1
|
Wang P, Zheng L, Yan S, Xuan X, Yang Y, Qi X, Dong H. Understanding the role of red blood cells in venous thromboembolism: A comprehensive review. Am J Med Sci 2024; 367:296-303. [PMID: 38278361 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjms.2024.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
Traditionally, red blood cells (RBCs) have been perceived as passive entities within the fibrin network, without any significant role in the pathophysiology of venous thromboembolism (VTE). This review explores the involvement of RBCs in the VTE process, summarizing previous study findings and providing a comprehensive review of the latest theories. At first, it explores the influence of abnormal RBC counts (as seen in polycythemia vera and with erythropoietin use) and the exposure of RBCs to phosphatidylserine (Ptd-L-Ser) in the pathophysiology of VTE. The mechanisms of endothelial injury induced by RBCs and their adhesion to the endothelium under different disease models are then demonstrated. We explore the role of physical and chemical interactions between RBCs and platelets, as well as the interactions between RBCs and neutrophils - particularly the neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) released by neutrophils - in the process of VTE. Additionally, we investigate the effect of RBCs on thrombin activation through two pathways, namely, the FXIIa-FXI-FIX pathway and the prekallikrein-dependent pathway. Lastly, we discuss the impact of RBCs on clot volume. In conclusion, we propose several potential methods aimed at unraveling the role of RBCs and their interaction with other components in the vascular system in the pathogenesis of VTE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ping Wang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Second Hospital, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China; Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Lin Zheng
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Second Hospital, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China
| | - Sheng Yan
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Second Hospital, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China
| | - Xuezhen Xuan
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Second Hospital, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China
| | - Yusi Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Taiyuan 030032, China
| | - Xiaotong Qi
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Second Hospital, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China
| | - Honglin Dong
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Second Hospital, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ko Y, Kim EH, Kim D, Choi S, Gil J, Park HJ, Shin Y, Kim W, Bae ON. Butylparaben promotes phosphatidylserine exposure and procoagulant activity of human red blood cells via increase of intracellular calcium levels. Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 181:114084. [PMID: 37816477 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.114084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
Parabens are widely used as preservatives, added to products commonly used by humans, and to which individuals are exposed orally or dermally. Once absorbed into the body, parabens move into the bloodstream and travel through the systemic circulation. We investigated the potential impact of parabens on the enhanced generation of thrombin by red blood cells (RBCs), which are the principal cellular components of blood. We tested the effects of methylparaben (MeP), ethylparaben (EtP), propylparaben (PrP), butylparaben (BuP), and p-hydroxybenzoic acid on freshly isolated human RBCs. BuP and simultaneous exposure to BuP and PrP significantly increased phosphatidylserine (PS) externalization to the outer membranes of RBCs. PS externalization by BuP was found to be mediated by increasing intracellular Ca2+ levels in RBCs. The morphological changes in BuP-treated RBCs were observed under an electron microscope. The BuP-exposed RBCs showed increased thrombin generation and adhesion to endothelial cells. Additionally, the externalization of PS exposure and thrombin generation in BuP-treated RBCs were more susceptible to high shear stress, which mimics blood turbulence under pathological conditions. Collectively, we observed that BuP induced morphological and functional changes in RBCs, especially under high shear stress, suggesting that BuP may contribute to the thrombotic risk via procoagulant activity in RBCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yeonju Ko
- College of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do, 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Hye Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do, 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Donghyun Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do, 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungbin Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do, 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Junkyung Gil
- College of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do, 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Jin Park
- College of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do, 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Yusun Shin
- College of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do, 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Wondong Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do, 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Ok-Nam Bae
- College of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do, 15588, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Cao Y, Tao F, Yu Y, Song L, Zhang R, Feng J, Zhai Q, Xue P. Safety evaluation of rare ginsenosides of stems and leaves from American ginseng: 90-day exposure toxicity study combined with intestinal flora analysis and metabonomics in rats. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 264:115429. [PMID: 37660532 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Rare ginsenosides have already been widely applied in many fields, including health food and bio-medicine. The human being can expose to rare ginsenosides directly or indirectly increasingly. However, there are few studies on the safety assessment of rare ginsenoside mixtures. In the present study, the sub-chronic toxicity of rare ginsenosides for 90 days on SD rats was performed by combining the intestinal flora analysis and urine metabonomics aiming to illustrate the safety of long-term consumption of rare ginsenosides and the potential damage for liver and intestinal. 48 adult rats were divided into four groups: control (0 mg/kg), low-dose (60 mg/kg), medium-dose (200 mg/kg), and high-dose (600 mg/kg). Rats in the high-dose group showed inflammatory changes in their livers and intestines. The strong bactericidal effect of rare ginsenosides caused intestinal flora disorder and changed the structure of intestinal flora in rats, thus inducing intestinal damage in rats. In the high-dose group, levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and alkaline phosphatase (AKP) increased significantly. As a result of the high-dose treatment, certain metabolic pathways were altered, such as vitamin B6 metabolism, methionine metabolism, glutathione metabolism, and others. These results indicated that high doses of rare ginsenosides induced liver injury by affecting the above metabolic pathways. Rare ginsenosides with no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) were below 200 mg/kg/day in vivo. Thus, this present study provides insight into the rational use of rare ginsenosides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Cao
- School of Public Health, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, People's Republic of China
| | - Feiyan Tao
- School of Public Health, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Yu
- School of Public Health, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, People's Republic of China
| | - Linmeng Song
- School of Public Health, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruoyu Zhang
- School of Public Health, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Feng
- School of Rehabilitation, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingfeng Zhai
- School of Public Health, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, People's Republic of China.
| | - Peng Xue
- School of Public Health, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Huang L, Ren C, Li HJ, Wu YC. Recent Progress on Processing Technologies, Chemical Components, and Bioactivities of Chinese Red Ginseng, American Red Ginseng, and Korean Red Ginseng. FOOD BIOPROCESS TECH 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11947-021-02697-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
|
5
|
Zhao J, Zhang T, Liang Y, Zou H, Zhang J. Inhibitory activities of 20(R, S)-protopanaxatriol against epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase. Food Chem Toxicol 2021; 155:112411. [PMID: 34271119 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2021.112411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
As major metabolites of protopanaxatriol-type ginsenosides, 20(R, S)-protopanaxatriol [20(R, S)-PPT] display multiple bioactivities. This work aimed to investigate the inhibitory activities of 20(R, S)-PPT against epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase and the potential mechanism. 20(R, S)-PPT inhibited the proliferation of HepG2 cells in a dose-dependent manner and blocked cell cycle progression at G1/G0 phase. Then 20(R, S)-PPT were found to influence the protein expressions involved in epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway. Molecular docking suggested that 20(R, S)-PPT could bind to the active sites of all target proteins in EGFR-MAPK pathway. It is worth noting that 20(R, S)-PPT showed stronger binding capacities with EGFR, compared with other proteins. Hence, this work further investigated the binding interactions and binding stabilities between 20(R, S)-PPT and EGFR. Both hydrophobic interactions and hydrogen bonds contributed to the 20(R, S)-PPT-EGFR binding. In addition, the in vitro inhibitory activities of 20(R, S)-PPT against EGFR tyrosine kinase were observed in a homogeneous time-resolved fluorescence assay, with the IC50 values of 24.10 ± 0.17 and 33.19 ± 0.19 μM respectively. Taken together with the above results, both of 20(R)-PPT and 20(S)-PPT might serve as potential EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingqi Zhao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Tiehua Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Yuan Liang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Haoyang Zou
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory and Antithrombotic Effects of Ginsenoside Compound K Enriched Extract Derived from Ginseng Sprouts. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26134102. [PMID: 34279442 PMCID: PMC8272189 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26134102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Partially purified ginsenoside extract (PGE) and compound K enriched extract (CKE) were prepared from ginseng sprouts, and their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antithrombotic effects were investigated. Compared to the 6-year-old ginseng roots, ginseng sprouts were found to have a higher content of phenolic compounds, saponin and protopanaxadiol-type ginsenoside by about 56%, 36% and 43%, respectively. PGE was prepared using a macroporous adsorption resin, and compound K(CK) was converted and enriched from the PGE by enzymatic hydrolysis with a conversion rate of 75%. PGE showed higher effects than CKE on radical scavenging activity in antioxidant assays. On the other hand, CKE reduced nitric oxide levels more effectively than PGE in RAW 264.7 cells. CKE also reduced pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6 than PGE. Tail bleeding time and volume were investigated after administration of CKE at 70–150 mg/kg/day to mice. CKE administered group showed a significant increase or increased tendency in bleeding time than the control group. Bleeding volume in the CKE group increased than the control group, but not as much as in the aspirin group. In conclusion, ginseng sprouts could be an efficient source of ginsenoside, and CKE converted from the ginsenosides showed antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antithrombotic effects. However, it was estimated that the CKE might play an essential role in anti-inflammatory effects rather than antioxidant effects.
Collapse
|
7
|
Plants and Natural Products with Activity against Various Types of Coronaviruses: A Review with Focus on SARS-CoV-2. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26134099. [PMID: 34279439 PMCID: PMC8271932 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26134099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 is a pandemic disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, which is potentially fatal for vulnerable individuals. Disease management represents a challenge for many countries, given the shortage of medicines and hospital resources. The objective of this work was to review the medicinal plants, foods and natural products showing scientific evidence for host protection against various types of coronaviruses, with a focus on SARS-CoV-2. Natural products that mitigate the symptoms caused by various coronaviruses are also presented. Particular attention was placed on natural products that stabilize the Renin–Angiotensin–Aldosterone System (RAAS), which has been associated with the entry of the SARS-CoV-2 into human cells.
Collapse
|
8
|
Zhang X, Gao Y, Zang P, Zhao Y, Zhu H, He Z. Effects of four new processing technologies on pesticide residues and saponins content in ginseng. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.14537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xue Zhang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine Jilin Agricultural University Chang Chun China
| | - Yugang Gao
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine Jilin Agricultural University Chang Chun China
| | - Pu Zang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine Jilin Agricultural University Chang Chun China
| | - Yan Zhao
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine Jilin Agricultural University Chang Chun China
| | - Hongyan Zhu
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine Jilin Agricultural University Chang Chun China
| | - Zhongmei He
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine Jilin Agricultural University Chang Chun China
| |
Collapse
|