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Blat A, Makowski W, Smenda J, Pięta Ł, Bania M, Zapotoczny S, Malek K. Human erythrocytes under stress. Spectroscopic fingerprints of known oxidative mechanisms and beyond. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2024; 313:124142. [PMID: 38493515 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2024.124142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
In this work, we investigated the oxidative stress-related biochemical alterations in red blood cells (RBCs) and their membranes with the use of spectroscopic techniques. We aimed to show their great advantage for the in situ detection of lipid classes and secondary structures of proteins without the need for their extraction in the cellular environment. The exposition of the cells to peroxides, t-butyl hydroperoxide (tBOOH) or hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) led to different degradation processes encompassing the changes in the composition of membranes and structural modifications of hemoglobin (Hb). Our results indicated that tBOOH is generally a stronger oxidizing agent than H2O2 and this observation was congruent with the activity of superoxide and glutathione peroxidase. ATR-FTIR and Raman spectroscopies of membranes revealed that tBOOH caused primarily the partial loss and peroxidation of the lipids resulting in loss of the integrity of membranes. In turn, both peroxides induced several kinds of damage in the protein layer, including the partial decrease of their content and irreversible aggregation of spectrin, ankyrin, and membrane-bound globin. These changes were especially pronounced on the membrane surface where stress conditions induced the formation of β-sheets and intramolecular aggregates, particularly for tBOOH. Interestingly, nano-FTIR spectroscopy revealed the lipid peroxidative damage on the membrane surface in both cases. As far as hemoglobin was concerned, tBOOH and H2O2 caused the increase of the oxyhemoglobin species and conformational alterations of its polypeptide chain into β-sheets. Our findings confirm that applied spectroscopies effectively track the oxidative changes occurring in the structural components of red blood cells and the simplicity of conducting measurements and sample preparation can be readily applied to pharmacological and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneta Blat
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Wojciech Makowski
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Horticulture, University of Agriculture in Kraków, Al. 29 Listopada 54, 31-425 Krakow, Poland
| | - Joanna Smenda
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Krakow, Poland; Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Prof. S. Lojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Krakow, Poland
| | - Łukasz Pięta
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Krakow, Poland; Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Prof. S. Lojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Krakow, Poland
| | - Monika Bania
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Szczepan Zapotoczny
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Kamilla Malek
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Krakow, Poland.
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Ko Y, Kim EH, Kim D, Choi S, Gil J, Park HJ, Shin Y, Kim W, Bae ON. Butylparaben promotes phosphatidylserine exposure and procoagulant activity of human red blood cells via increase of intracellular calcium levels. Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 181:114084. [PMID: 37816477 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.114084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
Parabens are widely used as preservatives, added to products commonly used by humans, and to which individuals are exposed orally or dermally. Once absorbed into the body, parabens move into the bloodstream and travel through the systemic circulation. We investigated the potential impact of parabens on the enhanced generation of thrombin by red blood cells (RBCs), which are the principal cellular components of blood. We tested the effects of methylparaben (MeP), ethylparaben (EtP), propylparaben (PrP), butylparaben (BuP), and p-hydroxybenzoic acid on freshly isolated human RBCs. BuP and simultaneous exposure to BuP and PrP significantly increased phosphatidylserine (PS) externalization to the outer membranes of RBCs. PS externalization by BuP was found to be mediated by increasing intracellular Ca2+ levels in RBCs. The morphological changes in BuP-treated RBCs were observed under an electron microscope. The BuP-exposed RBCs showed increased thrombin generation and adhesion to endothelial cells. Additionally, the externalization of PS exposure and thrombin generation in BuP-treated RBCs were more susceptible to high shear stress, which mimics blood turbulence under pathological conditions. Collectively, we observed that BuP induced morphological and functional changes in RBCs, especially under high shear stress, suggesting that BuP may contribute to the thrombotic risk via procoagulant activity in RBCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeonju Ko
- College of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do, 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Hye Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do, 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Donghyun Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do, 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungbin Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do, 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Junkyung Gil
- College of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do, 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Jin Park
- College of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do, 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Yusun Shin
- College of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do, 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Wondong Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do, 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Ok-Nam Bae
- College of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do, 15588, Republic of Korea.
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Streel C, Pouplard M, Laporte F, Bertrand O, Luyten U, Pirlet C, Khaouch Y, Deneys V. There is an urgent need to adopt a pull-flow logic for the supply of RBCs to meet patients' needs: A single center study. Transfus Clin Biol 2023; 30:410-416. [PMID: 37451610 DOI: 10.1016/j.tracli.2023.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite major demographic changes, several decisions and initiatives, among which Patient Blood Management, have led to a significant reduction in the transfusion of packed red blood cells (RBCs) in Belgium, as it has been observed in many countries. Unfortunately, not all blood groups were proportionately impacted and shortage in O D-negative RBCs is regularly or chronically observed. The goal of this study was to examine how to optimize the use and the supply of O D-negative blood in our academic hospital. METHODOLOGY All blood transfusions performed at Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc between January 1, 2019 and December 31, 2021 were reviewed. The blood group of the patients was compared with the blood group of the RBCs actually supplied and transfused. RESULTS 49.823 RBCs transfusions were analyzed. The patients' needs didn't reflect those of a Caucasian population, with an increase of O (47.9%) and B (10.3%) for the ABO blood group, and a quite high proportion of R0r (8.6%) for the Rh blood group. Only two thirds of O D-negative RBCs were transfused to O rr or R0r patients. CONCLUSION The application of PBM and the ethnic imbalance between blood donor and patient populations are two important risk factors for chronic shortages of O D-negative blood. To adapt blood component resources, it is essential to have a complete picture of the real needs of patients according to their blood group profile. Blood donor centers must adapt to the evolving needs of hospitals in order to plan future supplies in a "pull-flow" approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corentin Streel
- Blood Transfusion Service, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, 1200 Brussels, Belgium; Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research, UCLouvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Marie Pouplard
- Blood Transfusion Service, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | | | | | - Urszula Luyten
- Blood Transfusion Service, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Christine Pirlet
- Blood Transfusion Service, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Youssra Khaouch
- Blood Transfusion Service, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Véronique Deneys
- Blood Transfusion Service, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, 1200 Brussels, Belgium; Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research, UCLouvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium.
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Li Y, Raza F, Liu Y, Wei Y, Rong R, Zheng M, Yuan W, Su J, Qiu M, Li Y, Raza F, Liu Y, Wei Y, Rong R, Zheng M, Yuan W, Su J, Qiu M. Clinical progress and advanced research of red blood cells based drug delivery system. Biomaterials 2021; 279:121202. [PMID: 34749072 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.121202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Red blood cells (RBCs) are biocompatible carriers that can be employed to deliver different bioactive substances. In the past few decades, many strategies have been developed to encapsulate or attach drugs to RBCs. Osmotic-based encapsulation methods have been industrialized recently, and some encapsulated RBC formulations have reached the clinical stage for treating tumors and neurological diseases. Inspired by the intrinsic properties of intact RBCs, some advanced delivery strategies have also been proposed. These delivery systems combine RBCs with other novel systems to further exploit and expand the application of RBCs. This review summarizes the clinical progress of drugs encapsulated into intact RBCs, focusing on the loading and clinical trials. It also introduces the latest advanced research based on developing prospects and limitations of intact RBCs drug delivery system (DDS), hoping to provide a reference for related research fields and further application potential of intact RBCs based drug delivery system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichen Li
- School of Pharmacy Shanghai Jiao Tong University 800, Dongchuan Road, 200240, Shanghai, China
| | - Faisal Raza
- School of Pharmacy Shanghai Jiao Tong University 800, Dongchuan Road, 200240, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuhao Liu
- School of Pharmacy Shanghai Jiao Tong University 800, Dongchuan Road, 200240, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiqi Wei
- School of Pharmacy Shanghai Jiao Tong University 800, Dongchuan Road, 200240, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruonan Rong
- School of Pharmacy Shanghai Jiao Tong University 800, Dongchuan Road, 200240, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengyuan Zheng
- School of Pharmacy Shanghai Jiao Tong University 800, Dongchuan Road, 200240, Shanghai, China
| | - Weien Yuan
- School of Pharmacy Shanghai Jiao Tong University 800, Dongchuan Road, 200240, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Su
- School of Pharmacy Shanghai Jiao Tong University 800, Dongchuan Road, 200240, Shanghai, China.
| | - Mingfeng Qiu
- School of Pharmacy Shanghai Jiao Tong University 800, Dongchuan Road, 200240, Shanghai, China.
| | - Y Li
- School of Pharmacy Shanghai Jiao Tong University 800, Dongchuan Road, 200240, Shanghai, China
| | - F Raza
- School of Pharmacy Shanghai Jiao Tong University 800, Dongchuan Road, 200240, Shanghai, China
| | - Y Liu
- School of Pharmacy Shanghai Jiao Tong University 800, Dongchuan Road, 200240, Shanghai, China
| | - Y Wei
- School of Pharmacy Shanghai Jiao Tong University 800, Dongchuan Road, 200240, Shanghai, China
| | - R Rong
- School of Pharmacy Shanghai Jiao Tong University 800, Dongchuan Road, 200240, Shanghai, China
| | - M Zheng
- School of Pharmacy Shanghai Jiao Tong University 800, Dongchuan Road, 200240, Shanghai, China
| | - W Yuan
- School of Pharmacy Shanghai Jiao Tong University 800, Dongchuan Road, 200240, Shanghai, China
| | - J Su
- School of Pharmacy Shanghai Jiao Tong University 800, Dongchuan Road, 200240, Shanghai, China
| | - M Qiu
- School of Pharmacy Shanghai Jiao Tong University 800, Dongchuan Road, 200240, Shanghai, China
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Ashraf S, Agyapong J, Rohrbach P, Hasan T. OPD (Online Plasmodium Diagnosis): An ALA-PpIX based functional assay to predict active malaria. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2021; 36:102510. [PMID: 34474169 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2021.102510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria kills one child every 30 seconds reaching up to 3000 children a day. The mosquito borne malarial parasite invades the blood stream and hijacks red blood cells (RBCs). One of the medical successes of the 20th century was development of malaria diagnostic tests. However, poor specificity and sensitivity along with the inability of these assays to distinguish active malarial infections has put the management scheme in jeopardy. AIM To develop an in-vitro functional assay to predict active malarial infections. METHODS Plasmodium falciparum (3D7) parasites were incubated with delta-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) for 7 h and imaged using a confocal microscope for protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) fluorescence. Similarly, PpIX was extracted, and fluorescence was estimated by fluorimetry. RESULTS Imaging showed that the falciparum-infected RBCs fluoresced while the non-infected cells did not. Moreover, fluorimetry showed fluorescent peaks only in actively infected RBCs. CONCLUSIONS ALA was only taken up by infected RBCs. When the parasites were loaded with ALA, they fluoresced. These proof-of-concept results demonstrate the first functional assay to detect/diagnose active malaria.
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Bian Y, Chung HY, Bae ON, Lim KM, Chung JH, Pi J. Titanium dioxide nanoparticles enhance thrombosis through triggering the phosphatidylserine exposure and procoagulant activation of red blood cells. Part Fibre Toxicol 2021; 18:28. [PMID: 34348736 PMCID: PMC8336274 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-021-00422-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Expanding biomedical application of anatase titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles (NPs) is raising the public concern on its potential health hazards. Here, we demonstrated that TiO2 NPs can increase phosphatidylserine (PS) exposure and procoagulant activity of red blood cells (RBCs), which may contribute to thrombosis. Results We conducted in vitro studies using RBCs freshly isolated from healthy male volunteers. TiO2 NPs exposure (≦ 25 μg/mL) induced PS exposure and microvesicles (MV) generation accompanied by morphological changes of RBCs. While ROS generation was not observed following the exposure to TiO2 NPs, intracellular calcium increased and caspase-3 was activated, which up-regulated scramblase activity, leading to PS exposure. RBCs exposed to TiO2 NPs could increase procoagulant activity as measured by accelerated thrombin generation, and enhancement of RBC-endothelial cells adhesion and RBC-RBC aggregation. Confirming the procoagulant activation of RBC in vitro, exposure to TiO2 NPs (2 mg/kg intravenously injection) in rats increased thrombus formation in the venous thrombosis model. Conclusion Collectively, these results suggest that anatase TiO2 NPs may harbor prothrombotic risks by promoting the procoagulant activity of RBCs, which needs attention for its biomedical application. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12989-021-00422-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiying Bian
- School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, People's Republic of China.
| | - Han-Young Chung
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, and Center for Food Safety and Toxicology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742, South Korea
| | - Ok-Nam Bae
- College of Pharmacy, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggido, 426-791, South Korea
| | - Kyung-Min Lim
- College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 120-750, South Korea
| | - Jin-Ho Chung
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742, South Korea.
| | - Jingbo Pi
- School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, People's Republic of China.
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Abu-Alghayth M, Vanhatalo A, Wylie LJ, McDonagh ST, Thompson C, Kadach S, Kerr P, Smallwood MJ, Jones AM, Winyard PG. S-nitrosothiols, and other products of nitrate metabolism, are increased in multiple human blood compartments following ingestion of beetroot juice. Redox Biol 2021; 43:101974. [PMID: 33940546 PMCID: PMC8111767 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2021.101974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Ingested inorganic nitrate (NO3⁻) has multiple effects in the human body including vasodilation, inhibition of platelet aggregation, and improved skeletal muscle function. The functional effects of oral NO3⁻ involve the in vivo reduction of NO3⁻ to nitrite (NO2⁻) and thence to nitric oxide (NO). However, the potential involvement of S-nitrosothiol (RSNO) formation is unclear. We hypothesised that the RSNO concentration ([RSNO]) in red blood cells (RBCs) and plasma is increased by NO3⁻-rich beetroot juice ingestion. In healthy human volunteers, we tested the effect of dietary supplementation with NO3⁻-rich beetroot juice (BR) or NO3⁻-depleted beetroot juice (placebo; PL) on [RSNO], [NO3⁻] and [NO2⁻] in RBCs, whole blood and plasma, as measured by ozone-based chemiluminescence. The median basal [RSNO] in plasma samples (n = 22) was 10 (5–13) nM (interquartile range in brackets). In comparison, the median values for basal [RSNO] in the corresponding RBC preparations (n = 19) and whole blood samples (n = 19) were higher (p < 0.001) than in plasma, being 40 (30–60) nM and 35 (25–80) nM, respectively. The median RBC [RSNO] in a separate cohort of healthy subjects (n = 5) was increased to 110 (93–125) nM after ingesting BR (12.8 mmol NO3⁻) compared to a corresponding baseline value of 25 (21–31) nM (Mann-Whitney test, p < 0.01). The median plasma [RSNO] in another cohort of healthy subjects (n = 14) was increased almost ten-fold to 104 (58–151) nM after BR supplementation (7 × 6.4 mmol of NO3⁻ over two days, p < 0.01) compared to PL. In conclusion, RBC and plasma [RSNO] are increased by BR ingestion. In addition to NO2⁻, RSNO may be involved in dietary NO3⁻ metabolism/actions. Human ingestion of NO3⁻-rich beetroot juice caused increased plasma S-nitrosothiol levels compared with baseline. Beetroot juice ingestion also caused increased S-nitrosothiol and NO2⁻ levels in red blood cells compared with baseline. RSNO formation may contribute to the physiological effects of dietary NO3⁻.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Abu-Alghayth
- University of Exeter Medical School, College of Medicine and Health, St. Luke's Campus, University of Exeter, Heavitree Road, Exeter, EX1 2LU, UK
| | - Anni Vanhatalo
- Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, St. Luke's Campus, University of Exeter, Heavitree Road, Exeter, EX1 2LU, UK
| | - Lee J Wylie
- Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, St. Luke's Campus, University of Exeter, Heavitree Road, Exeter, EX1 2LU, UK
| | - Sinead Tj McDonagh
- University of Exeter Medical School, College of Medicine and Health, St. Luke's Campus, University of Exeter, Heavitree Road, Exeter, EX1 2LU, UK
| | - Christopher Thompson
- Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, St. Luke's Campus, University of Exeter, Heavitree Road, Exeter, EX1 2LU, UK
| | - Stefan Kadach
- Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, St. Luke's Campus, University of Exeter, Heavitree Road, Exeter, EX1 2LU, UK
| | - Paul Kerr
- Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, EX1 2PD, UK
| | - Miranda J Smallwood
- University of Exeter Medical School, College of Medicine and Health, St. Luke's Campus, University of Exeter, Heavitree Road, Exeter, EX1 2LU, UK
| | - Andrew M Jones
- Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, St. Luke's Campus, University of Exeter, Heavitree Road, Exeter, EX1 2LU, UK
| | - Paul G Winyard
- University of Exeter Medical School, College of Medicine and Health, St. Luke's Campus, University of Exeter, Heavitree Road, Exeter, EX1 2LU, UK.
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Dybas J, Bokamper MJ, Marzec KM, Mak PJ. Probing the structure-function relationship of hemoglobin in living human red blood cells. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2020; 239:118530. [PMID: 32498028 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2020.118530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Hemoglobin (Hb) is a key component of respiratory system and as such plays important role in human physiology. The studies of Hb's structure and functions are usually performed on cell-free protein; however, it has been shown that there are functionally relevant differences between isolated Hb and Hb present inside red blood cells (RBCs). It is clear that new experimental approaches are needed to understand the origin of these differences and to gain insight into the structure-function relationship of Hb within intact living cells. In this work we present a novel application of Resonance Raman spectroscopy to study heme active site of different forms of human Hb within living RBCs using laser excitation lines in resonance with their Soret absorption bands. These studies revealed that there are no significant changes in the disposition of the Fe-O-O fragment or the Fe-NHis linkage for Hb molecules enclosed in RBCs and these in free isolated states. However, some changes in the orientation of the heme vinyl groups were observed which might account for the differences in the protein activity and ligand affinity. This work highlights importance of protein-based studies and presents a new opportunity to translate these results to physiological cell systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Dybas
- Saint Louis University, Chemistry Department, 3501 Laclede Ave., 63103 Saint Louis, MO, United States; Jagiellonian University, Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), 14 Bobrzyńskiego Str., 30-348 Krakow, Poland
| | - Matthew J Bokamper
- Saint Louis University, Chemistry Department, 3501 Laclede Ave., 63103 Saint Louis, MO, United States
| | - Katarzyna M Marzec
- Jagiellonian University, Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), 14 Bobrzyńskiego Str., 30-348 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Piotr J Mak
- Saint Louis University, Chemistry Department, 3501 Laclede Ave., 63103 Saint Louis, MO, United States.
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Guan Y, Liu Y, Lei H, Liu S, Xu F, Meng X, Bai M, Wang X, Yang G. Dielectrophoresis Separation of Platelets Using a Novel Zigzag Microchannel. Micromachines (Basel) 2020; 11:E890. [PMID: 32992689 PMCID: PMC7599473 DOI: 10.3390/mi11100890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Platelet separation and purification are required in many applications including in the detection and treatment of hemorrhagic and thrombotic diseases, in addition to transfusions and in medical research. In this study, platelet separation was evaluated using a novel zigzag microchannel fluidic device while leveraging a dielectrophoresis (DEP) electric field using the COMSOL multiphysics software package and additional experimentation. The zigzag-shaped microchannel was superior to straight channel devices for cell separation because the sharp corners reduced the required horizontal distance needed for separation and also contributed to an asymmetric DEP electric field. A perfect linear relationship was observed between the separation distance and the corner angles. A quadratic relationship (R2 = 0.99) was observed between the driving voltage and the width and the lengths of the channel, allowing for optimization of these properties. In addition, the voltage was inversely proportional to the channel width and proportional to the channel length. An optimal velocity ratio of 1:4 was identified for the velocities of the two device inlets. The proposed device was fabricated using laser engraving and lithography with optimized structures including a 0.5 mm channel width, a 120° corner angle, a 0.3 mm channel depth, and a 17 mm channel length. A separation efficiency of 99.4% was achieved using a voltage of 20 V and a velocity ratio of 1:4. The easy fabrication, lower required voltage, label-free detection, high efficiency, and environmental friendliness of this device make it suitable for point-of-care medicine and biological applications. Moreover, it can be used for the separation of other types of compounds including lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfang Guan
- School of Electromechanical Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (Y.L.); (H.L.); (S.L.); (F.X.); (X.M.); (M.B.); (X.W.); (G.Y.)
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10
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Dybas J, Bulat K, Blat A, Mohaissen T, Wajda A, Mardyla M, Kaczmarska M, Franczyk-Zarow M, Malek K, Chlopicki S, Marzec KM. Age-related and atherosclerosis-related erythropathy in ApoE/LDLR -/- mice. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2020; 1866:165972. [PMID: 32949768 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2020.165972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
In this work we applied a multimodal approach to define the age- and atherosclerosis-related biochemical and functional alterations in red blood cells (RBCs) in ApoE/LDLR-/- mice. Our results revealed that age-related changes in RBCs, such as decreases in RBC deformability and mean height, were more pronounced in ApoE/LDLR-/- mice than in age-matched control mice (C57BL/6J). The decreases in phospholipid content and level of lipid unsaturation were accompanied by an increase in cholesterol esters and esterified lipids in RBC membranes in aged C57BL/6J mice. The age-related decrease in the phospholipid content was more pronounced in ApoE/LDLR-/- mice. In contrast, the increase in the total lipid content in RBC membranes occurred only in ApoE/LDLR-/- mice with advanced atherosclerosis. The age-related alterations also included a decrease in the ratio of turns to α-helices in the secondary structure of hemoglobin (Hb) inside intact RBCs. On the other hand, an increase in the ratio of unordered conformations to α-helices of Hb was observed only in ApoE/LDLR-/- mice and occurred already at the age of 5-weeks. This was related to hypercholesterolemia and resulted in an increased oxygen-carrying capacity. In conclusion, progressive mechanical and functional alterations of RBCs in aged ApoE/LDLR-/- mice were more pronounced than in age-matched C57BL/6J mice. Although, several biochemical changes in RBCs in aged ApoE/LDLR-/- mice recapitulated age-dependent changes observed in control mice, some biochemical features of RBC membranes attributed to hypercholesterolemia were distinct and could contribute to the accelerated deterioration of RBC function in ApoE/LDLR-/- mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Dybas
- Jagiellonian Center for Experimental Therapeutics, Jagiellonian University, 14 Bobrzyńskiego St., 30-348 Krakow, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Bulat
- Jagiellonian Center for Experimental Therapeutics, Jagiellonian University, 14 Bobrzyńskiego St., 30-348 Krakow, Poland
| | - Aneta Blat
- Jagiellonian Center for Experimental Therapeutics, Jagiellonian University, 14 Bobrzyńskiego St., 30-348 Krakow, Poland; Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, 2 Gronostajowa Str., 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Tasnim Mohaissen
- Jagiellonian Center for Experimental Therapeutics, Jagiellonian University, 14 Bobrzyńskiego St., 30-348 Krakow, Poland; Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 9 Medyczna Str., 30-688 Krakow, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Wajda
- Jagiellonian Center for Experimental Therapeutics, Jagiellonian University, 14 Bobrzyńskiego St., 30-348 Krakow, Poland; Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, AGH University of Science and Technology, Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
| | - Mateusz Mardyla
- Jagiellonian Center for Experimental Therapeutics, Jagiellonian University, 14 Bobrzyńskiego St., 30-348 Krakow, Poland; Jagiellonian University, University School of Physical Education in Krakow, 78 Jana Pawła II St., 31-571 Krakow, Poland
| | - Magdalena Kaczmarska
- Jagiellonian Center for Experimental Therapeutics, Jagiellonian University, 14 Bobrzyńskiego St., 30-348 Krakow, Poland
| | - Magdalena Franczyk-Zarow
- Department of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Food Technology, University of Agriculture, 122 Balicka St., 30-149 Krakow, Poland
| | - Kamilla Malek
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, 2 Gronostajowa Str., 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Stefan Chlopicki
- Jagiellonian Center for Experimental Therapeutics, Jagiellonian University, 14 Bobrzyńskiego St., 30-348 Krakow, Poland; Department of Experimental Pharmacology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 16 Grzegorzecka St., 31-531 Krakow, Poland
| | - Katarzyna M Marzec
- Jagiellonian Center for Experimental Therapeutics, Jagiellonian University, 14 Bobrzyńskiego St., 30-348 Krakow, Poland.
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11
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Szczesny-Malysiak E, Dybas J, Blat A, Bulat K, Kus K, Kaczmarska M, Wajda A, Malek K, Chlopicki S, Marzec KM. Irreversible alterations in the hemoglobin structure affect oxygen binding in human packed red blood cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Res 2020; 1867:118803. [PMID: 32738251 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2020.118803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The ability of hemoglobin (Hb) to transport respiratory gases is directly linked to its quaternary structure properties and reversible changes between T (tense) and R (relax) state. In this study we demonstrated that packed red blood cells (pRBCs) storage resulted in a gradual increase in the irreversible changes in the secondary and quaternary structures of Hb, with subsequent impairment of the T↔R transition. Such alteration was associated with the presence of irreversibly settled in the relaxed form, quaternary structure of Hb, which we termed R'. On the secondary structure level, disordered protein organization involved formation of β-sheets and a decrease in α-helices related to the aggregation process stabilized by strong intermolecular hydrogen bonding. Compensatory changes in RBCs metabolism launched to preserve reductive microenvironment were disclosed as an activation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) production and increased reduced to oxidized glutathione (GSH/GSSG) ratio. For the first time we showed the relationship between secondary structure changes and the occurrence of newly discovered R', which through an artificial increase in oxyhemoglobin level altered Hb ability to bind and release oxygen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Szczesny-Malysiak
- Jagiellonian Center for Experimental Therapeutics, Jagiellonian University, 14 Bobrzynskiego St., 30-348 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Jakub Dybas
- Jagiellonian Center for Experimental Therapeutics, Jagiellonian University, 14 Bobrzynskiego St., 30-348 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Aneta Blat
- Jagiellonian Center for Experimental Therapeutics, Jagiellonian University, 14 Bobrzynskiego St., 30-348 Krakow, Poland; Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, 2 Gronostajowa Str., 30-387 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Bulat
- Jagiellonian Center for Experimental Therapeutics, Jagiellonian University, 14 Bobrzynskiego St., 30-348 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Kamil Kus
- Jagiellonian Center for Experimental Therapeutics, Jagiellonian University, 14 Bobrzynskiego St., 30-348 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Magdalena Kaczmarska
- Jagiellonian Center for Experimental Therapeutics, Jagiellonian University, 14 Bobrzynskiego St., 30-348 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Aleksandra Wajda
- Jagiellonian Center for Experimental Therapeutics, Jagiellonian University, 14 Bobrzynskiego St., 30-348 Krakow, Poland; Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, AGH University of Science and Technology, Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Kamilla Malek
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, 2 Gronostajowa Str., 30-387 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Stefan Chlopicki
- Jagiellonian Center for Experimental Therapeutics, Jagiellonian University, 14 Bobrzynskiego St., 30-348 Krakow, Poland; Chair of Pharmacology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Grzegorzecka 16, 31-531 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna M Marzec
- Jagiellonian Center for Experimental Therapeutics, Jagiellonian University, 14 Bobrzynskiego St., 30-348 Krakow, Poland.
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12
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Kaczmarska M, Grosicki M, Bulat K, Mardyla M, Szczesny-Malysiak E, Blat A, Dybas J, Sacha T, Marzec KM. Temporal sequence of the human RBCs' vesiculation observed in nano-scale with application of AFM and complementary techniques. Nanomedicine 2020; 28:102221. [PMID: 32438105 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2020.102221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Based on the multimodal characterization of human red blood cells (RBCs), the link between the storage-related sequence of the nanoscale changes in RBC membranes in the relation to their biochemical profile as well as mechanical and functional properties was presented. On the background of the accumulation of RBCs waste products, programmed cell death and impaired rheological properties, progressive alterations in the RBC membranes including changes in their height and diameter as well as the in situ characterization of RBC-derived microparticles (RMPs) on the RBCs surface were presented. The advantage of atomic force microscopy (AFM) in RMPs visualization, even at the very early stage of vesiculation, was shown based on the results revealed by other reference techniques. The nanoscale characterization of RMPs was correlated with a decrease in cholesterol and triglycerides levels in the RBC membranes, proving the link between the lipids leakage from RBCs and the process of vesiculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Kaczmarska
- Jagiellonian Center for Experimental Therapeutics, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Marek Grosicki
- Jagiellonian Center for Experimental Therapeutics, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Bulat
- Jagiellonian Center for Experimental Therapeutics, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Mateusz Mardyla
- Jagiellonian Center for Experimental Therapeutics, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland; Faculty of Motor Rehabilitation, University of Physical Education, Krakow, Poland
| | - Ewa Szczesny-Malysiak
- Jagiellonian Center for Experimental Therapeutics, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Aneta Blat
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Jakub Dybas
- Jagiellonian Center for Experimental Therapeutics, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Tomasz Sacha
- Chair and Department of Hematology, Jagiellonian University Hospital, Krakow, Poland
| | - Katarzyna M Marzec
- Jagiellonian Center for Experimental Therapeutics, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland.
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13
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Bian Y, Kim K, Ngo T, Kim I, Bae ON, Lim KM, Chung JH. Silver nanoparticles promote procoagulant activity of red blood cells: a potential risk of thrombosis in susceptible population. Part Fibre Toxicol 2019; 16:9. [PMID: 30764834 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-019-0292-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Silver nanoparticles (AgNP) are widely used in medical practices owing to their distinct antibacterial, antiviral and anticancer activities. However, with increasing use of AgNP, concerns over its potential toxicity are also escalating. Here, we demonstrated the potential thrombotic effect of AgNP which was mediated by the procoagulant activity of red blood cells (RBCs). Results In freshly isolated human RBCs, AgNP, but not silver microparticles (AgMP), elicited morphological changes, phosphatidylserine (PS) exposure and microvesicles (MV) generation, the key indicators of procoagulant activity in RBCs at concentration ranges (≤ 100 μg/mL) that were free of significant hemolysis. In line with this, AgNP potentiated thrombin generation and adherence of RBCs to endothelial cells, while AgMP did not. Oxidative stress, intracellular calcium increase and ATP depletion were found to underlie the procoagulant effects of AgNP, which led to altered activity of membrane aminophospholipid translocases. These in vitro findings were well reproduced in rat in vivo, where intravenously exposure to AgNP promoted venous thrombosis significantly. Of note, RBCs isolated from cancer patients, who inherently convey the risk of thrombogenesis, were more sensitive to the procoagulant effects of AgNP. In addition, AgNP significantly potentiated the procoagulant effects of a chemotherapeutic drug, paclitaxel. Conclusion Collectively, these results suggest that AgNP may have prothrombotic risks by promoting procoagulant activity of RBCs and caution shall be taken for its use in the population sensitive to thrombosis like cancer patients. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12989-019-0292-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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14
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Stauber H, Waisman D, Korin N, Sznitman J. Red blood cell (RBC) suspensions in confined microflows: Pressure-flow relationship. Med Eng Phys 2017; 48:49-54. [PMID: 28838798 DOI: 10.1016/j.medengphy.2017.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Microfluidic-based assays have become increasingly popular to explore microcirculation in vitro. In these experiments, blood is resuspended to a desired haematocrit level in a buffer solution, where frequent choices for preparing RBC suspensions comprise notably Dextran and physiological buffer. Yet, the rational for selecting one buffer versus another is often ill-defined and lacks detailed quantification, including ensuing changes in RBC flow characteristics. Here, we revisit RBC suspensions in microflows and attempt to quantify systematically some of the differences emanating between buffers. We measure bulk flow rate (Q) of RBC suspensions, using PBS- and Dextran-40, as a function of the applied pressure drop (ΔP) for two hematocrits (∼0% and 23%). Two distinct microfluidic designs of varying dimensions are employed: a straight channel larger than and a network array similar to the size of individual RBCs. Using the resulting pressure-flow curves, we extract the equivalent hydrodynamic resistances and estimate the relative viscosities. These efforts are a first step in rigorously quantifying the influence of the 'background' buffer on RBC flows within microfluidic devices and thereby underline the importance of purposefully selecting buffer suspensions for microfluidic in vitro assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hagit Stauber
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, 3200003 Haifa, Israel
| | - Dan Waisman
- Department of Neonatology, Carmel Medical Center, 3436212 Haifa, Israel; Faculty of Medicine, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, 3200003 Haifa, Israel
| | - Netanel Korin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, 3200003 Haifa, Israel
| | - Josué Sznitman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, 3200003 Haifa, Israel.
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15
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Li Y, Liu Z, Yang J, Chen Z, Guan G, Niu Q, Zhang X, Luo J, Yin H. Infection of small ruminants and their red blood cells with Theileria annulata schizonts. Exp Parasitol 2013; 137:21-4. [PMID: 24316464 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2013.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Theileria annulata, the causative agent of tropical theileriosis, is a protozoan parasite that also causes lymphoproliferative diseases in cattle. In vivo, parasitized cells undergo clonal expansion and infiltrate both the lymphoid and non-lymphoid tissues of the infected host. To determine whether the small ruminants and their red blood cells (RBCs) were invaded by T. annulata schizonts or not, T. annulata schizonts were used to infect bovine, ovine and caprine RBCs in vitro, and sheep and goats in vivo. The results showed that the schizonts infected bovine, ovine and caprine RBCs in vitro, but not sheep and goats, which showed only an increase in body temperature and no development of piroplasms. To our knowledge, this is the first report of infection of small ruminants and their RBCs by T. annulata schizonts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youquan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, PR China; Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, PR China; Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, PR China
| | - Zhijie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, PR China; Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, PR China; Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, PR China
| | - Jifei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, PR China; Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, PR China; Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, PR China
| | - Ze Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, PR China; Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, PR China; Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, PR China
| | - Guiquan Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, PR China; Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, PR China; Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, PR China
| | - Qingli Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, PR China; Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, PR China; Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, PR China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, PR China; Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, PR China; Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, PR China
| | - Jianxun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, PR China; Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, PR China; Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, PR China
| | - Hong Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, PR China; Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, PR China; Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, PR China.
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