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Ben-Azu B, Oritsemuelebi B, Oghorodi AM, Adebesin A, Isibor H, Eduviere AT, Otuacha OS, Akudo M, Ekereya S, Maidoh IF, Iyayi JO, Uzochukwu-Godfrey FC. Psychopharmacological interaction of alcohol and posttraumatic stress disorder: Effective action of naringin. Eur J Pharmacol 2024; 978:176791. [PMID: 38944175 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2024.176791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2024] [Revised: 06/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/01/2024]
Abstract
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and alcohol use disorder (AUD) are prevalently co-occurring, important risk factors for a broad array of neuropsychiatric diseases. To date, how these two contrastive concomitant pairs increase the risk of neuropsychiatric states, notably exacerbating PTSD-related symptoms, remains unknown. Moreover, pharmacological interventions with agents that could reverse PTSD-AUD comorbidity, however, remained limited. Hence, we investigated the neuroprotective actions of naringin in mice comorbidly exposed to PTSD followed by repeated ethanol (EtOH)-induced AUD. Following a 7-day single-prolong-stress (SPS)-induced PTSD in mice, binge/heavy drinking, notably related to AUD, was induced in the PTSD mice with every-other-day ethanol (2 g/kg, p.o.) administration, followed by daily treatments with naringin (25 and 50 mg/kg) or fluoxetine (10 mg/kg), from days 8-21. PTSD-AUD-related behavioral changes, alcohol preference, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA)-axis dysfunction-induced neurochemical alterations, oxidative/nitrergic stress, and inflammation were examined in the prefrontal-cortex, striatum, and hippocampus. PTSD-AUD mice showed aggravated anxiety, spatial-cognitive, social impairments and EtOH intake, which were abated by naringin, similar to fluoxetine. Our assays on the HPA-axis showed exacerbated increased corticosterone release and adrenal hypertrophy, accompanied by marked dopamine and serotonin increase, with depleted glutamic acid decarboxylase enzyme in the three brain regions, which naringin, however, reversed, respectively. PTSD-AUD mice also showed increased TNF-α, IL-6, malondialdehyde and nitrite levels, with decreased antioxidant elements in the prefrontal-cortex, striatum, and hippocampus compared to SPS-EtOH-mice, mainly exacerbating catalase and glutathione decrease in the hippocampus relative SPS-mice. These findings suggest that AUD exacerbates PTSD pathologies in different brain regions, notably comprising neurochemical dysregulations, oxidative/nitrergic and cytokine-mediated inflammation, with HPA dysfunction, which were, however, revocable by naringin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benneth Ben-Azu
- DELSU Joint Canada-Israel Neuroscience and Biopsychiatry Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria.
| | - Benjamin Oritsemuelebi
- DELSU Joint Canada-Israel Neuroscience and Biopsychiatry Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria
| | - Akpobo M Oghorodi
- DELSU Joint Canada-Israel Neuroscience and Biopsychiatry Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Technology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Adaeze Adebesin
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo College of Health Sciences, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Sagamu Campus, Sagamu, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Happy Isibor
- DELSU Joint Canada-Israel Neuroscience and Biopsychiatry Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria
| | - Anthony T Eduviere
- DELSU Joint Canada-Israel Neuroscience and Biopsychiatry Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria
| | - Oghenemine S Otuacha
- DELSU Joint Canada-Israel Neuroscience and Biopsychiatry Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria
| | - Moses Akudo
- DELSU Joint Canada-Israel Neuroscience and Biopsychiatry Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria
| | - Surhirime Ekereya
- DELSU Joint Canada-Israel Neuroscience and Biopsychiatry Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria
| | - Isioma F Maidoh
- DELSU Joint Canada-Israel Neuroscience and Biopsychiatry Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria
| | - Joy O Iyayi
- DELSU Joint Canada-Israel Neuroscience and Biopsychiatry Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria
| | - Faith C Uzochukwu-Godfrey
- DELSU Joint Canada-Israel Neuroscience and Biopsychiatry Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria
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Yang CR, Liang R, Liu Y, Meng FJ, Zhou F, Zhang XY, Ning L, Wang ZQ, Liu S, Zhou XF. Upregulation of proBDNF/p75NTR signaling in immune cells and its correlation with inflammatory markers in patients with major depression. FASEB J 2024; 38:e23312. [PMID: 38161282 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202301140rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
ProBDNF is the precursor protein of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expressed in the central nervous system and peripheral tissues. Previous studies showed that the blood levels of both proBDNF and p75 neurotrophic receptors (p75NTR) in major depressive disorder (MDD) were increased, but which blood cell types express proBDNF and its receptors is not known. Furthermore, the relationship between proBDNF/p75NTR and inflammatory cytokines in peripheral blood of MDD is unclear. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and serum were obtained from depressive patients (n = 32) and normal donors (n = 20). We examined the expression of proBDNF and inflammatory markers and their correlative relationship in patients with major depression. Using flow cytometry analysis, we examined which blood cells express proBDNF and its receptors. Finally, the role of proBDNF/p75NTR signal in inflammatory immune activity of PBMCs was verified in vitro experiments. Inflammatory cytokines in PBMC from MDD patients were increased and correlated with the major depression scores. The levels of IL-1β and IL-10 were also positively correlated with the major depression scores, while the levels of TNF-α and IL-6 were negatively correlated with the major depression scores. Intriguingly, the levels of sortilin were positively correlated with IL-1β. Q-PCR and Western blots showed proBDNF, p75NTR, and sortilin levels were significantly increased in PBMCs from MDD patients compared with that from the normal donors. Flow cytometry studies showed that proBDNF and p75NTR were present mainly in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. The number of proBDNF and p75NTR positive CD4+ and CD8+ T cells from MDD patients was increased and subsequently reversed after therapeutic management. Exogenous proBDNF protein or p75ECD-Fc treatment of cultured PBMC affected the release of inflammatory cytokines in vitro. ProBDNF promoted the expression of inflammatory cytokines, while p75ECD-Fc inhibited the expression of inflammatory cytokines. Given there was an inflammatory response of lymphocytes to proBDNF, it is suggested that proBDNF/p75NTR signaling may upstream inflammatory cytokines in MDD. Our data suggest that proBDNF/p75NTR signaling may not only serve as biomarkers but also may be a potential therapeutic target for MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Rui Yang
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin, P. R. China
- Department of Pathology, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Rui Liang
- Department of Pathology, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Yuan Liu
- Tianjin Anding Hospital, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Fan-Jie Meng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Fiona Zhou
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Vincent's Clinical School, UNSW, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Xiao-Yang Zhang
- Department of Pathology, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Li Ning
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Zhi-Qiang Wang
- Department of Anorectal Surgery, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Shuang Liu
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Xin-Fu Zhou
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
- Health and Biomedical Innovation, Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
- Suzhou Auzone Biotech Ltd, Suzhou International Park, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China
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Zada W, VanRyzin JW, Perez-Pouchoulen M, Baglot SL, Hill MN, Abbas G, Clark SM, Rashid U, McCarthy MM, Mannan A. Fatty acid amide hydrolase inhibition and N-arachidonoylethanolamine modulation by isoflavonoids: A novel target for upcoming antidepressants. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2022; 10:e00999. [PMID: 36029006 PMCID: PMC9418665 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Modulation of the endocannabinoid system (ECS) is a novel putative target for therapeutic intervention in depressive disorders. Altering concentrations of one of the principal endocannabinoids, N‐arachidonoylethanolamine, also known as anandamide (AEA) can affect depressive‐like behaviors through several mechanisms including anti‐inflammatory, hormonal, and neural circuit alterations. Recently, isoflavonoids, a class of plant‐derived compounds, have been of therapeutic interest given their ability to modulate the metabolism of the endogenous ligands of the ECS. To determine the therapeutic potential of isoflavonoids, we screened several candidate compounds (Genistein, Biochanin‐A, and 7‐hydroxyflavone) in silico to determine their binding properties with fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), the primary degrative enzyme for AEA. We further validated the ability of these compounds to inhibit FAAH and determined their effects on depressive‐like and locomotor behaviors in the forced swim test (FST) and open field test in male and female mice. We found that while genistein was the most potent FAAH inhibitor, 7‐hydroxyflavone was most effective at reducing immobility time in the forced swim test. Finally, we measured blood corticosterone and prefrontal cortex AEA concentrations following the forced swim test and found that all tested compounds decreased corticosterone and increased AEA, demonstrating that isoflavonoids are promising therapeutic targets as FAAH inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wahid Zada
- Department of Pharmacy, COMSATS University Islamabad, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jonathan W VanRyzin
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Miguel Perez-Pouchoulen
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Samantha L Baglot
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Mathison Center for Mental Health Research and Education, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Matthew N Hill
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Mathison Center for Mental Health Research and Education, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy & Psychiatry, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Ghulam Abbas
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ziauddin University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Sarah M Clark
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Umer Rashid
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Margaret M McCarthy
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Abdul Mannan
- Department of Pharmacy, COMSATS University Islamabad, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
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Wu Z, Cai Z, Shi H, Huang X, Cai M, Yuan K, Huang P, Shi G, Yan T, Li Z. Effective biomarkers and therapeutic targets of nerve-immunity interaction in the treatment of depression: an integrated investigation of the miRNA-mRNA regulatory networks. Aging (Albany NY) 2022; 14:3569-3596. [PMID: 35468096 PMCID: PMC9085226 DOI: 10.18632/aging.204030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Background: Major depressive disorder (MDD) is an emotional condition that interferes with sufferers’ work and daily life. Numerous studies have found that miRNAs play a significant role in the development of MDD and can be utilized as a biomarker for its diagnosis and therapy. However, there have been few studies on nerve-immunity interaction treatment for the brains of MMD patients. Methods: The work is performed on microarray data. We analyzed the differences of miRNAs (GSE58105, GSE81152, GSE152267, and GSE182194) and mRNA (GSE19738, GSE32280, GSE44593, GSE53987, and GSE98793) in MDD and healthy samples from GEO datasets. FunRich was used to predict the transcription factors and target genes of the miRNAs, and TF and GO enrichment analyses were performed. Then, by comparing the differential expression of the anticipated target genes and five mRNAs, intersecting mRNAs were discovered. The intersecting genes were submitted to GO and KEGG analyses to determine their functions. These intersecting potential genes and pathways that linked to MDD in neurological and immunological aspects have been identified for future investigation. Results: We discovered five hub genes: KCND2, MYT1L, GJA1, CHL1, and SNAP25, which were all up-regulated genes. However, in MMD, the equivalent miRNAs, hsa-miR-206 and hsa-miR-338-3p, were both down-regulated. These miRNAs can activate or inhibit the T cell receptor signal pathway, JAK-STAT and other signal pathways, govern immune-inflammatory response, neuronal remodeling, and mediate the onset and development of MMD Conclusions: The results of a thorough bioinformatics investigation of miRNAs and mRNAs in MDD showed that miR-338-3P and miR-206 might be effective biomarkers and possible therapeutic targets for the treatment of MDD via nerve-immunity interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixuan Wu
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Zhixiang Cai
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Hongshuo Shi
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xuyan Huang
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Minjie Cai
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong Province, China.,Shantou Health School, Shantou 515061, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Kai Yuan
- Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming 650500, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Peidong Huang
- Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming 650500, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Guoqi Shi
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Tao Yan
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong Province, China.,Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, General Hospital of Southern Theater Command, PLA 510010, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Zhichao Li
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, Shandong Province, China
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Gastrodiae Rhizoma Water Extract Ameliorates Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Hyperactivity and Inflammation Induced by Chronic Unpredictable Mild Stress in Rats. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2020:8374614. [PMID: 32596383 PMCID: PMC7305529 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8374614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Gastrodiae Rhizoma is a highly valuable traditional herbal medicine commonly used to treat neurological disorders. The present study is designed to determine the antidepressant-like effect of the Gastrodiae Rhizoma water extract (GRWE) on a depression model and the potential mechanisms. The chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) rat model was used to induce depression. The sucrose preference test, open field test, forced swimming test, and tail suspension test were performed to assess the depressive-like behaviors, respectively. Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) function was measured via plasma corticosterone (CORT), adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH), hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), and glucocorticoid receptor (GR) concentrations. Plasma concentrations of proinflammatory cytokines including interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were also evaluated. The results showed that GRWE significantly attenuates the behavioral abnormalities in CUMS rats, as shown by elevated sucrose consumption, raised locomotor activity, and reduced immobility duration. Moreover, GRWE treatment reduced CORT, ACTH, CRF, and GR levels and decreased the plasma IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α concentrations. These findings indicate that GRWE improves depressive behaviors in a chronic stress model of rats; its effect may be ascribed to the modulation of the HPA axis activity and inflammatory response.
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Memantine in neurological disorders - schizophrenia and depression. J Mol Med (Berl) 2021; 99:327-334. [PMID: 33447926 PMCID: PMC7900025 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-020-01982-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Memantine is used in Alzheimer's disease treatment as a non-competitive modern-affinity strong voltage-dependent N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist. The fundamental role of these receptors is to bind glutamate: the main excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain, believed to play a crucial role in neuronal plasticity and learning mechanisms. Glutamate transmission plays an important role in all internal CNS structures and maintains the physiological state of the brain. Excessive glutamate transmission can lead to enlarged calcium ion current which may cause neurotoxicity; however, insufficient transmission can drastically alter the information flow in neurons and the brain, potentially causing schizophrenia-like symptoms by replacing lost information with completely new stimuli. Hence, it is possible that the modulation of NMDA activity may give rise to pathophysiological states. Available literature and clinical trials indicate that memantine is well tolerated by patients, with very few and light side effects. There is a belief that memantine may also benefit other conditions such as schizophrenia and depression.
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Passiflora incarnata in Neuropsychiatric Disorders-A Systematic Review. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12123894. [PMID: 33352740 PMCID: PMC7766837 DOI: 10.3390/nu12123894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Stress is a natural response of the body, induced by factors of a physical (hunger, thirst, and infection) and/or psychological (perceived threat, anxiety, or concern) nature. Chronic, long-term stress may cause problems with sleep, concentration, and memory, as well as affective disorders. The passionflower (Passiflora incarnata) is a perennial plant with documented therapeutic properties. The literature data suggest that the passionflower itself, as well as its preparations, helps reduce stress and can therefore be helpful in the treatment of insomnia, anxiety, and depression. The objective of this systematic review was to evaluate Passiflora incarnata in terms of its neuropsychiatric effects. Methods: The scientific databases PubMed, ClinTrials.gov, and Embase were searched up to 22 October 2019. The search identified randomized clinical trials describing the effects of Passiflora incarnata in neuropsychiatric disorders. Results: The systematic review included nine clinical trials. The duration of the studies included in the analysis varied widely, from one day up to 30 days. Study participants were no less than 18 years old. In each of the papers, the effects of passionflower were measured by using a number of different tests and scales. The majority of studies reported reduced anxiety levels following the administration of Passiflora incarnata preparations, with the effect less evident in people with mild anxiety symptoms. No adverse effects, including memory loss or collapse of psychometric functions, were observed. Conclusion: Passiflora incarnata may be helpful in treating some symptoms in neuropsychiatric patients.
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Neurophysiology and Psychopathology Underlying PTSD and Recent Insights into the PTSD Therapies-A Comprehensive Review. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9092951. [PMID: 32932645 PMCID: PMC7565106 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9092951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a well-known psychiatric disorder that affects millions of people worldwide. Pharmacodynamic and cognitive-behavioral therapies (CBT) have been used to treat patients with PTSD. However, it remains unclear whether there are concurrent changes in psychopathological and neurophysiological factors associated with PTSD patients. Past reports described those PTSD patients with efficient fatty acid metabolism, neurogenesis, mitochondrial energy balance could improve ability to cope against the conditioned fear responses and traumatic memories. Furthermore, cognitive, behavioral, cellular, and molecular evidence can be combined to create personalized therapies for PTSD sufferers either with or without comorbidities such as depression or memory impairment. Unfortunately, there is still evidence lacking to establish a full understanding of the underlying neurophysiological and psychopathological aspects associated with PTSD. This review has extensively discussed the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) of genetic factors to cause PTSD, the implications of inflammation, neurotransmitter genomics, metabolic alterations, neuroendocrine disturbance (hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis), mitochondrial dynamics, neurogenesis, and premature aging related to PTSD-induced psychopathology and neurophysiology. In addition, the review delineated the importance of CBT and several pharmacodynamic therapies to mitigate symptomatology of PTSD.
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Downregulation of Adhesion Molecule CHL1 in B Cells but Not T Cells of Patients with Major Depression and in the Brain of Mice with Chronic Stress. Neurotox Res 2020; 38:914-928. [PMID: 32557322 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-020-00234-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Depression is a common serious mental disorder with unclear pathogenesis. Currently, specific diagnostic biomarkers are yet to be characterized. The close homolog of L1 (CHL1) is a L1 family cell adhesion molecule involved in the regulation of neuronal survival and growth. Although genome-wide expression profiling of human lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) reported neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) L1 as a tentative biomarker for selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) antidepressant response, the involvement of CHL1 in depression is unclear. In this study, using a well-established chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) depression mouse model, we examined the mRNA and protein expression of CHL1 in normal control, CUMS, vehicle (VEH), fluoxetine (FLU), and clozapine (CLO) groups. We found that in the CUMS group, both mRNA and protein expression of CHL1 were downregulated in both the hippocampus and the cortex. Treatment of CUMS mice with FLU and CLO reversed CHL1 mRNA and protein expression. In the human study, we showed that CHL1 expression was significantly downregulated in monocytes of unipolar and bipolar depressive patients compared with healthy donors (HD) at both mRNA and protein levels. Consistently, ELISA showed that CHL1 levels in the serum of patients with depression were reduced and negatively correlated with their HRSD-21 scores. Further flow cytometry studies showed that the reduced number of CHL1 positive CD19+ and CD20+ B cells of patients with depression was subsequently reversed with antidepressant treatment. Our findings suggested that downregulation of CHL1 from both immune cells and the brain may be linked to the immunopathogenesis of depression. In conclusion, CHL1 may be an important predictive marker for both diagnosis and treatment outcome of depression.
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