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de Moura C, Vieira do Carmo MA, Xu YQ, Azevedo L, Granato D. Anthocyanin-rich extract from purple tea: Chemical stability, cellular antioxidant activity, and protection of human erythrocytes and plasma. Curr Res Food Sci 2024; 8:100701. [PMID: 38435275 PMCID: PMC10906145 DOI: 10.1016/j.crfs.2024.100701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to obtain an anthocyanin extract from the purple leaves of Camellia sinensis cv. Zijuan using a sustainable, non-toxic, and low-cost solid-liquid extraction, employing an aqueous citric acid solution (0.2 mol/L) as the extracting solvent, and to evaluate its chemical stability at different pH values, as well as its in vitro antioxidant properties in chemical and biological terms. The phenolic composition, in vitro antioxidant activity, and the stability of anthocyanins against pH, temperature, and light of the crude extract (CE) were evaluated, as well as the phenolic composition and bioactivity in the crude lyophilised extract (CLE). In the direct/reverse spectrophotometric titration, anthocyanins showed structural changes between pH 2 and 10, and reversibility of 80%. The antioxidant activity against the DPPH radical showed inhibition percentages of 73% (pH 4.5) to 39% (pH 10). Thermal stability was observed at 60 °C, and prolonged exposure of the extract to light caused photodegradation of the anthocyanins. Thirty-three phenolic compounds, including anthocyanins and catechins, were quantified in the CLE by UPLC-ESI-MS and HPLC, totalling 40.18 mg/g. CLE reduced cell viability (IC50 from 18.1 to 52.5 μg GAE/mL), exerted antiproliferative (GI50 from 0.0006 to 17.0 μg GAE/mL) and cytotoxic (LC50 from 33.2 to 89.9 μg GAE/mL) effects against A549 (human lung adenocarcinoma epithelial cells), HepG2 (hepatocellular carcinoma), HCT8 (ileocecal colorectal adenocarcinoma), and Eahy926 (somatic cell hybrid cells); and showed protection against oxidation of human plasma (635 ± 30 mg AAE/g). The results showed the diversity of compounds in the extracts and their potential for technological applications; however, temperature, pH, and light must be considered to avoid diminishing their bioactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiane de Moura
- Department of Chemistry, State University of Ponta Grossa (UEPG), Av. Carlos Cavalcanti, 4748, 84030-900, Ponta Grossa, Brazil
| | - Mariana Araújo Vieira do Carmo
- LANTIN – Laboratory of Nutritional and Toxicological Analyses in vitro and in vivo, Federal University of Alfenas (UNIFAL-MG), Rua Gabriel Monteiro da Silva, 714, 37130-000, Alfenas, Brazil
| | - Yong-Quan Xu
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 9 South Meiling Road, Hangzhou, 310008, China
| | - Luciana Azevedo
- LANTIN – Laboratory of Nutritional and Toxicological Analyses in vitro and in vivo, Federal University of Alfenas (UNIFAL-MG), Rua Gabriel Monteiro da Silva, 714, 37130-000, Alfenas, Brazil
| | - Daniel Granato
- Bioactivity & Applications Lab, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX, Limerick, Ireland
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Granato D. Next-generation analytical platforms for antioxidant capacity assessment: The urge for realistic and physiologically relevant methods. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 165:115155. [PMID: 37454590 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Bioactive compounds, such as carotenoids, alkaloids, and phenolics, are well known because of their alleged health benefits when consumed regularly in a balanced healthy diet. Some well-documented bioactivities are antioxidant, antihypertensive, antihyperglycemic, antilipidemic, anti-obesity, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial capacities. Trying to associate the chemical composition of distinct sources and their bioactivity using in vitro methods, several assays have been developed, implemented, and optimised to recapitulate human physiological conditions. However, in most cases, pitfalls are apparent, and no single test tube-based assay can predict in vivo responses. The need for a more physiologically relevant cell-based method to evaluate the antioxidant capacity of putative antioxidants is apparent. Therefore, in this Review, the current state-of-the-art in food science and nutrition is aligned with cell biology/bioengineering approaches to propose combining in vitro digestion and absorption to obtain a bioavailable fraction containing antioxidants. Overall, human plasma, 2-dimensional human cell lines, such as erythrocytes, lymphocytes, hepatocytes, enterocytes and, ultimately, 3-dimensional spheroids (organoids) could be used as biologically relevant models to assess the antioxidant activity of compounds, foods, and nutraceuticals. This versatile approach is deemed suitable, accurate, reproducible, and physiologically relevant to evaluate the protective effects of antioxidants against ROS-mediated oxidation in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Granato
- University of Limerick, School of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Department of Biological Sciences, Bioactivity and Applications Lab, Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland; Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland.
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Hosen ME, Rahman MS, Faruqe MO, Khalekuzzaman M, Islam MA, Acharjee UK, Zaman R. Molecular docking and dynamics simulation approach of Camellia sinensis leaf extract derived compounds as potential cholinesterase inhibitors. In Silico Pharmacol 2023; 11:14. [PMID: 37255739 PMCID: PMC10225450 DOI: 10.1007/s40203-023-00151-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The tea plant (Camellia sinensis) belongs to the family Theaceae and contains many phytochemicals that are effective against various diseases, including neurodegenerative disorders. In this study, we aimed to characterize the phytochemicals present in the methanolic and n-hexane leaf extracts of C. sinensis using GC-MS, FTIR, and UV-visible analysis. We detected a total of 19 compounds of different chemical classes. We also performed molecular docking studies using the GC-MS detected phytochemicals, targeting acetylcholinesterase (AChE, PBD ID: 4BDT) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE, PDB ID: 6QAB), which are responsible for the breakdown of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh). This breakdown leads to dementia and cognitive decline in Alzheimer's patients. The compounds Ergosta-7,22-dien-3-ol, (3.beta.,5.alpha.,22E)- and Benzene, 1,3-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl) showed better binding affinity against AChE, while dl-.alpha.-Tocopherol and Ergosta-7,22-dien-3-ol, (3.beta.,5.alpha.,22E)- showed better binding affinity against BChE. We determined the stability and rigidity of these best docked complexes through molecular dynamics simulation for a period of 100 ns. All complexes showed stability in terms of SASA, Rg, and hydrogen bonds, but some variations were found in the RMSD values. Our ADMET analysis revealed that all lead compounds are non-toxic. Therefore, these compounds could be potential inhibitors of AChE and BChE. Graphical abstract
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Eram Hosen
- Professor Joarder DNA and Chromosome Research Laboratory, Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, 6205 Bangladesh
| | - Md. Sojiur Rahman
- Professor Joarder DNA and Chromosome Research Laboratory, Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, 6205 Bangladesh
| | - Md Omar Faruqe
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, 6205 Bangladesh
| | - Md. Khalekuzzaman
- Professor Joarder DNA and Chromosome Research Laboratory, Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, 6205 Bangladesh
| | - Md. Asadul Islam
- Professor Joarder DNA and Chromosome Research Laboratory, Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, 6205 Bangladesh
| | - Uzzal Kumar Acharjee
- Professor Joarder DNA and Chromosome Research Laboratory, Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, 6205 Bangladesh
| | - Rashed Zaman
- Professor Joarder DNA and Chromosome Research Laboratory, Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, 6205 Bangladesh
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Yang G, Meng Q, Shi J, Zhou M, Zhu Y, You Q, Xu P, Wu W, Lin Z, Lv H. Special tea products featuring functional components: Health benefits and processing strategies. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2023; 22:1686-1721. [PMID: 36856036 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.13127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
The functional components in tea confer various potential health benefits to humans. To date, several special tea products featuring functional components (STPFCs) have been successfully developed, such as O-methylated catechin-rich tea, γ-aminobutyric acid-rich tea, low-caffeine tea, and selenium-rich tea products. STPFCs have some unique and enhanced health benefits when compared with conventional tea products, which can meet the specific needs and preferences of different groups and have huge market potential. The processing strategies to improve the health benefits of tea products by regulating the functional component content have been an active area of research in food science. The fresh leaves of some specific tea varieties rich in functional components are used as raw materials, and special processing technologies are employed to prepare STPFCs. Huge progress has been achieved in the research and development of these STPFCs. However, the current status of these STPFCs has not yet been systematically reviewed. Here, studies on STPFCs have been comprehensively reviewed with a focus on their potential health benefits and processing strategies. Additionally, other chemical components with the potential to be developed into special teas and the application of tea functional components in the food industry have been discussed. Finally, suggestions on the promises and challenges for the future study of these STPFCs have been provided. This paper might shed light on the current status of the research and development of these STPFCs. Future studies on STPFCs should focus on screening specific tea varieties, identifying new functional components, evaluating health-promoting effects, improving flavor quality, and elucidating the interactions between functional components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaozhong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resource Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China.,Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qing Meng
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiang Shi
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resource Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mengxue Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resource Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yin Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resource Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiushuang You
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resource Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China.,Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ping Xu
- Institute of Tea Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wenliang Wu
- Tea Research Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Zhi Lin
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resource Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haipeng Lv
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resource Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
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de Moura C, Kabbas Junior T, Mendanha Cruz T, Boscacci Marques M, Araújo Vieira do Carmo M, Turnes Pasini Deolindo C, Daguer H, Azevedo L, Xu YQ, Granato D. Sustainable and effective approach to recover antioxidant compounds from purple tea (Camellia sinensis var. assamica cv. Zijuan) leaves. Food Res Int 2023; 164:112402. [PMID: 36737984 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.112402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Camellia sinensis var. assamica cv. Zijuan (purple tea) is known for its content of anthocyanins, flavan-3-ols, and bioactivities. This study aimed to verify the influence of solvent polarity, in a solid-liquid extraction, on the content of phenolic compounds and chlorophylls, instrumental color, and antioxidant activity. Different proportions of water and ethanol (0:100, 25:75, 50:50, 75:25, and 100:0 v/v) were used for extraction. The results showed that the hydroalcoholic extract (75 % ethanol + 25 % water) had the highest contents of total flavonoids, total anthocyanins, chlorophyll A, and total carotenoids, as well as presenting the highest color intensity, proportion of yellow pigments, and antioxidant activity (total reducing capacity and scavenging of the DPPH free radical). Twenty-two compounds were identified, with chlorogenic acid, hesperidin, (-)-epicatechin, (-)-epigallocatechin gallate, and isoquercitrin being the main phenolics. This phenolic-rich extract inhibited lipoperoxidation induced in egg yolk homogenate (IC50 = 455 mg/L), showed no hemolytic behavior when human erythrocytes were subjected to osmotic stress, and exerted in vitro cytotoxic effects against cancer and hybrid cells. The extract obtained with the mixture of non-toxic solvents presented critical bioactivities, as well as a comprehensive identification of phenolic compounds in the cultivar, and has potential to be used in technological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiane de Moura
- Department of Chemistry, State University of Ponta Grossa (UEPG), Av. Carlos Cavalcanti, 4748, 84030-900, Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil
| | - Tufy Kabbas Junior
- Department of Chemistry, State University of Ponta Grossa (UEPG), Av. Carlos Cavalcanti, 4748, 84030-900, Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil
| | - Thiago Mendanha Cruz
- Department of Chemistry, State University of Ponta Grossa (UEPG), Av. Carlos Cavalcanti, 4748, 84030-900, Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil
| | - Mariza Boscacci Marques
- Department of Chemistry, State University of Ponta Grossa (UEPG), Av. Carlos Cavalcanti, 4748, 84030-900, Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil
| | | | - Carolina Turnes Pasini Deolindo
- Brazilian Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, and Food Supply (MAPA), Federal Agricultural Defense Laboratory, 88102-600 São José, SC, Brazil
| | - Heitor Daguer
- Brazilian Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, and Food Supply (MAPA), Federal Agricultural Defense Laboratory, 88102-600 São José, SC, Brazil
| | - Luciana Azevedo
- Nutrition Faculty, Federal University of Alfenas, Rua Gabriel Monteiro da Silva, 714, 37130-000 Alfenas, MG, Brazil
| | - Yong-Quan Xu
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 9 South Meiling Road, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Daniel Granato
- Bioactivity & Applications Lab, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, School of Natural Sciences, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland.
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