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Lizée K, Dominguez S, Théolier J, La Vieille S, Godefroy SB. Simulated use of thresholds for precautionary allergen labeling: Impact on prevalence and risk. Heliyon 2024; 10:e33316. [PMID: 39035549 PMCID: PMC11259825 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e33316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Heterogeneity and overuse of precautionary allergen labelling (PAL) in prepackaged foods have eroded its risk communication efficacy. Experts recommend applying PAL based on allergen concentration thresholds, but adoption remains limited. The aim of this study was to quantitatively assess the potential impact of this approach using Monte Carlo risk simulations. Four allergens and 9 food categories were considered in 2 scenarios: (1) consumption of products currently carrying PAL in Canada where individuals with food allergy (FA) are assumed to consume them, and (2) consumption of products without PAL, in a hypothetical context where PAL is applied based on thresholds that would protect 99 % (ED01) and 95 % (ED05) of individuals with FA, and individuals with FA systematically avoid products with PAL. In scenario (1), although several cases studied would cause <10 reactions/10 000 eating occasions (e.o.), there were also many that would cause >20 reactions/10 000 e.o. Cross-contact milk posed the highest risk (max. 1120 reactions/10 000 e.o.), and peanut, the least (max. 10 reactions/10 000 e.o.). In scenario (2), consumption of products without PAL, when using thresholds for PAL based on ED01, could lead to a maximum of 15 reactions/10 000 e. o. for all studied cases, and based on ED05, to 57 (if excluding dark chocolate with milk PAL). In most cases, the estimated number of reactions per 10 000 e.o. attributed to products with PAL currently on the market would be higher (p < 0.05) than that attributed to products without PAL, if PAL is applied based on the simulated thresholds. Thus, a threshold driven approach to adopt PAL on prepackaged foods, while advising consumers to avoid these products, could be beneficial for individuals with FA in Canada, as products without PAL would result in very few and generally mild adverse reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamila Lizée
- Food Risk Analysis and Regulatory Excellence Platform (PARERA), Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods and Department of Food Science, Université Laval, Quebec, Quebec, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Silvia Dominguez
- Food Risk Analysis and Regulatory Excellence Platform (PARERA), Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods and Department of Food Science, Université Laval, Quebec, Quebec, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Jérémie Théolier
- Food Risk Analysis and Regulatory Excellence Platform (PARERA), Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods and Department of Food Science, Université Laval, Quebec, Quebec, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Sébastien La Vieille
- Food Risk Analysis and Regulatory Excellence Platform (PARERA), Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods and Department of Food Science, Université Laval, Quebec, Quebec, G1V 0A6, Canada
- Health Canada, Food Directorate, 251 Sir Frederick Banting Driveway, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Samuel B. Godefroy
- Food Risk Analysis and Regulatory Excellence Platform (PARERA), Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods and Department of Food Science, Université Laval, Quebec, Quebec, G1V 0A6, Canada
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Blom WM, Westerhout J, Houben GF. The 50th percentile of the general population single eating occasion intake of food is optimal for the calculation of action levels for precautionary allergen labelling. Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 179:113953. [PMID: 37481229 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.113953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Abstract
Lack of guidance regarding selection of food intake values for allergen risk assessment can lead to different outcomes for similar levels of allergens in food products. Several food consumption survey databases (United States, North-West Europe, and Netherlands) were analyzed to identify optimal food intake percentiles using a sensitivity analysis. Deterministic risk assessment scenarios using the 50th percentile up to the maximum intake per food group were compared with probabilistic risk assessment outcomes. The optimal intake percentile is the lowest percentile that results in a deterministic risk assessment outcome compliant with the predefined safety objective, i.e., the predefined risk of an objective allergic reaction at ED01, ED2.5, ED05 or ED10 doses of 14 allergenic foods. The P50 intake met these criteria in more than 99.9% of all 28,784 scenarios tested. The P50 is therefore recommended for deterministic allergen risk assessment and calculation of action levels for precautionary allergen labelling. In case a P50 value is not available, the mean is a good alternative, as analyses of the intake data showed that the mean generally is between the P50 and P65.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Marty Blom
- TNO, The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Joost Westerhout
- TNO, The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Geert F Houben
- TNO, The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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3
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Blom WM, Westerhout J, Houben GF. Reviewing the Chinese-Specific Reference Amounts Study Conducted by Sun et al., 2022. China CDC Wkly 2023; 5:763-765. [PMID: 37692758 PMCID: PMC10485358 DOI: 10.46234/ccdcw2023.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- W. Marty Blom
- Department RAPID, The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Joost Westerhout
- Department RAPID, The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Geert F. Houben
- Department RAPID, The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Utrecht, the Netherlands
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4
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Nelis JLD, Moddejongen S, Guan X, Anderson A, Colgrave ML, Broadbent JA. Secure Food-Allergen Determination by Combining Smartphone-Based Raw Image Analyses and Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry for the Quantification of Proteins Contained in Lateral Flow Assays. Anal Chem 2022; 94:17046-17054. [PMID: 36445804 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c03000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The current food safety testing system, based on laboratory-based quantification, is difficult to scale up in line with the growth in the export market and does not enable traceability through the nodes of the food supply system. Screening assays, for example, lateral flow assays (LFAs), can improve traceability but often lack the required reliability to guarantee compliance. Here, we present an alternative pipeline for secure on-site compliance testing, using allergens as a case study. The pipeline features smartphone-driven LFA quantification and an liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) method enabling direct quantification of the allergens contained in the LFA. The system enables swift and objective screening and provides a control measure to verify LFA assay reliability. For the smartphone assay, 8-bit RGB and grayscale colorimetric channels were compared with 16-bit raw intensity values. The latter outperformed RGB and grayscale channels in sensitivity, repeatability, and precision, while ratiometric ambient light correction resulted in excellent robustness for light-intensity variation. Calibration curves for peanut determination using two commercial LFAs featured excellent analytical parameters (R2 = 0.97-0.99; RSD 7-1%; LOD 3-7 ppm). Gluten determination with a third commercial LFA was equally established. A prediction error of 13 ± 11% was achieved for the best performing assay. Good performance-calibration curves (R2 = 0.93-0.99) and CVs (<15%)- were observed for the analyte quantification from the LFA by LC-MS. The LOD for the LC-MS assay was 0.5 ppm, well below the LODs reported for the LFAs. This method creates a digital, fast, and secure food safety compliance testing paradigm that can benefit the industry and consumer alike.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joost L D Nelis
- Agriculture and Food, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), St Lucia, Queensland 4067, Australia.,Institute for Global Food Security, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 5DL, U.K
| | - Sarah Moddejongen
- Agriculture and Food, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), St Lucia, Queensland 4067, Australia
| | - Xinlong Guan
- Data61, CSIRO, Eveleigh, New South Wales 2015, Australia
| | - Alisha Anderson
- Health & Biosecurity, CSIRO, Black Mountain, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2600, Australia
| | - Michelle L Colgrave
- Agriculture and Food, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), St Lucia, Queensland 4067, Australia
| | - James A Broadbent
- Agriculture and Food, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), St Lucia, Queensland 4067, Australia
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5
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Kopko C, Garthoff J, Zhou K, Meunier L, O'Sullivan A, Fattori V. Are alternative proteins increasing food allergies? Trends, drivers and future perspectives. Trends Food Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2022.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Sun J, Wu D, Zhang Y, Wu Y. A Chinese-Specific Reference Amounts Study With TNO Food Allergen Risk Assessment Models - China, 2022. China CDC Wkly 2022; 4:756-760. [PMID: 36284531 PMCID: PMC9547746 DOI: 10.46234/ccdcw2022.160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
What is already known about this topic? There are no consistent regulations on possible unintended allergen presence in food. The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO) has been committed to developing a quantitative risk assessment methodology for the unintentional intake of allergens. What is added by this report? This study aims to derive the optimal food consumption point for a deterministic food allergy risk assessment under the TNO framework based on Chinese national consumption data. A case study has been presented as an illustration. What are the implications for public health practice? A robust evidence-based food consumption input in quantitative risk assessment of unintended allergens is necessary for future public policy on Precautionary Allergen Labeling for specific products to meet the safety objectives and to be adequately conservative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinfang Sun
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing City, Jiangsu Province, China,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing City, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Di Wu
- Institute for Global Food Security, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Yiyun Zhang
- Research Unit of Food Safety, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU014); NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, China
| | - Yongning Wu
- Research Unit of Food Safety, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU014); NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, China,Yongning Wu,
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Remington BC, Baumert J, Blom WM, Bucchini L, Buck N, Crevel R, De Mooij F, Flanagan S, Hindley J, Javed B, Stavropoulou DA, van den Dungen MW, van Ravenhorst M, Wang S, Walker M. Allergen quantitative risk assessment within food operations: Concepts towards development of practical guidance based on an ILSI Europe workshop. Food Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2022.108917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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8
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Nelis JLD, Broadbent JA, Bose U, Anderson A, Colgrave ML. Targeted proteomics for rapid and robust peanut allergen quantification. Food Chem 2022; 383:132592. [PMID: 35413757 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.132592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This study improves LC-MS-based trace level peanut allergen quantification in processed food by refining method robustness, total analysis time and method sensitivity. Extraction buffer (six compared) and peptide choice were optimised and found to profoundly affect method robustness. A rapid extraction and in-solution digestion method was developed omitting subsequent reduction, alkylation and sample clean-up steps effectively reducing total analysis time from the previously reported ∼5.5-20 h to ∼2.5 h. For the three best performing peptides, accurate quantification (CVs < 15%) with matrix-matched calibration curves (R2 = 0.99-0.97) was achieved for peanut muffin and ice-cream with excellent linearity (0.25-1000 mg kg-1). The best performing peptide enabled excellent recovery rates in ice-cream (106.0 ± 15.1%) and peanut muffin (72.7 ± 13.4%). Sensitivity (LOD = 0.25-0.5 mg kg-1; LOQ = 0.5-1.0 mg kg-1) was 2- to 20-fold improved compared to previous methods depending on the peptide. These methodological improvements contribute to robust peanut detection in food and can be translated to additional food-borne allergens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joost L D Nelis
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, 306 Carmody Rd, St Lucia, QLD 4067, Australia.
| | - James A Broadbent
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, 306 Carmody Rd, St Lucia, QLD 4067, Australia
| | - Utpal Bose
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, 306 Carmody Rd, St Lucia, QLD 4067, Australia
| | - Alisha Anderson
- CSIRO Health & Biosecurity, Black Mountain, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia
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9
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Manny E, Dominguez SA, Barrère V, Théolier J, Godefroy SB. Allergen action levels for food industries as risk management tools for a better use of precautionary Allergen labelling. Food Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.108773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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10
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Patel N, Adelman DC, Anagnostou K, Baumert JL, Blom WM, Campbell DE, Chinthrajah RS, Mills ENC, Javed B, Purington N, Remington BC, Sampson HA, Smith AD, Yarham RAR, Turner PJ. Using data from food challenges to inform management of consumers with food allergy: A systematic review with individual participant data meta-analysis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2021; 147:2249-2262.e7. [PMID: 33571537 PMCID: PMC8168954 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2021.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Revised: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Eliciting doses (EDs) (eg, ED01 or ED05 values, which are the amounts of allergen expected to cause objective symptoms in 1% and 5% of the population with an allergy, respectively) are increasingly being used to inform allergen labeling and clinical management. These values are generated from food challenge, but the frequency of anaphylaxis in response to these low levels of allergen exposure and their reproducibility are unknown. OBJECTIVE Our aim was to determine (1) the rate of anaphylaxis in response to low-level peanut exposure and (2) the reproducibility of reaction thresholds (and anaphylaxis) at food challenge. METHODS We conducted a systematic review and individual participant data meta-analysis of studies that reported at least 50 individuals with peanut allergy reacting to peanut at double-blind, placebo-controlled food challenge (DBPCFC) and were published between January 2010 and September 2020. Risk of bias was assessed by using National Institute for Clinical Excellence methodologic checklists. RESULTS A total of 19 studies were included (covering a total of 3151 participants, 534 of whom subsequently underwent further peanut challenge). At individual participant data meta-analysis, 4.5% (95% CI, 1.9% to 10.1%) of individuals reacted to 5 mg or less of peanut protein with anaphylaxis (moderate heterogeneity [I2 = 57%]). Intraindividual thresholds varied by up to 3 logs, although this variation was limited to a half-log change in 71.2% (95% CI, 56.2% to 82.6%) of individuals. In all, 2.4% (95% CI, 1.1% to 5.0%) of patients initially tolerated 5 mg of peanut protein but then reacted to this dose at subsequent challenge (low heterogeneity [I2 = 16%]); none developed anaphylaxis. CONCLUSION Around 5% of individuals reacting to an ED01 or ED05 level of exposure to peanut might develop anaphylaxis in response to that dose. This equates to 1 and 6 anaphylaxis events per 2500 patients exposed to an ED01 or ED05 dose, respectively, in the broader population of individuals with peanut allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nandinee Patel
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Katherine Anagnostou
- Section of Allergy and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex; Section of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Tex
| | - Joseph L Baumert
- Food Allergy Research and Resource Program, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Neb
| | - W Marty Blom
- The Netherlands Organisation of Applied Scientific Research, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Dianne E Campbell
- Department of Allergy and Immunology, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia; DBV Technologies, Montrouge, France
| | - R Sharon Chinthrajah
- Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, Stanford, Calif; Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif
| | - E N Clare Mills
- Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Bushra Javed
- Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Natasha Purington
- Department of Medicine, Quantitative Sciences Unit, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif
| | - Benjamin C Remington
- Food Allergy Research and Resource Program, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Neb
| | - Hugh A Sampson
- DBV Technologies, Montrouge, France; Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | | | | | - Paul J Turner
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
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11
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Houben GF, Baumert JL, Blom WM, Kruizinga AG, Meima MY, Remington BC, Wheeler MW, Westerhout J, Taylor SL. Full range of population Eliciting Dose values for 14 priority allergenic foods and recommendations for use in risk characterization. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 146:111831. [PMID: 33166672 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Previously, we published selected Eliciting Dose (ED) values (i.e. ED01 and ED05 values) for 14 allergenic foods, predicted to elicit objective allergic symptoms in 1% and 5%, respectively, of the allergic population (Remington et al., 2020). These ED01 and ED05 values were specifically presented and discussed in the context of establishing Reference Doses for allergen management and the calculation of Action Levels for Precautionary Allergen Labeling (PAL). In the current paper, we publish the full range of ED values for these allergenic foods and provide recommendations for their use, specifically in the context of characterizing risks of concentrations of (unintended) allergenic proteins in food products. The data provided in this publication give risk assessors access to full population ED distribution information for 14 priority allergenic foods, based on the largest threshold database worldwide. The ED distributions were established using broad international consensus regarding suitable datapoints and methods for establishing individual patient's NOAELs and LOAELs and state of the art statistical modelling. Access to these ED data enables risk assessors to use this information for state-of-the-art food allergen risk assessment. This paper contributes to a harmonization of food allergen risk assessment and risk management and PAL practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geert F Houben
- The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research TNO, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Joseph L Baumert
- Food Allergy Research and Resource Program, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, USA
| | - W Marty Blom
- The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research TNO, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Astrid G Kruizinga
- The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research TNO, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Marie Y Meima
- The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research TNO, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Benjamin C Remington
- Food Allergy Research and Resource Program, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, USA; Remington Consulting Group B.V., Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Matthew W Wheeler
- Biostatistics and Computational Biology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Joost Westerhout
- The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research TNO, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Steve L Taylor
- Food Allergy Research and Resource Program, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, USA
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12
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DunnGalvin A, Roberts G, Schnadt S, Astley S, Austin M, Blom WM, Baumert J, Chan CH, Crevel RWR, Grimshaw KEC, Kruizinga AG, Regent L, Taylor S, Walker M, Mills ENC. Evidence-based approaches to the application of precautionary allergen labelling: Report from two iFAAM workshops. Clin Exp Allergy 2020; 49:1191-1200. [PMID: 31325393 DOI: 10.1111/cea.13464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2019] [Revised: 04/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Food allergy is a major public health concern with avoidance of the trigger food(s) being central to management by the patient. Food information legislation mandates the declaration of allergenic ingredients; however, the labelling of the unintentional presence of allergens is less defined. Precautionary allergen labelling (PAL) was introduced by the food industry to help manage and communicate the risk of reaction from the unintended presence of allergens in foods. In its current form, PAL is counterproductive for consumers with food allergies as there is no standardized approach to applying PAL. Foods with a PAL often do not contain the identified food allergen while some products without a PAL contain quantities of common food allergens that are capable of inducing an allergic reaction. Integrated Approaches to Food Allergen and Allergy Risk Management (iFAAM) was an EU-funded project that aimed to improve the management of food allergens by the food industry for the benefit of people with food allergies. Within iFAAM, a clinically validated tiered risk assessment approach for food allergens was developed. Two cross-stakeholder iFAAM workshops were held on 13-14 December 2016 and 19-20 April 2018. One of the objectives of these workshops was to develop a proposal to make PAL effective for consumers. This paper describes the outcomes from these workshops. This provides the basis for the development of more informative and transparent labelling that will ultimately improve management and well-being in consumers with food allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey DunnGalvin
- Applied Psychology and Paediatrics and Child Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Graham Roberts
- University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, UK.,NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK.,The David Hide Asthma and Allergy Research Centre, St Mary's Hospital, Isle of Wight, UK
| | - Sabine Schnadt
- German Allergy and Asthma Association (DAAB), Mönchengladbach, Germany
| | | | | | - W Marty Blom
- The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Zeist, The Netherlands
| | - Joseph Baumert
- Food Allergy Research and Resource Programme, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Chun-Han Chan
- Food Allergy and Intolerance Branch, Food Standards Agency, London, UK
| | | | | | - Astrid G Kruizinga
- The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Zeist, The Netherlands
| | | | - Stephen Taylor
- Food Allergy Research and Resource Programme, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Michael Walker
- Laboratory of the Government Chemist, LGC, Teddington, UK
| | - E N Clare Mills
- Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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Taghizadeh SF, Rezaee R, Badibostan H, Karimi G. Probabilistic carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk assessment of heavy metal ingestion through consumption of different walnut cultivars: An Iranian study. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2020; 192:599. [PMID: 32856100 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-020-08551-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The heavy metal levels in six walnut cultivars from five geographical zones of Iran were measured. An assessment of risks was conducted by calculating the Target Hazard Quotient (THQ) and Incremental Lifetime Cancer Risk (ILCR) by use of the Monte Carlo simulation method. The highest amounts of As and Pb were reported in Farouj samples. Also, the highest levels of Cr, Zn, Cu and Mn were determined in samples collected from Tuyserkan. Accordingly, 50th and 95th ILCRs for general population due to consumption of walnut were 1.03 × 10-4 and 3.11 × 10-4 (for As), 4.10 × 10-6 and 1.1 × 10-5 (for Cr) and 4.71 × 10-9 and 1.05 × 10-8 (for Pb), respectively. In addition, the 50th and 95th centiles of the HIs for walnut ingestion by Iranians were 1.02 and 2.05, respectively, indicating a minor chance of non-cancer effects. Based on the calculated 95% ILCR, dietary exposure to As through the consumption of walnut poses a risk to Iranian consumer health. However, ILCR values of other heavy metals (HMs) were in acceptable ranges (ILCR < 1 × 10-4), representing no toxicological concern for consumers. The most significantly influential parameters were determined by sensitivity analysis during the MCS. According to THQ and ILCR methods, concentration was the most sensitive parameters. For THQ method the concentration effects were ranged from 72.4 to 85.1%. Moreover, for ILCR method the effects of concentration in As, Cr, and Pb were 87.1, 79.1 and 83.54%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyedeh Faezeh Taghizadeh
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, 1365-91775. I, Mashhad, .R, Iran
| | - Ramin Rezaee
- Clinical Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hasan Badibostan
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Karimi
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, 1365-91775. I, Mashhad, .R, Iran.
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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