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Goenka S. Comparative evaluation of six commercial adult toothpaste formulations reveals cytotoxicity and altered functions in a human oral melanocyte model: an in vitro study. Odontology 2024:10.1007/s10266-024-00957-7. [PMID: 38822982 DOI: 10.1007/s10266-024-00957-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
This study aims to compare six commercial adult toothpaste (labeled as A, B, C, D, E, and F) for cytotoxicity and melanocyte function alterations in vitro using primary human epidermal melanocytes from a Caucasian donor (HEMn-LP cells) as a model of oral melanocytes. Cells were incubated with toothpaste extracts (50% w/v) in culture media at dilutions (1:25, 1:50, 1:100, 1:200, 1:500, 1:800, and 1:1000) for 24 h. MTS and LDH assays were used to assess cytotoxicity. The effects of noncytotoxic toothpaste concentrations on melanocyte functional endpoints were then examined using spectrophotometric methods. All toothpaste showed concentration-dependent cytotoxicity that was heterogeneous across toothpaste containing SLS detergent. IC50 values of cytotoxicity followed the order: A = E > C > B > D > F. To compare toothpaste, they were tested at 1:800 and 1:1000 dilutions that were noncytotoxic after 24 h. None of the toothpaste affected cellular melanin production. However, toothpaste A, C, and D suppressed tyrosinase activity at both dilutions, while toothpaste B suppressed tyrosinase activity only at 1:800 dilution. Toothpaste A, C, E, and F elevated ROS production at 1:800 dilution, with no change at 1:1000 dilution. Toothpaste has a heterogeneous effect on melanocytes. Toothpaste B, E, and F at 1:1000 dilution were the safest as they did not alter melanocyte functions at this dilution, although toothpaste F is the least cytotoxic of these. Future studies are necessary to expand these results in a physiological environment of oral tissue. The findings of this study provide novel insight into the biocompatibility studies of toothpaste on oral melanocytes. They can aid dental practitioners and consumers in selecting noncytotoxic toothpaste that do not contribute to ROS generation by melanocytes in the oral cavity or lead to cytotoxicity and impaired cellular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilpi Goenka
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-5281, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.
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Osimitz TG, Droege W. Adverse Outcome Pathway for Antimicrobial Quaternary Ammonium Compounds. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2022; 85:494-510. [PMID: 35191814 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2022.2037479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) or quats are a large class of antimicrobial chemicals used in households and institutions as sanitizers and disinfectants. These chemicals are utilized as food processing sanitizers, algicides, in the process of water treatment, and preservatives in cosmetics. The aim of this study was to determine an Adverse Outcome Pathway (AOP) whereby two widely used QACs, alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride (ADBAC) and didecyl dimethyl ammonium chloride (DDAC), may result in respiratory tract and gastrointestinal tract effects. When inhaled or ingested, these QACs are incorporated into the epithelial cell membrane at the point of contact. With sufficient dosage, the epithelial membrane is disrupted, reducing its fluidity, and releasing cellular contents. Further, ADBAC and DDAC might disrupt mitochondrial functions leading to decreased ATP production. Both events might lead to cell death, either attributed to direct lysis, necrosis, or apoptosis. Pro-inflammatory mediators are recruited to the tissue, inducing inflammation, edema, and excess mucus production. The primary tissue-level adverse outcome is epithelial degeneration and dysplasia. Most important, no apparent metabolism or distribution is involved in QAC action. Based upon this knowledge, it is suggested to replace default Uncertainty Factors for risk assessments with a set of Data Derived Extrapolation Factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- T G Osimitz
- Science Strategies, LLC, Charlottesville, VA USA
| | - W Droege
- Science Strategies, LLC, Charlottesville, VA USA
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Effect of dental antiseptic agents on the viability of human periodontal ligament cells. Saudi Dent J 2021; 33:904-911. [PMID: 34938032 PMCID: PMC8665172 DOI: 10.1016/j.sdentj.2021.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell viability is key for tissue regeneration. Dental antiseptics were cytotoxic in periodontal ligament cells. Real-time impedimetry proved to be a non-invasive method to monitor cell viability.
Objectives We aimed to study whether or not various dental antiseptic agents affect the viability and proliferation of human periodontal ligament cells (PDLCs). Materials and methods Human PDLCs were isolated from a total of 10 surgically extracted impacted third molars and were. cultured in-vitro. The cells were exposed to commonly used dental antiseptics, including chlorhexidine, cetylpyridinium chloride, triclosan, povidone-iodine and sodium bicarbonate for ultra-short-term (10, 20, 30 sec), short-term (10, 20, 30 min) and long-term (24, 48 h) at various concentrations. Cell morphology was observed with light microscopy. Cell viability was studied with impedimetric real-time xCELLigence and resazurin-based alamarBlue® assays. We used one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s and Bonferroni test (p < 0.05) for statistical analysis. Results Both alamarBlue® and xCELLigence analysis results were in agreement that ultra-short-term contact with cetylpyridinium chloride ≥ 0.01 mg/ml, chlorhexidine ≥ 1 mg/ml, triclosan ≥ 1 mg/ml and povidone-iodine ≥ 1 mg/ml as well as long-term exposure to cetylpyridinium chloride ≥ 0.001 mg/ml, chlorhexidine ≥ 0.01 mg/ml, triclosan ≥ 1 mg/ml, povidone-iodine ≥ 1 mg/ml and sodium bicarbonate ≥ 10 mg/ml was able to reduce the viability of human PDLCs significantly. According to the half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) the rank of cytotoxicity was cetylpyridinium chloride > chlorhexidine > triclosan > povidone-iodine > sodium bicarbonate. Conclusions Our findings suggest that the tested antiseptic agents were cytotoxic to human PDLCs at lower than practically applied concentrations in dental interventions.
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Dornelas Figueira LM, Ricomini Filho AP, da Silva WJ, Del BeL Cury AA, Ruiz KGS. Glucose effect on Candida albicans biofilm during tissue invasion. Arch Oral Biol 2020; 117:104728. [PMID: 32585445 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2020.104728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate, in vitro, the effect of two glucose concentrations (0.1 mM and 1.0 mM, simulating glucose concentration in saliva of healthy and diabetic individuals) on Candida albicans biofilm grown on epithelial monolayer. MATERIAL AND METHODS C. albicans was inoculated on epithelial monolayers supplemented with 0.1 mM, 1.0 mM or no glucose. Control groups without C. albicans were also evaluated. Tissue response was assessed through the production of Interleukin-1α, Interleukin-8, Interleukin-6, Interleukin-10 and tumor necrosis factor-α. The complex of monolayer and biofilms were evaluated by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction for expression of E-cadherin (CDH1), Caspase-3 (CASP3), β-defensin-1 (DEFB-1) and β-defensin-3 (DEFB-3). The biofilm architecture was visualized by confocal laser scanning microscopy. RESULTS The production of Interleukin-1α and Interleukin-8 were increased in the presence of C. albicans (p < 0.05). Glucose did not interfere in the release of any cytokine evaluated. C. albicans downregulated transcripts for CDH1 (p < 0.05). Glucose did not induce a significant change in CDH1, CASP3, DEFB-1 and DEFB-3 messenger RNA expression. The biofilms were more structured in the presence of glucose, but no difference in the diffusion of hyphae through the epithelial cells were observed. CONCLUSIONS The data suggest that glucose concentration does not affect the behavior of C. albicans during tissue invasion and other mechanisms must be related to the greater susceptibility of diabetic individuals to candidiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Morais Dornelas Figueira
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontology, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Wander José da Silva
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontology, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Altair Antoninha Del BeL Cury
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontology, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Karina Gonzales Silvério Ruiz
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontology, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
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Brown RS, Smith L, Glascoe AL. Inflammatory reaction of the anterior dorsal tongue presumably to sodium lauryl sulfate within toothpastes: a triple case report. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2018; 125:e17-e21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.oooo.2017.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Schmidt J, Zyba V, Jung K, Rinke S, Haak R, Mausberg RF, Ziebolz D. Effects of octenidine mouth rinse on apoptosis and necrosis of human fibroblasts and epithelial cells - an in vitro study. Drug Chem Toxicol 2017; 41:182-187. [PMID: 28669220 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2017.1337124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed at comparing the cytotoxicity of a new octenidine mouth rinse (MR) on gingival fibroblasts and epithelial cells using different established MRs. Octenidol (OCT), Chlorhexidine 0.2% (CHX), Meridol (MER), Oral B (OB), and control (PBS only) were used. Human primary gingival fibroblasts (HGFIBs) and human primary nasal epithelial cells (HNEPCs) were cultivated in cell-specific media (2 × 105 cells/well) and treated with a MR or PBS for 1, 5, and 15 min. All tests were performed in duplicate and repeated 12 times. The apoptosis and necrosis were determined using a Caspase-3/7 assay and LDH assay, respectively. The data were analyzed using two-way analysis of variance with subsequent Mann-Whitney U-test. No significant differences could be found between the incubation times of the MR, neither for apoptosis nor necrosis (p > 0.05). Regarding apoptosis of HGFIBs, MRs had no influence at all. In HNEPCs, OCT induced relevantly lower apoptosis than CHX (p = 0.01). Considering necrosis, MER showed the lowest numbers of necrotic HGFIBs and HNEPCs, whereas OB induced the highest number of necrotic cells. The differences between both MR were statistically relevant (p < 0.01). OCT did neither differ from the other MRs nor from the control (PBS) in induction of necrosis in both cell types. In conclusion, the slightly negative effect of OCT considering apoptosis and necrosis of HGFIBs and HNEPCs is nearly the same or even lower compared to the established MRs included in this study. The results confirm that OCT is a potential alternative to CHX.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Schmidt
- a Department of Cariology, Endodontology, and Periodontology , University of Leipzig , Leipzig , Germany
| | - V Zyba
- b Department of Preventive Dentistry, Periodontology, and Cariology , University Medical Centre Goettingen , Goettingen , Germany
| | - K Jung
- c Department of Medical Statistics , University Medical Centre Goettingen , Goettingen , Germany
| | - S Rinke
- d Department of Prosthodontics , University Medical Centre Goettingen , Goettingen , Germany
| | - R Haak
- a Department of Cariology, Endodontology, and Periodontology , University of Leipzig , Leipzig , Germany
| | - R F Mausberg
- b Department of Preventive Dentistry, Periodontology, and Cariology , University Medical Centre Goettingen , Goettingen , Germany
| | - D Ziebolz
- a Department of Cariology, Endodontology, and Periodontology , University of Leipzig , Leipzig , Germany
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Kim DS, Choi JS, Kim DW, Kim KS, Seo YG, Cho KH, Kim JO, Yong CS, Youn YS, Lim SJ, Jin SG, Choi HG. Comparison of solvent-wetted and kneaded l-sulpiride-loaded solid dispersions: Powder characterization and in vivo evaluation. Int J Pharm 2016; 511:351-358. [PMID: 27397868 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Revised: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to compare the powder properties, solubility, dissolution and oral absorption of solvent-wetted (SWSD) and kneaded (KNSD) l-sulpiride-loaded solid dispersions. The SWSD and KNSD were prepared with silicon dioxide, sodium laurylsulfate and D-α-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate (TPGS) using a spray dryer and high shear mixer, respectively. Their powder properties, solubility, dissolution and oral absorption were assessed compared to l-sulpiride powder. The drug in SWSD was in the amorphous state; however, in KNSD, it existed in the crystalline state. The SWSD with a drug/sodium laurylsulphate/TPGS/silicon dioxide ratio of 5/1/2/12 gave the higher drug solubility and dissolution compared to the KNSD with the same composition. The oral absorption of drug in the SWSD was 1.4 fold higher than the KNSD and 3.0 fold higher than the l-sulpiride powder (p<0.05) owing to better solubility and reduced crystallinity. Furthermore, the SWSD at the half dose was bioequivalent of commercial l-sulpiride-loaded product in rats. Thus, the SWSD with more improved oral absorption would be recommended as an alternative for the l-sulpiride-loaded oral administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Shik Kim
- College of Pharmacy & Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, 55 Hanyangdaehak-ro, Sangnok-gu, Ansan 426-791, South Korea
| | - Jong Seo Choi
- College of Pharmacy & Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, 55 Hanyangdaehak-ro, Sangnok-gu, Ansan 426-791, South Korea
| | - Dong Wuk Kim
- College of Pharmacy & Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, 55 Hanyangdaehak-ro, Sangnok-gu, Ansan 426-791, South Korea
| | - Kyeong Soo Kim
- College of Pharmacy & Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, 55 Hanyangdaehak-ro, Sangnok-gu, Ansan 426-791, South Korea
| | - Youn Gee Seo
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, 214-1, Dae-Dong, Gyongsan 712-749, South Korea
| | - Kwan Hyung Cho
- College of Pharmacy, Inje University, Inje-ro 197, Gimhae 621-749, South Korea
| | - Jong Oh Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, 214-1, Dae-Dong, Gyongsan 712-749, South Korea
| | - Chul Soon Yong
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, 214-1, Dae-Dong, Gyongsan 712-749, South Korea
| | - Yu Seok Youn
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, 300 Cheoncheon-dong, Jangan-gu, Suwon 440-746, South Korea
| | - Soo-Jeong Lim
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Sejong University, Gunja-Dong, Seoul 143-747, South Korea
| | - Sung Giu Jin
- College of Pharmacy & Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, 55 Hanyangdaehak-ro, Sangnok-gu, Ansan 426-791, South Korea.
| | - Han-Gon Choi
- College of Pharmacy & Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, 55 Hanyangdaehak-ro, Sangnok-gu, Ansan 426-791, South Korea.
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Yoshikawa K, Sekino J, Imamura K, Ota K, Kita D, Saito A. In vitro Effect of Mouthrinse Containing Essential Oils on Proliferation and Migration of Gingival Epithelial Cells. Phytother Res 2016; 30:1113-8. [PMID: 27059802 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2015] [Revised: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to investigate in vitro the effects of mouthrinses containing essential oils (EOs) on proliferation and migration of gingival epithelial cells. Human gingival epithelial cells were treated with predetermined dilutions of commercially available EO mouthrinses with or without ethanol and a mouthrinse containing cetyl pyridinium chloride (CPC) for 60 s. Cell proliferation was evaluated using WST-1 assay. Cell migration was assessed using a wound closure model. Within 10 s of exposure to EO mouthrinse without ethanol, the epithelial cells became aberrant and shrank. No statistically significant difference in cell migration or proliferation was observed among cells pretreated by the EO mouthrinse with ethanol, CPC mouthrinse and control (phosphate buffered saline). In contrast, the EO mouthrinse without ethanol significantly reduced cell proliferation (p < 0.001) to approximately 20% relative to control. As for the EO mouthrinse without ethanol, it was not possible to assess its effect on cell migration using this model, because treated cells could be easily detached from the culture plate upon scratch, possibly because of the surfactant ingredient in the formulation. Within the limitations of the study, the EO mouthrinse with ethanol exerted no inhibitory effect on proliferation and migration of the gingival epithelial cells. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kouki Yoshikawa
- Department of Periodontology, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jin Sekino
- Department of Periodontology, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kentaro Imamura
- Department of Periodontology, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koki Ota
- Department of Periodontology, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan.,Oral Health Science Center, Tokyo Dental College, Japan
| | - Daichi Kita
- Department of Periodontology, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsushi Saito
- Department of Periodontology, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan.,Oral Health Science Center, Tokyo Dental College, Japan
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