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Ma C, Wu X. Cyperus peptide SFRWQ inhibits oxidation and inflammation in RAW264.7 cell model. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 267:131272. [PMID: 38565370 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Oxidative stress can induce many diseases. Antioxidant peptides from food sources have the advantages of good safety, high activity, and good absorbability. In this study, a pentapeptide (SFRWQ; SER-PHE-ARG-TRP-GLN) was identified in a protein hydrolysate of Cyperus (Cyperus esculentus L.). Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), real-time quantitative (qPCR), immunofluorescence and other techniques were used to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of SFRWQ. SFRWQ was found to have 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical-scavenging ability, help increase superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) levels in RAW264.7 cells, reduce reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, and decrease tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) gene expression and secretion. The binding score of SFRWQ to recombinant Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1) was greater than that of TX6. These findings suggest that SFRWQ activates the Keap1-Nrf2 cellular antioxidant signaling pathway. According to metabolomics studies, SFRWQ increased glutathione (GSH), glutathione disulfide (GSSG), and γ-glutamylcysteine levels and decreased the levels of Prostaglandin D2 (PGD2), Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and Prostaglandin H2 (PGH2), which are involved in arachidonic acid metabolism, to protect cells from LPS-induced damage. By elucidating the mechanism of action of SFRWQ, we provide a reference for the development of dietary antioxidant peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoyue Ma
- School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia 010000, PR China
| | - Xiaotong Wu
- School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia 010000, PR China.
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2
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Yang W, Guo H, Niu J, Liu J, Su R, Bai Y, Zhang S, Liu Q, Sun N. Phloroglucinol inhibits oxytocin-induced contraction in rat gastric circular muscle and uterine smooth muscle. J OBSTET GYNAECOL 2023; 43:2130208. [PMID: 36227618 DOI: 10.1080/01443615.2022.2130208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Phloroglucinol is commonly used to alleviate dysmenorrhoea and stomach cramps. However, there is little evidence of phloroglucinol in the mechanism of primary dysmenorrhoea (PD) development. In this study, a PD rat model was established. The effects of phloroglucinol on the contraction of rat gastric circular muscle and uterine smooth muscle induced by oxytocin (OT) were investigated. The writhing response, and levels of oestradiol (E2), prostaglandin e2 (PGE2), and prostaglandin f2α (PGF2α) were determined. The protein and mRNA levels of OT receptor (OTR) were detected. OT showed a significant promoting effect on gastric circular muscle and uterine smooth muscle contraction. However, phloroglucinol strongly inhibited the contraction induced by 10-6 mol/L of OT. We also found that phloroglucinol reduced writhing response and attenuated uterine damage. Compared to the blank group, E2 and PGF2α were significantly increased, but PGE2 was significantly decreased in the PD model group. Phloroglucinol was found to reverse the changes of E2, PGF2α and PGE2. Moreover, phloroglucinol reduced the protein and mRNA levels of OTR. In conclusion, phloroglucinol could attenuate PD and inhibit the contraction of rat gastric circular muscle and uterine smooth muscle induced by OT. The mechanism might be related with the regulation of OTR expression.IMPACT STATEMENTWhat is already known on this subject? Phloroglucinol is commonly used to alleviate dysmenorrhoea and stomach cramps. However, there is little evidence of phloroglucinol in the mechanism of primary dysmenorrhoea (PD) development.What do the results of this study add? Phloroglucinol could attenuate PD and inhibit the contraction of rat gastric circular muscle and uterine smooth muscle induced by OT. The underlying mechanisms of phloroglucinol for PD treatment may be associated with OTR.What are the implications of these findings for clinical practice and/or further research? These findings provide novel ideas for the role of phloroglucinol in PD development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhui Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou City, China
| | - Hua Guo
- Department of Pharmacy, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou City, China
| | - Jinbo Niu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou City, China
| | - Junya Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou City, China
| | - Ran Su
- Department of Pharmacy, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou City, China
| | - Yingde Bai
- Department of Pharmacy, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou City, China
| | - Shuang Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou City, China
| | - Qian Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou City, China
| | - Nan Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou City, China
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3
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Han EJ, Im ST, Ahn G, Lee SH. Radio-protective effects of Thymus quinquecostatus Celak extract in mice. Appl Radiat Isot 2023; 199:110881. [PMID: 37267776 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2023.110881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Thymus quinquecostatus Celak (TQC) is an aromatic herb, that possesses a wide range of biological properties. In the present study, we investigated the radio-protective effect of TQC water extract (TQCW) in gamma ray-exposed splenocytes, a peripheral immune cell and mice. Our results showed that the treatment with TQCW dose-dependently increased the viability of splenocytes. TQCW significantly increased the proliferation of splenocytes by reducing the production of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) in 2 Gy-exposed splenocytes. Moreover, TQCW enhanced the hemopoietic system as increasing the number of endogenous spleen colony-forming units, and the number and the proliferation of splenocytes in 7 Gy-exposed mice. These results suggest that TQCW protects mice by enhancing the splenocytes proliferation and hemopoietic systems following exposure to gamma rays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eui Jeong Han
- Department of Marine Bio-Food Sciences, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, 59626, Republic of Korea; Research Center for Healthcare and Biomedical Engineering, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, 59626, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Tae Im
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Medical Science, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, 31538, Republic of Korea
| | - Ginnae Ahn
- Department of Marine Bio-Food Sciences, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, 59626, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seung-Hong Lee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Medical Science, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, 31538, Republic of Korea.
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Okeke ES, Nweze EJ, Chibuogwu CC, Anaduaka EG, Chukwudozie KI, Ezeorba TPC. Aquatic Phlorotannins and Human Health: Bioavailability, Toxicity, and Future Prospects. Nat Prod Commun 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x211056144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Medicinal chemists and pharmacognosists have relied on terrestrial sources for bioactive phytochemicals to manage and treat disease conditions. However, minimal interest is given to sea life, especially macroalgae and their inherent phytochemical reserves. Phlorotannins are a special class of phytochemicals mainly predominant in brown algae of marine and estuarine habitats. Phlorotannins are formed through the polymerization of phloroglucinol residues and derivatives via the polyketide (acetate–malonate) pathway. Studies over the past decades have implicated phlorotannins with several bioactivities, including anti-herbivory, antioxidants, anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, anti-proliferative, anti-diabetic, radio-protective, adipogenic, anti-allergic, and anti-human immunodeficiency virus (anti-HIV) properties. All these activities are reflected in their applications as nutraceuticals and cosmeceutical agents. This article reviews the chemical composition of phlorotannins, their biological roles, and their applications. Moreover, very few studies on phlorotannin bioavailability, safety, and toxicity have been thoroughly reviewed. The paper concludes by suggesting exciting research questions for further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Sunday Okeke
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
- School of General Studies, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
- Institute of Environmental Health and Ecological Security, School of Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, P.R. China
- Organization of African Academic Doctor, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Ekene John Nweze
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | | | | | | | - Timothy Prince Chidike Ezeorba
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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Abraham RE, Alghazwi M, Liang Q, Zhang W. Advances on marine-derived natural radioprotection compounds: historic development and future perspective. MARINE LIFE SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 3:474-487. [PMID: 37073261 PMCID: PMC10077276 DOI: 10.1007/s42995-021-00095-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Natural extracts and compounds from marine resources have gained intensive scientific and industry attention for radioprotective activities in the past ten years. However, the marine-derived radioprotectants have been studied against UV-rays, gamma (γ)-rays and X-rays for more than 30 years. This review aims to identify key marine-derived extracts/compounds and their modes of action studied for radioprotective activities from 1986 to 2019. A comprehensive survey was conducted to establish the trend in terms of the publications each year and the countries of origin. A total of 40 extracts and 34 natural compounds showing radioprotective activities against UV-rays, gamma (γ)-rays and X-rays were identified from a range of marine plants and animals. These extracts and compounds are broadly categorized into polysaccharides, phlorotannins, carotenoids and mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs). Macroalgae and microalgae were found to be the dominant sources of polysaccharides, phlorotannins and carotenoids. MAAs were mainly identified in algae, sponges, sea cucumber and corals that showed significant UV-absorbing activities. A number of radioprotective mechanisms were shown by these compounds, predominantly free radicals scavenging, inhibition of apoptosis, UV-ray absorption and DNA damage-repair signaling pathways. While these bio-discoveries warrant further investigation and development of radioprotective therapeutics, however, the lack of clinical studies is a major obstacle to be tackled in the future. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s42995-021-00095-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reinu E. Abraham
- Centre for Marine Bioproducts Development, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA 5042 Australia
| | - Mousa Alghazwi
- Centre for Marine Bioproducts Development, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA 5042 Australia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Qi Liang
- Centre for Marine Bioproducts Development, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA 5042 Australia
- Shanxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan, 030619 China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Centre for Marine Bioproducts Development, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA 5042 Australia
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Milanović Ž, Tošović J, Marković S, Marković Z. Comparison of the scavenging capacities of phloroglucinol and 2,4,6-trihydroxypyridine towards HO˙ radical: a computational study. RSC Adv 2020; 10:43262-43272. [PMID: 35519718 PMCID: PMC9058218 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra08377a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work the scavenging capacities of biologically active phloroglucinol (1,3,5-trihydroxybenzene, THB–OH) and structurally similar 2,4,6-trihydroxypyridine (THP–OH) towards HO˙ were examined. This task was realized by means of density functional theory, through investigation of all favorable antioxidative pathways in two solvents of different polarity: benzene and water. It was found that in benzene both compounds conform to the hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) and radical adduct formation (RAF) mechanisms. In water, the mechanisms of antioxidative action of the investigated compounds are far more complex, especially those of THB–OH. This compound and HO˙ undergo all four investigated mechanisms: HAT, RAF, sequential proton loss electron transfer (SPLET), and single electron transfer-proton transfer (SET-PT). HAT, RAF and SPLET are operative mechanisms in the case of THP–OH. Independently of solvent polarity, both investigated compounds are more reactive towards HO˙ in comparison to Trolox. Our final remark is as follows: the electron-withdrawing effect of the nitrogen is stronger than the electron-donating effect of the OH groups in the molecule of THP–OH. As a consequence, THB–OH is more powerful antioxidant than THP–OH, thus implying that the presence of nitrogen decreases the scavenging capacity of the respective compound. The scavenging capacities of biologically active phloroglucinol (1,3,5-trihydroxybenzene, THB–OH) and structurally similar 2,4,6-trihydroxypyridine (THP–OH) towards HO˙ were elucidated.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Žiko Milanović
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Kragujevac 12 Radoja Domanovića 34000 Kragujevac Serbia
| | - Jelena Tošović
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Kragujevac 12 Radoja Domanovića 34000 Kragujevac Serbia
| | - Svetlana Marković
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Kragujevac 12 Radoja Domanovića 34000 Kragujevac Serbia
| | - Zoran Marković
- Department of Science, Institute for Information Technologies, University of Kragujevac Jovana Civijića bb 34000 Kragujevac Serbia
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Son M, Oh S, Choi J, Jang JT, Choi CH, Park KY, Son KH, Byun K. The Phlorotannin-Rich Fraction of Ecklonia cava Extract Attenuated the Expressions of the Markers Related with Inflammation and Leptin Resistance in Adipose Tissue. Int J Endocrinol 2020; 2020:9142134. [PMID: 32215011 PMCID: PMC7081028 DOI: 10.1155/2020/9142134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is associated with systemic chronic inflammation, and it induces central leptin resistance which blocks the appetite-suppressing effect of leptin and leptin resistance in adipocytes. In the present study, we evaluated the effects of Ecklonia cava extract (ECE), which contained rich phlorotannins, on inflammation and leptin resistance in the adipose tissue of a diet-induced obese model. Effects of ECE on fat deposition, inflammation, M1/M2 macrophage, and T-cell infiltrations were investigated, and leptin resistance and SOCS3 were also measured in adipose tissue. Furthermore, ECE attenuated the expression of inflammation-related receptors such as TLR4 and RAGE and leptin resistance by reducing SOCS3 expression, increasing expression of leptin receptor in adipose tissue, and increasing lipolysis. ECE showed antiadiposity and anti-inflammatory effects, attenuated leptin resistance, and increased lipolysis in the diet-induced obese model. This study shows that ECE is a suitable dietary supplement candidate for the prevention or treatment of obesity or obesity-associated diseases, especially inflammation-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myeongjoo Son
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea
- Functional Cellular Networks Laboratory, College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Graduate School and Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, Republic of Korea
| | - Seyeon Oh
- Functional Cellular Networks Laboratory, College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Graduate School and Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, Republic of Korea
| | - Junwon Choi
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea
- Functional Cellular Networks Laboratory, College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Graduate School and Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Tae Jang
- Aqua Green Technology Co., Ltd., Smart Bldg., Jeju Science Park, Jeju 63309, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Hu Choi
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Gachon University, Incheon 21565, Republic of Korea
| | - Kook Yang Park
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Gachon University, Incheon 21565, Republic of Korea
| | - Kuk Hui Son
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Gachon University, Incheon 21565, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyunghee Byun
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea
- Functional Cellular Networks Laboratory, College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Graduate School and Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, Republic of Korea
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Park C, Cha HJ, Hong SH, Kim GY, Kim S, Kim HS, Kim BW, Jeon YJ, Choi YH. Protective Effect of Phloroglucinol on Oxidative Stress-Induced DNA Damage and Apoptosis through Activation of the Nrf2/HO-1 Signaling Pathway in HaCaT Human Keratinocytes. Mar Drugs 2019; 17:md17040225. [PMID: 31013932 PMCID: PMC6520966 DOI: 10.3390/md17040225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Phloroglucinol (PG) is a component of phlorotannins, which are abundant in marine brown alga species. Recent studies have shown that PG is beneficial in protecting cells from oxidative stress. In this study, we evaluated the protective efficacy of PG in HaCaT human skin keratinocytes stimulated with oxidative stress (hydrogen peroxide, H2O2). The results showed that PG significantly inhibited the H2O2-induced growth inhibition in HaCaT cells, which was associated with increased expression of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) by the activation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor-2 (Nrf2). PG remarkably reversed H2O2-induced excessive ROS production, DNA damage, and apoptosis. Additionally, H2O2-induced mitochondrial dysfunction was related to a decrease in ATP levels, and in the presence of PG, these changes were significantly impaired. Furthermore, the increases of cytosolic release of cytochrome c and ratio of Bax to Bcl-2, and the activation of caspase-9 and caspase-3 by the H2O2 were markedly abolished under the condition of PG pretreatment. However, the inhibition of HO-1 function using zinc protoporphyrin, a HO-1 inhibitor, markedly attenuated these protective effects of PG against H2O2. Overall, our results suggest that PG is able to protect HaCaT keratinocytes against oxidative stress-induced DNA damage and apoptosis through activating the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheol Park
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Dong-eui University, Busan 47340, Korea.
| | - Hee-Jae Cha
- Department of Parasitology and Genetics, College of Medicine, Kosin University, Busan 49267, Korea.
| | - Su Hyun Hong
- Department of Biochemistry, Dong-eui University College of Korean Medicine, Busan 47227, Korea.
- Anti-Aging Research Center, Dong-eui University, Busan 47227, Korea.
| | - Gi-Young Kim
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, School of Marine Biomedical Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea.
| | - Suhkmann Kim
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea.
| | - Heui-Soo Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea.
| | - Byung Woo Kim
- Biopharmaceutical Engineering Major, Division of Applied Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Dong-eui University, Busan 47340, Korea.
| | - You-Jin Jeon
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, School of Marine Biomedical Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea.
| | - Yung Hyun Choi
- Department of Biochemistry, Dong-eui University College of Korean Medicine, Busan 47227, Korea.
- Anti-Aging Research Center, Dong-eui University, Busan 47227, Korea.
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Radioprotective effect of Hohenbuehelia serotina polysaccharides through mediation of ER apoptosis pathway in vivo. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 127:18-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.12.267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 12/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Kim IH, Choi JW, Lee MK, Kwon CJ, Nam TJ. Anti-obesity effects of pectinase and cellulase enzyme‑treated Ecklonia cava extract in high‑fat diet‑fed C57BL/6N mice. Int J Mol Med 2018; 41:924-934. [PMID: 29207025 PMCID: PMC5752156 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2017.3295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study investigated the anti‑obesity effects of enzyme‑treated Ecklonia cava extract (EEc) in C57BL/6N mice with high‑fat diet (HFD)‑induced obesity. The EEc was separated and purified with the digestive enzymes pectinase (Rapidase X‑Press L) and cellulase (Rohament CL) and its effects on the progression of HFD‑induced obesity were examined over 10 weeks. The mice were divided into 6 groups (n=10/group) as follows: Normal diet group, HFD group, mice fed a HFD with 25 mg/kg/day Garcinia cambogia extract and mice fed a HFD with 5, 25 or 150 mg/kg/day EEc (EHD groups). Changes in body weight, fat, serum lipid levels and lipogenic enzyme levels were determined. The body weight and liver weight were increased in the HFD group compared with those in the ND group, which was significantly reduced by EEc supplementation. In addition, significant reductions in epididymal, perirenal and mesenteric white adipose tissues were present in the EHD groups and all three EHD groups exhibited decreases in insulin, leptin and glutamate pyruvate transaminase levels compared with those in the HFD group. In addition, EEc treatment significantly decreased the serum and hepatic triglyceride levels compared with those in the HFD group. However, the levels of high‑density lipoprotein cholesterol/total cholesterol ration increased significantly in EHD‑25 and ‑150 groups compared with those in the HFD group. Changes in adipogenic and lipogenic protein expression in the liver was assessed by western blot analysis. The EHD‑25 and -150 groups exhibited reduced levels of CCAAT/enhancer‑binding protein α and peroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ. However, the phosphorylation ratios of AMP‑activated protein kinase and acetyl‑CoA carboxylase were significantly increased in the liver tissue obtained from the EHD (5, ‑25 and ‑150 mg/kg/day) groups compared with those in the HFD group. EEc supplementation reduced levels of sterol regulatory element‑binding protein‑1c, adipose fatty acid‑binding protein, fatty acid synthase and leptin, while it significantly increased glucose transporter type 4 and adiponectin protein levels in the liver tissues of all three EHD groups compared with those in the HFD group. Taken together, these results suggest that EEc exerts anti‑obesity effects by reducing body weight and the serum and hepatic levels of obesity‑associated factors. Thus, EEc supplementation reduces HFD‑induced obesity in C57BL/6N mice and has the potential to prevent obesity and subsequent metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- In-Hye Kim
- Cell Biology Laboratory, Institute of Fisheries Sciences, Pukyong National University, Busan, Gijang-gun 46041
| | - Jung-Wook Choi
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Pukyong National University, Busan, Nam-gu 48513
| | - Min-Kyeong Lee
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Pukyong National University, Busan, Nam-gu 48513
| | - Chang-Ju Kwon
- Ju Yeong NS Co., Ltd., Chuncheon, Gangwon-do 24232, Republic of Korea
| | - Taek-Jeong Nam
- Cell Biology Laboratory, Institute of Fisheries Sciences, Pukyong National University, Busan, Gijang-gun 46041
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Pukyong National University, Busan, Nam-gu 48513
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Koirala P, Jung HA, Choi JS. Recent advances in pharmacological research on Ecklonia species: a review. Arch Pharm Res 2017; 40:981-1005. [PMID: 28840539 PMCID: PMC7090987 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-017-0948-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The genus Ecklonia (Lessoniaceae, Phaeophyceae), commonly called kelp (brown algae), is abundant on the coasts of Japan and Korea. During the past few decades, Ecklonia species have received tremendous attention for their wide range of therapeutic properties and multiple health benefits, such as great nutritional value and being rich in vitamins, minerals, dietary fiber, proteins, and polysaccharides. Several novel functional ingredients with diversified biological activities have been isolated and possess antimicrobial, antiviral, hepatoprotective, cardioprotective, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, anticarcinogenic, immunomodulatory, hypolipidemic, anti-diabetic, and antioxidant therapeutic properties. The present review discusses the phytochemical, pharmacological, therapeutic, nutritional, and health benefits of different species of genus Ecklonia, as well as their use in the prevention of disease and maintenance of good health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashamsa Koirala
- Department of Food and Life Science, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Ah Jung
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jae Sue Choi
- Department of Food and Life Science, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea.
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Düzenli U, Olgun Y, Aktaş S, Pamukoğlu A, Altun Z. Effect of Ecklonia Cava Polyphenol Extract in House Ear Institute-Organ of Corti 1 Cells Against Cisplatin Ototoxicity: A Preliminary Study. Turk Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2016; 54:141-145. [PMID: 29392035 DOI: 10.5152/tao.2016.1974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Cisplatin is a widely used agent for the treatment of adult and childhood malignancies. Side effects such as nephrotoxicity, neurotoxicity, and ototoxicity lead to dose limitations. Ecklonia cava polyphenol extract (ECP) is a molecule obtained from algae that live in seawater in the Far East. ECP has recently been shown to have protective effects against oxidative stress. The aim of this study was to evaluate the possible protective effects of ECP on cisplatin ototoxicity. Methods In this study, we investigated the protective effects of ECP against cisplatin-induced cell death in mouse-derived House Ear Institute Organ of Corti (HEI-OC1) cochlear cells. Cisplatin (100 μM) and 1, 10, and 25 μM doses of ECP were administered to the cells, and the protective effects of ECP at 24 and 72 hours were investigated. Cell viability was evaluated by the WST-1 (water soluble tetrazolium salt). Results Cisplatin (100 μM) reduced cell viability in both the 24th and 72nd hour evaluation. Although the 25 μM dose of ECP showed otoprotective effects in the 24th hour, in the 72nd hour this effect disappeared. Other doses of ECP showed no otoprotective effects in the 24th and 72nd hours. Conclusion Although ECP showed some protective effects in the 24th hour against cisplatin ototoxicity, these effects disappeared by the 72nd hour. Further studies using recurrent and higher doses of ECP are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ufuk Düzenli
- Clinic of Otorhinolaryngology, İzmir Bozyaka Training and Research Hospital, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Yüksel Olgun
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Dokuz Eylül University School of Medicine, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Safiye Aktaş
- Department of Basic Oncology, Institute of Oncology, Dokuz Eylül University School of Medicine, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Ayça Pamukoğlu
- Department of Basic Oncology, Institute of Oncology, Dokuz Eylül University School of Medicine, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Zekiye Altun
- Department of Basic Oncology, Institute of Oncology, Dokuz Eylül University School of Medicine, İzmir, Turkey
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Li H, Wang Z, Xu Y, Sun G. Pine polyphenols from Pinus koraiensis prevent injuries induced by gamma radiation in mice. PeerJ 2016; 4:e1870. [PMID: 27069807 PMCID: PMC4824883 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.1870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pine polyphenols (PPs) are bioactive dietary constituents that enhance health and help prevent diseases through antioxidants. Antioxidants reduce the level of oxidative damages caused by ionizing radiation (IR). The main purpose of this paper is to study the protective effect of PPs on peripheral blood, liver and spleen injuries in mice induced by IR. ICR (Institute of Cancer Research) male mice were administered orally with PPs (200 mg/kg b.wt.) once daily for 14 consecutive days prior to 7 Gy γ-radiations. PPs showed strong antioxidant activities. PPs significantly increased white blood cells, red blood cells and platelets counts. PPs also significantly reduced lipid peroxidation and increased the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidases, and the level of glutathione. PPs reduced the spleen morphologic injury. In addition, PPs inhibited mitochondria-dependent apoptosis pathways in splenocytes induced by IR. These results indicate that PPs are radioprotective promising reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin, Heilongjiang , China
| | - Zhenyu Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin, Heilongjiang , China
| | - Yier Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Academy of Harbin Pharmaceutical Group , Harbin, Heilongjiang , China
| | - Guicai Sun
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Fourth Hospital Affiliated to Nanchang University , Nanchang, Jiangxi , China
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Bai H, Wang Z, Cui J, Yun K, Zhang H, Liu RH, Fan Z, Cheng C. Synergistic radiation protective effect of purified Auricularia auricular-judae polysaccharide (AAP IV) with grape seed procyanidins. Molecules 2014; 19:20675-94. [PMID: 25514216 PMCID: PMC6272288 DOI: 10.3390/molecules191220675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Revised: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the synergistic antioxidant potential and protective effect of grape seed procyanidins (GSP) in combination with Auricularia auricular-judae polysaccharides (AAP IV) on radiation injury in splenocytes. Rat splenocyte irradiation resulted in significantly higher apoptosis rate, malondialdehyde (MDA) (p < 0.005), reactive oxygen species (ROS) (p < 0.01); cell viability, total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) (p < 0.01), catalase (CAT) (p < 0.01), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX) (p < 0.05), activity and glutathione (GSH) (p < 0.01) levels were significantly reduced, compared with the control group. "GSP + AAP IV" treatment of rat splenocytes at doses of "GSP (0.3 μg/mL) + AAP IV (50 μg/mL)" displayed higher radioprotective and antioxidative effects than the administration of either GSP or AAP IV, as evident by lower levels of MDA (p < 0.001) concentration, as well as higher cell viability and T-SOD (p < 0.05), CAT (p < 0.005), GSH-PX (p < 0.01) and GSH content compared to the radiation group. In addition, in vivo studies have shown that "GSP + AAP IV" significantly ameliorated the decrease of spleen index (p < 0.005) and spleen GSH (p < 0.005) levels and significantly inhibited the increase of MDA (p < 0.005) levels of spleen with radiation-induced damage, compared with the non-treated group. The in vivo and in vitro results suggested that GSP and AAP IV have a synergistic protective effect against radiation-induced injury by improving the antioxidant and immunomodulation activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haina Bai
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, 73 HuangHe Road, NanGang District, Harbin 150090, China.
| | - Zhenyu Wang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, 73 HuangHe Road, NanGang District, Harbin 150090, China.
| | - Jie Cui
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, 73 HuangHe Road, NanGang District, Harbin 150090, China.
| | - Keli Yun
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, 73 HuangHe Road, NanGang District, Harbin 150090, China.
| | - Hua Zhang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, 73 HuangHe Road, NanGang District, Harbin 150090, China.
| | - Rui Hai Liu
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| | - Ziluan Fan
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, 26 HeXing Road, DongLi District, Harbin 150040, China.
| | - Cuilin Cheng
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, 73 HuangHe Road, NanGang District, Harbin 150090, China.
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Kim KO, Park H, Kim HS. Effects of High-Protein Diet and/or Resveratrol Supplementation on the Immune Response of Irradiated Rats. Prev Nutr Food Sci 2014; 19:156-63. [PMID: 25320712 PMCID: PMC4195620 DOI: 10.3746/pnf.2014.19.3.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the effects of a high-protein diet and resveratrol supplementation on immune cells changes induced by abdominal irradiation in rats. Female Wistar rats were divided into 5 groups: 1) control diet, 2) control diet with irradiation 3) 30% high-protein diet with irradiation, 4) normal diet with resveratrol supplementation and irradiation, and 5) 30% high-protein diet with resveratrol supplementation and irradiation. We measured blood protein and albumin concentrations, lipid profiles, white blood cell (WBC) counts, proinflammatory cytokine production, and splenocyte proliferation in rats that had been treated with a 17.5 Gy dose of radiation 30 days prior. A high-protein diet affected plasma total cholesterol and very low density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels, which were increased by the radiation treatment. In addition, the lymphocyte percentage and immunoglobulin M (IgM) concentration were increased, and the neutrophil percentage was decreased in rats fed a high-protein diet. Resveratrol supplementation decreased the triglyceride (TG) level, but increased the IgM concentration and splenocyte proliferation. Proinflammatory cytokine production was lower in rats fed a high-protein diet supplemented with resveratrol than in rats fed a control diet. The results of the present study indicate that high-protein diets, with or without resveratrol supplementation, might assist with recovery from radiation-induced inflammation by modulating immune cell percentages and cytokine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung Ok Kim
- Division of Food and Nutritional Science & Life Systems, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 140-742, Korea
| | - Hyunjin Park
- ICAN Nutrition Education and Research, Seoul 150-877, Korea
| | - Hyun-Sook Kim
- Division of Food and Nutritional Science & Life Systems, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 140-742, Korea ; Major in Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 140-742, Korea
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16
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Kim KO, Park H, Chun M, Kim HS. Immunomodulatory effects of high-protein diet with resveratrol supplementation on radiation-induced acute-phase inflammation in rats. J Med Food 2014; 17:963-71. [PMID: 25054274 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2013.2976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We hypothesized that a high-protein diet and/or resveratrol supplementation will improve acute inflammatory responses in rats after receiving experimental abdominal radiation treatment (ART). Based on our previous study, the period of 10 days after ART was used as an acute inflammation model. Rats were exposed to a radiation dose of 17.5 Gy and were supplied with a control (C), 30% high-protein diet (HP), resveratrol supplementation (RES), or HP with RES diet ([HP+RES]). At day 10 after ART, we measured profiles of lipids, proteins, and immune cells in blood. The levels of clusters of differentiating 4(+) (CD4(+)) cells and regulatory T cells, serum proinflammatory cytokines, and 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) in urine were also measured. ART caused significant disturbances of lipid profiles by increasing triglyceride (TG) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and decreasing high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. The proinflammatroy cytokine levels were also increased by ART. All the experimental diets (HP, RES, and [HP+RES]) significantly decreased levels of TG, monocytes, proinflammatory cytokines, and 8-OHdG, whereas the platelet counts were increased. In addition, the HP and [HP+RES] diets decreased the concentrations of plasma LDL-C and total cholesterol. Also, the HP and RES diets decreased regulatory T cells compared with those of the control diet in ART group. Further, the HP diet led to a significant recovery of white blood cell counts, as well as increased percentages of lymphocyte and decreased percentages of neutrophils. In summary, RES appeared to be significantly effective in minimizing radiation-induced damage to lipid metabolism and immune responses. Our study also demonstrated the importance of dietary protein intake in recovering from acute inflammation by radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung-Ok Kim
- 1 Division of Food and Nutritional Science & Life Systems, Sookmyung Women's University , Seoul, Korea
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17
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Shin T, Ahn M, Hyun JW, Kim SH, Moon C. Antioxidant marine algae phlorotannins and radioprotection: a review of experimental evidence. Acta Histochem 2014; 116:669-74. [PMID: 24751171 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2014.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2014] [Revised: 03/16/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Radiation has been widely used for cancer therapy in human medicine. However, the side effects of radiation are problematic and can limit its application. Radiation generates reactive oxygen species, leading to cell death via multiple signaling pathways. The blocking of certain signaling cascades using antioxidants represents a compensatory therapy of radiation-induced tissue injury. Although synthetic chemicals have been investigated in recent decades, anti-oxidants from natural resources have been searched for continuously. Among them, phlorotannins from marine algae, including Ecklonia cava, have been shown to protect cells from radiation-induced injury as well as oxidative stress. In the present review, the radioprotective capacity of phlorotannins derived from marine algae and the mechanisms involved are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taekyun Shin
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine and Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju 690-756, South Korea; Institute for Nuclear Science and Technology, Jeju National University, Jeju 690-756, South Korea.
| | - Meejung Ahn
- College of Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju 690-756, South Korea
| | - Jin Won Hyun
- Institute for Nuclear Science and Technology, Jeju National University, Jeju 690-756, South Korea; Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju 690-756, South Korea
| | - Sung Ho Kim
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, South Korea
| | - Changjong Moon
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, South Korea.
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18
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Kwon YH, Lee JH, Jung SY, Kim JW, Lee SH, Lee DH, Lee KS, Lee BY, Kwon SM. Phloroglucinol Inhibits the in vitro Differentiation Potential of CD34 Positive Cells into Endothelial Progenitor Cells. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2013; 20:158-64. [PMID: 24116289 PMCID: PMC3792212 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2012.20.2.158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2011] [Revised: 11/17/2011] [Accepted: 11/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibiting the bioactivities of circulating endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) results in significant inhibition of neovessel formation during tumor angiogenesis. To investigate the potential effect of phloroglucinol as an EPC inhibitor, we performed several in vitro functional assays using CD34+ cells isolated from human umbilical cord blood (HUCB). Although a high treatment dose of phloroglucinol did not show any cell toxicity, it specifically induced the cell death of EPCs under serum free conditions through apoptosis. In the EPC colony-forming assay (EPC-CFA), we observed a significant decreased in the small EPC-CFUs for the phloroglucinol group, implying that phloroglucinol inhibited the early stage of EPC commitment. In addition, in the in vitro expansion assay using CD34+ cells, treatment with phloroglucinol was shown to inhibit endothelial lineage commitment, as demonstrated by the decrease in endothelial surface markers of EPCs including CD34+, CD34+/CD133+, CD34+/CD31+ and CD34+/CXCR4+. This is the first report to demonstrate that phloroglucinol can inhibit the functional bioactivities of EPCs, indicating that phloroglucinol may be used as an EPC inhibitor in the development of biosafe anti-tumor drugs that target tumor angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Hong Kwon
- Department of Biomedical Science, Laboratory for Functional Foods & Nutrigenomics, Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, CHA University, Seongnam 463-836
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19
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Kang MC, Wijesinghe WAJP, Lee SH, Kang SM, Ko SC, Yang X, Kang N, Jeon BT, Kim J, Lee DH, Jeon YJ. Dieckol isolated from brown seaweed Ecklonia cava attenuates type ІІ diabetes in db/db mouse model. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 53:294-8. [PMID: 23261675 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2012.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2012] [Revised: 11/01/2012] [Accepted: 12/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, the attenuation of type ІІ diabetes by dieckol, a phlorotannin derivative isolated from brown seaweed, Ecklonia cava was investigated in C57BL/KsJ-db/db, a type ІІ diabetes mouse model. Dieckol was administered intraperitoneal injection at doses of 10 and 20 mg/kg body weight diabetes mice for 14 days. The blood glucose level, serum insulin level and body weight were significantly reduced in the dieckol administered group, compared to that of the saline administered group. Furthermore, reduced thiobarbituric acid reactive substraces (TBARS), as well as increased activities of antioxidant enzymes, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-px) in liver tissues were observed in the dieckol administered group. In addition, increased levels of the phosphorylation of AMPK and Akt were observed in the muscle tissues of the dieckol administered group in a Western blotting analysis. According to the findings of this study, it could be suggested that, dieckol can be developed as a therapeutic agent for type ІІ diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Cheol Kang
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju 690-756, Republic of Korea
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Polyphenol-Rich Fraction of Brown Alga Ecklonia cava Collected from Gijang, Korea, Reduces Obesity and Glucose Levels in High-Fat Diet-Induced Obese Mice. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2012; 2012:418912. [PMID: 22844333 PMCID: PMC3403644 DOI: 10.1155/2012/418912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2012] [Accepted: 05/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Ecklonia cava (E. cava) is a brown alga that has beneficial effects in models of type 1 and type 2 diabetes. However, the effects of E. cava extracts on diet-induced obesity and type 2 diabetes have not been specifically examined. We investigated the effects of E. cava on body weight, fat content, and hyperglycemia in high-fat diet- (HFD) induced obese mice and sought the mechanisms involved. C57BL/6 male mice were fed a HFD (60% fat) diet or normal chow. After 3 weeks, the HFD diet group was given extracts (200 mg/kg) of E. cava harvested from Jeju (CA) or Gijang (G-CA), Korea or PBS by oral intubation for 8 weeks. Body weights were measured weekly. Blood glucose and glucose tolerance were measured at 7 weeks, and fat pad content and mRNA expression of adipogenic genes and inflammatory cytokines were measured after 8 weeks of treatment. G-CA was effective in reducing body weight gain, body fat, and hyperglycemia and improving glucose tolerance as compared with PBS-HFD mice. The mRNA expression of adipogenic genes was increased, and mRNA expression of inflammatory cytokines and macrophage marker gene was decreased in G-CA-treated obese mice. We suggest that G-CA reduces obesity and glucose levels by anti-inflammatory actions and improvement of lipid metabolism.
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