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Zhang L, Wang X, Zhang J, Liu D, Bai G. Ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, pharmacology and product application of Platycodon grandiflorum: A review. CHINESE HERBAL MEDICINES 2024; 16:327-343. [PMID: 39072195 PMCID: PMC11283231 DOI: 10.1016/j.chmed.2024.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Platycodonis Radix (Jiegeng in Chinese) is a well-known traditional Chinese medicine used for both medicinal and culinary purposes. Its historical use as an antitussive and expectorant has been extensively documented. Researchers, to date, have identified 219 chemical constituents in Platycodon grandiflorum (Jacq.) A. DC, encompassing 89 saponins, 11 flavonoids, 21 polysaccharides, 14 phenolic acids, six polyacetylenes, five sterols, 34 fatty acids, 17 amino acids, and 22 trace elements. Jiegeng exhibits diverse pharmacological effects, including antitussive and anti-phlegm properties, anti-cancer activity, anti-inflammatory effects, immune regulation, antioxidant properties, anti-obesity, and antidiabetic effects. Additionally, Jiegeng shows potential in protecting the heart and liver. Beyond its medicinal benefits, Jiegeng is highly esteemed in culinary applications, and its global demand is on the rise. Its utilization has expanded beyond medicine and food to encompass daily necessities, cosmetics, agricultural supplies, and other fields. Currently, there are 18 272 patents related to P. grandiflorum. This comprehensive review summarizes the latest research published over the past 20 years, providing a robust foundation for further exploration of the medicinal and health benefits of P. grandiflorum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanying Zhang
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
- Tianjin Modern Innovation Chinese Medicine Technology Co., Ltd., Tianjin 300380, China
| | - Xinrui Wang
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
- Tianjin Modern Innovation Chinese Medicine Technology Co., Ltd., Tianjin 300380, China
| | - Jingze Zhang
- Tianjin Modern Innovation Chinese Medicine Technology Co., Ltd., Tianjin 300380, China
| | - Dailin Liu
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
- Tianjin Modern Innovation Chinese Medicine Technology Co., Ltd., Tianjin 300380, China
| | - Gang Bai
- Nankai University, Tianjin 300353, China
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Zhang Y, Sun M, He Y, Gao W, Wang Y, Yang B, Sun Y, Kuang H. Polysaccharides from Platycodon grandiflorum: A review of their extraction, structures, modifications, and bioactivities. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 271:132617. [PMID: 38795891 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024]
Abstract
Platycodon grandiflorum (P. grandiflorum) has long been used as a food and traditional herbal medicine. As a food, P. grandiflorum is often transformed into pickles for consumption, and as a traditional Chinese medicine, P. grandiflorum clears the lung, nourishes the pharynx, dispels phlegm, and discharges pus. Polysaccharides are among the main active components of P. grandiflorum. Recent literature has described the preparation, identification, and pharmacological activity of these polysaccharides. Studies have shown that these polysaccharides exhibit a variety of significant biological effects in vitro and in vivo, such as immune stimulation and antioxidant, anti-liver injury, anti-apoptosis and antitumour effects. However, there is no systematic summary of the related research articles on P. grandiflorum polysaccharide, which undoubtedly brings some difficulties to the future research. The purpose of this review is to comprehensively describe research progress on the extraction, purification, structural characterization, modification, and biological activity of P. grandiflorum polysaccharides. The shortcomings of recent research are summarized, further research on their biological activity is proposed to provide new reference value for the application of P. grandiflorum polysaccharides in drugs and health products in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuping Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Basic and Application Research of Beiyao, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Minghao Sun
- Key Laboratory of Basic and Application Research of Beiyao, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Yujia He
- Key Laboratory of Basic and Application Research of Beiyao, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Wuyou Gao
- Key Laboratory of Basic and Application Research of Beiyao, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Basic and Application Research of Beiyao, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Bingyou Yang
- Key Laboratory of Basic and Application Research of Beiyao, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Yanping Sun
- Key Laboratory of Basic and Application Research of Beiyao, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Harbin 150040, China.
| | - Haixue Kuang
- Key Laboratory of Basic and Application Research of Beiyao, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Harbin 150040, China.
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Oh ES, Ryu HW, Kim MO, Lee JW, Song YN, Park JY, Kim DY, Ro H, Lee J, Kim TD, Hong ST, Lee SU, Oh SR. Verproside, the Most Active Ingredient in YPL-001 Isolated from Pseudolysimachion rotundum var. subintegrum, Decreases Inflammatory Response by Inhibiting PKCδ Activation in Human Lung Epithelial Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087229. [PMID: 37108390 PMCID: PMC10138391 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a chronic inflammatory lung disease which causes breathing problems. YPL-001, consisting of six iridoids, has potent inhibitory efficacy against COPD. Although YPL-001 has completed clinical trial phase 2a as a natural drug for COPD treatment, the most effective iridoid in YPL-001 and its mechanism for reducing airway inflammation remain unclear. To find an iridoid most effectively reducing airway inflammation, we examined the inhibitory effects of the six iridoids in YPL-001 on TNF or PMA-stimulated inflammation (IL-6, IL-8, or MUC5AC) in NCI-H292 cells. Here, we show that verproside among the six iridoids most strongly suppresses inflammation. Both TNF/NF-κB-induced MUC5AC expression and PMA/PKCδ/EGR-1-induced IL-6/-8 expression are successfully reduced by verproside. Verproside also shows anti-inflammatory effects on a broad range of airway stimulants in NCI-H292 cells. The inhibitory effect of verproside on the phosphorylation of PKC enzymes is specific to PKCδ. Finally, in vivo assay using the COPD-mouse model shows that verproside effectively reduces lung inflammation by suppressing PKCδ activation and mucus overproduction. Altogether, we propose YPL-001 and verproside as candidate drugs for treating inflammatory lung diseases that act by inhibiting PKCδ activation and its downstream pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Sol Oh
- Natural Product Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju 28116, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Won Ryu
- Natural Product Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju 28116, Republic of Korea
| | - Mun-Ock Kim
- Natural Product Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju 28116, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Won Lee
- Natural Product Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju 28116, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu Na Song
- Natural Product Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju 28116, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Yoon Park
- Natural Product Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju 28116, Republic of Korea
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea
| | - Doo-Young Kim
- Natural Product Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju 28116, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunju Ro
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinhyuk Lee
- Disease Target Structure Research Center, KRIBB, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- Department of Bioinformatics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Don Kim
- Immunotherapy Research Center, KRIBB, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Tae Hong
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Ui Lee
- Natural Product Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju 28116, Republic of Korea
| | - Sei-Ryang Oh
- Natural Product Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju 28116, Republic of Korea
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Li S, Huang Q, Zhou D, He B. PRKCD as a potential therapeutic target for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 113:109374. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Qiang M, Xuesong D, Shu X, Guoli L, Jie C, Zhenni Y, Jiao L, Jiawei M. Network Pharmacology Based Retrieval of Bioactive Ingredients of Platycodon grandiflorus and its Molecular Mechanism against Breast Cancer. INT J PHARMACOL 2022. [DOI: 10.3923/ijp.2022.428.436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Jia Z, Yan H, Wang S, Wang L, Cao Y, Lin S, Zhang Z, Wang C, Wang X, Mao J. Shufeiya Recipe Improves Monocrotaline-Induced Pulmonary Hypertension in Rats by Regulating SIRT3/FOXO3a and Its Downstream Signaling Pathways. DISEASE MARKERS 2022; 2022:3229888. [PMID: 35222742 PMCID: PMC8881168 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3229888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a chronic and progressive disease caused by obstructions and functional changes of small pulmonary arteries. Current treatment options of PH are costly with patients needing long-term taking medicine. The traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) compound "Shufeiya Recipe" was used to intervene in monocrotaline- (MCT-) induced pulmonary hypertension in rats. The rats were randomly divided into the control group, model group, positive drug (Sildenafil) group, and Shufeiya Recipe low-, moderate-, and high-dose groups. The improvement effect of the Shufeiya Recipe on the mean pulmonary artery pressure (mPAP) was assessed in PH rats, and pathological staining was used to observe the pathological changes of lung tissue. The impact of the Shufeiya Recipe on oxidative stress damage in rats with pulmonary hypertension and the regulation of SIRT3/FOXO3a and its downstream signaling pathways were determined. The results showed that Shufeiya Recipe could significantly downregulate mPAP and improve lung histopathological changes; downregulate serum levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS); upregulate the concentrations of COX-1 and COX-2 and the activity of Mn-SOD; inhibit oxidative response damage; promote the protein expression of SIRT3, FOXO3a, p-PI3K, p-AKT, and p-eNOS; increase the level of expression of NO, sGC, cGMP, and PKG; and downregulate the level of protein expression of Ras, p-MEK1/2, p-ERK1/2 and c-fos. These results indicate that Shufeiya Recipe can improve MCT-induced pulmonary hypertension in rats by regulating SIRT3/FOXO3a and its downstream PI3K/AKT/eNOS and Ras/ERK signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuangzhuang Jia
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin 300381, China
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Haifeng Yan
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, China
| | - Shuai Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin 300381, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin 300381, China
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Yawen Cao
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin 300381, China
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Shanshan Lin
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin 300381, China
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Zeyu Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin 300381, China
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Ci Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin 300381, China
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Xianliang Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin 300381, China
| | - Jingyuan Mao
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin 300381, China
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Hung JH, Chen WC, Lin MC, Chuang HM, Wang JL, Fu PK, Lin CP, Huang ST. Associations of Chinese Herbal Medicine Use with the Risks of Acute Exacerbation and Mortality in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Nationwide Retrospective Cohort Study. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE AND COMPLEMENTARY MEDICINE 2022; 28:77-86. [PMID: 35085024 DOI: 10.1089/jicm.2021.0103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Objectives: This study aimed to assess the correlation of exacerbation and the mortality rate in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) between biomedical treatments with or without Chinese herbal medicine (CHM) as an adjunct. Design: A total of 81,261 COPD patients were identified from the National Health Insurance Research Database in Taiwan between 2001 and 2012. After screening and matching, 3176 COPD patients were included in the study. Statistical analyses were performed to assess the differences in the baseline characteristics. The authors used the Cox proportional hazard regression analysis to calculate the risks of mortality and hospitalization due to acute exacerbation of COPD within 1 year between a CHM user cohort and non-CHM user cohort. The cumulative incidence of mortality in COPD patients with or without CHM treatment was calculated by the Kaplan-Meier method. Results: COPD patients in the CHM user cohort demonstrated a significantly lower risk of mortality (p < 0.001) and acute exacerbation (p < 0.05), compared with the non-CHM user cohort. In addition, the CHM users exhibited a reduced cumulative incidence of mortality compared with the non-CHM user cohort (p < 0.001). Xiao Qing Long Tang and Fritillariae thunbergii were the most common Chinese herbal formula and single Chinese herb prescribed for COPD patients. Conclusion: Combining CHM with biomedical treatment might reduce the risk of acute exacerbation and incidence of mortality in patients with COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jui-Hung Hung
- Department of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chieh Chen
- Department of Chinese Medicine, An-Nan Hospital, China Medical University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Chen Lin
- Management Office for Health Data, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Mei Chuang
- Department of Chinese Medicine, An-Nan Hospital, China Medical University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Jiun-Long Wang
- Division of Chest Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Pin-Kuei Fu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Pang Lin
- Department of Chinese Medicine, An-Nan Hospital, China Medical University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Teng Huang
- Department of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Chinese Medicine, An-Nan Hospital, China Medical University, Tainan, Taiwan
- School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Cancer Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
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Lee JW, Kim MO, Song YN, Min JH, Kim SM, Kang MJ, Oh ES, Lee RW, Jung S, Ro H, Lee JK, Ryu HW, Lee DY, Lee SU. Compound K ameliorates airway inflammation and mucus secretion through the regulation of PKC signaling in vitro and in vivo. J Ginseng Res 2021; 46:496-504. [PMID: 35600779 PMCID: PMC9120799 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2021.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Lee GH, Jin SW, Choi JH, Han EH, Hwang YP, Choi CY, Jeong HG. Influence of o,p'-DDT on MUC5AC expression via regulation of NF-κB/AP-1 activation in human lung epithelial cells. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2021; 84:836-845. [PMID: 34167450 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2021.1944943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
o,p'-Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (o,p'-DDT) is a representative endocrine disruptor, and exposure to o,p'-DDT may produce immune disorders and inflammation, leading to various diseases such as cancer. Chronic airway inflammation is characterized by excessive mucus secretion resulting in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Mucin 5AC (MUC5AC), one of the mucus genes, plays an important role in mucus secretion and inflammation in the airways. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of o,p'-DDT on the regulation of MUC5AC expression in human lung epithelial A549 cell line. o,p'-DDT increased mRNA levels and the promoter activity of MUC5AC. Transient transfection with mutation promoter constructs of MUC5AC demonstrated that nuclear factor kappa-b (NF-κB) and activator protein 1(AP-1) response elements were essential for the consequences of o,p'-DDT on MUC5AC expression. In addition, o,p'-DDT induced phosphorylation of ERK, JNK, p38, and Akt, which are involved in the regulation of MUC5AC expression. It is noteworthy that inhibitors of NF-κB, AP-1, Akt, and MAPKs blocked enhanced o,p'-DDT-induced MUC5AC mRNA expression. Data indicate that o,p'-DDT increase in NF-κB, and AP-1 transcriptional activation-dependent MUC5AC expression is associated with stimulation of Akt and MAPK signaling pathways in A549 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gi Ho Lee
- Department of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Woo Jin
- Department of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Ho Choi
- Department of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Subtropical/Tropical Organism Gene Bank, Jeju National University, Jeju, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Hee Han
- Drug & Disease Target Research Team, Division of Bioconvergence Analysis, Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI), Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Pil Hwang
- Fisheries Promotion Division Team, Mokpo City, Mokpo, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul Yung Choi
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Natural Science, Chosun University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Gwang Jeong
- Department of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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Lee SU, Kim MO, Kang MJ, Oh ES, Ro H, Lee RW, Song YN, Jung S, Lee JW, Lee SY, Bae T, Hong ST, Kim TD. Transforming Growth Factor β Inhibits MUC5AC Expression by Smad3/HDAC2 Complex Formation and NF-κB Deacetylation at K310 in NCI-H292 Cells. Mol Cells 2021; 44:38-49. [PMID: 33510050 PMCID: PMC7854180 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2020.0188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Airway mucus secretion is an essential innate immune response for host protection. However, overproduction and hypersecretion of mucus, mainly composed of the gel- forming MUC5AC protein, are significant risk factors for patients with asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) signaling pathway negatively regulates MUC5AC expression; however, the underlying molecular mechanism is not fully understood. Here, we showed that TGFβ significantly reduces the expression of MUC5AC mRNA and its protein in NCI-H292 cells, a human mucoepidermoid carcinoma cell line. This reduced MUC5AC expression was restored by a TGFβ receptor inhibitor (SB431542), but not by the inhibition of NF-κB (BAY11-7082 or Triptolide) or PI3K (LY294002) activities. TGFβ-activated Smad3 dose-dependently bound to MUC5AC promoter. Notably, TGFβ-activated Smad3 recruited HDAC2 and facilitated nuclear translocation of HDAC2, thereby inducing the deacetylation of NF-κB at K310, which is essential for a reduction in NF-κB transcriptional activity. Both TGFβ-induced nuclear translocation of Smad3/HDAC2 and deacetylation of NF-κB at K310 were suppressed by a Smad3 inhibitor (SIS3). These results suggest that the TGFβ-activated Smad3/HDAC2 complex is an essential negative regulator for MUC5AC expression and an epigenetic regulator for NF-κB acetylation. Therefore, these results collectively suggest that modulation of the TGFβ1/Smad3/HDAC2/NF-κB pathway axis can be a promising way to improve lung function as a treatment strategy for asthma and COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Ui Lee
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju 28116, Korea
| | - Mun-Ock Kim
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju 28116, Korea
| | - Myung-Ji Kang
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju 28116, Korea
| | - Eun Sol Oh
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju 28116, Korea
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Hyunju Ro
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Ro Woon Lee
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju 28116, Korea
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Yu Na Song
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju 28116, Korea
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Sunin Jung
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju 28116, Korea
| | - Jae-Won Lee
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju 28116, Korea
| | - Soo Yun Lee
- Immunotherapy Research Center, KRIBB, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Taeyeol Bae
- Immunotherapy Research Center, KRIBB, Daejeon 34141, Korea
- Department of Functional Genomics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34113, Korea
| | - Sung-Tae Hong
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea
- Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon 35015, Korea
| | - Tae-Don Kim
- Immunotherapy Research Center, KRIBB, Daejeon 34141, Korea
- Department of Functional Genomics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34113, Korea
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Li X, Jin F, Lee HJ, Lee CJ. Recent Advances in the Development of Novel Drug Candidates for Regulating the Secretion of Pulmonary Mucus. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2020; 28:293-301. [PMID: 32133827 PMCID: PMC7327140 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2020.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2020] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypersecretion of pulmonary mucus is a major pathophysiological feature in allergic and inflammatory respiratory diseases including asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Overproduction and/or oversecretion of mucus cause the airway obstruction and the colonization of pathogenic microbes. Developing a novel pharmacological agent to regulate the production and/or secretion of pulmonary mucus can be a useful strategy for the effective management of pathologic hypersecretion of mucus observed in COPD and asthma. Thus, in the present review, we tried to give an overview of the conventional pharmacotherapy for mucus-hypersecretory diseases and recent research results on searching for the novel candidate agents for controlling of pulmonary mucus hypersecretion, aiming to shed light on the potential efficacious pharmacotherapy of mucus-hypersecretory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea
| | - Fengri Jin
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Jae Lee
- Smith Liberal Arts College and Department of Addiction Science, Graduate School, Sahmyook University, Seoul 01795, Republic of Korea
| | - Choong Jae Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea
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He JQ, Zheng MX, Ying HZ, Zhong YS, Zhang HH, Xu M, Yu CH. PRP1, a heteropolysaccharide from Platycodonis Radix, induced apoptosis of HepG2 cells via regulating miR-21-mediated PI3K/AKT pathway. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 158:542-551. [PMID: 32380108 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.04.193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Two polysaccharides (PRP1 and PRP2) were isolated from Platycodonis Radix. Preliminary structural analysis indicated that PRP1 was composed of glucose, fructose, and arabinose in a molar ratio of 1:1.91:1.59 with a molecular weight of 440 kDa, whereas PRP2 was composed of arabinose, fructose, and galactose in a molar ratio of 1:1.39:1.18 with a molecular weight of 2.85 kDa. Compared with PRP2, PRP1 exerted stronger anticancer activity in vitro. Treatment with 5-30 μg/ml of PRP1 significantly inhibited the proliferation of HepG2 cells in vitro, and oral administration at the doses of 75-300 mg/kg also reduced the tumor growth in vivo. The miRNA expression patterns of human liver cancer cells HepG2 in vivo under PRP1 treatment were established, and microRNA-21 (miR-21) as the onco-miRNA was appreciably downregulated. PRP1 repressed the expression of miR-21, which directly targeted and suppressed PTEN (a negative regulator of the PI3K/Akt signaling cascade), and subsequently upregulated the expression of PTEN but downregulated the PI3K/AKT pathway, thereby promoting liver cancer cell apoptosis. These findings indicated that PRP1 inhibited the proliferation and induced the apoptosis of HepG2 mainly via inactivating the miR-21/PI3K/AKT pathway. Therefore, PRP1 could be used as a food supplement and candidate for the treatment of liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Qi He
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310006, China.
| | - Min-Xia Zheng
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Hua-Zhong Ying
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Experimental Animal and Safety Evaluation, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310013, China
| | - Yu-Sen Zhong
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Experimental Animal and Safety Evaluation, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310013, China
| | - Huan-Huan Zhang
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Experimental Animal and Safety Evaluation, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310013, China
| | - Min Xu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310006, China.
| | - Chen-Huan Yu
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Experimental Animal and Safety Evaluation, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310013, China; Institute of Cancer and Basic Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310018, China.
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Ji MY, Bo A, Yang M, Xu JF, Jiang LL, Zhou BC, Li MH. The Pharmacological Effects and Health Benefits of Platycodon grandiflorus-A Medicine Food Homology Species. Foods 2020; 9:foods9020142. [PMID: 32023858 PMCID: PMC7073691 DOI: 10.3390/foods9020142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Platycodon grandiflorus is a widely used edible, traditional Chinese medicinal herb. It is rich in saponins, flavonoids, phenolic acids, and other compounds. It contains a large number of fatty acids such as linoleic acid (up to 63.24%), a variety of amino acids, vitamins, and multiple essential trace elements. P. grandiflorus has several biological applications, such as in hypotension, lipid reduction, atherosclerosis, inflammation, relieving cough and phlegm, promoting cholic acid secretion, and as an antioxidant. Further, P. grandiflorus is often used in the development of cold mixed vegetables, canned vegetables, preserved fruit, salted vegetables, and cosmetics in northeast China, South Korea, Japan, and Korea. In this paper, the active chemical components and the health benefits of P. grandiflorus have been reviewed, providing new ideas for the further development of nutraceutical products to prevent and manage chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Yue Ji
- Baotou Medical College, Baotou 014060, Inner Mongolia, China; (M.-Y.J.); (A.B.); (M.Y.); (J.-F.X.)
| | - Agula Bo
- Baotou Medical College, Baotou 014060, Inner Mongolia, China; (M.-Y.J.); (A.B.); (M.Y.); (J.-F.X.)
| | - Min Yang
- Baotou Medical College, Baotou 014060, Inner Mongolia, China; (M.-Y.J.); (A.B.); (M.Y.); (J.-F.X.)
| | - Jin-Fan Xu
- Baotou Medical College, Baotou 014060, Inner Mongolia, China; (M.-Y.J.); (A.B.); (M.Y.); (J.-F.X.)
| | - Lin-Lin Jiang
- Department of Pharmacy, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010110, Inner Mongolia, China; (L.-L.J.); (B.-C.Z.)
| | - Bao-Chang Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010110, Inner Mongolia, China; (L.-L.J.); (B.-C.Z.)
| | - Min-Hui Li
- Baotou Medical College, Baotou 014060, Inner Mongolia, China; (M.-Y.J.); (A.B.); (M.Y.); (J.-F.X.)
- Department of Pharmacy, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010110, Inner Mongolia, China; (L.-L.J.); (B.-C.Z.)
- Pharmaceutical Laboratory, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hohhot 010020, Inner Mongolia, China
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Characteristic Geoherbs Resources Protection and Utilization, Baotou Medical College, Baotou 014060, Inner Mongolia, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources Protection and Genetic Improvement, Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning 530023, Jiangxi, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-472-716-7795
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Orostachys japonicus ethanol extract inhibits 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene-induced atopic dermatitis-like skin lesions in NC/Nga mice and TNF-α/IFN-γ-induced TARC expression in HaCaT cells. Toxicol Res 2019; 36:99-108. [PMID: 32257921 DOI: 10.1007/s43188-019-00026-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The risk of atopic dermatitis (AD)-like skin lesions has increased due to the elevated levels of allergens worldwide. Natural-origin agents, which are effective and safe, show promise for the prevention and treatment of inflammatory conditions. Orostachys japonicus (OJ) A. Berger is an ingredient of traditional herbal medicines for fever, gingivitis, and cancer in Korea, China, and Japan. However, the effect of OJ on AD-like skin lesions is unknown. Therefore, we investigated the effect of OJ ethanol extract (OJEE) on AD-like skin symptoms in mice and cells. OJEE reduced the 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene-induced AD severity, serum levels of IgE and TARC, and mRNA levels of TARC, TNF-α, and IL-4 in NC/Nga mice. Histopathological analysis showed that OJEE reduced the thickness of the epidermis/dermis and dermal infiltration of inflammatory cells in ear tissue. Furthermore, OJEE suppressed the TNF-α/IFN-γ-increased TARC mRNA level by inhibiting NF-κB and STAT1 activation in HaCaT cells. Taken together, our findings show that OJEE reduced the risk of AD-like skin symptoms by decreasing TARC expression via inhibiting NF-κB and STAT1 activation in skin keratinocytes and thus shows promise as an alternative therapy for AD-like skin lesions.
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Lin TH, Chen SI, Su YC, Lin MC, Lin HJ, Huang ST. Conventional Western Treatment Combined With Chinese Herbal Medicine Alleviates the Progressive Risk of Lung Cancer in Patients With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Nationwide Retrospective Cohort Study. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:987. [PMID: 31572178 PMCID: PMC6753872 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and purpose: Lung cancer has high global incidence and mortality rates. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is strongly associated with lung cancer and is an independent risk factor for lung cancer with or without smoking. Chinese herbal medicines (CHMs) are used to treat COPD. This study sought to determine whether CHM treatment effectively decreases the incidence of lung cancer in COPD patients receiving conventional Western medical treatment. Methods: Records obtained from the National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD) were used to identify 81,780 adults aged ≥18 years newly diagnosed with COPD in Taiwan between 2000 and 2010. Among them, 11,180 received CHMs after COPD diagnosis and 23,319 did not (non-CHM). After excluding patients with missing basic demographic information, each group consisted of 2,682 patients. Statistical methods analyzed the baseline characteristics for both groups and we performed a Cox proportional hazard regression analysis to examine the incidence of lung cancer. The cumulative incidence of lung cancer in COPD patients with or without CHM treatment was calculated by the Kaplan-Meier method. The association between herbs and formulas was examined by NodeXL to perform a network analysis of CHM. Results: COPD patients using CHM had a lower risk for lung cancer (adjusted hazards ratio [aHR] = 0.36, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.24–0.53, p < 0.001). Older age was associated with a higher risk of lung cancer: patients aged 40–59 years (aHR = 5.32, 95% CI = 2.19–12.94, p < 0.001) and those aged ≥60 years (aHR = 16.75, 95% CI = 7.54–37.23, p < 0.001) were at significantly greater risk compared with patients aged 18–39 years. CHM use was associated with a trend for a lower cumulative incidence of lung cancer compared with non-CHM use (p < 0.001). Among the 10 most commonly used single herbs and formulas used to decrease the risk of lung cancer in COPD patients, Fritillariae thunbergii was the most commonly used single herb and Xiao Qing Long Tang the most commonly used formula. Conclusion: The findings from this nationwide retrospective cohort study indicate that CHM as adjunctive therapy in COPD treatment regimens may reduce the risk of lung cancer in this vulnerable patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsai-Hui Lin
- Department of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shu-I Chen
- Department of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Chih Su
- Management Office for Health Data, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Chen Lin
- Management Office for Health Data, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Jen Lin
- Department of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Teng Huang
- Department of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,An-Nan Hospital, China Medical University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Chinese Medicine Research Center, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Cancer Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
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Samsuzzaman M, Uddin MS, Shah MA, Mathew B. Natural inhibitors on airway mucin: Molecular insight into the therapeutic potential targeting MUC5AC expression and production. Life Sci 2019; 231:116485. [PMID: 31116959 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.05.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Airway mucin overproduction is the hallmark risk factor of asthma, which is associated with the reduction of lung function. An aberrant mucin expression is responsible for airway obstruction due to its high viscous characteristics. Among the mucins discovered, MUC5AC is the prime mucin of airway epithelia. Nowadays, mucins induced asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are a great concern all over the world. This review focuses on the effects of natural compounds that can be beneficial to explore new drugs to halt MUC5AC secretion and production in airway epithelial, and also their underlying molecular mechanisms based on recent studies. Several researchers are seeking natural sources to identify a new potent MUC5AC inhibitory agent for clinical applications, because of countable limitations of existing synthetic drugs. Currently, flavonoids, glycoside and steroids like natural compounds have acquired great attention due to their anti-inflammatory and mucoregulatory effects. Most importantly, many natural compounds have shown their potential effects as the modulator of mucin expression, secretion, and production. Therefore, targeting airway MUC5AC expression and production represents an auspicious area of research for the development of drugs against various respiratory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Samsuzzaman
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, South Korea; Department of Food and Life Science, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, South Korea
| | - Md Sahab Uddin
- Department of Pharmacy, Southeast University, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Pharmakon Neuroscience Research Network, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
| | - Muhammad Ajmal Shah
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Bijo Mathew
- Division of Drug Design and Medicinal Chemistry Research Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Ahalia School of Pharmacy, Palakkad, India
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Liu M, Huang Y, Qin J, Wang Y, Ke B, Yang Y. Inhibition of MAPKs Signaling Pathways Prevents Acrolein-Induced Neurotoxicity in HT22 Mouse Hippocampal Cells. Biol Pharm Bull 2019; 42:617-622. [PMID: 30700647 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b18-00715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) in neurons may underlie the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Acrolein, a ubiquitous pollutant, has been reported to implicate in the etiology of AD. Our previous data showed that acrolein changed the levels of key AD-associated proteins, including advanced glycation end products (RAGE), A-disintegrin and metalloprotease (ADAM-10), and beta-site amyloid-beta peptide cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE-1). In this study, we investigated whether acrolein-induced alterations of AD-associated proteins are relevant to MAPKs activation, and strategies to inhibit MAPKs activation yield benefits to acrolein-induced neurotoxicity in HT22 mouse hippocampal cells. We found that acrolein activated MAPKs signaling pathways to mediate cells apoptosis, and then altered the levels of AD-associated proteins ADAM-10, BACE-1 and RAGE. Inhibitors of MAPKs signaling pathways attenuated the cells death and restored the proteins levels of ADAM-10, BACE-1 and RAGE in varying degrees induced by acrolein. Taken together, activated MAPKs signaling pathways should be underlying the pathology of acrolein-induced neuronal disorders. Inhibitors of MAPKs pathways might be promising agents for acrolein-related diseases, such as AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- MengTing Liu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University
| | - YingJuan Huang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University
| | - Jian Qin
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University
| | - YuanYuan Wang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, the Eastern Hospital of the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University
| | - Bin Ke
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University
| | - YuBin Yang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University
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18
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Park M, Park SY, Lee HJ, Kim CE. A Systems-Level Analysis of Mechanisms of Platycodon grandiflorum Based on A Network Pharmacological Approach. Molecules 2018; 23:E2841. [PMID: 30388815 PMCID: PMC6278259 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23112841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Platycodon grandiflorum (PG) is widely used in Asia for its various beneficial effects. Although many studies were conducted to understand the molecular mechanisms of PG, it is still unclear how the combinations of multiple ingredients work together to exert its therapeutic effects. The aim of the present study was to provide a comprehensive review of the systems-level mechanisms of PG by adopting network pharmacological analysis. We constructed a compound⁻target⁻disease network for PG using experimentally validated and machine-leaning-based prediction results. Each target of the network was analyzed based on previously known pharmacological activities of PG. Gene ontology analysis revealed that the majority of targets were related to cellular and metabolic processes, responses to stimuli, and biological regulation. In pathway enrichment analyses of targets, the terms related to cancer showed the most significant enrichment and formed distinct clusters. Degree matrix analysis for target⁻disease associations of PG suggested the therapeutic potential of PG in various cancers including hepatocellular carcinoma, gastric cancer, prostate cancer, small-cell lung cancer, and renal cell carcinoma. We expect that network pharmacological approaches will provide an understanding of the systems-level mechanisms of medicinal herbs and further develop their therapeutic potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Musun Park
- Department of Physiology, College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Korea.
| | - Sa-Yoon Park
- Department of Physiology, College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Korea.
| | - Hae-Jeung Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of BioNano Technology, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Korea.
| | - Chang-Eop Kim
- Department of Physiology, College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Korea.
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Effects of Modified Zhisou Powder on Airway Mucus Production in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Model Rats with Cold-Dryness Syndrome. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2018; 2018:7297141. [PMID: 30105060 PMCID: PMC6076937 DOI: 10.1155/2018/7297141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 06/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Objective. In China, the Chinese medicine formula modified zhisou powder (MZP) is commonly used to treat COPD with cold-dryness syndrome (CDSCOPD) to relieve cough and sputum. However, the underlying mechanisms of MZP on treating CDSCOPD remain to be elucidated. Methods. COPD and CDSCOPD rat models were established; MZP was given to CDSCOPD rats in the last 7 days of the 97-day model establishment. Then the rats were subjected to lung function measurement. Pathological changes in lungs were observed through paraffin section and H&E staining. The mRNA and protein levels of AQP1, 4, and 5 and Muc5AC and Muc5B in lung were determined by quantitative RT-PCR and western blotting. NE levels was determined by ELISA. Results. The impaired lung functions were observed in rats exposed to cigarette smoke. Among all parameters evaluating lung functions, only tidal volume demonstrates a further decrease in CDSCOPD when compared with COPD, indicating further impaired pulmonary ventilation functions upon cold-dryness stimulation. The intervention of MZP effectively improved lung functions parameters, prevented the inflammations, and eliminated the increases of AQP4 and 5 and the decrease of Muc5AC in lung. Conclusion. MZP probably improves pulmonary functions in CDSCOPD through inhibiting lung inflammation, increasing expressions of AQPs, and decreasing Muc5AC expression in lung.
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Choi JH, Jin SW, Kim HG, Choi CY, Lee HS, Ryu SY, Chung YC, Hwang YJ, Um YJ, Jeong TC, Jeong HG. Saponins, especially platyconic acid A, from Platycodon grandiflorum reduce airway inflammation in ovalbumin-induced mice and PMA-exposed A549 cells. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:1468-1476. [PMID: 25590691 DOI: 10.1021/jf5043954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the inhibitory effects of Platycodon grandiflorum root-derived saponins (Changkil saponins: CKS) on ovalbumin-induced airway inflammation in mice. CKS suppressed leukocytes number, IgE, Th1/Th2 cytokines, and MCP-1 chemokine secretion in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Also, ovalbumin-increased MUC5AC, MMP-2/9, and TIMP-1/-2 mRNA expression, NF-κB activation, leukocytes recruitment, and mucus secretion were inhibited by CKS treatment. Moreover, the active component of CKS, platyconic acid A (PA), suppressed PMA-induced MUC5AC mRNA expression (from 2.1 ± 0.2 to 1.1 ± 0.1) by inhibiting NF-κB activation (from 2.3 ± 0.2 to 1.2 ± 0.1) via Akt (from 3.7 ± 0.3 to 2.1 ± 0.2) (p < 0.01) in A549 cells. Therefore, we demonstrate that CKS or PA suppressed the development of respiratory inflammation, hyperresponsiveness, and remodeling by reducing allergic responses, and they may be potential herbal drugs for allergen-induced respiratory disease prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Ho Choi
- Department of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University , Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea
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Gangwar M, Goel RK, Nath G. Mallotus philippinensis Muell. Arg (Euphorbiaceae): ethnopharmacology and phytochemistry review. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:213973. [PMID: 25105119 PMCID: PMC4109133 DOI: 10.1155/2014/213973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2014] [Revised: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mallotus philippinensis Muell. Arg (Euphorbiaceae) are widely distributed perennial shrub or small tree in tropical and subtropical region in outer Himalayas regions with an altitude below 1,000 m and are reported to have wide range of pharmacological activities. Mallotus philippinensis species are known to contain different natural compounds, mainly phenols, diterpenoids, steroids, flavonoids, cardenolides, triterpenoids, coumarins, isocoumarins, and many more especially phenols; that is, bergenin, mallotophilippinens, rottlerin, and isorottlerin have been isolated, identified, and reported interesting biological activities such as antimicrobial, antioxidant, antiviral, cytotoxicity, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immunoregulatory activity protein inhibition against cancer cell. We have selected all the pharmacological aspects and toxicological and all its biological related studies. The present review reveals that Mallotus philippinensis is a valuable source of medicinally important natural molecules and provides convincing support for its future use in modern medicine. However, the existing knowledge is very limited about Mallotus philippinensis and its different parts like steam, leaf, and fruit. Further, more detailed safety data pertaining to the acute and subacute toxicity and cardio- and immunotoxicity also needs to be generated for crude extracts or its pure isolated compounds. This review underlines the interest to continue the study of this genus of the Euphorbiaceae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayank Gangwar
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Infections and Molecular Diagnosis, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - R. K. Goel
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Gopal Nath
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Infections and Molecular Diagnosis, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
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Shin IS, Park JW, Shin NR, Jeon CM, Kwon OK, Lee MY, Kim HS, Kim JC, Oh SR, Ahn KS. Melatonin inhibits MUC5AC production via suppression of MAPK signaling in human airway epithelial cells. J Pineal Res 2014; 56:398-407. [PMID: 24720799 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Mucus acts as a primary defense system in the airway against various stimuli. However, excess mucus production causes a reduction in lung function via limitation of the airflow in the airway of patients suffering from asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). In this study, we evaluated the effects of melatonin on the production of MUC5AC, a major constituent of the mucin that is secreted from the airway, using epidermal growth factor (EGF)-stimulated NCI-H292 cells, a human mucoepidermoid carcinoma cell line, and an ovalbumin (OVA)-induced asthma murine model. Melatonin treatment significantly reduced the mRNA and protein levels of MUC5AC and reduced interleukin (IL)-6 production in EGF-stimulated H292 cells. Melatonin markedly decreased the phosphorylation of MAPKs, including ERK1/2, JNK, and p-38, induced by EGF stimulation. These findings were consistent with the results using MAPK inhibitors. Particularly, co-treatment with melatonin and a MAPK inhibitor more effectively suppressed MAPK phosphorylation than treatment with a MAPK inhibitor alone, which resulted in a reduction in MUC5AC expression. In the asthma murine model, melatonin-treated mice exhibited a marked reduction in MUC5AC expression in the airway compared with the OVA-induced mice. These reductions were accompanied by reductions in proinflammatory cytokine production and inflammatory cell infiltration. Collectively, these findings indicate that melatonin effectively inhibits MUC5AC expression. These effects may be closely associated with the inhibition of MAPK phosphorylation. Furthermore, our study suggests that melatonin could represent a potential therapeutic for chronic airway diseases, such as asthma and COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- In-Sik Shin
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chungbuk, Korea; College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
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Choi JH, Hwang YP, Kim HG, Khanal T, Do MT, Jin SW, Han HJ, Lee HS, Lee YC, Chung YC, Jeong TC, Jeong HG. Saponins from the roots of Platycodon grandiflorum suppresses TGFβ1-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition via repression of PI3K/Akt, ERK1/2 and Smad2/3 pathway in human lung carcinoma A549 cells. Nutr Cancer 2013; 66:140-51. [PMID: 24341702 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2014.853087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) is a multifunctional cytokine that induces growth arrest, tissue fibrosis, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) through activation of Smad and non-Smad signaling pathways. EMT is the differentiation switch by which polarized epithelial cells differentiate into contractile and motile mesenchymal cells. Our previous studies have shown that saponins from the roots of Platycodon grandiflorum (CKS) have antiinflammatory, antioxidant, antimetastatic, and hepatoprotective effects. In this study, we investigated the inhibitory effect of CKS on TGFβ1-induced alterations characteristic of EMT in human lung carcinoma A549 cells. We found that CKS-treated cells displayed inhibited TGFβ1-mediated E-cadherin downregulation and Vimentin upregulation and also retained epithelial morphology. Furthermore, TGFβ1-increased Snail expression, a repressor of E-cadherin and an inducer of the EMT, was reduced by CKS. CKS inhibited TGFβ1-induced phosphorylation of Akt, ERK1/2, and glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β). Inhibition of PI3K/Akt and ERK1/2 also blocked TGFβ1-induced GSK-3β phosphorylation and Snail activation. Furthermore, TGFβ1-increased Snail expression was reduced by selective inhibitors of Akt and ERK1/2. Moreover, CKS treatment attenuated TGFβ1-induced Smad2/3 phosphorylation and upregulated Smad7 expression. These results indicate that pretreatment with the CKS inhibits the TGFβ1-induced EMT through PI3K/Akt, ERK1/2, GSK-3β and Smad2/3 in human lung carcinoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Ho Choi
- a Department of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy , Chungnam National University , Daejeon , Republic of Korea
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Chan TK, Ng DSW, Cheng C, Guan SP, Koh HM, Wong WSF. Anti-allergic actions of rottlerin from Mallotus philippinensis in experimental mast cell-mediated anaphylactic models. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2013; 20:853-860. [PMID: 23632085 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2013.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2012] [Revised: 02/04/2013] [Accepted: 03/09/2013] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Allergy is an acquired hypersensitivity reaction of the immune system mediated by cross-linking of the allergen-specific IgE-bound high-affinity IgE receptors, leading to immediate mast cell degranulation. Rottlerin is an active molecule isolated from Mallotus philippinensis, a medicinal plant used in Ayurvedic Medicine System for anti-allergic and anti-helminthic treatments. The present study investigated potential anti-allergic effects of rottlerin in animal models of IgE-dependent anaphylaxis and the anti-allergic mechanisms of action of rottlerin in mast cells. Anti-allergic actions of rottlerin were evaluated in passive cutaneous anaphylaxis and passive systemic anaphylaxis mouse models, and in anaphylactic contraction of bronchial rings isolated from sensitized guinea pigs. Direct mast cell-stabilizing effect of rottlerin was examined in RBL-2H3 mast cell line. Anti-allergic signaling mechanisms of action of rottlerin in mast cells were also examined. Rottlerin prevented IgE-mediated cutaneous vascular extravasation, hypothermia, elevation in plasma histamine level and tracheal tissue mast cell degranulation in mice in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, rottlerin suppressed ovalbumin-induced guinea pig bronchial smooth muscle contraction. Furthermore, rottlerin concentration-dependently blocked IgE-mediated immediate release of β-hexosaminidase from RBL-2H3 mast cells. Rottlerin was found to inhibit IgE-induced PLCγ1 and Akt phosphorylation, production of IP3 and rise in cytosolic Ca²⁺ level in mast cells. We report here for the first time that rottlerin possesses anti-allergic activity by blocking IgE-induced mast cell degranulation, providing a foundation for developing rottlerin for the treatment of allergic asthma and other mast cell-mediated allergic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tze Khee Chan
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore
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Lee JH, Oh EK, Cho HD, Kim JY, Lee MK, Seo KI. Crude saponins from Platycodon grandiflorum induce apoptotic cell death in RC-58T/h/SA#4 prostate cancer cells through the activation of caspase cascades and apoptosis-inducing factor. Oncol Rep 2013; 29:1421-8. [PMID: 23443329 DOI: 10.3892/or.2013.2256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2012] [Accepted: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Saponins are a major active component of Platycodon grandiflorum (P. grandiflorum) and are known to induce apoptosis in metastatic prostate cancer cell lines. However, thus far, no research has been conducted on the anticancer activity of saponins in RC-58T/h/SA#4 primary prostate cancer cells. In this study, we show that the treatment of prostate cancer cells with saponins extracted from P. grandiflorum (SPG) inhibits cell proliferation in a dose-dependent manner. SPG significantly induced apoptotic cell death, resulting in an increase in the sub-G1 apoptotic cell population, apoptotic DNA fragmentation and morphological changes. Pre-treatment with a caspase inhibitor modestly attenuated the SPG-induced increase in the sub-G1 cell population, suggesting that caspases play a role in SPG-induced apoptosis. Moreover, SPG-induced apoptosis was associated with changes in caspase activity, the upregulation of the apoptotic protein, Bax and the downregulation of the anti-apoptotic protein, Bcl-2. Furthermore, the caspase-independent mitochondrial apoptosis factor, apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) was upregulated following SPG treatment. These findings indicate that SPG exerts its anticancer effects on RC-58T/h/SA#4 primary prostate cancer cells through mitochondrial caspase-dependent and -independent apoptotic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Hye Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, Jeonnam 540-742, Republic of Korea
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Huang Y, Jin M, Pi R, Zhang J, Chen M, Ouyang Y, Liu A, Chao X, Liu P, Liu J, Ramassamy C, Qin J. Protective effects of caffeic acid and caffeic acid phenethyl ester against acrolein-induced neurotoxicity in HT22 mouse hippocampal cells. Neurosci Lett 2013; 535:146-51. [PMID: 23313590 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2012.12.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2012] [Revised: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Acrolein-induced oxidative stress is hypothesized to involve in the etiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Caffeic acid (CA) and caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) have antioxidative and neuroprotective properties. The present study investigated the protective effects of CA/CAPE on acrolein-induced oxidative neuronal toxicity. HT22 mouse hippocampal cells were pretreated with CA/CAPE and then exposed to acrolein. Cell viability, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), and glutathione (GSH) level were measured. MAPKs and Akt/GSK3β signaling proteins as well as α/β-secretase of amyloid protein precursor were assayed by Western blotting. Pretreatment with CA/CAPE significantly attenuated acrolein-induced neurotoxicity, ROS accumulation, and GSH depletion. Further study suggested that CA/CAPE showed protective effects against acrolein by modulating MAPKs and Akt/GSK3β signaling pathways. Moreover, CA/CAPE restored the changes of β-secretase (BACE-1) and/or activation of α-secretase (ADAM-10) induced by acrolein. These findings suggest that CA/CAPE may provide a promising approach for the treatment of acrolein-related neurodegenerative diseases, such as AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjuan Huang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
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Naringin attenuates EGF-induced MUC5AC secretion in A549 cells by suppressing the cooperative activities of MAPKs-AP-1 and IKKs-IκB-NF-κB signaling pathways. Eur J Pharmacol 2012; 690:207-13. [PMID: 22766066 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2012.06.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2012] [Revised: 06/20/2012] [Accepted: 06/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Naringenin, the aglycone of naringin, has been reported to attenuate MUC5AC secretion by inhibiting activity of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) via EGFR-PI3K-Akt/ERK MAPKinase signaling pathways. However, previous studies demonstrated that the MUC5AC promoter was located in two different regions: an activator protein-1 (AP-1) binding site and a NF-κB binding site. The current study comprehensively determined the involvement of MAPKs/AP-1 and IKKs/IκB/NF-κB in epidermal growth factor (EGF)-induced A549 cells, and sought to ascertain the signaling pathways of naringin imparted in suppression of EGF-induced MUC5AC secretion. The results showed that naringin of 100 μM not only significantly decreased EGF-induced overexpressions of both MUC5AC mucin and mRNA in A549 cells, but also suppressed the phosphorylation of EGF receptor, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2), and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), as well as nucleus NF-κB p65 and AP-1. Moreover, any of three MAPKs inhibitors (PD98059, SB203580, and SP600125) significantly inhibited EGF-induced MUC5AC secretion. And as compared to MG132, the inhibitor κB (IκB) phosphorylation inhibitor of SN50 was more effective in reducing EGF-induced MUC5AC secretion because of suppression of nucleus AP-1. Meanwhile, as compared to naringin, both SP600125 and azithromycin were less effective in suppressing EGF-induced secretion of MUC5AC because of the unchanged nucleus NF-κB p65. These results indicated that naringin attenuates EGF-induced MUC5AC secretion in A549 cells by suppressing the cooperative activities of MAPKs/AP-1 and IKKs/IκB/NF-κB signaling pathways.
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