _(TNF-α) level, as well as liver histopathology feature in hepatic injury induced by INH-RIF.
METHODS: This study was a randomized posttest-only control group design. Male Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus), age 8–12 weeks, weight 180–220 g were included in this research (divided into three groups). Purple sweet potato extract was produced by maceration technique. IL-6 and TNF-α _level was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, whereas liver histopathology examination was performed with hematoxylin and eosin staining. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA and post hoc test.
RESULTS: Liver IL-6 level in the normal, control, and treatment groups was 2.272±0.473, 3.315 ± 0.536, and 2.548 ± 0.304, respectively (p < 0.001). Liver TNF-α _level in the normal, control, and treatment groups was 26.476 ± 1.681, 48.584 ± 1.359, and 32.547 ± 1.528, respectively (p < 0.05). Histopathology feature of the liver in the control group showed significant liver congestion, liver degeneration, liver necrosis, and infiltration of inflammatory cell. Otherwise, histopathology feature of the liver in the treatment group showed minimal lesion.
CONCLUSIONS: Purple sweet potato ethanol extract lowered the liver concentration of IL-6 and TNF-α, as well as improving liver damage in Wistar rats induced with isoniazid and rifampicin.
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Zhang G, Jiang Y, Liu X, Deng Y, Wei B, Shi L. Lingonberry Anthocyanins Inhibit Hepatic Stellate Cell Activation and Liver Fibrosis via TGFβ/Smad/ERK Signaling Pathway. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:13546-13556. [PMID: 34735147 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c05384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Phytochemicals from lingonberry have rich pharmacological value and may play an essential role in treating liver diseases. We investigated the regulatory role of lingonberry anthocyanins (LA) on HSC activation in vitro and liver fibrogenesis in vivo. The viability of HSCs treated with LA was significantly reduced in a dose-dependent manner at the concentration of 25-100 μg/mL, in which the monomers of LA also reduced the proliferation of HSCs via IC50 assay. The inducer transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1) and the effector α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) of HSC activation were all decreased both in protein and RNA levels treated by LA. Moreover, LA alleviated CCl4-induced liver fibrosis in rats, reducing collagen aggregation and production and decreasing the hydroxyproline (HYP) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in the liver tissue. Moreover, LA reduced the indexes of serum liver fibrosis and reversed the index of serum liver function in CCl4-induced rats. Furthermore, the antioxidant enzymes, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and catalase (CAT), in the liver tissue and serum were significantly increased upon treatment with LA. Importantly, LA promoted hepatic parenchymal cell proliferation and inhibited the expression of TGFβ/Smad/extracellular regulated protein kinase (ERK) signaling pathway-related genes. This study demonstrates the anti-liver fibrosis activity of LA and investigates its mechanism, which may provide a novel strategy for treating liver fibrosis using lingonberry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guokun Zhang
- Changchun Sci-Tech University, Changchun, Jilin 130600, China.,Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Changchun, Jilin 130112, China
| | - Yunyao Jiang
- Changchun Sci-Tech University, Changchun, Jilin 130600, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Shenyang Ligong University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110159, China
| | - Yongyan Deng
- Changchun Sci-Tech University, Changchun, Jilin 130600, China
| | - Bin Wei
- Jilin Province Product Quality Supervision and Inspection Institute, Changchun, Jilin 130000, China
| | - Liyan Shi
- Changchun Sci-Tech University, Changchun, Jilin 130600, China.,China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130031, China
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Ning Z, Hu K, Zhou Z, Zhao D, Tang J, Wang H, Li L, Ding C, Chen X, Yao G, Zhang H. IbERF71, with IbMYB340 and IbbHLH2, coregulates anthocyanin accumulation by binding to the IbANS1 promoter in purple-fleshed sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.). PLANT CELL REPORTS 2021; 40:157-169. [PMID: 33084965 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-020-02621-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE The transcription factor (TF) IbERF71 forms a novel complex, IbERF71-IbMYB340-IbbHLH2, to coregulate anthocyanin biosynthesis by binding to the IbANS1 promoter in purple-fleshed sweet potatoes. Purple-fleshed sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) is very popular because of its abundant anthocyanins, which are natural pigments with multiple physiological functions. TFs involved in regulating anthocyanin biosynthesis have been identified in many plants. However, the molecular mechanism of anthocyanin biosynthesis in purple-fleshed sweet potatoes has rarely been examined. In this study, TF IbERF71 and its partners were screened by bioinformatics and RT-qPCR analysis. The results showed that the expression levels of IbERF71 and partners IbMYB340 and IbbHLH2 were higher in purple-fleshed sweet potatoes than in other colors and that the expression levels positively correlated with anthocyanin contents. Moreover, transient expression assays showed that cotransformation of IbMYB340+IbbHLH2 resulted in anthocyanin accumulation in tobacco leaves and strawberry receptacles, and additional IbERF71 significantly increased visual aspects. Furthermore, the combination of the three TFs significantly increased the expression levels of FvANS and FvGST, which are involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis and transport of strawberry receptacles. The dual-luciferase reporter system verified that cotransformation of the three TFs enhanced the transcription activity of IbANS1. In addition, yeast two-hybrid and firefly luciferase complementation assays revealed that IbMYB340 interacted with IbbHLH2 and IbERF71 but IbERF71 could not interact with IbbHLH2 in vitro. In summary, our findings provide novel evidence that IbERF71 and IbMYB340-IbbHLH2 form the regulatory complex IbERF71-IbMYB340-IbbHLH2 that coregulates anthocyanin accumulation by binding to the IbANS1 promoter in purple-fleshed sweet potatoes. Thus, the present study provides a new regulatory network of anthocyanin biosynthesis and strong insight into the color development of purple-fleshed sweet potatoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Ning
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Kangdi Hu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Zhilin Zhou
- Xuzhou Institute of Agricultural Sciences of the Xuhuai District of Jiangsu Province, Jiangsu Xuzhou Sweetpotato Research Center, Xuzhou, 221131, China
| | - Donglan Zhao
- Xuzhou Institute of Agricultural Sciences of the Xuhuai District of Jiangsu Province, Jiangsu Xuzhou Sweetpotato Research Center, Xuzhou, 221131, China
| | - Jun Tang
- Xuzhou Institute of Agricultural Sciences of the Xuhuai District of Jiangsu Province, Jiangsu Xuzhou Sweetpotato Research Center, Xuzhou, 221131, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Institute of Pomology/Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Lixia Li
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Chen Ding
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Xiaoyan Chen
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Gaifang Yao
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China.
| | - Hua Zhang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China.
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Romualdo GR, de Souza IP, de Souza LV, Prata GB, Fraga-Silva TFDC, Sartori A, Borguini RG, Santiago MCPDA, Fernandes AAH, Cogliati B, Barbisan LF. Beneficial effects of anthocyanin-rich peels of Myrtaceae fruits on chemically-induced liver fibrosis and carcinogenesis in mice. Food Res Int 2020; 139:109964. [PMID: 33509514 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) arising from fibrosis/cirrhosis is the most common type of primary liver cancer. Conversely, a higher intake of fruits and vegetables might play a protective role in HCC risk. Recently, Myrtaceae family tropical fruits have raised great interest due to the high levels of anthocyanins especially in their peels, which are usually discarded upon consumption. Anthocyanins are antioxidant pigments known to have beneficial effects in vivo/in vitro cancer bioassays. Thus, we evaluated whether dietary Myrciaria jaboticaba, Syzygium cumini, and Syzygium malaccense fruit peel powders reduce fibrosis and hepatocarcinogenesis in mice. Female C3H/HeJ mice were submitted to the model of diethylnitrosamine/carbon tetrachloride-induced liver fibrosis and carcinogenesis. Concomitantly, mice received a basal diet containing 2% of M. jaboticaba, S. cumini, or S. malaccense fruit peel powders, obtained by convective drying, for 10 weeks. M. jaboticaba peel powder showed the highest levels of total anthocyanins, while S. cumini peel powder displayed the greatest diversity of these pigments. All Myrtaceae family peel powders reduced the serum levels of the liver injury marker alanine aminotransferase. M. jaboticaba peel feeding reduced the incidence of liver preneoplastic foci, hepatocyte proliferation (Ki-67), and the protein levels of hepato-mitogen tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α). M. jaboticaba peel feeding also diminished liver lipid peroxidation and increased total glutathione levels. S. cumini peel feeding reduced hepatic collagen, lipid peroxidation, and TNF-α levels while increased catalase activity. Although S. malaccense peel powder, which displayed the lowest anthocyanin levels, decreased oxidative stress, and cytokine levels, no effects were observed on liver fibrosis or preneoplastic lesion outcomes. Findings indicate a protective effect of anthocyanin-rich M. jaboticaba and S. cumini peel powder feeding on preneoplastic lesion development and fibrosis, respectively. Results indicate that differential biological responses may be attributed to distinct anthocyanin profiles and levels, assigning a functional/market value to the underutilized peel fraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Ribeiro Romualdo
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Biosciences Institute, Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Isadora Penedo de Souza
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Biosciences Institute, Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Lucas Vilhegas de Souza
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Biosciences Institute, Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Bacil Prata
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Biosciences Institute, Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Alexandrina Sartori
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Biosciences Institute, Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Ana Angélica Henrique Fernandes
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Biosciences Institute, Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Bruno Cogliati
- University of São Paulo (USP), School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Department of Pathology, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Luís Fernando Barbisan
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Biosciences Institute, Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Botucatu, SP, Brazil.
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A Comprehensive Review of Natural Products against Liver Fibrosis: Flavonoids, Quinones, Lignans, Phenols, and Acids. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2020; 2020:7171498. [PMID: 33082829 PMCID: PMC7556091 DOI: 10.1155/2020/7171498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Liver fibrosis resulting from continuous long-term hepatic damage represents a heavy burden worldwide. Liver fibrosis is recognized as a complicated pathogenic mechanism with extracellular matrix (ECM) accumulation and hepatic stellate cell (HSC) activation. A series of drugs demonstrate significant antifibrotic activity in vitro and in vivo. No specific agents with ideally clinical efficacy for liver fibrosis treatment have been developed. In this review, we summarized the antifibrotic effects and molecular mechanisms of 29 kinds of common natural products. The mechanism of these compounds is correlated with anti-inflammatory, antiapoptotic, and antifibrotic activities. Moreover, parenchymal hepatic cell survival, HSC deactivation, and ECM degradation by interfering with multiple targets and signaling pathways are also involved in the antifibrotic effects of these compounds. However, there remain two bottlenecks for clinical breakthroughs. The low bioavailability of natural products should be improved, and the combined application of two or more compounds should be investigated for more prominent pharmacological effects. In summary, exploration on natural products against liver fibrosis is becoming increasingly extensive. Therefore, natural products are potential resources for the development of agents to treat liver fibrosis.
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Kozłowska M, Brzóska MM, Rogalska J, Galicka A. The Impact of a Polyphenol-Rich Extract from the Berries of Aronia melanocarpa L. on Collagen Metabolism in the Liver: A Study in an In Vivo Model of Human Environmental Exposure to Cadmium. Nutrients 2020; 12:E2766. [PMID: 32927885 PMCID: PMC7551016 DOI: 10.3390/nu12092766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined whether a polyphenol-rich extract from the berries of Aronia melanocarpa L. (AE; chokeberries) may protect from the impact of cadmium (Cd) on the metabolism of collagen in the liver. The study was conducted in an experimental model (rats that were fed a diet containing 1 or 5 mg Cd/kg for 3-24 months) of human exposure to this xenobiotic during a lifetime. The concentration of total collagen and the expression of collagen types I and III at the mRNA and protein levels, as well as the concentrations of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-1 and MMP-2) and their tissue inhibitors (TIMP-1 and TIMP-2), were assayed. The administration of Cd and/or AE had only a slight and temporary impact on the concentration of total collagen in the liver. The supplementation with AE significantly prevented Cd-mediated changes in the expression of collagen types I and III at the mRNA and protein levels and their ratio (collagen III/collagen I), as well as a rise in the concentrations of MMPs and TIMPs in this organ. The results allow the conclusion that the intake of chokeberry products in the case of Cd intoxication may be effective in prevention from this xenobiotic-induced disturbance in collagen homeostasis in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Kozłowska
- Department of Toxicology, Medical University of Bialystok, Adama Mickiewicza 2C street, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland;
| | - Małgorzata M. Brzóska
- Department of Toxicology, Medical University of Bialystok, Adama Mickiewicza 2C street, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland;
| | - Joanna Rogalska
- Department of Toxicology, Medical University of Bialystok, Adama Mickiewicza 2C street, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland;
| | - Anna Galicka
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Medical University of Bialystok, Adama Mickiewicza 2A street, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland;
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Scientific Validation of Ethnomedicinal Use of Ipomoea batatas L. Lam. as Aphrodisiac and Gonadoprotective Agent against Bisphenol A Induced Testicular Toxicity in Male Sprague Dawley Rats. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:8939854. [PMID: 31111071 PMCID: PMC6487138 DOI: 10.1155/2019/8939854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L. Lam.), known as “Shakarqandi” in Pakistan, is an imperative root vegetable with large size, traditionally used as aphrodisiac, antiprostatic, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, cardiotonic, and anticancer agent. Present study was conducted to gauge aphrodisiac potential of Ipomoea batatas ethyl acetate (IPT-EA, IPA-EA) and methanol (IPT-M, IPA-M) extracts from tuber and aerial part, respectively, via behavioral and biochemical tests and their possible protective role in BPA-induced gonadotoxicity at the dose 300 mg/kg in male Sprague Dawley rats. Phytochemical analysis was done qualitatively and quantitatively through total phenolic and flavonoid content (TPC and TFC) and high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC-DAD) fingerprinting while antioxidant profiling used multimode in vitro assays. To calculate sexual excitement mount latency, intromission latency, mount frequency, intromission frequency, ejaculatory latency, and postejaculatory interval were examined while for biochemical ratification semen characteristics, levels of testosterone, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and estradiol were measured. Gonadoprotective ability was assessed through comet assay and histomorphological examination of testes. Qualitative analysis ensured the presence of phenols, flavonoids, tannins, anthocyanin, saponins, coumarins, terpenoids, and betacyanin. Quantitatively maximal TPC (304.32±7.20 μg GAE/mg dry extract) and TFC (214.77±4.09 μg QE/mg DE) were estimated in IPA-EA extract. IPT-EA yielded maximum rutin (7.3±0.12) and myricetin (2.7±0.14 μg/mg DE) while IPA-EA and IPA-M yielded maximum caffeic acid (4.05±0.22 and 1.92±0.17 μg/mg DE, respectively) in HPLC-DAD analysis. Extracts enhanced sexual excitement, improved semen quality, levels of testosterone, FSH, LH, and estradiol, and successfully attenuated toxic effects of BPA. Levels of endogenous antioxidant enzymes (CAT, SOD, POD, and GSH) were restored and NO abundance was minimized. Significant stimulation in sexual behavior, amelioration of toxicity symptoms, elevated spermatic production, raised viability, vitalized levels of gonadal hormones, maintained endogenous enzymes, genoprotection, and reformed testicular histology endorsed I. batatas as a better aphrodisiac alternative and gonadoprotective agent.
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Sun J, Wu Y, Long C, He P, Gu J, Yang L, Liang Y, Wang Y. Anthocyanins isolated from blueberry ameliorates CCl4 induced liver fibrosis by modulation of oxidative stress, inflammation and stellate cell activation in mice. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 120:491-499. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.07.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 07/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Wan T, Wang S, Ye M, Ling W, Yang L. Cyanidin-3-O-β-glucoside protects against liver fibrosis induced by alcohol via regulating energy homeostasis and AMPK/autophagy signaling pathway. J Funct Foods 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2017.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
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12
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Qin DM, Zhang Y, Li L. Progress in research of Chinese herbal medicines with anti-hepatic fibrosis activity. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2017; 25:958-965. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v25.i11.958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatic fibrosis is a common pathological process for various kinds of chronic liver diseases to progress to cirrhosis and even liver cancer. Currently, many natural medicines have been reported and demonstrated to be effective in preventing and curing hepatic fibrosis with few side effects. In China, these medicines are easily available because of the wide raw material source here. These medicines exert anti-fibrosis effects via multiple targets at multiple levels. Therefore, they have their own advantages in healing hepatic fibrosis. This paper summarizes the mechanism of hepatic fibrosis and the progress in research of natural medicines and their active ingredients that have anti-hepatic fibrosis activity, with an aim to provide some clues to preventing and curing hepatic fibrosis with Chinese herbal medicines.
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Ju R, Zheng S, Luo H, Wang C, Duan L, Sheng Y, Zhao C, Xu W, Huang K. Purple Sweet Potato Attenuate Weight Gain in High Fat Diet Induced Obese Mice. J Food Sci 2017; 82:787-793. [PMID: 28135399 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.13617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Revised: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Purple sweet potato (PSP) is widely grown in Asia and considered as a healthy vegetable. The objective of the current study was to determine the anti-obesity effect of the PSP on high fat diet induced obese C57BL/6J mice. The mice were administrated with high fat diet supplemented with the sweet potato (SP) or PSP at the concentration of 15% and 30% for 12 wk, respectively. The results showed that the supplementation of SP or PSP at 30% significantly ameliorated high fat diet induced obesity and its associated risk factors, including reduction of body weight and fat accumulation, improvement of lipid profile and modulation of energy expenditure. Moreover, PSP also posed beneficial effect on the liver and kidney functions. These results indicate that PSP and SP have anti-obesity effect and are effective to reduce the metabolic risk.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hongxia Luo
- Dept. of Food and Bioengineering, Beijing Vocational College of Agriculture, 102442, Beijing, China
| | - Changgang Wang
- Dept. of Food and Bioengineering, Beijing Vocational College of Agriculture, 102442, Beijing, China
| | - Lili Duan
- Dept. of Food and Bioengineering, Beijing Vocational College of Agriculture, 102442, Beijing, China
| | - Yao Sheng
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural Univ., 100083, Beijing, China
| | - Changhui Zhao
- Dept. of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Univ., 130062, Jilin Province, China
| | - Wentao Xu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural Univ., 100083, Beijing, China
| | - Kunlun Huang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural Univ., 100083, Beijing, China
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Jiang X, Shen T, Tang X, Yang W, Guo H, Ling W. Cyanidin-3-O-β-glucoside combined with its metabolite protocatechuic acid attenuated the activation of mice hepatic stellate cells. Food Funct 2017; 8:2945-2957. [DOI: 10.1039/c7fo00265c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cyanidin-3-O-β-glucoside with the aid of its metabolite protocatechuic acid attenuated the activation of mice hepatic stellate cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinwei Jiang
- Department of Food Science and Engineering
- Institute of Science and Technology
- Jinan University
- Guangzhou 510632
- People's Republic of China
| | - Tianran Shen
- Department of Nutrition
- School of Public Health
- Sun Yat-Sen University
- Guangzhou 510080
- People's Republic of China
| | - Xilan Tang
- Department of Nutrition
- School of Public Health
- Sun Yat-Sen University
- Guangzhou 510080
- People's Republic of China
| | - Wenqi Yang
- Department of Nutrition
- School of Public Health
- Sun Yat-Sen University
- Guangzhou 510080
- People's Republic of China
| | - Honghui Guo
- Department of Nutrition
- Henry Fok School of Food Science and Engineering
- Shaoguan University
- Shaoguan 512005
- People's Republic of China
| | - Wenhua Ling
- Department of Nutrition
- School of Public Health
- Sun Yat-Sen University
- Guangzhou 510080
- People's Republic of China
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Wang S, Nie S, Zhu F. Chemical constituents and health effects of sweet potato. Food Res Int 2016; 89:90-116. [PMID: 28460992 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2016.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Revised: 08/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Sweet potatoes are becoming a research focus in recent years due to their unique nutritional and functional properties. Bioactive carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, carotenoids, anthocyanins, conjugated phenolic acids, and minerals represent versatile nutrients in different parts (tubers, leaves, stems, and stalks) of sweet potato. The unique composition of sweet potato contributes to their various health benefits, such as antioxidative, hepatoprotective, antiinflammatory, antitumor, antidiabetic, antimicrobial, antiobesity, antiaging effects. Factors affecting the nutritional composition and bio-functions of sweet potato include the varieties, plant parts, extraction time and solvents, postharvest storage, and processing. The assays for bio-function evaluation also contribute to the variations among different studies. This review summarizes the current knowledge of the chemical composition of sweet potato, and their bio-functions studied in vitro and in vivo. Leaves, stems, and stalks of sweet potato remain much underutilized on commercial levels. Sweet potato can be further developed as a sustainable crop for diverse nutritionally enhanced and value-added food products to promote human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunan Wang
- Canadian Food and Wine Institute, Niagara College, 135 Taylor Road, Niagara-on-the-Lake, Ontario, Canada L0S 1J0; School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Shaoping Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Fan Zhu
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
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16
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Gu YJ, Sun WY, Zhang S, Li XR, Wei W. Targeted blockade of JAK/STAT3 signaling inhibits proliferation, migration and collagen production as well as inducing the apoptosis of hepatic stellate cells. Int J Mol Med 2016; 38:903-11. [PMID: 27460897 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2016.2692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein tyrosine kinases belonging to the Janus kinase (JAK) family are associated with many cytokine receptors, which, on ligand binding, regulate important cellular functions such as proliferation, apoptosis and differentiation. The protective effects of JAK inhibitors on fibrotic diseases such as myelofibrosis and bone marrow fibrosis have been demonstrated in previous studies. The JAK inhibitor SHR0302 is a synthetic molecule that potently inhibits all members of the JAK family, particularly JAK1. However, its effect on hepatic fibrosis has not been investigated to date, to the best of our knowledge. In the present study, the effects of SHR0302 on the activation, proliferation, migration and apoptosis of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) as well as HSC collagen production were investigated. Our data demonstrated that treatment with SHR0302 (10-9-10-5 mol/l) exerted an inhibitory effect on the activation, proliferation and migration of HSCs. In addition, the expression of collagen I and collagen III were significantly decreased following treatment with SHR0302. Furthermore, SHR0302 induced the apoptosis of HSCs, which was demonstrated by Annexin V/PI staining. SHR0302 significantly increased the activation of caspase-3 and Bax in HSCs whereas it decreased the expression of Bcl-2. SHR0302 also inhibited the activation of Akt signaling pathway. The pharmacological inhibition of the JAK1/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)3 pathway led to the disruption of functions essential for HSC growth. Taken together, these findings provide evidence that SHR0302 may have the potential to alleviate hepatic fibrosis by targeting HSC functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Jing Gu
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
| | - Wu-Yi Sun
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
| | - Sen Zhang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
| | - Xin-Ran Li
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
| | - Wei Wei
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
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17
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He W, Zeng M, Chen J, Jiao Y, Niu F, Tao G, Zhang S, Qin F, He Z. Identification and Quantitation of Anthocyanins in Purple-Fleshed Sweet Potatoes Cultivated in China by UPLC-PDA and UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:171-7. [PMID: 26687974 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b04878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The identification and quantitation of the anthocyanins in 12 purple-fleshed sweet potato (PFSP) cultivars ('Jihei 1', 'Xuzi 3', 'Xuzi 6', 'Zhezi 4', 'Ningzi 1', 'Ningzi 2', 'Ningzi 3', 'Ning 2-2', 'Ning 6-8', 'Guangzi 1', 'Ziluolan', and 'Qinzi 1') in China were carried out using a combination of ultraperformance liquid chromatography-photodiode array (UPLC-PDA), quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (QTOF-MS), and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) analyses. Thirteen acylated anthocyanins were tentatively characterized, including two new PFSP anthocyanins, cyanidin 3-caffeoyl-vanilloyl sophoroside-5-glucoside and peonidin 3-caffeoyl-vanilloyl sophoroside-5-glucoside. The quantitative analyses of these anthocyanins were conducted using cyanidin 3-O-glucoside as a standard. The total anthocyanin content of the PFSPs depended on the cultivar. The five PFSP cultivars with the highest content of anthocyanins were 'Jihei 1', 'Xuzi 3', 'Zhezi 4', 'Ziluolan', and 'Qinzi 1'. This is the first report of the 'Ningzi 2', 'Ningzi 3', and 'Ning 2-2' PFSP cultivars containing only diacylated anthocyanins and of the 'Xuzi 6' cultivar containing single anthocyanidin-based anthocyanins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei He
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University , Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Maomao Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University , Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Jie Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University , Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangnan University , Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Yuzhi Jiao
- School of Food and Nutrition Engineering, Jiangsu Food and Pharmaceutical Science College , Huaian, Jiangsu 223003, China
| | - Fuxiang Niu
- Xuzhou Sweetpotato Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science , Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221131, China
| | - Guanjun Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University , Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Shuang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University , Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Fang Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University , Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Zhiyong He
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University , Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
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18
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Zhang M, Pan LJ, Jiang ST, Mo YW. Protective effects of anthocyanins from purple sweet potato on acute carbon tetrachloride-induced oxidative hepatotoxicity fibrosis in mice. FOOD AGR IMMUNOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/09540105.2015.1079589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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Jiang X, Guo H, Shen T, Tang X, Yang Y, Ling W. Cyanidin-3-O-β-glucoside Purified from Black Rice Protects Mice against Hepatic Fibrosis Induced by Carbon Tetrachloride via Inhibiting Hepatic Stellate Cell Activation. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:6221-6230. [PMID: 26073547 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b02181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated whether cyanidin-3-O-β-glucoside (Cy-3-G), a predominant anthocyanin, could exert a protective role on liver injury and its further mechanisms of the anti-fibrosis actions in mice. The results demonstrated that the treatment of Cy-3-G (800 mg/kg diet) for 8 weeks significantly attenuated hepatotoxicity and fibrosis in carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) administered mice. Cy-3-G strongly down-regulated the expression of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), desmin, and matrix metalloproteinase (MMPs), which showed its suppression effect on the activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). In addition, Cy-3-G favorably regulated oxidative stress and apoptosis in liver. Furthermore, Cy-3-G ameliorated the infiltration of inflammatory cells such as neutrophils and leukocytes and meanwhile suppressed the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and growth factors. In conclusion, daily intake of Cy-3-G could prevent liver fibrosis progression in mice induced by CCl4 through inhibiting HSC activation, which provides a basis for clinical practice of liver fibrosis prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinwei Jiang
- †Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Honghui Guo
- §Department of Nutrition, Henry Fok School of Food Science and Engineering, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan 512005, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianran Shen
- †Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Xilan Tang
- †Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Yang
- †Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenhua Ling
- †Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, People's Republic of China
- ‡Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Guangzhou 510080, People's Republic of China
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20
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Carraz M, Lavergne C, Jullian V, Wright M, Gairin JE, Gonzales de la Cruz M, Bourdy G. Antiproliferative activity and phenotypic modification induced by selected Peruvian medicinal plants on human hepatocellular carcinoma Hep3B cells. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2015; 166:185-199. [PMID: 25701751 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Revised: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The high incidence of human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in Peru and the wide use of medicinal plants in this country led us to study the activity against HCC cells in vitro of somes species used locally against liver and digestive disorders. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ethnopharmacological survey: Medicinal plant species with a strong convergence of use for liver and digestive diseases were collected fresh in the wild or on markets, in two places of Peru: Chiclayo (Lambayeque department, Chiclayo province) and Huaraz (Ancash department, Huaraz province). Altogether 51 species were collected and 61 ethanol extracts were prepared to be tested. Biological assessment: All extracts were first assessed against the HCC cell line Hep3B according a 3-step multi-parametric phenotypic assay. It included 1) the evaluation of phenotypic changes on cells by light microscopy, 2) the measurement of the antiproliferative activity and 3) the analysis of the cytoskeleton and mitosis by immunofluorescence. Best extracts were further assessed against other HCC cell lines HepG2, PLC/PRF/5 and SNU-182 and their toxicity measured in vitro on primary human hepatocytes. RESULTS Ethnopharmacological survey: Some of the species collected had a high reputation spreading over the surveyed locations for treating liver problems, i.e. Baccharis genistelloides, Bejaria aestuans, Centaurium pulchellum, Desmodium molliculum, Dipsacus fullonum, Equisetum bogotense, Gentianella spp., Krameria lapacea, Otholobium spp., Schkuhria pinnata, Taraxacum officinale. Hep3B evaluation: Fourteen extracts from 13 species (Achyrocline alata, Ambrosia arborescens, Baccharis latifolia, Hypericum laricifolium, Krameria lappacea, Niphidium crassifolium, Ophryosporus chilca, Orthrosanthus chimboracensis, Otholobium pubescens, Passiflora ligularis, Perezia coerulescens, Perezia multiflora and Schkuhria pinnata) showed a significant antiproliferative activity against Hep3B cells (IC50≤ 50µg/mL). This was associated with a lack of toxicity on primary human hepatocytes in vitro. Immunofluorescence experiments on Hep3B cells showed that crude extracts of Schkuhria pinnata and Orthrosanthus chimboracensis could block Hep3B cells in mitosis with an original phenotype. Crude extracts of Perezia coerulescens, Perezia multiflora, Achyrocline alata, Ophryosporus chilca, Otholobium pubescens and Hypericum laricifolium could modify the overall microtubule cytoskeletal dynamics of Hep3B cells in interphase by an original mechanism. CONCLUSIONS Our method allowed us to select 9 extracts which displayed antiproliferative activities associated with original cellular phenotypes on Hep3B cells, regarding known microtubule-targeting drugs. Both chemical and cellular studies are ongoing in order to elucidate natural compounds and cellular mechanisms responsible of the activities described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maëlle Carraz
- Université de Toulouse; UPS; UMR 152 Pharma-DEV; Université Toulouse 3; Faculté, des Sciences Pharmaceutiques; 35 Chemin des Maraîchers, F-31062 Toulouse cedex 9, France; Institut de Recherche pour le Développement; IRD; UMR 152 Pharma-DEV, F-31062 Toulouse cedex 9, France.
| | - Cédric Lavergne
- Université de Toulouse; UPS; UMR 152 Pharma-DEV; Université Toulouse 3; Faculté, des Sciences Pharmaceutiques; 35 Chemin des Maraîchers, F-31062 Toulouse cedex 9, France
| | - Valérie Jullian
- Université de Toulouse; UPS; UMR 152 Pharma-DEV; Université Toulouse 3; Faculté, des Sciences Pharmaceutiques; 35 Chemin des Maraîchers, F-31062 Toulouse cedex 9, France; Institut de Recherche pour le Développement; IRD; UMR 152 Pharma-DEV, Mission IRD, Casilla 18-1209 Lima, Peru
| | - Michel Wright
- Université de Toulouse; UPS; UMR 152 Pharma-DEV; Université Toulouse 3; Faculté, des Sciences Pharmaceutiques; 35 Chemin des Maraîchers, F-31062 Toulouse cedex 9, France; Centre Nationalde la Recherche Scientifique; CNRS; UMR 152 Pharma-DEV; Faculté, des Sciences Pharmaceutiques; 35 Chemin des Maraîchers, F-31062 Toulouse cedex 9, France
| | - Jean Edouard Gairin
- Université de Toulouse; UPS; UMR 152 Pharma-DEV; Université Toulouse 3; Faculté, des Sciences Pharmaceutiques; 35 Chemin des Maraîchers, F-31062 Toulouse cedex 9, France
| | | | - Geneviève Bourdy
- Université de Toulouse; UPS; UMR 152 Pharma-DEV; Université Toulouse 3; Faculté, des Sciences Pharmaceutiques; 35 Chemin des Maraîchers, F-31062 Toulouse cedex 9, France; Institut de Recherche pour le Développement; IRD; UMR 152 Pharma-DEV, F-31062 Toulouse cedex 9, France
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21
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Strategies to prevent and reverse liver fibrosis in humans and laboratory animals. Arch Toxicol 2015; 89:1727-50. [PMID: 25963329 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-015-1525-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Liver fibrosis results from chronic damage to the liver in conjunction with various pathways and is mediated by a complex microenvironment. Based on clinical observations, it is now evident that fibrosis is a dynamic, bidirectional process with an inherent capacity for recovery and remodeling. The major mechanisms involved in liver fibrosis include the repetitive injury of hepatocytes, the activation of the inflammatory response after injury stimulation, and the activation and proliferation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), which represents the major extracellular matrix (ECM)-producing cells, stimulated by hepatocyte injury and inflammation. The microenvironment in the liver is synergistically regulated abnormal ECM deposition, scar formation, angiogenesis, and fibrogenesis. Moreover, recent studies have clarified novel mechanism in fibrosis such as epigenetic regulation of HSCs, the leptin and PPARγ pathways, the coagulation system, and even autophagy. Uncovering the mechanisms of liver fibrogenesis provides a basis to develop potential therapies to reverse and treat the fibrotic response, thereby improving the outcomes of patients with chronic liver disease. Although both scientific and clinical challenges remain, emerging studies attempt to reveal the ideal anti-fibrotic drug that could be easily delivered to the liver with high specificity and low toxicity. This review highlights the mechanisms, including novel pathways underlying fibrogenesis that may be translated into preventive and treatment strategies, reviews both current and novel agents that target specific pathways or multiple targets, and discusses novel drug delivery systems such as nanotechnology that can be applied in the treatment of liver fibrosis. In addition, we also discuss some current treatment strategies that are being applied in animal models and in clinical trials.
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22
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Attenuation of renal ischemia/reperfusion injury by açaí extract preconditioning in a rat model. Life Sci 2015; 123:35-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2014.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Revised: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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23
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Hauff P, Gottwald U, Ocker M. Early to Phase II drugs currently under investigation for the treatment of liver fibrosis. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2014; 24:309-27. [PMID: 25547844 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2015.997874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chronic liver diseases represent a high unmet medical need and are characterized by persistent inflammation, parenchymal damage and fibrotic remodeling, leading eventually to cirrhosis and hepatic failure. Besides the persisting high prevalence of chronic viral hepatitis B and C, the dramatic increase in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis is now considered to be a major pathophysiologic driver for fibrosis development and subsequently cirrhosis. Increasing evidence suggests that also liver cirrhosis can regress when treated adequately. AREAS COVERED Herein, the authors review the underlying pathophysiologic mechanisms leading to fibrotic remodeling in the liver. They also highlight the options for novel treatment strategies by using molecular targeted agents. EXPERT OPINION New in vitro and preclinical animal models, and the careful selection of patients with high disease dynamics for clinical studies, provide a sound basis for the clinical development of antifibrotic agents in humans. Surrogate parameters of liver function, inflammation, tissue remodeling and damage, as well as noninvasive imaging techniques, can be applied in clinical trials to provide fast readouts and novel and reliable endpoints for trial design, and provide an attractive regulatory environment for this emerging disease area.
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Mahmudatussa’adah A, Fardiaz D, Andarwulan N, Kusnandar F. KARAKTERISTIK WARNA DAN AKTIVITAS ANTIOKSIDAN ANTOSIANIN UBI JALAR UNGU [Color Characteristics and Antioxidant Activity of Anthocyanin Extract from Purple Sweet Potato]. JURNAL TEKNOLOGI DAN INDUSTRI PANGAN 2014. [DOI: 10.6066/jtip.2014.25.2.176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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25
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Intuyod K, Priprem A, Limphirat W, Charoensuk L, Pinlaor P, Pairojkul C, Lertrat K, Pinlaor S. Anti-inflammatory and anti-periductal fibrosis effects of an anthocyanin complex in Opisthorchis viverrini-infected hamsters. Food Chem Toxicol 2014; 74:206-15. [PMID: 25447758 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2014.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Revised: 08/30/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The pharmacological activities of herbal extracts can be enhanced by complex formation. In this study, we manipulated cyanidin and delphinidin-rich extracts to form an anthocyanin complex (AC) with turmeric and evaluated activity against inflammation and periductal fibrosis in Opisthorchis viverrini-infected hamsters. The AC was prepared from anthocyanins extracted from cobs of purple waxy corn (70%), petals of blue butterfly pea (20%) and turmeric extract (10%), resulting in an enhanced free-radical scavenging capacity. Oral administration of AC (175 and 700 mg/kg body weight) every day for 1 month to O. viverrini-infected hamsters resulted in reduced inflammatory cells and periductal fibrosis. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and partial least square discriminant analysis suggested nucleic acid changes in the O. viverrini-infected liver samples, which were partially prevented by the AC treatment. AC reduced 8-oxodG formation, an oxidative DNA damage marker, significantly decreased levels of nitrite in the plasma and alanine aminotransferase activity and increased the ferric reducing ability of plasma. AC also decreased the expression of oxidant-related genes (NF-κB and iNOS) and increased the expression of antioxidant-related genes (CAT, SOD, and GPx). Thus, AC increases free-radical scavenging capacity, decreases inflammation, suppresses oxidative/nitrative stress, and reduces liver injury and periductal fibrosis in O. viverrini-infected hamsters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kitti Intuyod
- Biomedical Science Program, Graduate School, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
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26
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LI XIA, HE CAN, WU WANGYANG, HUANG HUAN, LI WEIZU, YIN YANYAN. Anti-fibrotic effects of Acremoniumterricola milleretal mycelium on immunological hepatic fibrosis in rats. Mol Med Rep 2014; 10:3327-33. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Sun H, Mu T, Liu X, Zhang M, Chen J. Purple sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) anthocyanins: preventive effect on acute and subacute alcoholic liver damage and dealcoholic effect. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:2364-73. [PMID: 24564852 DOI: 10.1021/jf405032f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the dealcoholic effect and preventive effect of anthocyanins from purple sweet potato (PSPAs) on acute and subacute alcoholic liver damage (ALD). Seven-week-old male inbred mice were grouped into five groups: control group (without PSPAs and ethanol treatments), model group (with ethanol treatment only), low-dose group (50 mg PSPAs/kg body weight), middle-dose group (125 mg PSPAs/kg body weight), and high-dose group (375 mg PSPAs/kg body weight), and the mice in all groups were administered intragastrically. Biochemical parameters of serum and liver were determined, and the histopathological changes of liver tissue were also analyzed. Results showed that all tested parameters were ameliorated after consumption of PSPAs. Therefore, PSPAs have preventive effect on acute and subacute ALD. It is suggested that PSPAs could be used as a supplementary reagent during prophylactic and curative managements of ALD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongnan Sun
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Nutrition Science, Institute of Agro-Products Processing Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Key Laboratory of Agro-products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, 2 Yuan Ming Yuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
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28
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Sun WY, Song Y, Hu SS, Wang QT, Wu HX, Chen JY, Wei W. Depletion of β-arrestin2 in hepatic stellate cells reduces cell proliferation via ERK pathway. J Cell Biochem 2013. [PMID: 23192415 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.24458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
β-Arrestins are multifunctional adaptor proteins. Recently, some new roles of β-arrestins in regulating intracellular signaling networks have been discovered, which regulate cell growth, proliferation, and apoptosis. Though, the role of β-arrestins expression in the pathology of hepatic fibrosis remains unclear. In this study, the possible relationship between the expression of β-arrestins with the experimental hepatic fibrosis and the proliferation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) were investigated. Porcine serum induced liver fibrosis was established in this study. At five time points, the dynamic expression of β-arrestin1, β-arrestin2, and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) in rat liver tissues, was measured by immunohistochemical staining, double immunofluorescent staining, and Western blotting. This study showed that aggravation of hepatic fibrosis with gradually increasing expression of β-arrestin2 in the hepatic tissues, but not β-arrestin1. Further, as hepatic fibrosis worsens, β-arrestin2-expressing activated HSCs accounts for an increasingly larger percentage of all activated HSCs. And the expression of β-arrestin2 had a significant positive correlation with the expression of α-SMA, an activated HSCs marker. In vitro studies, the dynamic expression of β-arrestin1 and β-arrestin2 in platelet derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB) stimulated HSCs was assessed by Western blotting. The expression of β-arrestin2 was remarkably increased in PDGF-BB stimulated HSCs. Furthermore, the small interfering RNA (siRNA) technique was used to explore the effect of β-arrestins on the proliferation of HSCs and the activation of ERK1/2. Transfection of siRNA targeting β-arrestin2 mRNA (siβ-arrestin2) into HSCs led to a 68% and 70% reduction of β-arrestin2 mRNA and protein expression, respectively. siβ-arrestin2 abolished the effect of PDGF-BB on the proliferation of HSCs. In addition, siβ-arrestin2 exerted the inhibition of the activation of ERK1/2 in HSCs. The present study provided strong evidence for the participation of the β-arrestin2 in the pathogenesis of hepatic fibrosis. The β-arrestin2 depletion diminishes HSCs ERK1/2 signaling and proliferation stimulated by PDGF-BB. Selective targeting of β-arrestin2 inhibitors to HSCs might present as a novel strategy for the treatment of hepatic fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wu-Yi Sun
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immunopharmacology, Ministry of Education, Engineering Technology Research Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immunodrugs in Anhui Province, Hefei, Anhui Province 230032, China
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Lee MJ, Park JS, Choi DS, Jung MY. Characterization and quantitation of anthocyanins in purple-fleshed sweet potatoes cultivated in Korea by HPLC-DAD and HPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:3148-3158. [PMID: 23464823 DOI: 10.1021/jf3055455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The characterization and quantitative analysis of anthocyanins in four purple-fleshed sweet potato varieties (Borami, Mokpo 62, Shinzami, and Zami) cultivated in Korea were carried out by HPLC/diode array detector (DAD), HPLC-TOF/MS, and HPLC-MS/MS analyses. For the identification of anthocyanins, molecular formulas were first calculated by using the exact mass data of the molecular ions ([M](+)). The patterns of isotope ions of M(+) were also monitored to confirm the assignment of the molecular formulas. HPLC-MS(2) analysis was further conducted for elucidating their molecular structures. Twenty-seven different anthocyanins were tentatively identified in the sweet potatoes. Six of them are the first reported in sweet potatoes roots. The quantity and profiles of anthocyanins in sweet potatoes varied greatly with variety. Borami was found, for the first time, to be a rare sweet potato variety with an exceptionally high quantity of pelargonidin-based anthocyanins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Jin Lee
- College of Food Science, Woosuk University, Samrea-Up, Wanju-Kun, Jeonbuk Province 565-701, Republic of Korea
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LI DANDAN, ZHAO TINGBAO, MENG JIANZHONG, JING YING, JIA FENGYU, HE PING. Procyanidin B2 inhibits high glucose-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition in HK-2 human renal proximal tubular epithelial cells. Mol Med Rep 2012; 12:8148-54. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.4445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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He K, Ye X, Li X, Chen H, Yuan L, Deng Y, Chen X, Li X. Separation of two constituents from purple sweet potato by combination of silica gel column and high-speed counter-current chromatography. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2011; 881-882:49-54. [PMID: 22197606 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2011.11.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2011] [Revised: 11/22/2011] [Accepted: 11/23/2011] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
It is known that the choice of solvent system for high speed counter-current chromatography separation is of utmost importance. In this study, a simple and rapid thin layer chromatograph coupling with fluorometric (TLC-F) method has been used to determine the partition coefficient of target compounds in HSCCC solvent system. Two components, 6,7-dimethoxycoumarin and 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furfural were successfully separated from purple sweet potato extracts by successive sample injection for the first time, using n-hexane-ethyl acetate-methanol-water (1:2:1:1, v/v/v/v) as the solvent system. Additionally, statistical analysis showed that there was no significant difference in partition coefficient obtained by the TLC-F method and by HPLC, which demonstrated the usefulness of TLC-F method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai He
- School of Life Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
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Hwang YP, Choi JH, Han EH, Kim HG, Wee JH, Jung KO, Jung KH, Kwon KI, Jeong TC, Chung YC, Jeong HG. Purple sweet potato anthocyanins attenuate hepatic lipid accumulation through activating adenosine monophosphate–activated protein kinase in human HepG2 cells and obese mice. Nutr Res 2011; 31:896-906. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2011.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2011] [Revised: 09/16/2011] [Accepted: 09/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Purple corn anthocyanins retard diabetes-associated glomerulosclerosis in mesangial cells and db/db mice. Eur J Nutr 2011; 51:961-73. [PMID: 22102159 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-011-0274-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2011] [Accepted: 11/01/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Diabetic glomerulosclerosis is the hardening of the renal glomeruli that can lead to kidney failure. In the early stage of glomerulosclerosis occur renal mesangial expansion and renal filtration dysfunction. Purple corn has been classified as a functional food and is rich in anthocyanins exerting potential disease-preventive activities. The in vitro study using human renal mesangial cells examined that anthocyanin-rich purple corn butanol fraction (PCB) can attenuate high glucose (HG)-promoted mesangial cell proliferation and matrix accumulation. METHODS Cells were cultured for 3 days in media containing 33 mM glucose in the presence of 1-20 μg/mL PCB. In the in vivo animal study, db/db mice were treated with 10 mg/kg anthocyanin-rich polyphenolic extracts of purple corn (PCE) for 8 weeks. RESULTS HG enhanced mesangial production of the fibrosis biomarkers of collagen IV and connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), which was markedly attenuated by adding PCB. Such mesangial fibrosis entailed interleukin-8 activation via eliciting Tyk2-STAT signaling pathway. PCB dampened HG-promoted mesangial hyperplasia that appeared to be attributed to increased expression of platelet-derived growth factor. The 8-week administration of PCE lowered plasma glucose level of db/db mice and ameliorated severe albuminuria. Moreover, PCE lessened collagen fiber accumulation in kidney glomeruli and CTGF expression via retarding TGF-β signaling. Protein expressions of nephrin and podocin, key proteins for filtration barrier function of the glomerular capillary wall, were repressed by treating mice with PCE. CONCLUSION Purple corn may be a potent therapeutic agent for the treatment for diabetes-associated glomerulosclerosis accompanying proteinuria and kidney filtration dysfunction.
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Paulis G, D'Ascenzo R, Nupieri P, De Giorgio G, Orsolini G, Brancato T, Alvaro R. Effectiveness of antioxidants (propolis, blueberry, vitamin E) associated with verapamil in the medical management of Peyronie's disease: a study of 151 cases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 35:521-7. [PMID: 21950543 PMCID: PMC3437487 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2605.2011.01219.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A total of 151 patients (age: 24–74 years, mean: 55 ± 10.3) diagnosed with Peyronie's disease were enrolled in a non-surgical treatment. In addition to medical histories and physical examinations, all patients underwent the following tests: penile ultrasound, IIEF questionnaire and photographic documentation. The penile curvature was measured by taking a photograph during maximum erection. All 151 patients were treated at different times and with different combinations of drugs, and afterwards, they were clinically studied and divided into five different treatment groups: 1st = verapamil (injection + iontophoresis) + vitamin E + topical diclofenac + blueberries; 2nd = verapamil (injection + iontophoresis) + vitamin E + topical diclofenac + propolis; 3rd = verapamil (injection) + vitamin E + topical Diclofenac; 4th = verapamil (iontophoresis) + vitamin E + topical diclofenac; 5th = verapamil (injection + iontophoresis) + topical diclofenac + blueberries + propolis. All patients were treated for 6 months after which they underwent the same follow-up tests as performed prior to the treatment. The following was achieved: group 1 had the most reduction in plaque size (−66.4%; p = 0.000), group 2 obtained the highest rate where penile curvature disappeared (24.5%; p = 0.019); the best results with reference to decrease in curvature angle were reached by the 2nd group (−14°) and group 1 obtained −9.6° (p = 0.000).
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Affiliation(s)
- G Paulis
- Andrology Service, Regina Apostolorum Hospital, Albano Laziale, Rome, Italy.
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Hwang YP, Choi JH, Choi JM, Chung YC, Jeong HG. Protective mechanisms of anthocyanins from purple sweet potato against tert-butyl hydroperoxide-induced hepatotoxicity. Food Chem Toxicol 2011; 49:2081-9. [PMID: 21640154 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2011.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2011] [Revised: 05/20/2011] [Accepted: 05/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Anthocyanins have been shown to exert anti-proliferative, anti-inflammatory effects and anti-carcinogenic activity. In the present work, we investigated the protective effects of anthocyanin fraction (AF) from purple sweet potato on tert-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BHP)-induced hepatotoxicity in HepG2 cell line and in rat liver. The result showed that the oral pretreatment of AF before t-BHP treatment significantly lowered the serum levels of the hepatic enzyme markers (ALT and AST) and reduced oxidative stress of the liver by evaluation of malondialdehyde and glutathione. Histopathological evaluation of the livers also revealed that AF reduced the incidence of liver lesions. The in vitro result showed that AF significantly reduced t-BHP-induced oxidative injury, as determined by cell cytotoxicity, intracellular glutathione content, lipid peroxidation, reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, and caspases activation. Also, AF up-regulated antioxidant enzymes including heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), NAD(P)H:quinone reductase, and glutathione S-transferase. Moreover, AF induced Nrf2 nuclear translocation and Akt and ERK1/2 activation, pathways that are involved in inducing Nrf2 nuclear translocation. Taken together, these results suggest that the protective effects of AF against t-BHP-induced hepatotoxicity may, at least in part, be due to its ability to scavenge ROS and to regulate the antioxidant enzyme HO-1 via the Akt and ERK1/2/Nrf2 signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Pil Hwang
- Department of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, 220 Gung-dong, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea
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