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Chen Y, Li L, Xu J, Liu Y, Xie Y, Xiong A, Wang Z, Yang L. Mass spectrometric analysis strategies for pyrrolizidine alkaloids. Food Chem 2024; 445:138748. [PMID: 38422865 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.138748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) in food and natural preparations have received widespread attention due to their hepatotoxicity, genotoxicity, and embryotoxicity. Mass spectrometry (MS), as a high resolution, high sensitive, and high throughput detection tool, has been the most commonly used technique for the determination of PAs. The continuous advancement of new technologies, methods, and strategies in the field of MS has contributed to the improvement of the analytical efficiency and methodological enhancement of PAs. This paper provides an overview of the structure, toxicity properties and commonly employed analytical methods, focusing on the concepts, advances, and novel techniques and applications of MS-based methods for the analysis of PAs. Additionally, the remaining challenges, future perspectives, and trends for PA detection are discussed. This review provides a reference for toxicological studies of PAs, content monitoring, and the establishment of quality control and safety standards for herbal and food products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilin Chen
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines, The SATCM Key Laboratory of New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, The Shanghai Key Laboratory for Compound Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Linnan Li
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines, The SATCM Key Laboratory of New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, The Shanghai Key Laboratory for Compound Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Jie Xu
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines, The SATCM Key Laboratory of New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, The Shanghai Key Laboratory for Compound Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yamin Liu
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines, The SATCM Key Laboratory of New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, The Shanghai Key Laboratory for Compound Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yanqiao Xie
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines, The SATCM Key Laboratory of New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, The Shanghai Key Laboratory for Compound Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Aizhen Xiong
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines, The SATCM Key Laboratory of New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, The Shanghai Key Laboratory for Compound Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Zhengtao Wang
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines, The SATCM Key Laboratory of New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, The Shanghai Key Laboratory for Compound Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Li Yang
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines, The SATCM Key Laboratory of New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, The Shanghai Key Laboratory for Compound Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
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Miao L, Pan YB, Wang ST, Zhang JS, Zhang H. Sesquiterpenoids and steroids from Eupatorium fortunei and their inhibitory effects on NO production. Nat Prod Res 2024:1-10. [PMID: 38577968 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2024.2335665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Two heterodimers including a clovane-phenylpropanoid hybrid (1) and a clovane-menthane hybrid (2), five linear sesquiterpenoids incorporating a tetrahydrofuran ring (3-6 & 8), and four steroids (7 & 9-11), were separated from the ethanolic extract of a well-known aromatic and medicinal herb Eupatorium fortunei. Their structures were characterised by detailed analyses of spectroscopic data and comparison with known analogues, with seven (1-7) of them being described for the first time. The hybrids 1 and 2 represent the first examples of clovane type sesquiterpenoids hybridising with other class of natural products, and compounds 3-6 and 8 are first linear sesquiterpenyl constituents reported from the title species. All the isolates were evaluated for their inhibitory effect on the NO production induced by LPS in murine RAW264.7 macrophage cells, and 1, 7, 10 and 11 exhibited moderate activity with IC50 values in the range of 24.4-43.5 µM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Miao
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan, China
| | - Yin-Bo Pan
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan, China
| | - Shu-Ting Wang
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan, China
| | - Jun-Sheng Zhang
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan, China
| | - Hua Zhang
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan, China
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Miao L, Wang ST, Wei QH, Ma RF, Zhang H. Bioactive monoterpenoids and acetophenones from the aerial parts of Eupatorium fortunei. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2024; 219:113984. [PMID: 38266953 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2024.113984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Thirty-nine thymol and acetophenone derivatives, including eight pairs of enantiomers, were isolated from the aerial parts of Eupatorium fortunei. Their structures were assigned by detailed analyses of spectroscopic data and NMR calculations based on density functional theory, with 18 ones (1a/1b-14) being previously undescribed compounds. While the absolute configurations of 1a/1b, 2a/2b, 4, 6a/6b, 7, 11a/11b and 15a/15b-18a/18b were established by calculations of electronic circular dichroism data, that of 14 was determined by modified Mosher's method. Compounds 1a/1b and 2a/2b represent a previously unreported type of monoterpenoid dimers via an amide linkage, and compound 3 is a monoterpene-phenylpropanoid hybrid connected through an ester bond. Among the known molecules, the formerly mis-assigned structures of 15a/15b and 22 were revised, and pure natural enantiomers of 16a/16b-18a/18b were reported for the first time. Selective compounds showed antiradical and NO production inhibitory activities in the preliminary biological screening. Compound 31 was further demonstrated to alleviate oxidative stress by activating Nrf2 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Miao
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Shu-Ting Wang
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Quan-Hao Wei
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Ren-Fen Ma
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Hua Zhang
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China.
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Shi J, Dai YP, Yuan M, Sun XM, Song CJ, Liu YG. Two new thymol derivatives from Eupatorium fortunei. Nat Prod Res 2024; 38:386-392. [PMID: 36175160 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2022.2124247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Two new thymol derivatives (1-2) were isolated from the aerial parts of Eupatorium fortunei. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of comprehensive spectroscopic data analysis as 8,9-dehydrothymol-3-O-β-glucoside (1), and 9-(acetyloxy)thymol-3-yl (3-methylbut-2-enoate) (2). All isolates were evaluated for cytotoxic activities with IC50 values greater than 50 μM in vitro against MCF-7, HeLa, A549, and Hep G-2 cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Shi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Yan-Peng Dai
- Shandong Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Min Yuan
- Shandong Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Xiao-Man Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Chuan-Jie Song
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Yu-Guo Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
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Miao L, Wei QH, Wang ST, Sun P, Zhang H. Chemical constituents from Eupatorium fortunei and their anti-inflammatory evaluation by in silico and experimental approaches. Fitoterapia 2023; 171:105700. [PMID: 37832878 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2023.105700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Revised: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
The well-known aromatic and medicinal plant Eupatorium fortunei Turcz. is widely cultivated in China, and previous studies on its bioactive constituents mainly focus on the essential oil ingredients especially thymol derivatives. However, reports on other type of constituents and the potential application are lacking. In the present project, an intensive chemical fractionation on the aerial part extract of E. fortunei led to the isolation and identification of a series of fatty acid derivatives (lipids, 1a/1b-19) including seven pairs of previously undescribed enantiomers (1a/1b-7a/7b), as well as a lignan (brachangobinan A (BBA), 20) and two monoterpenes (8S/8R-9-hydroxythymol, 21a/21b). A preliminary biological evaluation of these compounds in a NO production inhibitory assay model demonstrated compound BBA as the most active one. Network pharmacology analysis was used to predict and explore the possible anti-inflammatory targets and mechanism of BBA, which revealed some potential inflammation-related proteins and signaling pathways. Further experimental investigations validated that the anti-inflammatory effect of BBA could be achieved by suppressing pro-inflammatory factors and blocking the activation of NF-κB signaling pathway. Taken together, our work shows that E. fortunei can serve as a potential resource of lipids and anti-inflammatory agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Miao
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Quan-Hao Wei
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Shu-Ting Wang
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Ping Sun
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Hua Zhang
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China.
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Gumus ZP. Assessment of Toxic Pyrrolizidine and Tropane Alkaloids in Herbal Teas and Culinary Herbs Using LC-Q-ToF/MS. Foods 2023; 12:3572. [PMID: 37835225 PMCID: PMC10572649 DOI: 10.3390/foods12193572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids are secondary metabolites produced by plants as a defense against insects. These can cause acute or chronic toxicity in humans. Therefore, avoiding potential poisoning from the consumption of tea and culinary plants contaminated with pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs), pyrrolizidine alkaloids N-oxides (PANOs), and tropane alkaloids (TAs) is important for human health and food safety. Therefore, it is important to determine the levels of these substances with reliable and highly accurate methods. In this study, the PAs, PANOs, and TAs in herbal teas and culinary herbs sold in Turkish markets were identified and their levels were determined. Thus, the general profiles of herbal teas and culinary herbs in Turkey were revealed, and the compliance of the total amounts of PA and TA with the regulations was examined. The identification and quantification of 25 PAs and N-oxides and 2 TAs (atropine and scopolamine) in the samples was performed with a liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometer (LC-Q-ToF/MS). At least a few of these substances were detected in all of the tested herbal teas and culinary herbs. The total contents of the black tea, green tea, mixed tea, flavored tea, chamomile tea, sage tea, linden tea, fennel tea, rosehip tea, peppermint, and thyme samples ranged from 4.6 ng g-1 to 1054.5 ng g-1. The results obtained shed light on the importance of analyzing the total dehydro PA, PANO, and TA amounts in plant-based products consumed in diets with sensitive and accurate methods, and they highlight the necessity of performing these analyses routinely in terms of food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zinar Pinar Gumus
- Central Research Test and Analysis Laboratory Application and Research Center (EGE-MATAL), Ege University, 35100 Izmir, Turkey
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Zan K, Lei W, Li Y, Wang Y, Liu L, Zuo T, Jin H, Ma S. Integrative Metabolomics and Proteomics Detected Hepatotoxicity in Mice Associated with Alkaloids from Eupatorium fortunei Turcz. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14110765. [PMID: 36356015 PMCID: PMC9698670 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14110765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The traditional Chinese herbal medicine Eupatorium fortunei Turcz. (E. fortunei) has been widely adopted to treat nausea, diabetes, siriasis, and poor appetite. However, E. fortunei contains multiple pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs). This study aimed to investigate the hepatotoxicity of total alkaloids in E. fortunei (EFTAs) and identify the toxic mechanisms of EFTAs on hepatocytes. Liquid chromatography with a tandem mass spectrometry assay with reference standards indicated that EFTAs mainly consisted of eight PAs whose content accounted for 92.38% of EFTAs. EFTAs markedly decreased mouse body and liver weights and increased the contents of AST and ALT. The histopathological assays demonstrated that, after exposition to EFTAs, the structures of hepatocytes were damaged and the fibrosis and apoptosis in hepatocytes were accelerated. Moreover, EFTAs increased the serum level of inflammatory cytokines and aggravated circulating oxidative stress. A combination of hepatic proteomics and metabolomics was used to investigate the toxic mechanisms of EFTAs. The study revealed that EFTAs seriously disrupted glycerophospholipid metabolism by upregulating the contents of lysophosphatidylglycerol acyltransferase 1 and phosphatidylinositol and downregulating the contents of choline/ethanolamine kinase beta, choline-ethanolamine phosphotransferase 1, phospholipase D4, 1-acylglycerophosphocholine, phosphatidylcholine, and dihydroxyacetone phosphate in the liver, resulting in detrimental inflammation, fibrosis, and apoptosis. This study revealed that EFTAs induced severe hepatotoxicity by disrupting glycerophospholipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Zan
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 102629, China
| | - Wei Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
- Correspondence: (W.L.); (S.M.)
| | - Yaolei Li
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 102629, China
| | - Ying Wang
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 102629, China
| | - Lina Liu
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 102629, China
| | - Tiantian Zuo
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 102629, China
| | - Hongyu Jin
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 102629, China
| | - Shuangcheng Ma
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 102629, China
- Correspondence: (W.L.); (S.M.)
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Determination of Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids in Teas Using Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry Combined with Rapid-Easy Extraction. Foods 2021; 10:foods10102250. [PMID: 34681300 PMCID: PMC8534422 DOI: 10.3390/foods10102250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This study developed an analytical method to determine pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) in teas using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry combined with rapid-easy extraction. PAs were extracted with 40 mL of 0.05 M sulfuric acid in 50% methanol solution and cleaned up using Oasis MCX SPE cartridges. Chromatographic separation of 21 PAs was conducted on an X-Bridge C18 column with gradient elution. According to the AOAC official analysis methods, the developed method was verified to establish linearity, limits of detection, limits of quantification, accuracy, inter-day precision, and intra-day precision for each PA. Overall, the method showed excellent repeatability, sensitivity, and reproducibility. The verified method was applied to tea samples, including maté, lemon balm, fennel, hibiscus, chrysanthemum, lavender, oolong tea, chamomile, rooibos, peppermint, mix tea, black, and green tea. One of the main advantages of the method developed in this study is that it allows complete separation of lycopsamine and intermedine peaks. Therefore, the method could be used to monitor PAs in teas.
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Dibenzofuran, 4-Chromanone, Acetophenone, and Dithiecine Derivatives: Cytotoxic Constituents from Eupatorium fortunei. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22147448. [PMID: 34299072 PMCID: PMC8307038 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Five new compounds, eupatodibenzofuran A (1), eupatodibenzofuran B (2), 6-acetyl-8-methoxy-2,2-dimethylchroman-4-one (3), eupatofortunone (4), and eupatodithiecine (5), have been isolated from the aerial part of Eupatorium fortunei, together with 11 known compounds (6‒16). Compounds 1 and 2 featured a new carbon skeleton with an unprecedented 1-(9-(4-methylphenyl)-6-methyldibe nzo[b,d]furan-2-yl)ethenone. Among the isolates, compound 1 exhibited potent inhibitory activity with IC50 values of 5.95 ± 0.89 and 5.55 ± 0.23 μM, respectively, against A549 and MCF-7 cells. The colony-formation assay demonstrated that compound 1 (5 μM) obviously decreased A549 and MCF-7 cell proliferation, and Western blot test confirmed that compound 1 markedly induced apoptosis of A549 and MCF-7 cells through mitochondrial- and caspase-3-dependent pathways.
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