1
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Kopp B, Khawam A, Di Perna K, Lenart D, Vinette M, Silva R, Zanoni TB, Rore C, Guenigault G, Richardson E, Kostrzewski T, Boswell A, Van P, Valentine Iii C, Salk J, Hamel A. Liver-on-chip model and application in predictive genotoxicity and mutagenicity of drugs. MUTATION RESEARCH. GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2024; 896:503762. [PMID: 38821675 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2024.503762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
Currently, there is no test system, whether in vitro or in vivo, capable of examining all endpoints required for genotoxicity evaluation used in pre-clinical drug safety assessment. The objective of this study was to develop a model which could assess all the required endpoints and possesses robust human metabolic activity, that could be used in a streamlined, animal-free manner. Liver-on-chip (LOC) models have intrinsic human metabolic activity that mimics the in vivo environment, making it a preferred test system. For our assay, the LOC was assembled using primary human hepatocytes or HepaRG cells, in a MPS-T12 plate, maintained under microfluidic flow conditions using the PhysioMimix® Microphysiological System (MPS), and co-cultured with human lymphoblastoid (TK6) cells in transwells. This system allows for interaction between two compartments and for the analysis of three different genotoxic endpoints, i.e. DNA strand breaks (comet assay) in hepatocytes, chromosome loss or damage (micronucleus assay) and mutation (Duplex Sequencing) in TK6 cells. Both compartments were treated at 0, 24 and 45 h with two direct genotoxicants: methyl methanesulfonate (MMS) and ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS), and two genotoxicants requiring metabolic activation: benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) and cyclophosphamide (CP). Assessment of cytochrome activity, RNA expression, albumin, urea and lactate dehydrogenase production, demonstrated functional metabolic capacities. Genotoxicity responses were observed for all endpoints with MMS and EMS. Increases in the micronucleus and mutations (MF) frequencies were also observed with CP, and %Tail DNA with B[a]P, indicating the metabolic competency of the test system. CP did not exhibit an increase in the %Tail DNA, which is in line with in vivo data. However, B[a]P did not exhibit an increase in the % micronucleus and MF, which might require an optimization of the test system. In conclusion, this proof-of-principle experiment suggests that LOC-MPS technology is a promising tool for in vitro hazard identification genotoxicants.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Kopp
- Charles River Laboratories Montreal ULC, Canada
| | - A Khawam
- Charles River Laboratories Montreal ULC, Canada
| | - K Di Perna
- Charles River Laboratories Montreal ULC, Canada
| | - D Lenart
- Charles River Laboratories Montreal ULC, Canada
| | - M Vinette
- Charles River Laboratories Montreal ULC, Canada
| | - R Silva
- CN Bio Innovations, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - T B Zanoni
- TwinStrand Biosciences, Seattle, United States
| | - C Rore
- CN Bio Innovations, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - A Boswell
- TwinStrand Biosciences, Seattle, United States
| | - P Van
- TwinStrand Biosciences, Seattle, United States
| | | | - J Salk
- TwinStrand Biosciences, Seattle, United States
| | - A Hamel
- Charles River Laboratories Montreal ULC, Canada.
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2
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Chapman KE, Shah UK, Fletcher JF, Johnson GE, Doak SH, Jenkins GJS. An integrated in vitro carcinogenicity test that distinguishes between genotoxic carcinogens, non-genotoxic carcinogens, and non-carcinogens. Mutagenesis 2024; 39:69-77. [PMID: 38301659 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/geae004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Chemical safety testing plays a crucial role in product and pharmacological development, as well as chemoprevention; however, in vitro genotoxicity safety tests do not always accurately predict the chemicals that will be in vivo carcinogens. If chemicals test positive in vitro for genotoxicity but negative in vivo, this can contribute to unnecessary testing in animals used to confirm erroneous in vitro positive results. Current in vitro tests typically evaluate only genotoxicity endpoints, which limits their potential to detect non-genotoxic carcinogens. The frequency of misleading in vitro positive results can be high, leading to a requirement for more informative in vitro tests. It is now recognized that multiple-endpoint genotoxicity testing may aid more accurate detection of carcinogens and non-carcinogens. The objective of this review was to evaluate the utility of our novel, multiple-endpoint in vitro test, which uses multiple cancer-relevant endpoints to predict carcinogenic potential. The tool assessed micronucleus frequency, p53 expression, p21 expression, mitochondrial respiration, cell cycle abnormalities and, uniquely, cell morphology changes in human lymphoblastoid cell lines, TK6 and MCL-5. The endpoints were used to observe cellular responses to 18 chemicals within the following categories: genotoxic carcinogens, non-genotoxic carcinogens, toxic non-carcinogens, and misleading in vitro positive and negative agents. The number of endpoints significantly altered for each chemical was considered, alongside the holistic Integrated Signature of Carcinogenicity score, derived from the sum of fold changes for all endpoints. Following the calculation of an overall score from these measures, carcinogens exhibited greater potency than non-carcinogens. Genotoxic carcinogens were generally more potent than non-genotoxic carcinogens. This novel approach therefore demonstrated potential for correctly predicting whether chemicals with unknown mechanism may be considered carcinogens. Overall, while further validation is recommended, the test demonstrates potential for the identification of carcinogenic compounds. Adoption of the approach could enable reduced animal use in carcinogenicity testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine E Chapman
- Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, SA2 8PP, United Kingdom
| | - Ume-Kulsoom Shah
- Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, SA2 8PP, United Kingdom
| | - Jessica F Fletcher
- Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, SA2 8PP, United Kingdom
| | - George E Johnson
- Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, SA2 8PP, United Kingdom
| | - Shareen H Doak
- Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, SA2 8PP, United Kingdom
| | - Gareth J S Jenkins
- Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, SA2 8PP, United Kingdom
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3
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de Souza AM, Dantas MRDN, Secundo EL, Silva EDC, Silva PF, Moreira SMG, de Medeiros SRB. Are hydroxyapatite-based biomaterials free of genotoxicity? A systematic review. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 352:141383. [PMID: 38360416 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Hydroxyapatite (HA) is a biomaterial widely used in clinical applications and pharmaceuticals. The literature on HA-based materials studies is focused on chemical characterization and biocompatibility. Generally, biocompatibility is analyzed through adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation assays. Fewer studies are looking for genotoxic events. Thus, although HA-based biomaterials are widely used as biomedical devices, there is a lack of literature regarding their genotoxicity. This systematic review was carried out following the PRISMA statement. Specific search strategies were developed and performed in four electronic databases (PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus, and Web of Science). The search used "Hydroxyapatite OR Calcium Hydroxyapatite OR durapatite AND genotoxicity OR genotoxic OR DNA damage" and "Hydroxyapatite OR Calcium Hydroxyapatite OR durapatite AND mutagenicity OR mutagenic OR DNA damage" as keywords and articles published from 2000 to 2022, after removing duplicate studies and apply include and exclusion criteria, 53 articles were identified and submitted to a qualitative descriptive analysis. Most of the assays were in vitro and most of the studies did not show genotoxicity. In fact, a protective effect was observed for hydroxyapatites. Only 20 out of 71 tests performed were positive for genotoxicity. However, no point mutation-related mutagenicity was observed. As the genotoxicity of HA-based biomaterials observed was correlated with its nanostructured forms as needles or rods, it is important to follow their effect in chronic exposure to guarantee safe usage in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Augusto Monteiro de Souza
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | | | - Estefânia Lins Secundo
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Elisângela da Costa Silva
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Priscila Fernandes Silva
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Susana Margarida Gomes Moreira
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
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4
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Dos Santos Rodrigues B, Leroy K, Mihajlovic M, De Boever S, Vanbellingen S, Cogliati B, Aerts JL, Vinken M. Evaluation of functional candidate biomarkers of non-genotoxic hepatocarcinogenicity in human liver spheroid co-cultures. Arch Toxicol 2023; 97:1739-1751. [PMID: 36941454 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-023-03486-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/22/2023]
Abstract
Validated in vitro assays for testing non-genotoxic carcinogenic potential of chemicals are currently not available. Consequently, the two-year rodent bioassay remains the gold standard method for the identification of these chemicals. Transcriptomic and proteomic analyses have provided a comprehensive understanding of the non-genotoxic carcinogenic processes, however, functional changes induced by effects at transcriptional and translational levels have not been addressed. The present study was set up to test a number of proposed in vitro biomarkers of non-genotoxic hepatocarcinogenicity at the functional level using a translational 3-dimensional model. Spheroid cultures of human hepatocytes and stellate cells were exposed to 5 genotoxic carcinogenic, 5 non-genotoxic carcinogenic, and 5 non-carcinogenic chemical compounds and assessed for oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, endoplasmic reticulum stress, apoptosis, and inflammation. The spheroid model could capture many of these events triggered by the genotoxic carcinogenic chemicals, particularly aflatoxin B1 and hydroquinone. Nonetheless, no clear distinction could be made between genotoxic and non-genotoxic hepatocarcinogenicity. Therefore, spheroid cultures of human liver cells may be appropriate in vitro tools for mechanistic investigation of chemical-induced hepatocarcinogenicity, however, these mechanisms and their read-outs do not seem to be eligible biomarkers for detecting non-genotoxic carcinogenic chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Dos Santos Rodrigues
- Entity of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Kaat Leroy
- Entity of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Milos Mihajlovic
- Entity of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sybren De Boever
- Entity of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sarah Vanbellingen
- Entity of Neuro-Aging and Viro-Immunotherapy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Bruno Cogliati
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Department of Pathology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Joeri L Aerts
- Entity of Neuro-Aging and Viro-Immunotherapy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mathieu Vinken
- Entity of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium.
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5
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Gavanji S, Bakhtari A, Famurewa AC, Othman EM. Cytotoxic Activity of Herbal Medicines as Assessed in Vitro: A Review. Chem Biodivers 2023; 20:e202201098. [PMID: 36595710 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202201098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Since time immemorial, human beings have sought natural medications for treatment of various diseases. Weighty evidence demonstrates the use of chemical methodologies for sensitive evaluation of cytotoxic potentials of herbal agents. However, due to the ubiquitous use of cytotoxicity methods, there is a need for providing updated guidance for the design and development of in vitro assessment. The aim of this review is to provide practical guidance on common cell-based assays for suitable assessment of cytotoxicity potential of herbal medicines and discussing their advantages and disadvantages Relevant articles in authentic databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, Science Direct, Scopus, Google Scholar and SID, from 1950 to 2022 were collected according to selection criteria of in vitro cytotoxicity assays and protocols. In addition, the link between cytotoxicity assay selection and different factors such as the drug solvent, concentration and exposure duration were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahin Gavanji
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Sciences and Technologies, University of Isfahan, 8415683111, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Azizollah Bakhtari
- Department of Reproductive Biology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, 7133654361, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Ademola C Famurewa
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medical Sciences, Alex Ekwueme Federal University, Ndufu-Alike, PMB 1010, Ikwo, Ebonyi State, Nigeria.,Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, 576104, Manipal, Karnataka State, India
| | - Eman M Othman
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia, 61519, Egypt.,Department of Bioinformatics, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Wuerzburg, Germany
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6
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Innovating human chemical hazard and risk assessment through an holistic approach. CURRENT OPINION IN TOXICOLOGY 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cotox.2023.100386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
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7
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Fortin AMV, Long AS, Williams A, Meier MJ, Cox J, Pinsonnault C, Yauk CL, White PA. Application of a new approach methodology (NAM)-based strategy for genotoxicity assessment of data-poor compounds. FRONTIERS IN TOXICOLOGY 2023; 5:1098432. [PMID: 36756349 PMCID: PMC9899896 DOI: 10.3389/ftox.2023.1098432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The conventional battery for genotoxicity testing is not well suited to assessing the large number of chemicals needing evaluation. Traditional in vitro tests lack throughput, provide little mechanistic information, and have poor specificity in predicting in vivo genotoxicity. New Approach Methodologies (NAMs) aim to accelerate the pace of hazard assessment and reduce reliance on in vivo tests that are time-consuming and resource-intensive. As such, high-throughput transcriptomic and flow cytometry-based assays have been developed for modernized in vitro genotoxicity assessment. This includes: the TGx-DDI transcriptomic biomarker (i.e., 64-gene expression signature to identify DNA damage-inducing (DDI) substances), the MicroFlow® assay (i.e., a flow cytometry-based micronucleus (MN) test), and the MultiFlow® assay (i.e., a multiplexed flow cytometry-based reporter assay that yields mode of action (MoA) information). The objective of this study was to investigate the utility of the TGx-DDI transcriptomic biomarker, multiplexed with the MicroFlow® and MultiFlow® assays, as an integrated NAM-based testing strategy for screening data-poor compounds prioritized by Health Canada's New Substances Assessment and Control Bureau. Human lymphoblastoid TK6 cells were exposed to 3 control and 10 data-poor substances, using a 6-point concentration range. Gene expression profiling was conducted using the targeted TempO-Seq™ assay, and the TGx-DDI classifier was applied to the dataset. Classifications were compared with those based on the MicroFlow® and MultiFlow® assays. Benchmark Concentration (BMC) modeling was used for potency ranking. The results of the integrated hazard calls indicate that five of the data-poor compounds were genotoxic in vitro, causing DNA damage via a clastogenic MoA, and one via a pan-genotoxic MoA. Two compounds were likely irrelevant positives in the MN test; two are considered possibly genotoxic causing DNA damage via an ambiguous MoA. BMC modeling revealed nearly identical potency rankings for each assay. This ranking was maintained when all endpoint BMCs were converted into a single score using the Toxicological Prioritization (ToxPi) approach. Overall, this study contributes to the establishment of a modernized approach for effective genotoxicity assessment and chemical prioritization for further regulatory scrutiny. We conclude that the integration of TGx-DDI, MicroFlow®, and MultiFlow® endpoints is an effective NAM-based strategy for genotoxicity assessment of data-poor compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Marie V. Fortin
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada,Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Alexandra S. Long
- Existing Substances Risk Assessment Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Andrew Williams
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Matthew J. Meier
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Julie Cox
- Bureau of Gastroenterology, Infection and Viral Diseases, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Claire Pinsonnault
- New Substances Assessment and Control Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Carole L. Yauk
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada,*Correspondence: Carole L. Yauk, ; Paul A. White,
| | - Paul A. White
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada,Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada,*Correspondence: Carole L. Yauk, ; Paul A. White,
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8
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Buick JK, Rowan-Carroll A, Gagné R, Williams A, Chen R, Li HH, Fornace AJ, Chao C, Engelward BP, Frötschl R, Ellinger-Ziegelbauer H, Pettit SD, Aubrecht J, Yauk CL. Integrated Genotoxicity Testing of three anti-infective drugs using the TGx-DDI transcriptomic biomarker and high-throughput CometChip® assay in TK6 cells. FRONTIERS IN TOXICOLOGY 2022; 4:991590. [PMID: 36211197 PMCID: PMC9540394 DOI: 10.3389/ftox.2022.991590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Genotoxicity testing relies on the detection of gene mutations and chromosome damage and has been used in the genetic safety assessment of drugs and chemicals for decades. However, the results of standard genotoxicity tests are often difficult to interpret due to lack of mode of action information. The TGx-DDI transcriptomic biomarker provides mechanistic information on the DNA damage-inducing (DDI) capability of chemicals to aid in the interpretation of positive in vitro genotoxicity data. The CometChip® assay was developed to assess DNA strand breaks in a higher-throughput format. We paired the TGx-DDI biomarker with the CometChip® assay in TK6 cells to evaluate three model agents: nitrofurantoin (NIT), metronidazole (MTZ), and novobiocin (NOV). TGx-DDI was analyzed by two independent labs and technologies (nCounter® and TempO-Seq®). Although these anti-infective drugs are, or have been, used in human and/or veterinary medicine, the standard genotoxicity testing battery showed significant genetic safety findings. Specifically, NIT is a mutagen and causes chromosome damage, and MTZ and NOV cause chromosome damage in conventional in vitro tests. Herein, the TGx-DDI biomarker classified NIT and MTZ as non-DDI at all concentrations tested, suggesting that NIT’s mutagenic activity is bacterial specific and that the observed chromosome damage by MTZ might be a consequence of in vitro test conditions. In contrast, NOV was classified as DDI at the second highest concentration tested, which is in line with the fact that NOV is a bacterial DNA-gyrase inhibitor that also affects topoisomerase II at high concentrations. The lack of DNA damage for NIT and MTZ was confirmed by the CometChip® results, which were negative for all three drugs except at overtly cytotoxic concentrations. This case study demonstrates the utility of combining the TGx-DDI biomarker and CometChip® to resolve conflicting genotoxicity data and provides further validation to support the reproducibility of the biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie K. Buick
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Andrea Rowan-Carroll
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Rémi Gagné
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Andrew Williams
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Renxiang Chen
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cellular Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Heng-Hong Li
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cellular Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Albert J. Fornace
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cellular Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Christy Chao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Bevin P. Engelward
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Roland Frötschl
- Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices (BfArM), Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Syril D. Pettit
- Health and Environmental Sciences Institute, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Jiri Aubrecht
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Carole L. Yauk
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- *Correspondence: Carole L. Yauk,
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9
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Vernon AR, Pemberton RM, Morse HR. A novel in vitro 3D model of the human bone marrow to bridge the gap between in vitro and in vivo genotoxicity testing. Mutagenesis 2022; 37:112-129. [PMID: 35394550 PMCID: PMC9071074 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/geac009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The regulatory 2D in vitro micronucleus (MN) assay is part of a battery of tests, used to test for genotoxicity of new and existing compounds before they are assessed in vivo (ICH S2). The 2D MN assay consists of a monolayer of cells, whereas the in vivo bone marrow (BM) setting comprises a multicellular environment within a three-dimensional extracellular matrix. Although the in vitro MN assay follows a robust protocol set out by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) to comply with regulatory bodies, some compounds have been identified as negative genotoxicants within the in vitro MN assay but marginally positive when assessed in vivo. The glucocorticoids, which are weakly positive in vivo, have generally been suggested to pose no long-term carcinogenic risk; however, for novel compounds of unknown activity, improved prediction of genotoxicity is imperative. To help address this observation, we describe a novel 3D in vitro assay which aims to replicate the results seen within the in vivo BM microenvironment. AlgiMatrix scaffolds were optimized for seeding with HS-5 human BM stromal cells as a BM microenvironment, to which the human lymphoblast cell line TK6 was added. An MN assay was performed aligning with the 2D regulatory assay protocol. Utilizing this novel 3D in vitro model of the BM, known genotoxicants (mitomycin C, etoposide, and paclitaxel), a negative control (caffeine), and in vivo positive glucocorticoids (dexamethasone and prednisolone) were investigated for the induction of MN. It was found, in agreement with historical in vivo data, that the model could accurately predict the in vivo outcome of the glucocorticoids, unlike the regulatory 2D in vitro MN assay. These preliminary results suggest our 3D MN assay may better predict the outcome of in vivo MN tests, compared with the standard 2D assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander R Vernon
- Department of Applied Sciences, University of the West of England, Bristol, Frenchay Campus, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol BS16 1QY, United Kingdom
| | - Roy M Pemberton
- Department of Applied Sciences, University of the West of England, Bristol, Frenchay Campus, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol BS16 1QY, United Kingdom
| | - H Ruth Morse
- Department of Applied Sciences, University of the West of England, Bristol, Frenchay Campus, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol BS16 1QY, United Kingdom
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10
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Comparative Analysis of Transcriptional Responses to Genotoxic and Non-Genotoxic Agents in the Blood Cell Model TK6 and the Liver Model HepaRG. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073420. [PMID: 35408779 PMCID: PMC8998745 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Transcript signatures are a promising approach to identify and classify genotoxic and non-genotoxic compounds and are of interest as biomarkers or for future regulatory application. Not much data, however, is yet available about the concordance of transcriptional responses in different cell types or tissues. Here, we analyzed transcriptomic responses to selected genotoxic food contaminants in the human p53-competent lymphoblastoid cell line TK6 using RNA sequencing. Responses to treatment with five genotoxins, as well as with four non-genotoxic liver toxicants, were compared with previously published gene expression data from the human liver cell model HepaRG. A significant overlap of the transcriptomic changes upon genotoxic stress was detectable in TK6 cells, whereas the comparison with the HepaRG model revealed considerable differences, which was confirmed by bioinformatic data mining for cellular upstream regulators or pathways. Taken together, the study presents a transcriptomic signature for genotoxin exposure in the human TK6 blood cell model. The data demonstrate that responses in different cell models have considerable variations. Detection of a transcriptomic genotoxin signature in blood cells indicates that gene expression analyses of blood samples might be a valuable approach to also estimate responses to toxic exposure in target organs such as the liver.
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11
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Waters MD, Warren S, Hughes C, Lewis P, Zhang F. Human genetic risk of treatment with antiviral nucleoside analog drugs that induce lethal mutagenesis: The special case of molnupiravir. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2022; 63:37-63. [PMID: 35023215 DOI: 10.1002/em.22471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This review considers antiviral nucleoside analog drugs, including ribavirin, favipiravir, and molnupiravir, which induce genome error catastrophe in SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 via lethal mutagenesis as a mode of action. In vitro data indicate that molnupiravir may be 100 times more potent as an antiviral agent than ribavirin or favipiravir. Molnupiravir has recently demonstrated efficacy in a phase 3 clinical trial. Because of its anticipated global use, its relative potency, and the reported in vitro "host" cell mutagenicity of its active principle, β-d-N4-hydroxycytidine, we have reviewed the development of molnupiravir and its genotoxicity safety evaluation, as well as the genotoxicity profiles of three congeners, that is, ribavirin, favipiravir, and 5-(2-chloroethyl)-2'-deoxyuridine. We consider the potential genetic risks of molnupiravir on the basis of all available information and focus on the need for additional human genotoxicity data and follow-up in patients treated with molnupiravir and similar drugs. Such human data are especially relevant for antiviral NAs that have the potential of permanently modifying the genomes of treated patients and/or causing human teratogenicity or embryotoxicity. We conclude that the results of preclinical genotoxicity studies and phase 1 human clinical safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics are critical components of drug safety assessments and sentinels of unanticipated adverse health effects. We provide our rationale for performing more thorough genotoxicity testing prior to and within phase 1 clinical trials, including human PIG-A and error corrected next generation sequencing (duplex sequencing) studies in DNA and mitochondrial DNA of patients treated with antiviral NAs that induce genome error catastrophe via lethal mutagenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Waters
- Michael Waters Consulting USA, Hillsborough, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Claude Hughes
- Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Fengyu Zhang
- Global Clinical and Translational Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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12
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Painter GR, Natchus MG, Cohen O, Holman W, Painter WP. Developing a direct acting, orally available antiviral agent in a pandemic: the evolution of molnupiravir as a potential treatment for COVID-19. Curr Opin Virol 2021; 50:17-22. [PMID: 34271264 PMCID: PMC8277160 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2021.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Despite the availability of vaccines, there remains an urgent need for antiviral drugs with potent activity against SARS-CoV-2, the cause of COVID-19. Millions of people are immune-suppressed and may not be able to mount a fully protective immune response after vaccination. There is also an increasingly critical need for a drug to cover emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants, against which existing vaccines may be less effective. Here, we describe the evolution of molnupiravir (EIDD-2801, MK-4482), a broad-spectrum antiviral agent originally designed for the treatment of Alphavirus infections, into a potential drug for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19. When the pandemic began, molnupiravir was in pre-clinical development for the treatment of seasonal influenza. As COVID-19 spread, the timeline for the development program was moved forward significantly, and focus shifted to treatment of coronavirus infections. Real time consultation with regulatory authorities aided in making the acceleration of the program possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- George R Painter
- Emory Institute for Drug Development (EIDD), Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Drug Innovation Ventures at Emory (DRIVE), Atlanta, GA, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Michael G Natchus
- Emory Institute for Drug Development (EIDD), Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Oren Cohen
- Covance Clinical Research Unit Ltd., Springfield House, Hyde Street, Leeds LS2 9LH, UK
| | - Wendy Holman
- Ridgeback Biotherapeutics LP, 3480 Main Highway, Unit 402, Miami, Florida 33133, USA
| | - Wendy P Painter
- Ridgeback Biotherapeutics LP, 3480 Main Highway, Unit 402, Miami, Florida 33133, USA
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13
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Dos Santos Costa FM, Fernandes MH, Batistuzzo de Medeiros SR. Genotoxicity of root canal sealers: a literature review. Clin Oral Investig 2020; 24:3347-3362. [PMID: 32767107 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-020-03478-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Root canal sealers are widely used worldwide in endodontics to prevent reinfection and growth of surviving microorganisms. Considering the strong correlation between genetic damage and carcinogenesis, evaluation of genotoxicity induced by endodontic sealers is recommended for elucidating the true health risks to patients and professionals. The purpose of this article was to provide a comprehensive review of studies involving genotoxicity analysis of endodontic sealers and the used methodologies. MATERIALS AND METHODS A literature search was made in PubMed using the following combination of words "genotoxicity," "mutagenicity," "endodontic sealers," and "root canal sealers." A total of 39 articles with genotoxicity studies were selected for the present study. RESULTS Sealers have been ranked in decreasing order of their genotoxicity as: ZOE sealers > GIC sealers > S sealers > ER sealers > MR sealers > Novel sealers > CH sealers > CS sealers. CONCLUSIONS All published data showed some evidence of genotoxicity for most of the commercial root canal sealers; however, contradictory results were found, mainly for AH Plus, the most studied sealer. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The information provided would direct the endodontists to use the less genotoxic materials in endodontic treatment in a way to reduce DNA damage promoting oral healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fábio Miguel Dos Santos Costa
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Maria Helena Fernandes
- Faculty of Dental Medicine, U. Porto, Porto, Portugal
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, U. Porto, Porto, Portugal
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14
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Al-Saleh I, Elkhatib R, Al-Rajoudi T, Al-Qudaihi G, Manogarannogaran P, Eltabache C, Alotaibi A, Mummer AB, Almugbel S. Cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of e-liquids and their potential associations with nicotine, menthol and phthalate esters. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 249:126153. [PMID: 32058129 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we determined DNA damage and chromosome breakage (indicators of genotoxicity) and cell viability (an indicator of cytotoxicity) in human lymphoblastoid TK6 and Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells treated with 33 e-liquids using in vitro single cell gel (comet), micronucleus (MN), and trypan blue assays, respectively. We also measured the contents of nicotine, five phthalate esters, and DL-menthol in the e-liquids to examine their effects on DNA damage, chromosome breakage, and cell viability. Our chemical analyses showed that: (1) six e-liquids had nicotine ≥2-fold higher than the manufacture's label claim (2-3.5 mg); (2) both dimethyl- and dibutyl-phthalate levels were >0.1 μg/g, i.e., their threshold limits as additives in cosmetics; and (3) the DL-menthol contents ranged from 0.0003 to 85757.2 μg/g, with those of two e-liquids being >1 mg/g, the threshold limit for trigging sensory irritation. Though all the e-liquids induced DNA damage in TK6 cells, 20 resulted in cell viabilities ≤75%, indicating cytotoxicity, yet the inverse relationship between cell viability and DNA damage (r = -0.628, p = 0.003) might reflect their role as pro-apoptotic and DNA damage inducers. Fifteen e-liquids induced MN% in TK6 cells ≥3-fold that of untreated cells. Some of the increase in %MN might be false due to high cytotoxicity, yet six brands showed acceptable cell viabilities (59-71%), indicating chromosome damage. DNA damage and %MN increased when the TK6 cells were exposed to metabolic activation. The CHO cells were less sensitive to the genotoxic effects of the e-liquids than the TK6 cells. DL-menthol was found to be associated with decreased cell viability and increased DNA damage, even at low levels. We cannot dismiss the presence of other ingredients in e-liquids with cytotoxic/genotoxic properties since out of the 63 different flavors, 47 induced DNA damage (≥3-folds), and 26 reduced cell viability (≤75%) in TK6 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Aminah Alotaibi
- National Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Research, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulrahman Bin Mummer
- Biostatistics, Epidemiology & Scientific Computing Department, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saad Almugbel
- College of Medicine, Al-Imam Muhammed Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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15
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Cao Y, Yu M, Dong G, Chen B, Zhang B. Digital PCR as an Emerging Tool for Monitoring of Microbial Biodegradation. Molecules 2020; 25:E706. [PMID: 32041334 PMCID: PMC7037809 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25030706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Biodegradation of contaminants is extremely complicated due to unpredictable microbial behaviors. Monitoring of microbial biodegradation drives us to determine (1) the amounts of specific degrading microbes, (2) the abundance, and (3) expression level of relevant functional genes. To this endeavor, the cultivation independent polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based monitoring technique develops from endpoint PCR, real-time quantitative PCR, and then into novel digital PCR. In this review, we introduce these three categories of PCR techniques and summarize the timely applications of digital PCR and its superiorities than qPCR for biodegradation monitoring. Digital PCR technique, emerging as the most accurately absolute quantification method, can serve as the most promising and robust tool for monitoring of microbial biodegradation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Bing Chen
- The Northern Region Persistent Organic Pollution (NRPOP) Control Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL A1B 3X5, Canada; (Y.C.); (M.Y.); (G.D.)
| | - Baiyu Zhang
- The Northern Region Persistent Organic Pollution (NRPOP) Control Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL A1B 3X5, Canada; (Y.C.); (M.Y.); (G.D.)
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16
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Chen R, Zhou C, Cao Y, Xi J, Ohira T, He L, Huang P, You X, Liu W, Zhang X, Ma S, Xie T, Chang Y, Luan Y. Assessment of Pig-a, Micronucleus, and Comet Assay Endpoints in Tg.RasH2 Mice Carcinogenicity Study of Aristolochic Acid I. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2020; 61:266-275. [PMID: 31443125 DOI: 10.1002/em.22325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A newly developed in vivo Pig-a gene mutation assay displays great potential for integration into genotoxicity tests. To obtain more evidence for application of the Pig-a assay, we integrated this assay, micronucleus test in peripheral blood (MN-pb test) and bone marrow (MN-bm test), as well as a Comet assay into a transgenic RasH2 mice carcinogenicity study. Fourteen male RasH2 mice and five wild-type (WT) mice were treated with a strong mutagen aristolochic acid I at a dose of 5 mg/kg/day for 4 consecutive weeks. Mice recovered in 5 weeks. Peripheral bloods were collected for Pig-a assay, MN-pb test, and Comet assay at several time points, while bone marrow and target organs were harvested for the MN-bm test and pathological diagnosis after mice were euthanized. Finally, 13 of the 14 RasH2 mice developed squamous cell carcinomas in the forestomach, while there were no carcinomas in the WT mice. Pig-a mutant frequencies (MFs) consecutively increased throughout the study to a maximum value of approximately 63-fold more than background. These frequencies were relative to the incidence, size, and malignant degree of tumors. Micronucleated reticulocytes increased from Day 1 to Day 49, before returning to background levels. No positive responses were observed in either the MN-bm test or the Comet assay. Results suggested that, when compared with the other two tests, the Pig-a assay persistently contributed to sustaining MFs, enhanced detection sensitivity due to the accumulation of Pig-a mutations, and demonstrated better predictability for tumorigenicity. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 61:266-275, 2020. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruixue Chen
- School of Public Health, Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Changhui Zhou
- Shanghai InnoStar Bio-Tech Co., Ltd., National Shanghai Center for New Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiyi Cao
- School of Public Health, Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Joint Laboratory on Herbal Safety, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Xi
- School of Public Health, Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Joint Laboratory on Herbal Safety, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Toko Ohira
- Shanghai InnoStar Bio-Tech Co., Ltd., National Shanghai Center for New Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang He
- Shanghai InnoStar Bio-Tech Co., Ltd., National Shanghai Center for New Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Pengcheng Huang
- Shanghai InnoStar Bio-Tech Co., Ltd., National Shanghai Center for New Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinyue You
- School of Public Health, Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiying Liu
- School of Public Health, Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinyu Zhang
- School of Public Health, Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Joint Laboratory on Herbal Safety, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuangcheng Ma
- Joint Laboratory on Herbal Safety, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Tianpei Xie
- Joint Laboratory on Herbal Safety, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Standard Technology Co., Ltd., Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Chang
- Shanghai InnoStar Bio-Tech Co., Ltd., National Shanghai Center for New Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Luan
- School of Public Health, Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Joint Laboratory on Herbal Safety, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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17
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Kreuzer K, Frenzel F, Lampen A, Braeuning A, Böhmert L. Transcriptomic effect marker patterns of genotoxins - a comparative study with literature data. J Appl Toxicol 2019; 40:448-457. [PMID: 31845381 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Microarray approaches are frequently used experimental tools which have proven their value for example in the characterization of the molecular mode of action of toxicologically relevant compounds. In a regulatory context, omics techniques are still not routinely used, amongst others due to lacking standardization in experimental setup and data processing, and also due to issues with the definition of adversity. In order to exemplarily determine whether consensus transcript biomarker signatures for a certain toxicological endpoint can be derived from published microarray datasets, we here compared transcriptome data from human HepaRG hepatocarcinoma cells treated with different genotoxins, based on re-analyzed datasets extracted from the literature. Comparison of the resulting data show that even with similarly-acting compounds in the same cell line, considerable variation was observed with respect to the numbers and identities of differentially expressed genes. Greater concordance was observed when considering the whole data sets and biological functions associated with the genes affected. The present results highlight difficulties and possibilities in inter-experiment comparisons of omics data and underpin the need for future efforts towards improved standardization to facilitate the use of omics data in risk assessment. Existing omics datasets may nonetheless prove valuable in establishing biological context information essential for the development of adverse outcome pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Kreuzer
- Dept. Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | - Falko Frenzel
- Dept. Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alfonso Lampen
- Dept. Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | - Albert Braeuning
- Dept. Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | - Linda Böhmert
- Dept. Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
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18
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Nonanimal toxicology testing approaches for traditional and deemed tobacco products in a complex regulatory environment: Limitations, possibilities, and future directions. Toxicol In Vitro 2019; 62:104684. [PMID: 31618670 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2019.104684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The evaluation of tobacco products is complex due to a multitude of factors including product diversity, limited testing standards, and variability in user behavior. Alternative approaches in current testing paradigms have limitations that generally truncate their applicability beyond screening for hazard identification; this is also true for toxicological evaluations of tobacco products. In a regulatory context, results from tobacco product toxicity assessments are extrapolated to the in vivo condition to assess human health relevance at the individual and population level. A key limitation of alternative approaches is the difficulty and uncertainty in extrapolating results to adverse outcomes relevant to chronic tobacco exposures in humans. This difficulty and uncertainty are increased when comparing toxicological outcomes between tobacco products. Given that the interpretation and quantification of differences in assay results (e.g., mutagenicity) for tobacco product comparison may be inconclusive, the predictive value of these approaches for human risk of relevant downstream pathologies (e.g., carcinogenesis) can be limited. Development and validation of fit-for-purpose alternative approaches that are predictive of human toxicity and dose response assays with adequate sensitivity and specificity for product comparisons would help advance the field of predictive toxicology.
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19
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Díez-Quijada L, Prieto AI, Puerto M, Jos Á, Cameán AM. In Vitro Mutagenic and Genotoxic Assessment of a Mixture of the Cyanotoxins Microcystin-LR and Cylindrospermopsin. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:E318. [PMID: 31167415 PMCID: PMC6628426 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11060318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The co-occurrence of various cyanobacterial toxins can potentially induce toxic effects different than those observed for single cyanotoxins, as interaction phenomena cannot be discarded. Moreover, mixtures are a more probable exposure scenario. However, toxicological information on the topic is still scarce. Taking into account the important role of mutagenicity and genotoxicity in the risk evaluation framework, the objective of this study was to assess the mutagenic and genotoxic potential of mixtures of two of the most relevant cyanotoxins, Microcystin-LR (MC-LR) and Cylindrospermopsin (CYN), using the battery of in vitro tests recommended by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) for food contaminants. Mixtures of 1:10 CYN/MC-LR (CYN concentration in the range 0.04-2.5 µg/mL) were used to perform the bacterial reverse-mutation assay (Ames test) in Salmonella typhimurium, the mammalian cell micronucleus (MN) test and the mouse lymphoma thymidine-kinase assay (MLA) on L5178YTk± cells, while Caco-2 cells were used for the standard and enzyme-modified comet assays. The exposure periods ranged between 4 and 72 h depending on the assay. The genotoxicity of the mixture was observed only in the MN test with S9 metabolic fraction, similar to the results previously reported for CYN individually. These results indicate that cyanobacterial mixtures require a specific (geno)toxicity evaluation as their effects cannot be extrapolated from those of the individual cyanotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leticia Díez-Quijada
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sevilla, C/Profesor García González 2, 41012 Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Ana I Prieto
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sevilla, C/Profesor García González 2, 41012 Sevilla, Spain.
| | - María Puerto
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sevilla, C/Profesor García González 2, 41012 Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Ángeles Jos
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sevilla, C/Profesor García González 2, 41012 Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Ana M Cameán
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sevilla, C/Profesor García González 2, 41012 Sevilla, Spain.
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20
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Ebmeyer J, Braeuning A, Glatt H, These A, Hessel-Pras S, Lampen A. Human CYP3A4-mediated toxification of the pyrrolizidine alkaloid lasiocarpine. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 130:79-88. [PMID: 31103741 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PA) are widely distributed phytotoxins contaminating food and feed. Hepatic enzymes are considered to bioactivate PA. Previous studies showed differences in the metabolism rate in liver homogenates of different species. Thus, uncertainty remains with respect to the relevance of human metabolism. Our study aimed to analyze whether the PA representative lasiocarpine is toxified by human cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes. We compared the metabolic elimination of lasiocarpine in the presence of rat and human S9 fractions and liver microsomes. Experiments with the potent CYP3A/Cyp3a inhibitor ketoconazole and supersomes containing individual human and rat CYPs revealed that enzymes of the CYP3A/Cyp3a family of both species are of major relevance for lasiocarpine metabolism. To assess if metabolism by human CYP3A4 results in a toxification of lasiocarpine we performed experiments with V79 cells. γH2AX and micronucleus formation were analyzed as endpoints for genotoxicity. No effects were observed in the wildtype cells, which lack CYP activity. By contrast, a V79 clone engineered for expression of human CYP3A4 showed concentration-dependent γH2AX and micronucleus formation. Concluding, our results showed the CYP3A4-dependent formation of genotoxic metabolites of lasiocarpine. The results confirm previous data indicating the need to include metabolism of PA for human risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Ebmeyer
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Department Food Safety, Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Albert Braeuning
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Department Food Safety, Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hansruedi Glatt
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Department Food Safety, Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anja These
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Department Safety in the Food Chain, Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefanie Hessel-Pras
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Department Food Safety, Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Alfonso Lampen
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Department Food Safety, Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
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21
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Delmond KA, Vicari T, Guiloski IC, Dagostim AC, Voigt CL, Silva de Assis HC, Ramsdorf WA, Cestari MM. Antioxidant imbalance and genotoxicity detected in fish induced by titanium dioxide nanoparticles (NpTiO 2) and inorganic lead (PbII). ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2019; 67:42-52. [PMID: 30711874 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2019.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (NpTiO2) are the most widely-used nanoparticle type and the adsorption of metals such as lead (PbII) onto their surface is a major source of concern to scientists. This study evaluated the effects of the associated exposure to both types of contaminant, i.e., lead (a known genotoxic metal) and NpTiO2, in a freshwater fish (Astyanax serratus) through intraperitoneal injection for an acute assay of 96 h. The effects of this exposure were evaluated using the comet assay, DNA diffusion assay and piscine micronucleus test, as well as the quantification of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, and GST) and metallothioneins. Our findings indicate that co-exposure of PbII with NpTiO2 can provoke ROS imbalances, leading to DNA damage in the blood and liver tissue of A. serratus, as well as modifying erythropoiesis in this species, inducing necrosis and changing the nuclear morphology of the erythrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kézia Aguiar Delmond
- Department of Genetics, Laboratory of Animal Cytogenetics and Environmental Mutagenesis, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Taynah Vicari
- Department of Genetics, Laboratory of Animal Cytogenetics and Environmental Mutagenesis, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Izonete Cristina Guiloski
- Department of Pharmacology, Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Ana Carolina Dagostim
- Department of Genetics, Laboratory of Animal Cytogenetics and Environmental Mutagenesis, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Carmen Lúcia Voigt
- Department of Chemistry, State University of Ponta Grossa (UEPG), Ponta Grossa, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Helena Cristina Silva de Assis
- Department of Pharmacology, Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Wanessa Algarte Ramsdorf
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Ecotoxicology, Federal and Technological University of Paraná (UTFPR), Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Marta Margarete Cestari
- Department of Genetics, Laboratory of Animal Cytogenetics and Environmental Mutagenesis, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
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22
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Wu Q, Patocka J, Kuca K. Beauvericin, A Fusarium Mycotoxin: Anticancer Activity, Mechanisms, and Human Exposure Risk Assessment. Mini Rev Med Chem 2019; 19:206-214. [DOI: 10.2174/1389557518666180928161808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2017] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Beauvericin (BEA) is a cyclic hexadepsipeptide, which derives from Cordyceps cicadae. It is also produced by Fusarium species, which are parasitic to maize, wheat, rice and other important commodities. BEA increases ion permeability in biological membranes by forming a complex with essential cations, which may affect ionic homeostasis. Its ion-complexing capability allows BEA to transport alkaline earth metal and alkali metal ions across cell membranes. Importantly, increasing lines of evidence show that BEA has an anticancer effect and can be potentially used in cancer therapeutics. Normally, BEA performs the anticancer effect due to the induced cancer cell apoptosis via a reactive oxygen species-dependent pathway. Moreover, BEA increases the intracellular Ca2+ levels and subsequently regulates the activity of a series of signalling pathways including MAPK, JAK/STAT, and NF-κB, and finally causes cancer cell apoptosis. In vivo studies further show that BEA reduces tumour volumes and weights. BEA especially targets differentiated and invasive cancer types. Currently, the anticancer activity of BEA is a hot topic; however, there is no review article to discuss the anticancer activity of BEA. Therefore, in this review, we have mainly summarized the anticancer activity of BEA and thoroughly discussed its underlying mechanisms. In addition, the human exposure risk assessment of BEA is also discussed. We hope that this review will provide further information for understanding the anticancer mechanisms of BEA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghua Wu
- College of Life Science, Institute of Biomedicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China
| | - Jiri Patocka
- Institute of Radiology, Toxicology and Civil Protection, Faculty of Health and Social Studies, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Kuca
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
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23
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Khalil C, Al Hageh C, Korfali S, Khnayzer RS. Municipal leachates health risks: Chemical and cytotoxicity assessment from regulated and unregulated municipal dumpsites in Lebanon. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 208:1-13. [PMID: 29857206 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.05.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The proper management of municipal waste is critical for resource recovery, sustainability and health. Lebanon main approach for managing its municipal waste consisted of landfill disposal with minimal recycling capacity. This approach contributed to exceeding the holding capacity of existing landfills leading eventually to their closures. The closure of a major landfill (Naameh landfill) servicing Beirut and Mount Lebanon areas led to municipal wastes piling in the streets and forests for more than a year in 2016. The main problem identified in the municipal wastes consisted of untreated leachates (from regulated and unregulated dumpsites) going straight into the Mediterranean Sea. Therefore leachate samples were collected and subjected to chemical characterization followed by biological assessment. The chemical characterization and profiling of the Lebanese leachates were compared to results reported in Lebanon, Europe and United States as well as to the toxicity reference values (TRV). The biological assessment was conducted in vitro using human derived immortalized cell cultures. This strategy revealed significant alarming cellular organelles and DNA damages using in vitro cytotoxicity assays (MTS and comet assay). The significant damages observed at the cellular level prompted further animal model investigations using BALB/c mice. The animal data pointed to significant upregulation of liver activity enzymes coupled with significant damage expression in liver spleen and bone marrow DNA. The presented research clearly indicated that there is an urgent need for development of national waste strategies for proper treatment and disposal of municipal waste leachates in Lebanon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Khalil
- Department of Natural Sciences, Lebanese American University, Chouran, Beirut 1102-2801, Lebanon.
| | - Cynthia Al Hageh
- Department of Natural Sciences, Lebanese American University, Chouran, Beirut 1102-2801, Lebanon
| | - Samira Korfali
- Department of Natural Sciences, Lebanese American University, Chouran, Beirut 1102-2801, Lebanon
| | - Rony S Khnayzer
- Department of Natural Sciences, Lebanese American University, Chouran, Beirut 1102-2801, Lebanon
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24
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Rossi LF, Luaces JP, Palermo AM, Merani MS, Mudry MD. Cytogenetic damage in peripheral blood cultures of Chaetophractus villosus exposed in vivo to a glyphosate formulation (Roundup). ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 157:121-127. [PMID: 29614449 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.03.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Different concentrations of a glyphosate formulation, Roundup® Full II (66.2% glyphosate) were tested in culture peripheral blood of armadillo Chaetophractus villosus with cytogenetic biomarkers like mitotic index (MI), chromosomal aberrations (CA), sister chromatid exchange (SCE) and cell proliferation kinetics (CPK) by means of replication index. Adults animals of both sexes were exposed to RU at four concentrations ranging from 0.026 mL RU solution to 0.379 mL RU daily in oral treatment with the same volume (0.2 mL) during 7 days. We analyzed the induced damage at different times considering T0 as control value, one (T1), seven (T7) and 30 days (T30). One day after, only the higher concentration shows MI significant differences (p < 0.05), at T7 the frequency increases and at T30 it decreases reaching T0 values. The analysis of CA frequencies shows that only 0.106 mL RU/day exhibit significant differences vs T0 values. A great variability is expressed in the values of standard deviation (SD) and in the wide confidence intervals of the media. One day after treatments (T1) all four concentrations shows significant differences in SCE vs T0 values. Replication Index (RI) does not show significant differences. The dose-response behavior was not observed in either CA or SCE. The consistency of the findings obtained with the same biomarkers in vitro support the idea of expanding studies in order to characterize the risk doses for these mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Francisco Rossi
- Laboratorio de Biología Cromosómica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, C1121ABG Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), C1425FQB Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Juan Pablo Luaces
- Laboratorio de Biología Cromosómica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, C1121ABG Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), C1425FQB Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ana Maria Palermo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas para la Defensa (CITEDEF), B1603ALQ Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Susana Merani
- Laboratorio de Biología Cromosómica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, C1121ABG Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), C1425FQB Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Marta Dolores Mudry
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), C1425FQB Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina; Grupo de Investigación en Biología Evolutiva (GIBE), Depto EGE, IEGEBA, FCEyN, Universidad de Buenos Aires, C1428EGA Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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