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Zhang YJ, Sun J, Chen XJ, Cheng R, Liu ZT, Cao L, Feng YL. The residues and health risk assessment of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in Pheretima (an earthworm-derived traditional medicine) from southeastern China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:17275-17288. [PMID: 38340303 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-32230-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Minimal research exists on polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) exposure from traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs), despite their significant contributions to domestic and international health protection. This study is the first to investigate the levels, profiles, and health risks of PCB residue in Pheretima, a typical TCM produced from earthworm. Seventy-seven Pheretima samples from different regions of China were analyzed for 45 PCB congeners. PCBs were found in all samples exhibiting species-dependent discrepancies. ∑45PCBs was ranging from 0.532 to 25.2 µg/kg (mean 4.46 µg/kg), with CB-11 being the most abundant congener contributing 71.8% ± 10.8% to ∑45PCBs, followed by CB-47, which were all non-Aroclor congeners called unintentionally produced PCBs (UP-PCBs). The average estimated daily intake of ∑45PCBs, ∑7ID-PCBs (indicative polychlorinated biphenyls), and CB-11 were 0.71, 0.04, and 0.51 ng/kg bw/d, respectively. The ∑HQ of PCBs in Pheretima samples was 2.97 × 10-4-2.46 × 10-2 (mean 2.77 × 10-3, 95th 4.21 × 10-3), while the ∑RQ ranged from 1.19 × 10-8 to 2.88 × 10-6 (mean 4.87 × 10-7, 95th 2.31 × 10-6). These findings indicate that Pheretima ingestion does not pose significant non-carcinogenic risks. However, certain individual samples exhibit an acceptable level of potential risks, particularly when considering that PCBs are recognized as endocrine disruptors and classified as probable carcinogens. These results contribute to the safety evaluation of traditional medicines and suggest the potential use of Pheretima as a bioindicator for PCB pollution. It is advisable to monitor UP-PCBs as indicator congeners and gather additional toxicological data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Jing Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, People's Republic of China
- Engineering Technology Research Center of Modernized Pharmaceutical Analysis, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, People's Republic of China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Formula, Hefei, 230012, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Sun
- Jiangsu Institute for Food and Drug Control, Nanjing, 210019, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiao-Jiang Chen
- Jiangsu Environmental Engineering Technology Co. Ltd., Nanjing, 210019, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Tong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling Cao
- Jiangsu Institute for Food and Drug Control, Nanjing, 210019, People's Republic of China
| | - You-Long Feng
- Jiangsu Institute for Food and Drug Control, Nanjing, 210019, People's Republic of China
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Klapper R, Carballeda-Sangiao N, Kuhn T, Jensen HM, Buchmann K, Gonzalez-Muñoz M, Karl H. Anisakid infection levels in fresh and canned cod liver: Significant reduction through liver surface layer removal. Food Control 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2018.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Zuo S, Barlaup L, Mohammadkarami A, Al-Jubury A, Chen D, Kania PW, Buchmann K. Extrusion of Contracaecum osculatum nematode larvae from the liver of cod (Gadus morhua). Parasitol Res 2017; 116:2721-2726. [PMID: 28795224 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-017-5580-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Baltic cod livers have during recent years been found increasingly and heavily infected with third-stage larvae of Contracaecum osculatum. The infections are associated with an increasing population of grey seals which are final hosts for the parasite. Heavy worm burdens challenge utilization and safety of the fish liver products, and technological solutions for removal of worms are highly needed. We investigated the attachment of the worm larvae in liver tissue by use of histochemical techniques and found that the cod host encapsulates the worm larvae in layers of host cells (macrophages, fibroblasts) supported by enclosures of collagen and calcium. A series of incubation techniques, applying compounds targeting molecules in the capsule, were then tested for their effect to induce worm escape/release reactions. Full digestion solutions comprising pepsin, NaCl, HCl and water induced a fast escape of more than 60% of the worm larvae within 20 min and gave full release within 65 min but the liver tissue became highly dispersed. HCl alone, in concentrations of 48 and 72 mM, triggered a corresponding release of worm larvae with minor effect on liver integrity. A lower HCl concentration of 24 mM resulted in 80% release within 35 min. Water and physiological saline had no effect on worm release, and 1% pepsin in water elicited merely a weak escape reaction. In addition to the direct effect of acid on worm behaviour it is hypothesised that the acid effect on calcium carbonate in the encapsulation, with subsequent release of reaction products, may contribute to activation of C. osculatum larvae and induce escape reactions. Short-term pretreatment of infected cod liver and possibly other infected fish products, using low acid concentrations is suggested as part of a technological solution for worm clearance as low acid concentrations had limited macroscopic effect on liver integrity within 35 min.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Zuo
- Laboratory of Aquatic Pathobiology, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - L Barlaup
- Laboratory of Aquatic Pathobiology, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - A Mohammadkarami
- Laboratory of Aquatic Pathobiology, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - A Al-Jubury
- Laboratory of Aquatic Pathobiology, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - D Chen
- Laboratory of Aquatic Pathobiology, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - P W Kania
- Laboratory of Aquatic Pathobiology, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - K Buchmann
- Laboratory of Aquatic Pathobiology, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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Andrade VF, Durães AFS, Cassimiro DL, de Pinho GP, Silvério FO. Fast extraction of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and polychlorinated dibenzofuran in sewage sludge and soil samples. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2017; 52:267-273. [PMID: 28095187 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2016.1273003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The current environmental legislations recommend monitoring chemical contaminants such as polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans before the use of sewage sludge on the agricultural land. In this study, a solid-liquid extraction with low-temperature purification (SLE-LTP) was optimized and validated to determine 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzofuran in sewage sludge and soil samples. The analyses were performed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry operating in the selective ion mode (GC-MS-SIM). Acetonitrile:ethyl acetate 6.5:1.5 (v/v) was the best extraction phase, and the recoveries percentages were close to 100%. The linearity was demonstrated in the range of 1.25-25 µg L-1 of 1.25-20 µg L-1 for sewage sludge and soil, respectively. Matrix effect was proved for the two compounds and in the two matrices studied. Extraction percentages were between 78 and 109% and relative standard deviations ≤ 19%. The proposed method is faster than methods described in the literature because showed a few steps. The quantification limits (LOQ) in sewage sludge were 6.4 and 32 ng TEQ kg-1 for 2,3,7,8-TCDF and 2,3,7,8-TCDD, respectively. In soil, LOQs were 0.8 and 8.0 ng TEQ kg-1 for 2,3,7,8-TCDF and 2,3,7,8-TCDD, respectively. These values are lower than the maximum residue limits established by European Legislation. The method was applied to 22 agricultural soil samples from different Brazilian cities and 2,3,7,8-TCDF was detected in one of these samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valéria F Andrade
- a Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais , Montes Claros , Brazil
| | - Alisson F S Durães
- a Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais , Montes Claros , Brazil
| | - Douglas L Cassimiro
- a Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais , Montes Claros , Brazil
| | - Gevany P de Pinho
- a Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais , Montes Claros , Brazil
| | - Flaviano O Silvério
- a Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais , Montes Claros , Brazil
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Lorenzi V, Ghidini S, Angelone B, Ferretti E, Menotta S, Fedrizzi G, Varisco G, Foschini S, Diegoli G, Bertocchi L. Three years of monitoring of PCDD/F, DL-PCB and NDL-PCB residues in bovine milk from Lombardy and Emilia Romagna regions (Italy): Contamination levels and human exposure assessment. Food Control 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2016.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Anna S, Sofia B, Christina R, Magnus B. The dilemma in prioritizing chemicals for environmental analysis: known versus unknown hazards. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2016; 18:1042-9. [PMID: 27222376 DOI: 10.1039/c6em00163g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
A major challenge for society is to manage the risks posed by the many chemicals continuously emitted to the environment. All chemicals in production and use cannot be monitored and science-based strategies for prioritization are essential. In this study we review available data to investigate which substances are included in environmental monitoring programs and published research studies reporting analyses of chemicals in Baltic Sea fish between 2000 and 2012. Our aim is to contribute to the discussion of priority settings in environmental chemical monitoring and research, which is closely linked to chemical management. In total, 105 different substances or substance groups were analyzed in Baltic Sea fish. Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were the most studied substances or substance groups. The majority, 87%, of all analyses comprised 20% of the substances or substance groups, whereas 46 substance groups (44%) were analyzed only once. Almost three quarters of all analyses regarded a POP-substance (persistent organic pollutant). These results demonstrate that the majority of analyses on environmental contaminants in Baltic Sea fish concern a small number of already regulated chemicals. Legacy pollutants such as POPs pose a high risk to the Baltic Sea due to their hazardous properties. Yet, there may be a risk that prioritizations for chemical analyses are biased based on the knowns of the past. Such biases may lead to society failing in identifying risks posed by yet unknown hazardous chemicals. Alternative and complementary ways to identify priority chemicals are needed. More transparent communication between risk assessments performed as part of the risk assessment process within REACH and monitoring programs, and information on chemicals contained in consumer articles, would offer ways to identify chemicals for environmental analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sobek Anna
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES), Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Bejgarn Sofia
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES), Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Rudén Christina
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES), Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Breitholtz Magnus
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES), Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Schiavon M, Torretta V, Rada EC, Ragazzi M. State of the art and advances in the impact assessment of dioxins and dioxin-like compounds. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2016; 188:57. [PMID: 26703980 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-015-5079-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are toxic and persistent organic pollutants that are able to enter the food chain, accumulate in the fat tissues of animals, and consequently pose a serious risk for human health. Consolidated tools for exposure assessment have been implemented during the last decades and widely used, both in the environmental monitoring and in modeling activities. Although the emissive trend and the concentrations in the environment have gradually decreased during the last 20 years, some situations are still underrated and not adequately controlled by the environmental legislation. On the other hand, a complete monitoring of all the pathways of exposure to PCDD/Fs and PCBs is technically and economically unfeasible. Therefore, this paper aims at providing an overview of the traditional approaches used to assess the impacts of PCDD/Fs and PCBs and presenting the novelties introduced during the last years. After an initial characterization of their toxicity and their effects on health, this paper focuses on activities and situations that can result in critical releases of PCDD/Fs and PCBs into the atmosphere and that can represent a hidden threat for the population. In the final part, this study presents the current methodologies for exposure assessment, summarizes the food chain models in a unified way, and puts the light on new methods that can help environmental scientists, risk assessors, and decision makers to estimate the risk related to exposure to PCDD/Fs in different contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Schiavon
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Mechanical Engineering, University of Trento, Via Mesiano 77, 38123, Trento, Italy.
| | - Vincenzo Torretta
- Department of Biotechnologies and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Via G.B. Vico 46, 21100, Varese, Italy
| | - Elena Cristina Rada
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Mechanical Engineering, University of Trento, Via Mesiano 77, 38123, Trento, Italy
- Department of Biotechnologies and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Via G.B. Vico 46, 21100, Varese, Italy
| | - Marco Ragazzi
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Mechanical Engineering, University of Trento, Via Mesiano 77, 38123, Trento, Italy
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Falkowska L, Reindl AR. Dietary exposure to, and internal organ transfer of, selected halogenated organic compounds in birds eating fish from the Southern Baltic. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2015; 50:1029-1039. [PMID: 26121018 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2015.1038171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the effect of a marine diet on the accumulation, magnification, maternal transfer and detoxification of chlorinated organic pollutants on the highest trophic level in the Baltic Sea. Results showed that birds eating whole herring received the highest doses of herbicides > pesticides > fungicides > polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) > polychlorinated dibenzo-para-dioxins (PCDDs). The toxicity of PCDD/Fs in a penguin's 24-h alimentary exposure was estimated at 7.77 ng TEQ-WHO2005. Among pesticides, the highest concentrations--both in fish and penguin tissue--were those of the pp-DDE isomer. In terms of herbicides, simazine and terbutrine were predominant. The majority of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) underwent accumulation and magnification, and these factors were observed to increase with the birds' age. Guano was found to be an effective means of elimination for all of the studied xenobiotics. Maternal transfer of PCDD/Fs into eggs from internal tissues was most prominent for highly chlorinated dioxins and low chlorinated furans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucyna Falkowska
- a Department of Marine Chemistry and Environmental Protection , Faculty of Oceanography and Geography, University of Gdansk , Gdansk , Poland
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Leong YH, Chiang PN, Jaafar HJ, Gan CY, Majid MIA. Contamination of food samples from Malaysia with polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans and estimation of human intake. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2014; 31:711-8. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2014.880519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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