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Wątor K, Rusiniak P, Kmiecik E, Bugno R, Ristić Vakanjac V. Assessing health risks in bottled water: chemical compounds and their impact on human health. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2024; 46:178. [PMID: 38695953 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-024-01908-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/17/2024]
Abstract
Bottled mineral and spring water constitute one of the main sources of drinking water. Relevant legal acts in each country individually regulate the highest permitted concentrations of harmful substances in these waters. However, current regulations do not take into account newly emerging contaminants such as BPA. Analysis of the chemical composition of 72 bottled waters from the Polish market showed that undesirable elements occur in quantities that do not exceed the maximum permissible concentrations. Special attention should be paid to bottled therapeutic water, which may contain elevated concentrations of some micronutrients, such as Al, B, Ba, Fe, Mn, or Sr contributing to the pattern of health risk with excessive consumption of this type of water. The presence of BPA was confirmed in 25 tested waters. The calculated hazard index values showed that the most exposed group are children up to 12 years of age. The greatest attention should be paid to waters with high mineralisation, for which the calculated risk values are the highest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Wątor
- AGH University of Krakow, Mickiewicza 30 Av., 30-055, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Piotr Rusiniak
- AGH University of Krakow, Mickiewicza 30 Av., 30-055, Kraków, Poland
| | - Ewa Kmiecik
- AGH University of Krakow, Mickiewicza 30 Av., 30-055, Kraków, Poland
| | - Ryszard Bugno
- Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna Str., 30-343, Kraków, Poland
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Ichu BC, Nwogu NA, Opara AI, Agulanna AC, Udoka Nkwoada A. Heavy metal profile with health risk peculiarities in Enugu State and their long-term challenges in drinking water. JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH 2024; 22:939-952. [PMID: 38822471 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2024.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
Health authorities are particularly concerned about water security in Enugu, southeast Nigeria and heavy metal (HM) pollution. The HM profiles of 51 samples collected from 17 different commercial bottled water brands in Enugu were examined using an flame atomic absorption spectroscopy. Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Ni, and Zn had mean values of 0.15 ± 0.03, 0.03 ± 0.02, 0.16 ± 0.03, 0.13 ± 0.02, and 0.02 ± 0.01 mg/L, respectively. The highest levels of Pb2+ were 0.27 mg/L in Exalté, Ni2+ 0.26 mg/L in Jasmine, Cd2+ 0.36 mg/L in Ezbon, Cr3+ 0.07 mg/L in Trinity, Cu2+ 0.04 mg/L in Bigi, and Zn2+ 0.02 mg/L in Aquarapha. The amounts of Cr, Cu, and Zn were below the allowable limits; nevertheless, the Pb content in eight bottled water samples exceeded both the Nigerian and World Health Organization (WHO)/U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) permissible limits. The Cd2+ and Ni2+ levels in the 11th and 4th bottled water samples were above the WHO/USEPA-approved limits. Statistical evaluation revealed significant differences in the amounts of HM ions in the samples (p < 0.05). The findings indicated that concentration levels of Cd2+ Ni2+, and Pb2+ pose a public health concern that needs to be addressed due to potential risk to consumer health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bright Chigozie Ichu
- Materials and Energy Technology Department, Projects Development Institute (PRODA), Emene Industrial Layout, P.M.B. 01609, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Nwanyinnaya Akuagwu Nwogu
- Materials and Energy Technology Department, Projects Development Institute (PRODA), Emene Industrial Layout, P.M.B. 01609, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Alexander Iheanyichukwu Opara
- Department of Geology, School of Physical Sciences, Federal University of Technology Owerri, PMB 1526, Imo State, Nigeria
| | - Albert Chibuzo Agulanna
- Materials and Energy Technology Department, Projects Development Institute (PRODA), Emene Industrial Layout, P.M.B. 01609, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Amarachi Udoka Nkwoada
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical Sciences, Federal University of Technology Owerri, PMB 1526 Imo State, Nigeria E-mail:
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Joseph A, Edet U, Asanga E, Udoeyop FA, Ubi BI, Bebia G, Akindele AFI, Odu R, Nwaokorie F. Spice-Induced Metal Contamination and Microbiological Risk Assessment of Instant Noodles Prepared for Human Consumption. Biol Trace Elem Res 2023:10.1007/s12011-023-04018-y. [PMID: 38150117 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-023-04018-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
With the rising worries of potential metal contamination in cooked noodles, this study aimed at unravelling, for the first time, the possible source of metal contamination in cooked noodles. Noodles cooked with full spices (CWFS), cooked with half spices (CWHS), cooked with quarter spices (CWQS), and cooked with no spices (CWNS: control) and their spices were analysed for metals using inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry. The microbiological quality of the noodles was also evaluated. Metal concentrations in cooked noodles varied with spice quantity. Noodles CWFS had the highest significant (p < 0.05) concentration of Pb (0.36 ± 0.12 mg/kg), Ni (1.05 ± 0.01 mg/kg), Cd (0.07 ± 0.04 mg/kg), Co (0.02 ± 0.002 mg/kg), and Na (9.45 ± 0.04 mg/kg), compared to the control (CWNS). The mean Pb and Ni of spice and cooked noodles were above the WHO acceptable limits for food and could be harmful to consumers. Pearson's correlation and PCA showed that packed noodle spices introduced metals into the cooked noodles. Although the hazard indices (adults and children) in all noodle's groups were less than 1, children still had the potential to contract cancer from Ni exposure because the carcinogenic risk values of CWQS (2.87 × 10-4), CWHS (3.03 × 10-4), and CWFS (3.21 × 10-4) were greater than 10-4. Microbiological analysis revealed the presence of potential pathogens that showed multidrug resistance and the ability to elaborate protease and amylase enzymes. Given the impending chronic health risks inherent in processed noodles, consistent consumption should be avoided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akaninyene Joseph
- Department of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo City, Ondo State, Nigeria.
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development On Shallow Lake, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, People's Republic of China.
| | - Uwem Edet
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences, Arthur Jarvis University, Akpabuyo, Cross River State, Nigeria
| | - Edet Asanga
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences, Arthur Jarvis University, Akpabuyo, Cross River State, Nigeria
| | - Favor Akpakpan Udoeyop
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, PAMO University of Medical Science, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria
| | - Bassey Ini Ubi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Calabar, Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria
| | - Glory Bebia
- Department of Medical Microbiology/Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Science, University of Calabar, Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria
| | - Ajoke F I Akindele
- Department of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo City, Ondo State, Nigeria
| | - Regina Odu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences, Arthur Jarvis University, Akpabuyo, Cross River State, Nigeria
| | - Francisca Nwaokorie
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine of the University of Lagos, Idi-Araba, Lagos, Nigeria
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