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Zan K, Lei W, Li Y, Wang Y, Liu L, Zuo T, Jin H, Ma S. Integrative Metabolomics and Proteomics Detected Hepatotoxicity in Mice Associated with Alkaloids from Eupatorium fortunei Turcz. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14110765. [PMID: 36356015 PMCID: PMC9698670 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14110765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The traditional Chinese herbal medicine Eupatorium fortunei Turcz. (E. fortunei) has been widely adopted to treat nausea, diabetes, siriasis, and poor appetite. However, E. fortunei contains multiple pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs). This study aimed to investigate the hepatotoxicity of total alkaloids in E. fortunei (EFTAs) and identify the toxic mechanisms of EFTAs on hepatocytes. Liquid chromatography with a tandem mass spectrometry assay with reference standards indicated that EFTAs mainly consisted of eight PAs whose content accounted for 92.38% of EFTAs. EFTAs markedly decreased mouse body and liver weights and increased the contents of AST and ALT. The histopathological assays demonstrated that, after exposition to EFTAs, the structures of hepatocytes were damaged and the fibrosis and apoptosis in hepatocytes were accelerated. Moreover, EFTAs increased the serum level of inflammatory cytokines and aggravated circulating oxidative stress. A combination of hepatic proteomics and metabolomics was used to investigate the toxic mechanisms of EFTAs. The study revealed that EFTAs seriously disrupted glycerophospholipid metabolism by upregulating the contents of lysophosphatidylglycerol acyltransferase 1 and phosphatidylinositol and downregulating the contents of choline/ethanolamine kinase beta, choline-ethanolamine phosphotransferase 1, phospholipase D4, 1-acylglycerophosphocholine, phosphatidylcholine, and dihydroxyacetone phosphate in the liver, resulting in detrimental inflammation, fibrosis, and apoptosis. This study revealed that EFTAs induced severe hepatotoxicity by disrupting glycerophospholipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Zan
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 102629, China
| | - Wei Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
- Correspondence: (W.L.); (S.M.)
| | - Yaolei Li
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 102629, China
| | - Ying Wang
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 102629, China
| | - Lina Liu
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 102629, China
| | - Tiantian Zuo
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 102629, China
| | - Hongyu Jin
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 102629, China
| | - Shuangcheng Ma
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 102629, China
- Correspondence: (W.L.); (S.M.)
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Zhong Y, Chen Y, Pan Z, Tang K, Zhong G, Guo J, Cui T, Li T, Duan S, Yang X, Gao Y, Wang Q, Zhang D. Ginsenoside Rc, as an FXR activator, alleviates acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity via relieving inflammation and oxidative stress. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1027731. [PMID: 36278209 PMCID: PMC9585238 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1027731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetaminophen (APAP) intake leads to excessive NAPQI deposition, stimulating inflammatory and oxidative stress and causing fatal liver injury. However, the detailed molecular mechanism involved is unknown, and effective therapeutic approaches remain insufficient. In this study, we discovered that treatment with ginsenoside Rc can prevent the inflammatory response caused by APAP and oxidative stress in mouse primary hepatocytes (MPHs), along with the corresponding changes in related genes. Additionally, Ginsenoside Rc effectively alleviates APAP-induced cellular apoptosis and NAPQI accumulation in MPHs. In vivo, Ginsenoside Rc administration remarkably attenuates APAP-induced hepatotoxicity, repairing liver damage and improving survival. Moreover, Ginsenoside Rc treatment modulates genes involved in APAP metabolism, leading to a decrease in NAPQI and resulting in the alleviation of fatal oxidative stress and inflammatory response after APAP exposure, along with the expression of their related indicators. Furthermore, our RNA-seq and molecular docking analysis implies that FXR expression and FXR transcriptional activity are stimulated by Ginsenoside Rc treatment. Notably, due to the lack of FXR in mice and MPHs, ginsenoside Rc can no longer play its original protective role against hepatotoxicity and cell damage caused by APAP, and it is difficult to improve the corresponding survival rate and prevent hepatic apoptosis, NAPQI generation, fatal oxidative stress, and the inflammatory response induced by APAP and the expression of related genes. In summary, our results indicate that Ginsenoside Rc could act as an effective FXR activator and effectively regulate FXR-induced antioxidant stress and eliminate inflammation while also having an anti-apoptotic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yadi Zhong
- The Fourth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
- Science and Technology Innovation Center,Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yingjian Chen
- Science and Technology Innovation Center,Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhisen Pan
- The First Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kaijia Tang
- Science and Technology Innovation Center,Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guangcheng Zhong
- Science and Technology Innovation Center,Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingyi Guo
- Science and Technology Innovation Center,Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tianqi Cui
- Science and Technology Innovation Center,Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tianyao Li
- Science and Technology Innovation Center,Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Siwei Duan
- Science and Technology Innovation Center,Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoying Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaoying Yang, ; Yong Gao, ; Qi Wang, ; Dong Zhang,
| | - Yong Gao
- Science and Technology Innovation Center,Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaoying Yang, ; Yong Gao, ; Qi Wang, ; Dong Zhang,
| | - Qi Wang
- Science and Technology Innovation Center,Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaoying Yang, ; Yong Gao, ; Qi Wang, ; Dong Zhang,
| | - Dong Zhang
- The Fourth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaoying Yang, ; Yong Gao, ; Qi Wang, ; Dong Zhang,
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