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Signaling Pathways That Control Apoptosis in Prostate Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13050937. [PMID: 33668112 PMCID: PMC7956765 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13050937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the second most common malignancy and the fifth leading cancer-caused death in men worldwide. Therapies that target the androgen receptor axis induce apoptosis in normal prostates and provide temporary relief for advanced disease, yet prostate cancer that acquired androgen independence (so called castration-resistant prostate cancer, CRPC) invariably progresses to lethal disease. There is accumulating evidence that androgen receptor signaling do not regulate apoptosis and proliferation in prostate epithelial cells in a cell-autonomous fashion. Instead, androgen receptor activation in stroma compartments induces expression of unknown paracrine factors that maintain homeostasis of the prostate epithelium. This paradigm calls for new studies to identify paracrine factors and signaling pathways that control the survival of normal epithelial cells and to determine which apoptosis regulatory molecules are targeted by these pathways. This review summarizes the recent progress in understanding the mechanism of apoptosis induced by androgen ablation in prostate epithelial cells with emphasis on the roles of BCL-2 family proteins and "druggable" signaling pathways that control these proteins. A summary of the clinical trials of inhibitors of anti-apoptotic signaling pathways is also provided. Evidently, better knowledge of the apoptosis regulation in prostate epithelial cells is needed to understand mechanisms of androgen-independence and implement life-extending therapies for CRPC.
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Huang XF, Chang KF, Lin YL, Liao KW, Hsiao CY, Sheu GT, Tsai NM. Enhancement of cytotoxicity and induction of apoptosis by cationic nano-liposome formulation of n-butylidenephthalide in breast cancer cells. Int J Med Sci 2021; 18:2930-2942. [PMID: 34220320 PMCID: PMC8241786 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.51439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the second most common malignancy in women. Current clinical therapy for breast cancer has many disadvantages, including metastasis, recurrence, and poor quality of life. Furthermore, it is necessary to find a new therapeutic drug for breast cancer patients to meet clinical demand. n-Butylidenephthalide (BP) is a natural and hydrophobic compound that can inhibit several tumors. However, BP is unstable in aqueous or protein-rich environments, which reduces the activity of BP. Therefore, we used an LPPC (Lipo-PEG-PEI complex) that can encapsulate both hydrophobic and hydrophilic compounds to improve the limitation of BP. The purpose of this study is to investigate the anti-tumor mechanisms of BP and BP/LPPC and further test the efficacy of BP encapsulated by LPPC on SK-BR-3 cells. BP inhibited breast cancer cell growth, and LPPC encapsulation (BP/LPPC complex) enhanced the cytotoxicity on breast cancer by stabilizing the BP activity and offering endocytic pathways. Additionally, BP and LPPC-encapsulated BP induced cell cycle arrest at the G0/G1 phase and might trigger both extrinsic as well as intrinsic cell apoptosis pathway, resulting in cell death. Moreover, the BP/LPPC complex had a synergistic effect with doxorubicin of enhancing the inhibitory effect on breast cancer cells. Consequently, LPPC-encapsulated BP could improve the anti-cancer effects on breast cancer in vitro. In conclusion, BP exhibited an anti-cancer effect on breast cancer cells, and LPPC encapsulation efficiently improved the cytotoxicity of BP via an acceleration of entrapment efficiency to induce cell cycle block and apoptosis. Furthermore, BP/LPPC exhibited a synergistic effect in combination with doxorubicin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Fan Huang
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, 40201, Taiwan, ROC.,Department of Medical Laboratory and Biotechnology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, 40201, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Kai-Fu Chang
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, 40201, Taiwan, ROC.,Department of Medical Laboratory and Biotechnology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, 40201, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yu-Ling Lin
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Kuang-Wen Liao
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 30010, Taiwan, ROC.,Institute of Molecular Medicine and Bioengineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 30010, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chih-Yen Hsiao
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chia-Yi, 60002, Taiwan, ROC.,Department of Hospital and Health Care Administration, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan, 71710, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Gwo-Tarng Sheu
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, 40201, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Nu-Man Tsai
- Department of Medical Laboratory and Biotechnology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, 40201, Taiwan, ROC.,Clinical Laboratory, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, 40201, Taiwan, ROC
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Huang XF, Chen PT, Lin YL, Lee MS, Chang KF, Liao KW, Sheu GT, Hsieh MC, Tsai NM. Enhanced anticancer activity and endocytic mechanisms by polymeric nanocarriers of n-butylidenephthalide in leukemia cells. Clin Transl Oncol 2020; 23:1142-1151. [PMID: 32989675 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-020-02500-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to investigate the antitumor mechanisms of n-butylidenephthalide (BP) and to further examine the delivery efficacy of polycationic liposome containing PEI and polyethylene glycol complex (LPPC)-encapsulated BP in leukemia cells. METHODS MTS, flow cytometric and TUNEL assays were performed to assess cell viability and apoptosis. BP and BP/LPPC complex delivery efficiency was analyzed by full-wavelength fluorescent scanner and fluorescence microscope. The expressions of cell cycle- and apoptosis-related proteins were conducted by Western blotting. RESULTS The results showed that BP inhibited leukemia cell growth by inducing cell cycle arrest and cell apoptosis. LPPC-encapsulated BP rapidly induced endocytic pathway activation, resulting in the internalization of BP into leukemia cells, causing cell apoptosis within 1 h. CONCLUSIONS LPPC encapsulation enhanced the cytotoxic activity of BP and did not influence the effects of BP induction that suggested LPPC-encapsulated BP might be developed as anti-leukemia drugs in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- X-F Huang
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, 40201, Taiwan, ROC.,Department of Medical Laboratory and Biotechnology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, 40201, Taiwan, ROC
| | - P-T Chen
- Clinical Laboratory, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, 40201, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Y-L Lin
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan, ROC
| | - M-S Lee
- Department of Medical Laboratory and Biotechnology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, 40201, Taiwan, ROC.,Clinical Laboratory, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, 40201, Taiwan, ROC
| | - K-F Chang
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, 40201, Taiwan, ROC.,Department of Medical Laboratory and Biotechnology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, 40201, Taiwan, ROC
| | - K-W Liao
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 30010, Taiwan, ROC.,Institute of Molecular Medicine and Bioengineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 30010, Taiwan, ROC
| | - G-T Sheu
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, 40201, Taiwan, ROC
| | - M-C Hsieh
- Department of Medical Laboratory and Biotechnology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, 40201, Taiwan, ROC.,Clinical Laboratory, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, 40201, Taiwan, ROC
| | - N-M Tsai
- Department of Medical Laboratory and Biotechnology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, 40201, Taiwan, ROC. .,Clinical Laboratory, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, 40201, Taiwan, ROC.
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Antitumor Effect of n-Butylidenephthalide Encapsulated on B16/F10 Melanoma Cells In Vitro with a Polycationic Liposome Containing PEI and Polyethylene Glycol Complex. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23123224. [PMID: 30563276 PMCID: PMC6321413 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23123224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2018] [Revised: 12/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Advanced melanoma can metastasize to distal organs from the skin and yield an aggressive disease and poor prognosis even after treatment with chemotherapeutic agents. The compound n-Butylidenephthalide (BP) is isolated from Angelica sinensis, which is used to treat anemia and gynecological dysfunction in traditional Chinese medicine. Studies have indicated that BP can inhibit cancers, including brain, lung, prostate, liver, and colon cancers. However, because BP is a natural hydrophobic compound, it is quickly metabolized by the liver within 24 h, and thus has limited potential for development in cancer therapy. This study investigated the anticancer mechanisms of BP through encapsulation with a novel polycationic liposome containing polyethylenimine (PEI) and polyethylene glycol complex (LPPC) in melanoma cells. The results demonstrated that BP/LPPC had higher cytotoxicity than BP alone and induced cell cycle arrest at the G0/G1 phase in B16/F10 melanoma cells. The BP/LPPC-treated cell indicated an increase in subG1 percentage and TUNEL positive apoptotic morphology through induction of extrinsic and intrinsic apoptosis pathways. The combination of BP and LPPC and clinical drug 5-Fluorouracil had a greater synergistic inhibition effect than did a single drug. Moreover, LPPC encapsulation improved the uptake of BP values through enhancement of cell endocytosis and maintained BP cytotoxicity activity within 24 h. In conclusion, BP/LPPC can inhibit growth of melanoma cells and induce cell arrest and apoptosis, indicating that BP/LPPC has great potential for development of melanoma therapy agents.
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Eremina L, Pashintseva N, Kovalev L, Kovaleva M, Shishkin S. Proteomics of mammalian mitochondria in health and malignancy: From protein identification to function. Anal Biochem 2018; 552:4-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2017.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Anti-Tumor and Radiosensitization Effects of N-Butylidenephthalide on Human Breast Cancer Cells. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23020240. [PMID: 29370116 PMCID: PMC6017952 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23020240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
N-Butylidenephthalide (BP), which is extracted from a traditional Chinese medicine, Radix Angelica Sinensis (danggui), displays antitumor activity against various cancer cell lines. The purpose of this study was to investigate the cytotoxic and radiosensitizing effect of BP and the underlying mechanism of action in human breast cancer cells. BP induces apoptosis in breast cancer cells, which was revealed by the TUNEL assay; the activation of caspase-9 and PARP was detected by western blot. In addition, BP-induced G2/M arrest was examined by flow cytometry and the expression levels of the G2/M regulatory protein were detected by western blot. BP also suppresses the migration and invasion of breast cancer cells, which was tested by wound healing and the matrigel invasion assay; the involvement of EMT-related gene expressions was detected by real-time PCR. Furthermore, BP enhanced the radiosensitivity of breast cancer cells, which was measured by the colony formation assay and comet assay, where the foci of γ-H2AX after radiation significantly increased in BP pretreated cells and was evidenced by immunocytochemistry staining and western blot. The homologous recombination (HR) repair protein Rad51 was down-regulated after BP pretreatment. These results indicate that BP might be a potential chemotherapeutic and radiosensitizing agent for breast cancer therapy.
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Cho HD, Lee JH, Moon KD, Park KH, Lee MK, Seo KI. Auriculasin-induced ROS causes prostate cancer cell death via induction of apoptosis. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 111:660-669. [PMID: 29217266 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Revised: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated that natural agents targeting the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that selectively kill, leaving normal cells undamaged, can suppress prostate cancer. Here, we show that auriculasin, derived from Flemingia philippinensis, induces significant cell death and apoptosis via ROS generation in prostate cancer cells. Auriculasin treatment resulted in selective apoptotic cell death in LNCaP prostate cancer cells, characterized by DNA fragmentation, accumulation of sub-G1 cell population, cleavage of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), regulation of Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, increase of cytosolic apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) and endonuclease G (EndoG), in addition to inhibiting tumor growth in a xenograft mouse model. Interestingly, auriculasin-induced apoptosis did not result in caspase-3, -8, and -9 activations. We found that auriculasin treatment decreased phosphorylation of AKT/mTOR/p70s6k in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Further, cellular ROS levels increased in LNCaP cells treated with auriculasin and blocking ROS accumulation with ROS scavengers resulted in inhibition of auriculasin-induced PARP cleavage, AIF increase, upregulation of Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, and decrease in AKT/mTOR phosphorylation. Taken together, these data suggest that auriculasin targets ROS-mediated caspase-independent pathways and suppresses PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling, which leads to apoptosis and decreased tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Dong Cho
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Hye Lee
- Functional Food and Nutrition Division, Department of Agro-Food Resource, National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju, 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Deog Moon
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Hun Park
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), IALS, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Kyung Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, 57922, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwon-Il Seo
- Department of Biotechnology, Dong-A University, Busan, 49315, Republic of Korea.
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Cha S, Shin DH, Seok JR, Myung JK. Differential proteome expression analysis of androgen-dependent and -independent pathways in LNCaP prostate cancer cells. Exp Cell Res 2017; 359:215-225. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2017.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Cui F, Zan X, Li Y, Sun W, Yang Y, Ping L. Grifola frondosa Glycoprotein GFG-3a Arrests S phase, Alters Proteome, and Induces Apoptosis in Human Gastric Cancer Cells. Nutr Cancer 2016; 68:267-79. [PMID: 27040446 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2016.1134599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
GFG-3a is a novel glycoprotein previously purified from the fermented mycelia of Grifola frondosa with novel sugar compositions and protein sequencing. The present study aims to investigate its effects on the cell cycle, differential proteins expression, and apoptosis of human gastric cancer SGC-7901 cells. Our findings revealed that GFG-3a induced the cell apoptosis and arrested cell cycle at S phase. GFG-3a treatment resulted in the differential expression of 21 proteins in SGC-7901 cells by upregulating 10 proteins including RBBP4 associated with cell cycle arrest and downregulating 11 proteins including RUVBL1, NPM, HSP90AB1, and GRP78 involved in apoptosis and stress response. qRT-PCR and Western blot analysis also suggested that GFG-3a could increase the expressions of Caspase-8/-3, p53, Bax, and Bad while decrease the expressions of Bcl2, Bcl-xl, PI3K, and Akt1. These results indicated that the stress response, p53-dependent mitochondrial-mediated, Caspase-8/-3-dependent, and PI3k/Akt pathways were involved in the GFG-3a-induced apoptosis process in SGC-7901 cells. These findings might provide a basis to prevent or treat human gastric cancer with GFG-3a and understand the tumor-inhibitory molecular mechanisms of mushroom glycoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengjie Cui
- a School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University , Zhenjiang , China.,b Jiangxi Provincial Engineering and Technology Center for Food Additives Bio-production , Dexing , China
| | - Xinyi Zan
- a School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University , Zhenjiang , China
| | - Yunhong Li
- a School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University , Zhenjiang , China
| | - Wenjing Sun
- a School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University , Zhenjiang , China.,b Jiangxi Provincial Engineering and Technology Center for Food Additives Bio-production , Dexing , China
| | - Yan Yang
- c National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Shanghai , China
| | - Lifeng Ping
- d State Key Lab Breeding Base for Quality and Safety of Agro-products, MOA Key Lab for Pesticide Residue Detection, Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Hangzhou , China.,e School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology , Hangzhou , China
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Yang HH, Zhai WJ, Kuo HC. The putative involvement of actin-binding proteins and cytoskeleton proteins in pathological mechanisms of ketamine cystitis-Revealed by a prospective pilot study using proteomic approaches. Proteomics Clin Appl 2016; 11. [PMID: 27863071 DOI: 10.1002/prca.201600085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Revised: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Ketamine-induced cystitis (KC) among chronic ketamine young abusers has increased dramatically and it has brought attention for Urologists. The underlying pathophysiological mechanism(s) of KC is still unclear. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to elucidate the possible pathophysiological mechanism(s) of KC through proteomic techniques. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Bladder tissues are obtained from seven patients with KC, seven patients with interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome, and five control subjects who underwent video-urodynamic study followed by augmentation enterocystoplasty to increase bladder capacity. 2DE/MS/MS-based approach, functional classifications, and network analyses are used for proteomic and bioinformatics analyses and protein validation is carried out by Western blot analysis. RESULTS Among the proteins identified, bioinformatics analyses revealed that several actin binding related proteins such as cofilin-1, myosin light polypeptide 9, filamin A, gelsolin, lamin A are involved in the apoptosis. Besides, the contractile proteins and cytoskeleton proteins such as myosin light polypeptide 9, filamin A, and calponin are found downregulated in KC bladders. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Increased apoptosis in KC might be mediated by actin-binding proteins and a Ca2+ -activated protease. Rapid detrusor contraction in KC might be induced by contractile proteins and cytoskeleton proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsueh-Hui Yang
- Department of Medical Research, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien, 970, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Jun Zhai
- Department of Medical Research, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien, 970, Taiwan
| | - Hann-Chorng Kuo
- Department of Urology, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, 970, Taiwan
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Lin YL, Chang KF, Huang XF, Hung CL, Chen SC, Chao WR, Liao KW, Tsai NM. Liposomal n-butylidenephthalide protects the drug from oxidation and enhances its antitumor effects in glioblastoma multiforme. Int J Nanomedicine 2015; 10:6009-20. [PMID: 26451107 PMCID: PMC4592058 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s85790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The natural compound n-butylidenephthalide (BP) can pass through the blood–brain barrier to inhibit the growth of glioblastoma multiforme tumors. However, BP has an unstable structure that reduces its antitumor activity and half-life in vivo. Objective The aim of this study is to design a drug delivery system to encapsulate BP to enhance its efficacy by improving its protection and delivery. Methods To protect its structural stability against protein-rich and peroxide solutions, BP was encapsulated into a lipo-PEG-PEI complex (LPPC). Then, the cytotoxicity of BP/LPPC following preincubation in protein-rich, acid/alkaline, and peroxide solutions was analyzed by MTT. Cell uptake of BP/LPPC was also measured by confocal microscopy. The therapeutic effects of BP/LPPC were analyzed in xenograft mice following intratumoral and intravenous injections. Results When BP was encapsulated in LPPC, its cytotoxicity was maintained following preincubation in protein-rich, acid/alkaline, and peroxide solutions. The cytotoxic activity of encapsulated BP was higher than that of free BP (~4.5- to 8.5-fold). This increased cytotoxic activity of BP/LPPC is attributable to its rapid transport across the cell membrane. In an animal study, a subcutaneously xenografted glioblastoma multiforme mouse that was treated with BP by intratumoral and intravenous administration showed inhibited tumor growth. The same dose of BP/LPPC was significantly more effective in terms of tumor inhibition. Conclusion LPPC encapsulation technology is able to protect BP’s structural stability and enhance its antitumor effects, thus providing a better tool for use in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ling Lin
- College of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan ; Center for Bioinformatics Research, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Fu Chang
- School of Medical Laboratory and Biotechnology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Xiao-Fan Huang
- School of Medical Laboratory and Biotechnology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Che-Lun Hung
- Department of Computer Science and Communication Engineering, Providence University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shyh-Chang Chen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Ru Chao
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan ; Department of Pathology, Chung Shan Medical University and Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Kuang-Wen Liao
- College of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan ; Institute of Molecular Medicine and Bioengineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Nu-Man Tsai
- School of Medical Laboratory and Biotechnology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan ; Clinical Laboratory, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
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Rabilloud T, Lescuyer P. Proteomics in mechanistic toxicology: History, concepts, achievements, caveats, and potential. Proteomics 2014; 15:1051-74. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201400288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Revised: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Rabilloud
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Biology of Metals; CNRS UMR; 5249 Grenoble France
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Biology of Metals; Université Grenoble Alpes; Grenoble France
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Biology of Metals; CEA Grenoble; iRTSV/CBM; Grenoble France
| | - Pierre Lescuyer
- Department of Human Protein Sciences; Clinical Proteomics and Chemistry Group; Geneva University; Geneva Switzerland
- Toxicology and Therapeutic Drug Monitoring Laboratory; Department of Genetic and Laboratory Medicine; Geneva University Hospitals; Geneva Switzerland
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