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Zhang H, Song X, Ge S, Song W, Wang F, Yin Q, Zhang M, Zhuang P, Zhang Y. Zixue Powder attenuates septic thrombosis via reducing neutrophil extracellular trap through blocking platelet STING activation. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 331:118337. [PMID: 38740110 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.118337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Microthrombosis is commonly seen in sepsis and COVID-19. Zixue Powder (ZXP) is a traditional Chinese herbal formula with the potential to treat microvascular and infectious diseases. However, the role and mechanism of ZXP in sepsis-associated thrombosis remain unclear. AIM OF THE STUDY Investigating the therapeutic effectiveness and underlying mechanisms of ZXP in septic thrombosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS ZXP's compositions were examined with UPLC-QTOF-MS. The efficacy of ZXP on sepsis-induced thrombosis was assessed through various methods: liver tissue pathology was examined using hematoxylin-eosin staining, platelet count was determined by a blood cell analyzer, and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to detect the levels of serum tissue factor (TF), thromboxane B2 (TXB2), D-Dimer, and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1). Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) were localized and expressed in liver tissues by immunofluorescence, and the number of NETs in peripheral blood was evaluated by ELISA, which measured the quantity of cf-DNA and MPO-DNA in serum. Platelet P-selectin expression and platelet-neutrophil aggregation were measured by flow cytometry, and plasma P-selectin expression was measured by ELISA. Furthermore, the mechanism of the stimulator of interferon genes (STING) signaling pathway in ZXP's anti-sepsis thrombosis effect was investigated using the STING agonist, Western blot experiments, and immunoprecipitation experiments. RESULTS UPLC-QTOF-MS identified 40 chemical compositions of ZXP. Administration of ZXP resulted in significant improvements in liver thrombosis, platelet counts, and levels of TXB2, TF, PAI-1, and D-Dimer in septic rats. Moreover, ZXP inhibited NETs formation in both liver tissue and peripheral blood. Additionally, ZXP decreased the levels of P-selectin in both platelets and plasma, as well as the formation of platelet-neutrophil aggregates, thereby suppressing P-selectin-mediated NETs release. Immunoprecipitation and immunofluorescence staining experiments revealed that ZXP attenuated P-selectin secretion by inhibiting STING-mediated assembly of platelet soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptors (SNAREs) complex, ultimately preventing inhibition of NETs formation. CONCLUSION Our study showed that ZXP effectively mitigates platelet granule secretion primarily through modulation of the STING pathway, consequently impeding NET-associated thrombosis in sepsis. These findings offer valuable insights for future research on the development and application of ZXP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China; Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Xuejiao Song
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China; Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Shining Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China; Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Wen Song
- Tianjin Hongrentang Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Tianjin, 300193, China
| | - Fan Wang
- Tianjin Hongrentang Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Tianjin, 300193, China
| | - Qingsheng Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China; Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Mixia Zhang
- College of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Pengwei Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China; Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China; First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China; National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, 300193, China.
| | - Yanjun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China; Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China; First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China; National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, 300193, China.
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Yao Q, Wen J, Chen S, Wang Y, Wen X, Wang X, Li C, Zheng C, Li J, Ma Z, Zhan X, Xiao X, Bai Z. Shuangdan Jiedu Decoction improved LPS-induced acute lung injury by regulating both cGAS-STING pathway and inflammasome. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 336:118661. [PMID: 39159837 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.118661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 07/24/2024] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/21/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Shuangdan Jiedu Decoction (SJD) is a formula composed of six Chinese herbs with heat-removing and detoxifying, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory effects, which is clinically used in the therapy of various inflammatory diseases of the lungs including COVID-19, but the therapeutic material basis of its action as well as its molecular mechanism are still unclear. AIM OF THE STUDY The study attempted to determine the therapeutic effect of SJD on LPS-induced acute lung injury (ALI), as well as to investigate its mechanism of action and assess its therapeutic potential for the cure of inflammation-related diseases in the clinical setting. MATERIALS AND METHODS We established an ALI model by tracheal drip LPS, and after the administration of SJD, we collected the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and lung tissues of mice and examined the expression of inflammatory factors in them. In addition, we evaluated the effects of SJD on the cyclic guanosine monophosphate-adenosine monophosphate synthase -stimulator of interferon genes (cGAS-STING) and inflammasome by immunoblotting and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). RESULTS We demonstrated that SJD was effective in alleviating LPS-induced ALI by suppressing the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the BALF, improving the level of lung histopathology and the number of neutrophils, as well as decreasing the inflammatory factor-associated gene expression. Importantly, we found that SJD could inhibit multiple stimulus-driven activation of cGAS-STING and inflammasome. Further studies showed that the Chinese herbal medicines in SJD had no influence on the cGAS-STING pathway and inflammasome alone at the formulated dose. By increasing the concentration of these herbs, we observed inhibitory effects on the cGAS-STING pathway and inflammasome, and the effect exerted was maximal when the six herbs were combined, indicating that the synergistic effects among these herbs plays a crucial role in the anti-inflammatory effects of SJD. CONCLUSIONS Our research demonstrated that SJD has a favorable protective effect against ALI, and its mechanism of effect may be associated with the synergistic effect exerted between six Chinese medicines to inhibit the cGAS-STING and inflammasome abnormal activation. These results are favorable for the wide application of SJD in the clinic as well as for the development of drugs for ALI from herbal formulas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Yao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, PR China; Department of Hepatology, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100039, PR China
| | - Jincai Wen
- Department of Hepatology, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100039, PR China
| | - Simin Chen
- Department of Hepatology, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100039, PR China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Hepatology, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100039, PR China
| | - Xinru Wen
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, PR China; Department of Hepatology, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100039, PR China
| | - Xianling Wang
- Department of Hepatology, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100039, PR China
| | - Chengwei Li
- Department of Hepatology, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100039, PR China
| | - Congyang Zheng
- Department of Hepatology, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100039, PR China
| | - Junjie Li
- Department of Hepatology, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100039, PR China
| | - Zhijie Ma
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, 100050, Beijing, PR China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhan
- Department of Hepatology, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100039, PR China; National Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Beijing 100005, PR China.
| | - Xiaohe Xiao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, PR China; Department of Hepatology, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100039, PR China; National Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Beijing 100005, PR China.
| | - Zhaofang Bai
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, PR China; Department of Hepatology, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100039, PR China; State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-di Herbs, Beijing, 100700, PR China; National Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Beijing 100005, PR China.
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Li C, Wen J, Zhan X, Shi W, Ye X, Yao Q, Chen S, Zheng C, Wang X, Wen X, Xiao X, Wang Y, Bai Z. Total tanshinones ameliorates cGAS-STING-mediated inflammatory and autoimmune diseases by affecting STING-IRF3 binding. Chin Med 2024; 19:107. [PMID: 39148120 PMCID: PMC11325629 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-024-00980-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 08/04/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND An important signaling pathway connecting illness and natural immunity is the cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)-stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathway, but aberrant activation of this pathway is associated with the development of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Hence, targeted inhibition of the activation of the cGAS-STING pathway is potentially valuable in the treatment of disease. The primary active component of Salvia miltiorrhiza is total tanshinone (TTN). Research has indicated that TTN possesses noteworthy anti-inflammatory properties. However, the protective mechanism of TTN against acute liver injury (ALI) and autoimmune diseases is unknown. METHODS A model of aberrant activation of the cGAS-STING pathway was established in various cells and treated with TTN, and the expression of cGAS-STING pathway-related proteins, type I interferon, interferon stimulated genes and inflammatory factors was assessed by western blotting, real-time qPCR. Immunofluorescence analysis of the effect of TTN on the entry of associated proteins into the nucleus following aberrant activation of the cGAS-STING pathway. The effect of TTN on STING oligomerisation was investigated using 2'-3'-cyclic GMP-AMP (2',3'-cGAMP) to induce STING oligomerisation. Western blotting was used to examine the impact of TTN on the interactions of STING, tank-binding kinase 1 (TBK1), and interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) after HA or Flag-labelled plasmids were transfected into HEK-293 T cells. A dimethylxanthenone-4-acetic acid (DMXAA) -induced activation model of the cGAS-STING pathway in mice was established to study the effect of TTN on aberrant activation of the cGAS-STING pathway in vivo. On the other hand, an animal model of lipopolysaccharide/D-galactosamine (LPS/D-GaIN)-induced ALI and an autoimmune disease model induced by trex1 knockout were established to study the effects of TTN on inflammatory and autoimmune diseases mediated by the cGAS-STING pathway in vivo. RESULTS In several models of aberrant activation of the cGAS-STING pathway, TTN significantly inhibited the phosphorylation of STING and IRF3, thereby suppressing the expression of type I interferon, interferon-stimulated genes and inflammatory factors. Additionally, TTN prevented P65 and IRF3 from entering the nucleus after the cGAS-STING signalling pathway was abnormally activated. Subsequent research indicated that TTN was not involved in the oligomerization of STING or the integration of STING-TBK1 and TBK1-IRF3. However, TTN was found to have a substantial effect on the binding process between STING and IRF3. On the other hand, DMXAA-induced STING activation and activation of downstream signalling in vivo are inhibited by TTN. Furthermore, TTN exhibits positive treatment effects on autoimmune diseases caused by deficiency of trex1 and LPS/D-GaIN-induced ALI. CONCLUSION Our research indicates that TTN effectively treats ALI and autoimmune illnesses mediated by the cGAS-STING pathway by inhibiting the abnormal activation of this pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengwei Li
- School of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
- Department of Hepatology, the Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100039, China
- Fifth Medical Center of Chinese, China Military Institute of Chinese Materia, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-di Herbs, Beijing, 100700, People's Republic of China
| | - Jincai Wen
- Department of Hepatology, the Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100039, China
- Fifth Medical Center of Chinese, China Military Institute of Chinese Materia, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhan
- Department of Hepatology, the Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100039, China
- Fifth Medical Center of Chinese, China Military Institute of Chinese Materia, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-di Herbs, Beijing, 100700, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Shi
- Department of Hepatology, the Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100039, China
- Fifth Medical Center of Chinese, China Military Institute of Chinese Materia, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiu Ye
- School of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
- Department of Hepatology, the Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100039, China
- Fifth Medical Center of Chinese, China Military Institute of Chinese Materia, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Qing Yao
- Department of Hepatology, the Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100039, China
- Fifth Medical Center of Chinese, China Military Institute of Chinese Materia, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Simin Chen
- Department of Hepatology, the Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100039, China
- Fifth Medical Center of Chinese, China Military Institute of Chinese Materia, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Congyang Zheng
- Department of Hepatology, the Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100039, China
- Fifth Medical Center of Chinese, China Military Institute of Chinese Materia, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xianlin Wang
- Department of Hepatology, the Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100039, China
- Fifth Medical Center of Chinese, China Military Institute of Chinese Materia, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xinru Wen
- Department of Hepatology, the Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100039, China
- Fifth Medical Center of Chinese, China Military Institute of Chinese Materia, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohe Xiao
- Department of Hepatology, the Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100039, China.
- Fifth Medical Center of Chinese, China Military Institute of Chinese Materia, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-di Herbs, Beijing, 100700, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yinghao Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China.
| | - Zhaofang Bai
- School of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China.
- Department of Hepatology, the Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100039, China.
- Fifth Medical Center of Chinese, China Military Institute of Chinese Materia, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-di Herbs, Beijing, 100700, People's Republic of China.
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Tian M, Li F, Pei H. The cGAS-STING Pathway: A New Therapeutic Target for Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in Acute Myocardial Infarction? Biomedicines 2024; 12:1728. [PMID: 39200193 PMCID: PMC11352180 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12081728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2024] [Revised: 07/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 09/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The innate immune system is the body's natural defense system, which recognizes a wide range of microbial molecules (such as bacterial DNA and RNA) and abnormal molecules within cells (such as misplaced DNA, self-antigens) to play its role. DNA released into the cytoplasm activates the cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)-stimulator of interferon genes (STING) signaling pathway to initiate an immune response. Ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) after acute myocardial infarction refers to the phenomenon where myocardial tissue suffers further damage upon the restoration of blood flow. This issue is a significant clinical problem in the treatment of myocardial infarction, as it can diminish the effectiveness of reperfusion therapy and lead to further deterioration of cardiac function. Studies have found that the cGAS-STING signaling pathway is closely related to this phenomenon. Therefore, this review aims to describe the role of the cGAS-STING signaling pathway in ischemia-reperfusion injury after myocardial infarction and summarize the current development status of cGAS-STING pathway inhibitors and the application of nanomaterials to further elucidate the potential of this pathway as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengxiang Tian
- Department of General Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; (M.T.); (H.P.)
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Fengyuan Li
- Department of General Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; (M.T.); (H.P.)
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Haiping Pei
- Department of General Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; (M.T.); (H.P.)
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
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Li J, Dong M, Yao Q, Dong X, Chen Y, Wen J, Xu Y, Wu Z, Zhao X, Xiu Y, Zhan X, Bai Z, Xiao X. Amplifying protection against acute lung injury: Targeting both inflammasome and cGAS-STING pathway by Lonicerae Japonicae Flos-Forsythiae Fructus drug pair. CHINESE HERBAL MEDICINES 2024; 16:422-434. [PMID: 39072201 PMCID: PMC11283229 DOI: 10.1016/j.chmed.2024.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective Acute lung injury (ALI) is characterized by inflammation and currently lacks an efficacious pharmacological intervention. The medicine combination of Lonicerae Japonicae Flos (LJF) and Forsythiae Fructus (FF) demonstrates combined properties in its anti-infective, anti-inflammatory, and therapeutic effects, particularly in alleviating respiratory symptoms. In previous studies, Chinese medicine has shown promising efficacy in lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-induced ALI. However, there have been no reports of LJF and FF pairing for lung injury. The aim of this study is to compare the efficacy of herb pair Lonicerae Japonicae Flos-Forsythiae Fructus (LF) with LJF or FF alone in the treatment of ALI, and to explore whether LJF and FF have a combined effect in the treatment of lung injury, along with the underlying mechanism involved. Methods A total of 36 mice were divided into six groups (control, model, LJF, FF, LF, dexamethasone) based on the treatments they received after undergoing sham-operation/LPS tracheal instillation. H&E staining and pulmonary edema indexes were used to evaluate lung injury severity. Alveolar exudate cells (AECs) were counted based on cell count in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), and neutrophil percentage in BALF was measured using flow cytometry. Myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity in BALF was measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), while the production of IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6 in the lung and secretion level of them in BALF were detected by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and ELISA. The effect of LJF, FF, and LF on the expression of Caspase-1 and IL-1β proteins in bone marrow derived macrophages (BMDMs) supernatant was assessed using Western blot method under various inflammasome activation conditions. In addition, the concentration of IL-1β and changes in lactatedehydrogenase (LDH) release levels in BMDMs supernatant after LJF, FF, and LF administration, respectively, were measured using ELISA. Furthermore, the effects of LJF, FF and LF on STING and IRF3 phosphorylation in BMDMs were detected by Western blot, and the mRNA changes of IFN-β, TNF-α, IL-6 and CXCL10 in BMDMs were detected by qPCR. Results LF significantly attenuated the damage to alveolar structures, pulmonary hemorrhage, and infiltration of inflammatory cells induced by LPS. This was evidenced by a decrease in lung index score and wet/dry weight ratio. Treatment with LF significantly reduced the total number of neutrophil infiltration by 75% as well as MPO activity by 88%. The efficacy of LF in reducing inflammatory factors IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6 in the lungs surpasses that of LJF or FF, approaching the effectiveness of dexamethasone. In BMDMs, the co-administration of 0.2 mg/mL of LJF and FF demonstrated superior inhibitory effects on the expression of nigericin-stimulated Caspase-1 and IL-1β, as well as the release levels of LDH, compared to individual treatments. Similarly, the combination of 0.5 mg/mL LJF and FF could better inhibit the phosphorylation levels of STING and IRF3 and the production of IFN-β, TNF-α, IL-6, and CXCL10 in response to ISD stimulation. Conclusion The combination of LJF and FF increases the therapeutic effect on LPS-induced ALI, which may be mechanistically related to the combined effect inhibition of cyclic-GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)-stimulator of interferon genes (STING) and NOD-like receptor family protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasomes pathways by LJF and FF. Our study provides new medicine candidates for the clinical treatment of ALI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Li
- Chengde Medical University, Chengde 067000, China
- Department of Hepatology, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100039, China
- China Military Institute of Chinese Materia, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100039, China
- National Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Ming Dong
- Department of Hepatology, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100039, China
- China Military Institute of Chinese Materia, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100039, China
- School of Stomatology, Heilongjiang Key Lab of Oral Biomedicine Materials and Clinical Application & Experimental Center for Stomatology Engineering, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi 154007, China
| | - Qing Yao
- Department of Hepatology, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100039, China
- China Military Institute of Chinese Materia, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100039, China
- Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Xu Dong
- Department of Hepatology, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100039, China
- China Military Institute of Chinese Materia, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Yuanyuan Chen
- Department of Hepatology, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100039, China
- China Military Institute of Chinese Materia, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Jincai Wen
- Department of Hepatology, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100039, China
- China Military Institute of Chinese Materia, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Yingjie Xu
- Department of Hepatology, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100039, China
- China Military Institute of Chinese Materia, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Zhixin Wu
- Department of Hepatology, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100039, China
- China Military Institute of Chinese Materia, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Xiaomei Zhao
- Department of Hepatology, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100039, China
- China Military Institute of Chinese Materia, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Ye Xiu
- Department of Hepatology, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100039, China
- China Military Institute of Chinese Materia, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhan
- Department of Hepatology, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100039, China
- China Military Institute of Chinese Materia, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100039, China
- National Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Zhaofang Bai
- Department of Hepatology, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100039, China
- China Military Institute of Chinese Materia, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100039, China
- National Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Xiaohe Xiao
- Chengde Medical University, Chengde 067000, China
- Department of Hepatology, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100039, China
- China Military Institute of Chinese Materia, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100039, China
- National Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100039, China
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Hui S, Kan W, Qin S, He P, Zhao J, Li H, Bai J, Wen J, Mou W, Hou M, Wei Z, Lin L, Xiao X, Xu G, Bai Z. Glycyrrhiza uralensis polysaccharides ameliorates cecal ligation and puncture-induced sepsis by inhibiting the cGAS-STING signaling pathway. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1374179. [PMID: 38904004 PMCID: PMC11188434 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1374179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Ethnopharmacological relevance: G. uralensis Fisch. (Glycyrrhiza uralensis) is an ancient and widely used traditional Chinese medicine with good efficacy in clearing heat and detoxifying action. Studies suggest that Glycyrrhiza Uralensis Polysaccharides (GUP), one of the major components of G. uralensis, has anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer and hepatoprotective effects., but its exact molecular mechanism has not been explored in depth. Aim of the study: Objectives of our research are about exploring the anti-inflammatory role of GUP and the mechanisms of its action. Materials and methods: ELISA kits, Western blotting, immunofluorescence, quantitative real-time PCR, immunoprecipitation and DMXAA-mediated STING activation mice models were performed to investigate the role of GUP on the cGAS-STING pathway. To determine the anti-inflammatory effects of GUP, cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) sepsis models were employed. Results: GUP could effectively inhibit the activation of the cGAS-STING signaling pathway accompany by a decrease the expression of type I interferon-related genes and inflammatory factors in BMDMs, THP-1, and human PBMCs. Mechanistically, GUP does not affect the oligomerization of STING, but affects the interaction of STING with TBK1 and TBK1 with IRF3. Significantly, GUP had great therapeutic effects on DMXAA-induced agonist experiments in vivo as well as CLP sepsis in mice. Conclusion: Our studies suggest that GUP is an effective inhibitor of the cGAS-STING pathway, which may be a potential medicine for the treatment of inflammatory diseases mediated by the cGAS-STING pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siwen Hui
- Department of Hepatology, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- China Military Institute of Chinese Materia, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- School of Pharmacy, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China
| | - Wen Kan
- Department of Hepatology, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- China Military Institute of Chinese Materia, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Shuanglin Qin
- Department of Hepatology, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- China Military Institute of Chinese Materia, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- School of Pharmacy, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China
| | - Ping He
- Department of Hepatology, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- China Military Institute of Chinese Materia, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jia Zhao
- Department of Hepatology, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- China Military Institute of Chinese Materia, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Hepatology, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- China Military Institute of Chinese Materia, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Bai
- Department of Neurosurgery, General Hospital of Chinese People Liberty Army, Beijing, China
| | - Jincai Wen
- Department of Hepatology, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- China Military Institute of Chinese Materia, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Wenqing Mou
- Department of Hepatology, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- China Military Institute of Chinese Materia, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Manting Hou
- Department of Hepatology, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- China Military Institute of Chinese Materia, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ziying Wei
- Department of Hepatology, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- China Military Institute of Chinese Materia, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Li Lin
- Department of Hepatology, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- China Military Institute of Chinese Materia, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohe Xiao
- Department of Hepatology, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- China Military Institute of Chinese Materia, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Guang Xu
- Department of Hepatology, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- China Military Institute of Chinese Materia, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhaofang Bai
- Department of Hepatology, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- China Military Institute of Chinese Materia, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
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Wang Y, Xu G, Wen J, Zhao X, Zhao H, Lv G, Xu Y, Xiu Y, Li J, Chen S, Yao Q, Chen Y, Ma L, Xiao X, Cao J, Bai Z. Flavonoid extracted from Epimedium attenuate cGAS-STING-mediated diseases by targeting the formation of functional STING signalosome. Immunology 2024; 172:295-312. [PMID: 38453210 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Hyperactivation of the cyclic-GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)-stimulator of interferon genes (STING) signalling pathway has been shown to be associated with the development of a variety of inflammatory diseases, and the discovery of an inhibitor of the cGAS-STING signalling pathway holds great promise in the therapeutic interventions. Epimedium flavonoid (EF), a major active ingredient isolated from the medicinal plant Epimedium, has been reported to have good anti-inflammatory activity, but its exact mechanism of action remains unclear. In the present study, we found that EF in mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs), THP-1 (Tohoku Hospital Pediatrics-1) as well as in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (hPBMC) inhibited the activation of the cGAS-STING signalling pathway, which subsequently led to a decrease in the expression of type I interferon (IFN-β, CXCL10 and ISG15) and pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and TNF-α). Mechanistically, EF does not affect STING oligomerization, but inhibits the formation of functional STING signalosome by attenuating the interaction of interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) with STING and TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1). Importantly, in vivo experiments, EF has shown promising therapeutic effects on inflammatory diseases mediated by the cGAS-STING pathway, which include the agonist model induced by DMXAA stimulation, the autoimmune inflammatory disease model induced by three prime repair exonuclease 1 (Trex1) deficiency, and the non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) model induced by a pathogenic amino acid and choline deficiency diet (MCD). To summarize, our study suggests that EF is a potent potential inhibitor component of the cGAS-STING signalling pathway for the treatment of inflammatory diseases mediated by the cGAS-STING signalling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- Department of Hepatology, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Military Institute of Chinese Materia, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Guang Xu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jincai Wen
- Department of Hepatology, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Military Institute of Chinese Materia, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaomei Zhao
- Department of Hepatology, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Military Institute of Chinese Materia, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Huanying Zhao
- Core Facilities Center, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Guiji Lv
- Department of Hepatology, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Military Institute of Chinese Materia, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yingjie Xu
- Department of Hepatology, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Military Institute of Chinese Materia, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ye Xiu
- Department of Hepatology, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Military Institute of Chinese Materia, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Junjie Li
- Department of Hepatology, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Military Institute of Chinese Materia, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Simin Chen
- Department of Hepatology, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Military Institute of Chinese Materia, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Qing Yao
- Department of Hepatology, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Military Institute of Chinese Materia, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanyuan Chen
- Department of Hepatology, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Military Institute of Chinese Materia, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Lina Ma
- Department of Pharmacy, Dongfang Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohe Xiao
- Department of Hepatology, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Military Institute of Chinese Materia, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Junling Cao
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Zhaofang Bai
- Department of Hepatology, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Military Institute of Chinese Materia, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
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Xiu Y, Wang S, Zhang P, Li C, Wu Z, Wen J, Xu Y, Lv G, Zhao X, Dong X, Chen Y, Li J, Wang Y, Zou L, Xiao X, Bai Z. Total glucosides of paeony alleviates cGAS-STING-mediated diseases by blocking the STING-IRF3 interaction. Chin J Nat Med 2024; 22:402-415. [PMID: 38796214 DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(24)60572-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2024]
Abstract
In the realm of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, the cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) stimulator of interferon genes (STING) signaling pathway has been thoroughly investigated and established. Despite this, the clinical approval of drugs targeting the cGAS-STING pathway has been limited. The Total glucosides of paeony (TGP) is highly anti-inflammatory and is commonly used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), emerged as a subject of our study. We found that the TGP markedly reduced the activation of the cGAS-STING signaling pathway, triggered by various cGAS-STING agonists, in mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) and Tohoku Hospital Pediatrics-1 (THP-1) cells. This inhibition was noted alongside the suppression of interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) phosphorylation and the expression of interferon-beta (IFN-β), C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 10 (CXCL10), and inflammatory mediators such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6). The mechanism of action appeared to involve the TGP's attenuation of the STING-IRF3 interaction, without affecting STING oligomerization, thereby inhibiting the activation of downstream signaling pathways. In vivo, the TGP hindered the initiation of the cGAS-STING pathway by the STING agonist dimethylxanthenone-4-acetic acid (DMXAA) and exhibited promising therapeutic effects in a model of acute liver injury induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and D-galactosamine (D-GalN). Our findings underscore the potential of the TGP as an effective inhibitor of the cGAS-STING pathway, offering a new treatment avenue for inflammatory and autoimmune diseases mediated by this pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Xiu
- School of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou 350122, China; Department of Hepatology, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100039, China; China Military Institute of Chinese Materia, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Sihao Wang
- Department of Hepatology, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100039, China; China Military Institute of Chinese Materia, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Ping Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Medical Supplies Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Chengwei Li
- School of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou 350122, China; Department of Hepatology, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100039, China; China Military Institute of Chinese Materia, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Zhixin Wu
- Department of Hepatology, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100039, China; China Military Institute of Chinese Materia, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Jincai Wen
- Department of Hepatology, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100039, China; China Military Institute of Chinese Materia, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Yingjie Xu
- Department of Hepatology, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100039, China; China Military Institute of Chinese Materia, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Guiji Lv
- Department of Hepatology, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100039, China; China Military Institute of Chinese Materia, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Xiaomei Zhao
- Department of Hepatology, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100039, China; China Military Institute of Chinese Materia, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Xu Dong
- Department of Hepatology, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100039, China; China Military Institute of Chinese Materia, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Yichong Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou 350122, China
| | - Junjie Li
- Department of Hepatology, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100039, China; China Military Institute of Chinese Materia, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Hepatology, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100039, China; China Military Institute of Chinese Materia, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Liang Zou
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China.
| | - Xiaohe Xiao
- School of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou 350122, China; Department of Hepatology, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100039, China; China Military Institute of Chinese Materia, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100039, China; National Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100039, China.
| | - Zhaofang Bai
- School of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou 350122, China; Department of Hepatology, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100039, China; China Military Institute of Chinese Materia, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100039, China; National Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100039, China.
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Wu Z, Zhao X, Li R, Wen X, Xiu Y, Long M, Li J, Huang X, Wen J, Dong X, Xu Y, Bai Z, Zhan X, Xiao X. The combination of Schisandrin C and Luteolin synergistically attenuates hepatitis B virus infection via repressing HBV replication and promoting cGAS-STING pathway activation in macrophages. Chin Med 2024; 19:48. [PMID: 38500179 PMCID: PMC10946137 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-024-00888-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND HBV infection can result in severe liver diseases and is one of the primary causes of liver cell carcinoma-related mortality. Liuwei Wuling tablet (LWWL) is a traditional Chinese medicine formula, with a protecting liver and decreasing enzyme activity, usually used to treat chronic hepatitis B with NAs in clinic. However, its main active ingredients and mechanism of action have not been fully investigated. Hence, we aimed to screen the active ingredient and effective ingredient combinations from Liuwei Wuling tablet to explore the anti-herpatitis B virus activity and mechanism. METHODS Analysis and screening of effective antiviral components in LWWL by network pharmacology, luteolin (Lut) may be a compound with significant antiviral activity. The mechanism of antiviral action of Lut was also found by real-time PCR detection and western blotting. Meanwhile, we established a co-culture model to investigate the antiviral mechanism of Schisandrin C (SC), one of the main active components of Schisandra chinensis fructus (the sovereign drug of LWWL). Next, HBV-infected mice were established by tail vein injection of pAAV-HBV1.2 plasmid and administered continuously for 20 days. And their antiviral capacity was evaluated by checking serum levels of HBsAg, HBeAg, levels of HBV DNA, and liver levels of HBcAg. RESULTS In this study, we conducted network pharmacology analysis on LWWL, and through in vitro experimental validation and data analysis, we found that luteolin (Lut) possessed obviously anti-HBV activity, inhibiting HBV replication by downregulating hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α (HNF4α) via the ERK pathway. Additionally, we established a co-culture system and proved that SC promoted activation of cGAS-STINIG pathway and IFN-β production in THP-1 cells to inhibit HBV replication in HepG2.2.15 cells. Moreover, we found the combination of SC and Lut shows a greater effect in inhibiting HBV compared to SC or Lut alone in HBV-infected mice. CONCLUSION Taken together, our study suggests that combination of SC and Lut may be potential candidate drug for the prevention and treatment of chronic hepatitis B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixin Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410208, China
- Department of Hepatology, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Xiaomei Zhao
- Department of Hepatology, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Ruisheng Li
- Research Institute of Department of Infectious Diseases, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Xinru Wen
- Department of Hepatology, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Ye Xiu
- Department of Hepatology, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Minjuan Long
- School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410208, China
- Department of Hepatology, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Junjie Li
- Department of Hepatology, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Xiuqin Huang
- Department of Hepatology, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Jincai Wen
- Department of Hepatology, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Xu Dong
- Department of Hepatology, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Yingjie Xu
- Department of Hepatology, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Zhaofang Bai
- Department of Hepatology, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100039, China.
- National Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Beijing, China.
| | - Xiaoyan Zhan
- Department of Hepatology, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100039, China.
- National Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Beijing, China.
| | - Xiaohe Xiao
- School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410208, China.
- Department of Hepatology, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100039, China.
- National Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Beijing, China.
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Wei X, Jing J, Huang R, Zhou T, Wu L, Ou G, Wu Y, Hu J, Zhu W, Wu Y, Li Y, Zhang S, You Z. QFAE-nB alleviates pulmonary fibrosis by inhibiting the STING pathway in mice. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 319:117295. [PMID: 37806536 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.117295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Pulmonary fibrosis (PF) is an irreversible lung disease that severely affects human respiratory function. Traditionally, the natural plant Quzhou Fructus Arantii (QFA) has therapeutic effects on respiratory diseases. However, the effects and the mechanism of anti-fibrotic have not been elucidated. AIM OF THE STUDY In this study, QFAE-nB was extracted from QFA, the aims of this study include understanding the correlation between Bleomycin (BLM)-induced PF and STING pathway in mice, as well as exploring the role and mechanisms of QFAE-nB in the treatment of PF. MATERIALS AND METHODS QFAE-nB was extracted from QFA, six main chemical components in QFAE-nB were identified by HPLC-QTOF-MS/MS, and quantitative analysis was conducted by HPLC. qPCR and Western blot were used to verify the molecular mechanism of QFAE-nB, and the anti-fibrotic effect of QFAE-nB was determined by hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining and Masson staining as well as immunohistochemistry. TREX1-KO and STING-KO mice were used to verify the relationship between STING and PF and the important target action of QFAE-nB. RESULTS Six main flavonoids in QFAE-nB were identified as eriocitrin (0.76%), neoeriocitrin (2.79%), narirutin (4.31%), naringin (35.41%), hesperidin (1.74%), and neohesperidin (27.18%). The results showed that BLM-induced PF was associated with its exacerbated release of proinflammatory factors and chemokines in lung tissues. In addition, QFAE-nB alleviated BLM-induced lung fibrosis in mice by inhibiting the activation of the STING signaling pathway and reducing the signal transduction of TBK1-IRF3 and TBK1-NF-κB pathways. Notably, knockout of the TREX1 gene caused massive inflammation and even induced PF in the lung tissues, whereas QFAE-nB effectively alleviated inflammation and reduced PF. The deletion of the STING gene suppressed BLM-induced PF and inflammation, but STING-KO mice treated with QFAE-nB showed even lower expression levels of proinflammatory factors and chemokine. CONCLUSIONS The STING pathway plays an important role in PF, and QFAE-nB alleviates PF by mainly targeting the inhibition of the STING pathway to reduce inflammation. Together, the study paves the way for targeting the STING pathway in PF treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueping Wei
- School of Public Health, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China; Key Discipline of Zhejiang Province in Public Health and Preventive Medicine (First Class, Category A), Hangzhou Medical College, China
| | - Junsong Jing
- School of Public Health, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China; Key Discipline of Zhejiang Province in Public Health and Preventive Medicine (First Class, Category A), Hangzhou Medical College, China
| | - Rongrong Huang
- School of Public Health, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China; Key Discipline of Zhejiang Province in Public Health and Preventive Medicine (First Class, Category A), Hangzhou Medical College, China
| | - Ting Zhou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lianhao Wu
- School of Public Health, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China; Key Discipline of Zhejiang Province in Public Health and Preventive Medicine (First Class, Category A), Hangzhou Medical College, China
| | - Guoteng Ou
- School of Public Health, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China; Key Discipline of Zhejiang Province in Public Health and Preventive Medicine (First Class, Category A), Hangzhou Medical College, China
| | - Youping Wu
- The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jingjin Hu
- School of Public Health, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China; Key Discipline of Zhejiang Province in Public Health and Preventive Medicine (First Class, Category A), Hangzhou Medical College, China
| | - Wenwen Zhu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yueguo Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Center for Safety Evaluation and Research, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Zhenqiang You
- School of Public Health, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China; School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China; Key Discipline of Zhejiang Province in Public Health and Preventive Medicine (First Class, Category A), Hangzhou Medical College, China.
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11
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Chen Z, Ding W, Yang X, Lu T, Liu Y. Isoliquiritigenin, a potential therapeutic agent for treatment of inflammation-associated diseases. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 318:117059. [PMID: 37604329 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.117059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Licorice is a medicinal herb with a 2000-year history of applications in traditional Chinese medicine. Isoliquiritigenin (ISL) is a bioactive chalcone compound isolated from licorice. It has attracted increasing attention in recent years due to its excellent anti-inflammatory activity. AIM OF THE STUDY This study is to provide a comprehensive summary of the anti-inflammatory activity of ISL and the underlying molecular mechanisms, and discuss new insights for its potential clinical applications as an anti-inflammation agent. MATERIALS AND METHODS We examined literatures published in the past twenty years from PubMed, Research Gate, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and SciFinder, with single or combined key words of "isoliquiritigenin", "inflammation", and "anti-inflammatory". RESULTS ISL elicits its anti-inflammatory activity by mediating various cellular processes. It inhibits the upstream of the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) pathway and activates the nuclear factor erythroid related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathway. In addition, it suppresses the NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) pathway and restrains the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. CONCLUSIONS Current studies indicate a great therapeutical potential of ISL as a drug candidate for treatment of inflammation-associated diseases. However, the pharmacokinetics, biosafety, and bioavailability of ISL remain to be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyi Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Wenwen Ding
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoxue Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Tiangong Lu
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.
| | - Ying Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.
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Li Q, Wang S, Guo P, Feng Y, Yu W, Zhang H, Guo J, Li Y, Hu L, Pan J, Liao J, Tang Z. Mitochondrial DNA release mediated by TFAM deficiency promotes copper-induced mitochondrial innate immune response via cGAS-STING signalling in chicken hepatocytes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 905:167315. [PMID: 37742962 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Copper (Cu) is pollution metal that is a global concern due to its toxic effects. A recent study found that the release of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) into the cytoplasm can activate the innate immune response, but the exact mechanisms underlying the effect of Cu exposure remains unknown. In this study, we identified that the reduction in transcription Factor A (TFAM) led to mtDNA leakage into the cytoplasm under Cu exposure in hepatocytes, accompanied by the activation of the cyclic GMP-AMP synthase-stimulator of interferon genes (cGAS-STING) pathway-mediated innate immunity (increased expression of cGAS, STING, TANK-binding kinase-1 (TBK1), and interferon regulatory factor-3 (IRF3)) genes and proteins, and enhanced phosphorylation levels of TBK1 and IRF3). Subsequently, silencing TFAM (siTFAM) significantly aggravated mtDNA release and the innate immune response under Cu treatment. Mitochondrial DNA depletion alleviated Cu-induced innate immunity in hepatocytes, while mtDNA transfection further enhanced the innate immune response. Notably, the inhibition of STING effectively alleviated the phosphorylation levels of the TBK1 and IRF3 proteins induced by Cu, while the upregulation of STING aggravated the Cu-induced innate immunity. Furthermore, EtBr and H-151(a STING inhibitor) treatment dramatically reversed the effect of TFAM depletion on the sharpened innate immune response induced by Cu via the cGAS-STING pathway. In general, these findings demonstrated the TFAM deficiency promotes innate immunity by activating the mtDNA-cGAS-STING signalling pathway under Cu exposure in hepatocytes, providing new insight into Cu toxicology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanwei Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Shaofeng Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Pan Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Yuanhong Feng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Wenlan Yu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Hui Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Jianying Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Ying Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Lianmei Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Jiaqiang Pan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Jianzhao Liao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Zhaoxin Tang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, PR China.
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13
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Wen J, Mu W, Li H, Yan Y, Zhan X, Luo W, Wang Z, Kan W, Zhao J, Hui S, He P, Qin S, Xu Y, Zhang P, Xiao X, Xu G, Bai Z. Glabridin improves autoimmune disease in Trex1-deficient mice by reducing type I interferon production. Mol Med 2023; 29:167. [PMID: 38066431 PMCID: PMC10709943 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-023-00754-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cGAS-STING signaling pathway is an essential section of the natural immune system. In recent years, an increasing number of studies have shown a strong link between abnormal activation of the cGAS-STING signaling pathway, a natural immune pathway mediated by the nucleic acid receptor cGAS, and the development and progression of autoimmune diseases. Therefore, it is important to identify an effective compound to specifically downregulate this pathway for disease. METHODS The effect of Glabridin (Glab) was investigated in BMDMs and Peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) by establishing an in vitro model of cGAS-STING signaling pathway activation. An activation model stimulated by DMXAA was also established in mice to study the effect of Glab. On the other hand, we investigated the possible mechanism of action of Glab and the effect of Glab on Trex1-deficient mice. RESULTS In this research, we report that Glab, a major component of licorice, specifically inhibits the cGAS-STING signaling pathway by inhibiting the level of type I interferon and inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and TNF-α). In addition, Glab has a therapeutic effect on innate immune diseases caused by abnormal cytoplasmic DNA in Trex1-deficient mice. Mechanistically, Glab can specifically inhibit the interaction of STING with IRF3. CONCLUSION Glab is a specific inhibitor of the cGAS-STING signaling pathway and may be used in the clinical therapy of cGAS-STING pathway-mediated autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jincai Wen
- Department of Hepatology, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100039, China
- Fifth Medical Center of Chinese, China Military Institute of Chinese Materia, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100039, China
- National Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Wenqing Mu
- Department of Hepatology, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100039, China
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Institutes for Translational Medicine, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, China
- Fifth Medical Center of Chinese, China Military Institute of Chinese Materia, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Hepatology, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100039, China
- Fifth Medical Center of Chinese, China Military Institute of Chinese Materia, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Yulu Yan
- Ningde Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhan
- Department of Hepatology, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100039, China
- Fifth Medical Center of Chinese, China Military Institute of Chinese Materia, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100039, China
- National Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Wei Luo
- Department of Hepatology, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100039, China
- Fifth Medical Center of Chinese, China Military Institute of Chinese Materia, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Zhongxia Wang
- Nutrition Department of the Fifth Medical Center of the PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Wen Kan
- Department of Hepatology, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100039, China
- Fifth Medical Center of Chinese, China Military Institute of Chinese Materia, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Jia Zhao
- Department of Hepatology, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100039, China
- Fifth Medical Center of Chinese, China Military Institute of Chinese Materia, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Siwen Hui
- Department of Hepatology, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100039, China
- Fifth Medical Center of Chinese, China Military Institute of Chinese Materia, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Ping He
- Department of Hepatology, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100039, China
- Fifth Medical Center of Chinese, China Military Institute of Chinese Materia, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Shuanglin Qin
- School of Pharmacy, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingjie Xu
- Department of Hepatology, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100039, China
- Fifth Medical Center of Chinese, China Military Institute of Chinese Materia, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Ping Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Medical Supplies Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Xiaohe Xiao
- Department of Hepatology, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100039, China.
- Fifth Medical Center of Chinese, China Military Institute of Chinese Materia, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100039, China.
- National Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Beijing, 100005, China.
| | - Guang Xu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China.
| | - Zhaofang Bai
- Department of Hepatology, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100039, China.
- Fifth Medical Center of Chinese, China Military Institute of Chinese Materia, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100039, China.
- National Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Beijing, 100005, China.
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Wang Y, Li F, Wang Z, Song X, Ren Z, Wang X, Wang Y, Zheng K. Luteolin inhibits herpes simplex virus 1 infection by activating cyclic guanosine monophosphate-adenosine monophosphate synthase-mediated antiviral innate immunity. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 120:155020. [PMID: 37632997 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2023.155020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The successive outbreaks of large-scale infectious diseases due to virus infection have been a major threat to human health in recent decades. Herpes simplex virus I (HSV-1) is a widely-disseminated DNA virus that infects the central nervous system to cause herpes labialis, keratitis and herpes simplex virus encephalitis (HSE), resulting in recurrent lifelong clinical or subclinical episodes. Luteolin is a plant flavone that has been extensively used in the treatment of various human diseases, including carcinogenesis, inflammation and chronic degenerative diseases. PURPOSE The aim of this study was to investigate the antiviral molecular mechanism of luteolin against HSV-1 infection in vitro and in vivo. METHODS The antiviral effect of luteolin in cell lines was examined by viral plaque assay, RT-qPCR, Western blot and time-of-addition assay. The interaction between luteolin and cyclic guanosine monophosphate-adenosine monophosphate synthase (cGAS) was evaluated by molecular modeling and semi-denaturing detergent agarose gel electrophoresis. The efficacy of luteolin on HSE was evaluated in the HSE mouse model by analyzing weight loss, neurodegenerative symptoms and histopathological scores. Cytokine expression and protein levels were examined by RT-qPCR, Western blot and ELISA. RESULTS Luteolin inhibited the early process of HSV-1 infection, without affecting the infection of acyclovir-resistant HSV-1 strains. In addition, luteolin enhanced antiviral type I interferon production and activated the cytoplasmic DNA-sensing cGAS-stimulator of interferon gene (STING) pathway. Luteolin directly bound the active substrate binding site and promoted the oligomerization of cGAS. Luteolin also inhibited HSE-related weight loss, neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation in mice caused by HSV-1 infection. Furthermore, luteolin enhanced type I interferon expression and stimulated the cGAS-STING signaling pathway in vivo. CONCLUSION Luteolin inhibited the post-entry process of HSV-1 by activating the cGAS-STING pathway to promote antiviral interferon production. These results provided the rationale for luteolin as a potent cGAS activator and antiviral agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Wang
- Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Key Laboratory of innovative technology research on natural products and cosmetics raw materials, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Feng Li
- Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Key Laboratory of innovative technology research on natural products and cosmetics raw materials, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Infectious Diseases Institute, Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou 510440, China
| | - Zexu Wang
- Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Key Laboratory of innovative technology research on natural products and cosmetics raw materials, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Xiaowei Song
- Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Key Laboratory of innovative technology research on natural products and cosmetics raw materials, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Zhe Ren
- Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Key Laboratory of innovative technology research on natural products and cosmetics raw materials, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong Provincial biotechnology drug & Engineering Technology Research Center, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, National Engineering Research Centre for Modernization of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Shenzhen People's Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518020, China.
| | - Yifei Wang
- Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Key Laboratory of innovative technology research on natural products and cosmetics raw materials, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong Provincial biotechnology drug & Engineering Technology Research Center, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, National Engineering Research Centre for Modernization of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Kai Zheng
- School of Pharmacy, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, China.
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