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Guo W, Feng D, Yang X, Zhao Z, Yang J. Screening and dietary exposure assessment of T-2 toxin and its modified forms in commercial cereals and cereal-based products in Shanghai. Food Chem X 2024; 21:101199. [PMID: 38495028 PMCID: PMC10943633 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2024.101199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
A reliable and sensitive UPLC-MS/MS method coupled with HLB-SPE was developed for simultaneous determination of T-2 and its modified forms (HT-2, NEO, T-2-triol, T-2-tetraol, T-2-3G, and HT-2-3G) in cereals and cereal-based products. Acceptable linearity (R2 ≥ 0.99), limits of quantitation (0.5-10.0 μg/kg), intra-day precision (RSD < 12.8 %), inter-day precision (RSD ≤ 15.8 %), and recovery (76.8 %-115.2 %) were obtained for all analytes in all matrices investigated. 107 commercial foodstuffs were analyzed, and T-2 was detected in 29.0 % of maize and maize flour samples (0.51 to 56.61 μg/kg) and in 10-33.3 % of wheat flour and barley samples (1.27 to 78.51 μg/kg). Moreover, 66.7 % of the positive samples were simultaneously contaminated with two or more T-2 forms. The possible health risk related to T-2 and its modified forms in cereals and cereal-based products was evaluated using a probabilistic dietary exposure assessment. The 95th percentile dietary exposure values of the sum of T-2 forms ranged from 0.16 to 1.70 ng/kg b.w./day for lower bound (LB), and 0.17 to 7.59 ng/kg b.w./day for upper bound (UB). Results strongly suggested that the presence of T-2 and its modified forms in cereals and cereal-based products warrants greater attention and investigation, although probabilistic dietary exposure values currently remain below the tolerable daily intake (TDI) value of 20 ng/kg b.w./day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbo Guo
- Institute for Agro-food Standards and Testing Technology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Protected Horticultural Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China
- Shanghai Kelite Agricultural Product Testing Technology Service Co., Ltd, Shanghai 201403, China
| | - Disen Feng
- Institute for Agro-food Standards and Testing Technology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Protected Horticultural Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China
| | - Xianli Yang
- Institute for Agro-food Standards and Testing Technology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Protected Horticultural Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China
| | - Zhihui Zhao
- Institute for Agro-food Standards and Testing Technology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Protected Horticultural Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China
| | - Junhua Yang
- Institute for Agro-food Standards and Testing Technology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Protected Horticultural Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China
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2
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Deligeorgakis C, Magro C, Skendi A, Gebrehiwot HH, Valdramidis V, Papageorgiou M. Fungal and Toxin Contaminants in Cereal Grains and Flours: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Foods 2023; 12:4328. [PMID: 38231837 DOI: 10.3390/foods12234328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Cereal grains serve as the cornerstone of global nutrition, providing a significant portion of humanity's caloric requirements. However, the presence of fungal genera, such Fusarium, Penicillium, Aspergillus, and Alternaria, known for their mycotoxin-producing abilities, presents a significant threat to human health due to the adverse effects of these toxins. The primary objective of this study was to identify the predominant fungal contaminants in cereal grains utilized in breadmaking, as well as in flour and bread. Moreover, a systematic review, including meta-analysis, was conducted on the occurrence and levels of mycotoxins in wheat flour from the years 2013 to 2023. The genera most frequently reported were Fusarium, followed by Penicillium, Aspergillus, and Alternaria. Among the published reports, the majority focused on the analysis of Deoxynivalenol (DON), which garnered twice as many reports compared to those focusing on Aflatoxins, Zearalenone, and Ochratoxin A. The concentration of these toxins, in most cases determined by HPLC-MS/MS or HPLC coupled with a fluorescence detector (FLD), was occasionally observed to exceed the maximum limits established by national and/or international authorities. The prevalence of mycotoxins in flour samples from the European Union (EU) and China, as well as in foods intended for infants, exhibited a significant reduction compared to other commercial flours assessed by a meta-analysis investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christodoulos Deligeorgakis
- Department of Food Science and Technology, International Hellenic University, P.O. Box 141, GR-57400 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Christopher Magro
- Department of Food Sciences and Nutrition, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Malta, MSD 2080 Msida, Malta
| | - Adriana Skendi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, International Hellenic University, P.O. Box 141, GR-57400 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | - Vasilis Valdramidis
- Department of Food Sciences and Nutrition, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Malta, MSD 2080 Msida, Malta
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Zografou, GR-15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Papageorgiou
- Department of Food Science and Technology, International Hellenic University, P.O. Box 141, GR-57400 Thessaloniki, Greece
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3
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Lee SY, Cho S, Woo SY, Hwang M, Chun HS. Risk Assessment Considering the Bioavailability of 3-β-d-Glucosides of Deoxynivalenol and Nivalenol through Food Intake in Korea. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:460. [PMID: 37505729 PMCID: PMC10467052 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15070460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol and nivalenol are major type B trichothecenes and the most frequently occurring mycotoxins worldwide. Their 3-β-d-glucoside forms have recently become a safety management issue. These glucoside conjugates are converted back to the parent toxins during human digestion, but studies to confirm their bioavailability are lacking. In this study, a risk assessment was performed considering the bioavailability of glucoside conjugates. A literature review was conducted to compile the existing bioavailability studies of glucoside conjugates, and three exposure scenarios considering bioavailability were established. As a result of a risk assessment using deterministic and probabilistic methods, both the deoxynivalenol and nivalenol groups had safe levels of tolerable daily intake percentage (TDI%), not exceeding 100%. The TDI% for the nivalenol group was approximately 2-3 times higher than that for the deoxynivalenol group. Notably, infants showed higher TDI% than adults for both toxin groups. By food processing type, the overall TDI% was highest for raw material, followed by simple-processed and then fermented-processed. Since glucoside conjugates can be converted into parent toxins during the digestion process, a risk assessment considering bioavailability allows the more accurate evaluation of the risk level of glucoside conjugates and can direct their safety management in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Yoo Lee
- Food Toxicology Laboratory, School of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Republic of Korea; (S.Y.L.); (S.C.); (S.Y.W.)
| | - Solyi Cho
- Food Toxicology Laboratory, School of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Republic of Korea; (S.Y.L.); (S.C.); (S.Y.W.)
| | - So Young Woo
- Food Toxicology Laboratory, School of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Republic of Korea; (S.Y.L.); (S.C.); (S.Y.W.)
| | - Myungsil Hwang
- Department of Food & Nutrition, Gachon University, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea;
| | - Hyang Sook Chun
- Food Toxicology Laboratory, School of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Republic of Korea; (S.Y.L.); (S.C.); (S.Y.W.)
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4
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Malir F, Pickova D, Toman J, Grosse Y, Ostry V. Hazard characterisation for significant mycotoxins in food. Mycotoxin Res 2023; 39:81-93. [PMID: 36930431 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-023-00478-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
This review updates the current status of activities related to hazard characterisation for mycotoxins, with special reference to regulatory work accomplished within the European Union. Because the relevant information on these topics is widely scattered in the scientific literature, this review intends to provide a condensed overview on the most pertinent aspects. Human health risk assessment is a procedure to estimate the nature and potential for harmful effects of mycotoxins on human health due to exposure to them via contaminated food. This assessment involves hazard identification, hazard characterisation, exposure assessment, and risk characterisation. Mycotoxins covered in this review are aflatoxins, ochratoxin A, cyclopiazonic acid, citrinin, trichothecenes (deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, T-2, and HT-2 toxins), fumonisins, zearalenone, patulin, and ergot alkaloids. For mycotoxins with clear genotoxic/carcinogenic properties, the focus is on the margin of exposure approach. One of its goals is to document predictive characterisation of the human hazard, based on studies in animals using conditions of low exposure. For the other, non-genotoxic toxins, individual 'no adverse effect levels' have been established, but structural analogues or modified forms may still complicate assessment. During the process of hazard characterisation, each identified effect is assessed for human relevance. The estimation of a 'safe dose' is the hazard characterisation endpoint. The final aim of all of these activities is to establish a system, which is able to minimise and control the risk for the consumer from mycotoxins in food. Ongoing research on mycotoxins constantly comes up with new findings, which may have to be implemented into this system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frantisek Malir
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, CZ-50003, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
| | - Darina Pickova
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, CZ-50003, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Toman
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, CZ-50003, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Yann Grosse
- The IARC Monographs Programme, International Agency for Research On Cancer (retired), Lyon, France
| | - Vladimir Ostry
- Center for Health, Nutrition and Food in Brno, National Institute of Public Health, Palackeho 3a, 61242, Brno, Czech Republic
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Deterministic and Probabilistic Dietary Exposure Assessment to Deoxynivalenol in Spain and the Catalonia Region. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14070506. [PMID: 35878243 PMCID: PMC9316368 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14070506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON) remains one of the most concerning mycotoxins produced by the Fusarium genus due to the wide occurrence in highly consumed cereal-based food and its associated toxicological effects. Previous studies conducted in Spain and other European countries suggested that some vulnerable groups such as children could be exceeding the tolerable daily intakes. Thus, the aim of this study was to conduct a comprehensive and updated dietary exposure assessment study in Spain, with a specific analysis in the region of Catalonia. Cereal-based food samples collected during 2019 were analysed using liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry for multi-mycotoxin detection including DON and its main metabolites and derivatives. Consumption data were gathered from the nation-wide food surveys ENALIA and ENALIA2 conducted in Spain, and a specific survey conducted in Catalonia. The data were combined using deterministic and semi-parametric probabilistic methods. The results showed that DON was widely present in cereal-based food highly consumed in Spain and the Catalonia region. Exposure to DON among the adult population was globally low; however, among infants aged 3–9 years, it resulted in the median of 192 ng/kg body weight/day and the 95th percentiles of 604 ng/kg body weight/day, that would exceed the most conservative safety threshold for infants. Bread and pasta were the main contributing foodstuffs to the global exposure to DON, even among infants; thus, those foods should be considered a priority for food control or to develop strategies to reduce the exposure. In any case, further toxicological and epidemiological studies are required in order to refine the safety thresholds accounting for the sensitivity of the infant population.
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Wang T, Ye Y, Ji J, Yang X, Xu J, Wang JS, Han X, Zhang T, Sun X. Diet composition affects long-term zearalenone exposure on the gut-blood-liver axis metabolic dysfunction in mice. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 236:113466. [PMID: 35390688 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEN), one of the most contaminated Fusarium toxins worldwide, is very common in contaminating wheat, corn oil and other foods. People are more vulnerable to ZEN exposure with more daily caloric intake, yet little is known about the combined effect of different dietary patterns with mycotoxins. This study aimed to compare the effects of long-term ZEN exposure on the overall biochemical landscape of the "gut-blood-liver axis" under normal diet and high-fat diet (HFD) using a combined multi-omics approach. The results indicated that ZEN exposure, possibly via the phenylalanine metabolic pathway, led to dysbiosis of mouse flora, suppression of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAS) metabolism, systemic inflammatory responses, and disturbances in serum and liver metabolism, which were exacerbated in synergy with HFD and ultimately led to a more severe state of lipid metabolism in the liver. We further found that ZEN exposure attenuated the indole-3-propionic acid (IPA) metabolic pathway, enhanced 2-hydroxybutyric acid metabolism in serum, and attenuated β-alanine metabolism in liver which was positively correlated with the abundance of Prevotellaceae UCG-004, Prevotellaceae UCG-001, and Prevotellaceae NK3B31 groups. The results highlighted the damaging effects of ZEN on the gut-blood-liver axis under different dietary patterns, which might serve as a reference for future studies exploring the combined effects of fungal toxins and multiple dietary patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingwei Wang
- School of Food Science, State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Foods, School of Food Science Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, Joint International Research Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Yongli Ye
- School of Food Science, State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Foods, School of Food Science Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, Joint International Research Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Jian Ji
- School of Food Science, State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Foods, School of Food Science Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, Joint International Research Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Xingxing Yang
- School of Food Science, State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Foods, School of Food Science Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, Joint International Research Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Jiayuan Xu
- School of Food Science, State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Foods, School of Food Science Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, Joint International Research Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Jia-Sheng Wang
- Department of Environmental Health Science, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Xiaomin Han
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- The Affiliated Wuxi Matemity and Child Health Care Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi 214002, China
| | - Xiulan Sun
- School of Food Science, State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Foods, School of Food Science Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, Joint International Research Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China.
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7
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Sohrabi H, Majidi MR, Arbabzadeh O, Khaaki P, Pourmohammad S, Khataee A, Orooji Y. Recent advances in the highly sensitive determination of zearalenone residues in water and environmental resources with electrochemical biosensors. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 204:112082. [PMID: 34555403 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.112082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEN), a significant class of mycotoxin which is considered as a xenoestrogen, permits, similar to natural estrogens, it's binding to the receptors of estrogen resulting in various reproductive diseases especially, hormonal misbalance. ZEN has toxic effects on human and animal health as a result of its teratogenicity, carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, nephrotoxicity, genotoxicity, and immunotoxicity. To ensure water and environmental resources safety, precise, rapid, sensitive, and reliable analytical and conventional methods can be progressed for the determination of toxins such as ZEN. Different selective nanomaterial-based compounds are used in conjunction with different analytical detection approaches to achieve this goal. The current review demonstrates the state-of-the-art advances of nanomaterial-based electrochemical sensing assays including various sensing, apta-sensing and, immunosensing studies to the highly sensitive determination of various ZEN families. At first, a concise study of the occurrence, structure, toxicity, legislations, and distribution of ZEN in monitoring has been performed. Then, different conventional and clinical techniques and procedures to sensitive and selective sensing techniques have been reviewed and the efficient comparison of them has been thoroughly discussed. This study has also summarized the salient features and the requirements for applying various sensing and biosensing platforms and diverse immobilization techniques in ZEN detection. Finally, we have defined the performance of several electrochemical sensors applying diverse recognition elements couples with nanomaterials fabricated using various recognition elements coupled with nanomaterials (metal NPs, metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs), graphene, and CNT) the issues limiting development, and the forthcoming tasks in successful construction with the applied nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hessamaddin Sohrabi
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, 51666-16471, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mir Reza Majidi
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, 51666-16471, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Omid Arbabzadeh
- Faculty of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Tabriz, 51666-16471, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Pegah Khaaki
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Science, University of Tabriz, 51666-16471, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Sajjad Pourmohammad
- Faculty of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Tabriz, 51666-16471, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Alireza Khataee
- Research Laboratory of Advanced Water and Wastewater Treatment Processes, Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, 51666-16471, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Environmental Engineering, Gebze Technical University, 41400, Gebze, Turkey.
| | - Yasin Orooji
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, 321004, China.
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Narváez A, Castaldo L, Izzo L, Pallarés N, Rodríguez-Carrasco Y, Ritieni A. Deoxynivalenol contamination in cereal-based foodstuffs from Spain: Systematic review and meta-analysis approach for exposure assessment. Food Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.108521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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9
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Simultaneous determination of trichothecene mycotoxins in cereals by LC-MS/MS. Food Sci Biotechnol 2022; 31:165-174. [PMID: 35186347 PMCID: PMC8818074 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-021-01024-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was designed to determine the residual trichothecene mycotoxins in cereal samples. The optimal solvent for extraction was 84% (v/v) aqueous acetonitrile with 1% (v/v) formic acid. The best performing clean-up method was dispersive-solid phase with a mixture octadecyl silica and primary-secondary amine. The recoveries for the studied mycotoxins ranged from 83.3 to 92.8%. The methodology was successfully applied for monitoring 100 cereal samples obtained from a Korean market. The bean sample were found to be co-contamination with deoxynivalenol and HT-2 toxin. Deoxynivalenol possessed the highest detection freauency (4/100) and amount (727.38 µg/kg) among the trichothecene mycotoxins. The hazard index was less than 1.0 for all the observed mycotoxins in all cereal samples except one white rice sample (1.2681). This results indicated that periodic risk assessments of trichothecene mycotoxin through cereal intake are necessary for the health and safety.
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10
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Mycotoxins and Climate Change. Fungal Biol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-89664-5_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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11
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Mahato DK, Pandhi S, Kamle M, Gupta A, Sharma B, Panda BK, Srivastava S, Kumar M, Selvakumar R, Pandey AK, Suthar P, Arora S, Kumar A, Gamlath S, Bharti A, Kumar P. Trichothecenes in food and feed: Occurrence, impact on human health and their detection and management strategies. Toxicon 2022; 208:62-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2022.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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12
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Ramos-Diaz J, Sulyok M, Jacobsen S, Jouppila K, Nathanail A. Comparative study of mycotoxin occurrence in Andean and cereal grains cultivated in South America and North Europe. Food Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.108260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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13
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Comparative Analysis of Machine Learning Methods to Predict Growth of F. sporotrichioides and Production of T-2 and HT-2 Toxins in Treatments with Ethylene-Vinyl Alcohol Films Containing Pure Components of Essential Oils. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13080545. [PMID: 34437416 PMCID: PMC8402422 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13080545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The efficacy of ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer films (EVOH) incorporating the essential oil components cinnamaldehyde (CINHO), citral (CIT), isoeugenol (IEG), or linalool (LIN) to control growth rate (GR) and production of T-2 and HT-2 toxins by Fusarium sporotrichioides cultured on oat grains under different temperature (28, 20, and 15 °C) and water activity (aw) (0.99 and 0.96) regimes was assayed. GR in controls/treatments usually increased with increasing temperature, regardless of aw, but no significant differences concerning aw were found. Toxin production decreased with increasing temperature. The effectiveness of films to control fungal GR and toxin production was as follows: EVOH-CIT > EVOH-CINHO > EVOH-IEG > EVOH-LIN. With few exceptions, effective doses of EVOH-CIT, EVOH-CINHO, and EVOH-IEG films to reduce/inhibit GR by 50%, 90%, and 100% (ED50, ED90, and ED100) ranged from 515 to 3330 µg/culture in Petri dish (25 g oat grains) depending on film type, aw, and temperature. ED90 and ED100 of EVOH-LIN were >3330 µg/fungal culture. The potential of several machine learning (ML) methods to predict F. sporotrichioides GR and T-2 and HT-2 toxin production under the assayed conditions was comparatively analyzed. XGBoost and random forest attained the best performance, support vector machine and neural network ranked third or fourth depending on the output, while multiple linear regression proved to be the worst.
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14
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Pustjens A, Castenmiller J, te Biesebeek J, de Rijk T, van Dam R, Boon P. Dietary exposure to mycotoxins of 1- and 2-year-old children from a Dutch Total Diet Study. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2021. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2020.2676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In 2017, a Total Diet Study was conducted in the Netherlands in which mycotoxins were analysed in foods and beverages consumed by 1- and 2-year-old children. These mycotoxins were aflatoxins, Alternaria toxins, citrinin, ergot alkaloids, fumonisins, ochratoxin A, patulin, sterigmatocystin, trichothecenes, and zearalenone. Long-term exposure was calculated by combining concentrations in foods and beverages with consumed amounts of these products. Analysed foods and beverages with a concentration below the detection limit that could contain the mycotoxin, were assigned a concentration equal to half this limit value. To assess if the exposure could result in a possible health risk, the high long-term exposure (95th percentile) was compared with a health-based guidance value (HBGV) or a margin of exposure (MOE) was calculated. Exposure to aflatoxins, Alternaria toxins, ochratoxin A and T-2/HT-2 sum may pose a health concern. Foods that contributed most to the exposure of these mycotoxins were bread, biscuits, breakfast cereals, chocolates, dried fruit, follow-on formula and fruit juices.
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Affiliation(s)
- A.M. Pustjens
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - J.J.M. Castenmiller
- Netherlands Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority (NVWA), P.O. Box 43006, 3540 AA Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - J.D. te Biesebeek
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3729 Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - T.C. de Rijk
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - R.C.J. van Dam
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - P.E. Boon
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3729 Bilthoven, the Netherlands
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Pickova D, Ostry V, Malir J, Toman J, Malir F. A Review on Mycotoxins and Microfungi in Spices in the Light of the Last Five Years. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:E789. [PMID: 33322380 PMCID: PMC7763258 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12120789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Spices are imported worldwide mainly from developing countries with tropical and/or subtropical climate. Local conditions, such as high temperature, heavy rainfall, and humidity, promote fungal growth leading to increased occurrence of mycotoxins in spices. Moreover, the lack of good agricultural practice (GAP), good manufacturing practice (GMP), and good hygienic practice (GHP) in developing countries are of great concern. This review summarizes recent data from a total of 56 original papers dealing with mycotoxins and microfungi in various spices in the last five years. A total of 38 kinds of spices, 17 mycotoxins, and 14 microfungi are discussed in the review. Worldwide, spices are rather overlooked in terms of mycotoxin regulations, which usually only cover aflatoxins (AFs) and ochratoxin A (OTA). In this paper, an extensive attention is devoted to the limits on mycotoxins in spices in the context of the European Union (EU) as well as other countries. As proven in this review, the incidence of AFs and OTA, as well as other mycotoxins, is relatively high in many spices; thus, the preparation of new regulation limits is advisable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darina Pickova
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, CZ-50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (V.O.); (J.T.); (F.M.)
| | - Vladimir Ostry
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, CZ-50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (V.O.); (J.T.); (F.M.)
- Center for Health, Nutrition and Food in Brno, National Institute of Public Health in Prague, Palackeho 3a, CZ-61242 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Malir
- Department of Public Law, Institute of State and Law, Czech Academy of Sciences, Narodni 18, CZ-11600 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Jakub Toman
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, CZ-50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (V.O.); (J.T.); (F.M.)
| | - Frantisek Malir
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, CZ-50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (V.O.); (J.T.); (F.M.)
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Iqbal SZ, Usman S, Razis AFA, Basheir Ali N, Saif T, Asi MR. Assessment of Deoxynivalenol in Wheat, Corn and Its Products and Estimation of Dietary Intake. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E5602. [PMID: 32756472 PMCID: PMC7432857 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17155602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The main goal of the present research was to explore the seasonal variation of deoxynivalenol (DON) in wheat, corn, and their products, collected during 2018-2019. Samples of 449 of wheat and products and 270 samples of corn and their products were examined using reverse-phase liquid chromatography with a UV detector. The findings of the present work showed that 104 (44.8%) samples of wheat and products from the summer season, and 91 (41.9%) samples from winter season were contaminated with DON (concentration limit of detections (LOD) to 2145 µg/kg and LOD to 2050 µg/kg), from summer and winter seasons, respectively. In corn and products, 87 (61.2%) samples from summer and 57 (44.5%) samples from winter season were polluted with DON with levels ranging from LOD to 2967 µg/kg and LOD to 2490 µg/kg, from the summer and winter season, respectively. The highest dietary intake of DON was determined in wheat flour 8.84 µg/kg body weight/day from the summer season, and 7.21 µg/kg body weight/day from the winter season. The findings of the work argued the need to implement stringent guidelines and create awareness among farmers, stakeholders, and traders of the harmful effect of DON. It is mostly observed that cereal crops are transported and stockpiled in jute bags, which may absorb moisture from the environment and produce favorable conditions for fungal growth. Therefore, these crops must store in polyethylene bags during transportation and storage, and moisture should be controlled. It is highly desirable to use those varieties that are more resistant to fungi attack. Humidity and moisture levels need to be controlled during storage and transportation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahzad Zafar Iqbal
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan;
| | - Sunusi Usman
- Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Ahmad Faizal Abdull Razis
- Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia;
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Nada Basheir Ali
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Tahmina Saif
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan;
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