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Jozkowiak M, Piotrowska-Kempisty H, Kobylarek D, Gorska N, Mozdziak P, Kempisty B, Rachon D, Spaczynski RZ. Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: The Relevant Role of the Theca and Granulosa Cells in the Pathogenesis of the Ovarian Dysfunction. Cells 2022; 12:cells12010174. [PMID: 36611967 PMCID: PMC9818374 DOI: 10.3390/cells12010174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common heterogeneous endocrine disorder among women of reproductive age. The pathogenesis of PCOS remains elusive; however, there is evidence suggesting the potential contribution of genetic interactions or predispositions combined with environmental factors. Among these, endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) have been proposed to potentially contribute to the etiology of PCOS. Granulosa and theca cells are known to cooperate to maintain ovarian function, and any disturbance can lead to endocrine disorders, such as PCOS. This article provides a review of the recent knowledge on PCOS pathophysiology, the role of granulosa and theca cells in PCOS pathogenesis, and the evidence linking exposure to EDCs with reproductive disorders such as PCOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata Jozkowiak
- Department of Toxicology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Dojazd 30, 60-631 Poznan, Poland
- Doctoral School, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Bukowska 70, 60-812 Poznan, Poland
| | - Hanna Piotrowska-Kempisty
- Department of Toxicology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Dojazd 30, 60-631 Poznan, Poland
- Department of Basic and Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Gagarina 7, 87-100 Torun, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-61847-0721
| | - Dominik Kobylarek
- Department of Toxicology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Dojazd 30, 60-631 Poznan, Poland
| | - Natalia Gorska
- Department of Toxicology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Dojazd 30, 60-631 Poznan, Poland
| | - Paul Mozdziak
- Physiology Graduate Program, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
- Prestage Department of Poultry Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Bartosz Kempisty
- Prestage Department of Poultry Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
- Division of Anatomy, Department of Human Morphology and Embryology, Wroclaw Medical University, Chalubinskiego 6a, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Gagarina 7, 87-100 Torun, Poland
| | - Dominik Rachon
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Medical University of Gdansk, Debinki 7, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Robert Z. Spaczynski
- Center for Gynecology, Obstetrics and Infertility Treatment Pastelova, Pastelowa 8, 60-198 Poznan, Poland
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Ramesh-Kumar D, Guil S. The IGF2BP family of RNA binding proteins links epitranscriptomics to cancer. Semin Cancer Biol 2022; 86:18-31. [PMID: 35643219 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2022.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
RNA binding proteins that act at the post-transcriptional level display a richness of mechanisms to modulate the transcriptional output and respond to changing cellular conditions. The family of IGF2BP proteins recognize mRNAs modified by methylation and lengthen their lifecycle in the context of stable ribonucleoprotein particles to promote cancer progression. They are emerging as key 'reader' proteins in the epitranscriptomic field, driving the fate of bound substrates under physiological and disease conditions. Recent developments in the field include the recognition that noncoding substrates play crucial roles in mediating the pro-growth features of IGF2BP family, not only as regulated targets, but also as modulators of IGF2BP function themselves. In this review, we summarize the regulatory roles of IGF2BP proteins and link their molecular role as m6A modification readers to the cellular phenotype, thus providing a comprehensive insight into IGF2BP function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepthi Ramesh-Kumar
- Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute (IJC), Badalona, Barcelona, Catalonia 08916, Spain
| | - Sonia Guil
- Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute (IJC), Badalona, Barcelona, Catalonia 08916, Spain.
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3
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Maruyama T, Saito K, Higurashi M, Ishikawa F, Kohno Y, Mori K, Shibanuma M. HMGA2 drives the IGFBP1/AKT pathway to counteract the increase in P27KIP1 protein levels in mtDNA/RNA-less cancer cells. Cancer Sci 2022; 114:152-163. [PMID: 36102493 PMCID: PMC9807519 DOI: 10.1111/cas.15582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent comprehensive analyses of mtDNA and orthogonal RNA-sequencing data revealed that in numerous human cancers, mtDNA copy numbers and mtRNA amounts are significantly reduced, followed by low respiratory gene expression. Under such conditions (called mt-Low), cells encounter severe cell proliferation defects; therefore, they must acquire countermeasures against this fatal disadvantage during malignant transformation. This study elucidated a countermeasure against the mt-Low condition-induced antiproliferative effects in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells. The mechanism relied on the architectural transcriptional regulator HMGA2, which was preferably expressed in HCC cells of the mt-Low type in vitro and in vivo. Detailed in vitro analyses suggest that HMGA2 regulates insulin-like growth factor binding protein 1 (IGFBP1) expression, leading to AKT activation, which then phosphorylates the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor (CKI), P27KIP1, and facilitates its ubiquitin-mediated degradation. Accordingly, intervention in the HMGA2 function by RNAi resulted in an increase in P27KIP1 levels and an induction of senescence-like cell proliferation inhibition in mt-Low-type HCC cells. Conclusively, the HMGA2/IGFBP1/AKT axis has emerged as a countermeasure against P27KIP1 CKI upregulation under mt-Low conditions, thereby circumventing cell proliferation inhibition and supporting the tumorigenic state. Notably, similar to in vitro cell lines, HMGA2 was likely to regulate IGFBP1 expression in HCC in vivo, thereby contributing to poor patient prognosis. Considering the significant number of cases under mt-Low or the threat of CKI upregulation cancer-wide, the axis is noteworthy as a vulnerability of cancer cells or target for tumor-agnostic therapy inducing irreversible cell proliferation inhibition via CKI upregulation in a large population with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Maruyama
- Division of Cancer Cell Biology, Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesShowa University School of PharmacyTokyoJapan
| | - Koji Saito
- Department of PathologyShowa University School of MedicineTokyoJapan,Department of PathologyTeikyo University HospitalTokyoJapan
| | - Masato Higurashi
- Division of Cancer Cell Biology, Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesShowa University School of PharmacyTokyoJapan
| | - Fumihiro Ishikawa
- Division of Cancer Cell Biology, Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesShowa University School of PharmacyTokyoJapan
| | - Yohko Kohno
- Showa University Koto Toyosu HospitalTokyoJapan
| | - Kazunori Mori
- Division of Cancer Cell Biology, Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesShowa University School of PharmacyTokyoJapan
| | - Motoko Shibanuma
- Division of Cancer Cell Biology, Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesShowa University School of PharmacyTokyoJapan
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Carrabotta M, Laginestra MA, Durante G, Mancarella C, Landuzzi L, Parra A, Ruzzi F, Toracchio L, De Feo A, Giusti V, Pasello M, Righi A, Lollini PL, Palmerini E, Donati DM, Manara MC, Scotlandi K. Integrated Molecular Characterization of Patient-Derived Models Reveals Therapeutic Strategies for Treating CIC-DUX4 Sarcoma. Cancer Res 2022; 82:708-720. [PMID: 34903601 PMCID: PMC9359717 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-21-1222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Capicua-double homeobox 4 (CIC-DUX4)-rearranged sarcomas (CDS) are extremely rare, highly aggressive primary sarcomas that represent a major therapeutic challenge. Patients are treated according to Ewing sarcoma protocols, but CDS-specific therapies are strongly needed. In this study, RNA sequencing was performed on patient samples to identify a selective signature that differentiates CDS from Ewing sarcoma and other fusion-driven sarcomas. This signature was used to validate the representativeness of newly generated CDS experimental models-patient-derived xenografts (PDX) and PDX-derived cell lines-and to identify specific therapeutic vulnerabilities. Annotation analysis of differentially expressed genes and molecular gene validation highlighted an HMGA2/IGF2BP/IGF2/IGF1R/AKT/mTOR axis that characterizes CDS and renders the tumors particularly sensitive to combined treatments with trabectedin and PI3K/mTOR inhibitors. Trabectedin inhibited IGF2BP/IGF2/IGF1R activity, but dual inhibition of the PI3K and mTOR pathways was required to completely dampen downstream signaling mediators. Proof-of-principle efficacy for the combination of the dual AKT/mTOR inhibitor NVP-BEZ235 (dactolisib) with trabectedin was obtained in vitro and in vivo using CDS PDX-derived cell lines, demonstrating a strong inhibition of local tumor growth and multiorgan metastasis. Overall, the development of representative experimental models (PDXs and PDX-derived cell lines) has helped to identify the unique sensitivity of the CDS to AKT/mTOR inhibitors and trabectedin, revealing a mechanism-based therapeutic strategy to fight this lethal cancer. SIGNIFICANCE This study identifies altered HMGA2/IGF2BP/IGF2 signaling in CIC-DUX4 sarcomas and provides proof of principle for combination therapy with trabectedin and AKT/mTOR dual inhibitors to specifically combat the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Carrabotta
- Experimental Oncology Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Giorgio Durante
- Experimental Oncology Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Caterina Mancarella
- Experimental Oncology Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Lorena Landuzzi
- Experimental Oncology Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alessandro Parra
- Experimental Oncology Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesca Ruzzi
- Laboratory of Immunology and Biology of Metastasis, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Lisa Toracchio
- Experimental Oncology Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alessandra De Feo
- Experimental Oncology Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Veronica Giusti
- Experimental Oncology Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Michela Pasello
- Experimental Oncology Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alberto Righi
- Department of Pathology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Pier-Luigi Lollini
- Laboratory of Immunology and Biology of Metastasis, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Emanuela Palmerini
- Osteoncology, Bone and Soft Tissue Sarcoma and Novel Therapy Unit, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Davide Maria Donati
- Third Orthopaedic Clinic and Traumatology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Katia Scotlandi
- Experimental Oncology Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
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5
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The analysis of N6-methyladenosine regulators impacting the immune infiltration in clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Med Oncol 2022; 39:41. [PMID: 35092501 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-021-01645-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
The tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) and N6-methyladenosine (m6A) are related to the progression of several types of cancer. Nevertheless, the impact of m6A on the TIME of clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) remains unclear. This study used an unsupervised clustering algorithm to divide the samples into distinct subgroups. The single sample gene set enrichment analysis (ssGSEA) algorithm to estimate the TIME. The correlation between m6A regulators and immune cells in different subgroups was calculated using Spearman analysis. At last, the relationship between IGF2BP2 and HMGA2 was validated in several datasets, including TCGA-KIRC, GEO, and HPA datasets. We found that m6A regulators were differently expressed in several clinical groups. Based on the expression of m6A regulators, we divided the samples into three subgroups. Then, the survival analysis for these three subgroups showed that the cluster 2 subgroup had poor overall survival (OS). Further, we found that IGF2BP2 and IGF2BP3 were essential components in the cluster 2 subgroup using the principal component analysis (PCA) algorithm. In addition, the expression of these two genes was significantly correlated with survival time. At last, we found that HMGA2 was significantly correlated with IGF2BP2 in several datasets, which indicated that HMGA2 is an essential role in affecting IGF2BP2 regulating the TIME. There is a close correlation between m6A regulators and TIME. Moreover, IGF2BP2 is related to the progression of ccRCC and plays an essential role in affecting the TIME.
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6
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Albericio G, Aguilar S, Torán JL, Yañez R, López JA, Vázquez J, Mora C, Bernad A. Comparative proteomic analysis of nuclear and cytoplasmic compartments in human cardiac progenitor cells. Sci Rep 2022; 12:146. [PMID: 34997006 PMCID: PMC8742012 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-03956-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical trials evaluating cardiac progenitor cells (CPC) demonstrated feasibility and safety, but no clear functional benefits. Therefore a deeper understanding of CPC biology is warranted to inform strategies capable to enhance their therapeutic potential. Here we have defined, using a label-free proteomic approach, the differential cytoplasmic and nuclear compartments of human CPC (hCPC). Global analysis of cytoplasmic repertoire in hCPC suggested an important hypoxia response capacity and active collagen metabolism. In addition, comparative analysis of the nuclear protein compartment identified a significant regulation of a small number of proteins in hCPC versus human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC). Two proteins significantly upregulated in the hCPC nuclear compartment, IL1A and IMP3, showed also a parallel increase in mRNA expression in hCPC versus hMSC, and were studied further. IL1A, subjected to an important post-transcriptional regulation, was demonstrated to act as a dual-function cytokine with a plausible role in apoptosis regulation. The knockdown of the mRNA binding protein (IMP3) did not negatively impact hCPC viability, but reduced their proliferation and migration capacity. Analysis of a panel of putative candidate genes identified HMGA2 and PTPRF as IMP3 targets in hCPC. Therefore, they are potentially involved in hCPC proliferation/migration regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Albericio
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), C/ Darwin 3, Campus Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Susana Aguilar
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), C/ Darwin 3, Campus Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose Luis Torán
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), C/ Darwin 3, Campus Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain.,Veterinary Faculty, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avda. Puerta de Hierro, s/n. Ciudad Universitaria, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosa Yañez
- Hematopoietic Innovative Therapies Division, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, Av Complutense, 40, 28040, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias de la Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Antonio López
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Proteomics, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029, Madrid, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Vázquez
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Proteomics, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029, Madrid, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Mora
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), C/ Darwin 3, Campus Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Bernad
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), C/ Darwin 3, Campus Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain.
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Cao J, Yan W, Ma X, Huang H, Yan H. Insulin-like Growth Factor 2 mRNA-Binding Protein 2-a Potential Link Between Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Cancer. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2021; 106:2807-2818. [PMID: 34061963 PMCID: PMC8475209 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgab391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and cancer share a variety of risk factors and pathophysiological features. It is becoming increasingly accepted that the 2 diseases are related, and that T2DM increases the risk of certain malignancies. OBJECTIVE This review summarizes recent advancements in the elucidation of functions of insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF-2) messenger RNA (mRNA)-binding protein 2 (IGF2BP2) in T2DM and cancer. METHODS A PubMed review of the literature was conducted, and search terms included IGF2BP2, IMP2, or p62 in combination with cancer or T2DM. Additional sources were identified through manual searches of reference lists. The increased risk of multiple malignancies and cancer-associated mortality in patients with T2DM is believed to be driven by insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia, hyperglycemia, chronic inflammation, and dysregulation of adipokines and sex hormones. Furthermore, IGF-2 is oncogenic, and its loss-of-function splice variant is protective against T2DM, which highlights the pivotal role of this growth factor in the pathogenesis of these 2 diseases. IGF-2 mRNA-binding proteins, particularly IGF2BP2, are also involved in T2DM and cancer, and single-nucleotide variations (formerly single-nucleotide polymorphisms) of IGF2BP2 are associated with both diseases. Deletion of the IGF2BP2 gene in mice improves their glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity, and mice with transgenic p62, a splice variant of IGF2BP2, are prone to diet-induced fatty liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma, suggesting the biological significance of IGF2BP2 in T2DM and cancer. CONCLUSION Accumulating evidence has revealed that IGF2BP2 mediates the pathogenesis of T2DM and cancer by regulating glucose metabolism, insulin sensitivity, and tumorigenesis. This review provides insight into the potential involvement of this RNA binding protein in the link between T2DM and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junguo Cao
- Shaanxi Eye Hospital (Xi’an People’s Hospital), Affiliated Guangren Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 71004, Shaanxi Province, China
- Division of Experimental Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Weijia Yan
- Shaanxi Eye Hospital (Xi’an People’s Hospital), Affiliated Guangren Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 71004, Shaanxi Province, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Xiujian Ma
- Division of Molecular Neurogenetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Haiyan Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130000, China
- Haiyan Huang, Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Xinmin St No.71, Changchun, China.
| | - Hong Yan
- Shaanxi Eye Hospital (Xi’an People’s Hospital), Affiliated Guangren Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 71004, Shaanxi Province, China
- Correspondence: Hong Yan, Shaanxi Eye Hospital (Xi’an People’s Hospital), Affiliated Guangren Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 71004, Shaanxi Province, China.
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8
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Xin D, Bai Y, Bi Y, He L, Kang Y, Pan C, Zhu H, Chen H, Qu L, Lan X. Insertion/deletion variants within the IGF2BP2 gene identified in reported genome-wide selective sweep analysis reveal a correlation with goat litter size. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2021; 22:757-766. [PMID: 34514755 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b2100079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor 2 mRNA-binding protein 2 (IGF2BP2, also called IMP2) plays an essential role in the development and maturation of germ cells and embryos and is a candidate gene for goat litter size, based on a previous genome-wide selective sweep analysis. In this study, the mRNA expression level of IGF2BP2 was found to be significantly higher in a single-lamb group than in a multi-lamb group. Insertions/deletions (indels) within the goat IGF2BP2 gene, including P4-Ins-13bp and P5-Del-12bp, were verified in 918 Shaanbei White Cashmere (SBWC) female goats. The minor allelic frequencies (MAFs) of P4-Ins-13bp and P5-Del-12bp loci were 0.349 and 0.295, respectively. Analysis using the Chi-square (χ2) test showed that the genotype (χ2=14.479, P=0.006) distribution of P4-Ins-13bp was significantly different between the single-lamb and multi-lamb groups. Correlation analysis demonstrated that P4-Ins-13bp was significantly associated with goat litter size (P=0.022), and individual goats with the homozygous deletion/deletion (DD) genotype produced more litters than other goats. Therefore, considered as a potential molecular marker significantly related to lambing traits, the P4-Ins-13bp mutation of the goat IGF2BP2 gene can be used in goat breeding with practical molecular marker-assisted selection (MAS) to optimize female reproduction and improve economic efficiency in the goat industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongyun Xin
- Lab of Animal Genome and Gene Function, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Yangyang Bai
- Lab of Animal Genome and Gene Function, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Yi Bi
- Lab of Animal Genome and Gene Function, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Libang He
- Lab of Animal Genome and Gene Function, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Yuxin Kang
- Lab of Animal Genome and Gene Function, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Chuanying Pan
- Lab of Animal Genome and Gene Function, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Haijing Zhu
- Life Science Research Center, Shaanxi Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center of Cashmere Goats, Yulin University, Yulin 719000, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Lab of Animal Genome and Gene Function, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Lei Qu
- Life Science Research Center, Shaanxi Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center of Cashmere Goats, Yulin University, Yulin 719000, China
| | - Xianyong Lan
- Lab of Animal Genome and Gene Function, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
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9
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Wang X, Ji Y, Feng P, Liu R, Li G, Zheng J, Xue Y, Wei Y, Ji C, Chen D, Li J. The m6A Reader IGF2BP2 Regulates Macrophage Phenotypic Activation and Inflammatory Diseases by Stabilizing TSC1 and PPAR γ. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:2100209. [PMID: 34258163 PMCID: PMC8261491 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202100209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Phenotypic polarization of macrophages is regulated by a milieu of cues in the local tissue microenvironment. Currently, little is known about how the intrinsic regulators modulate proinflammatory (M1) versus prohealing (M2) macrophages activation. Here, it is observed that insulin-like growth factor 2 messenger RNA (mRNA)-binding protein 2 (IGF2BP2)-deleted macrophages exhibit enhanced M1 phenotype and promote dextran sulfate sodium induced colitis development. However, the IGF2BP2-/- macrophages are refractory to interleukin-4 (IL-4) induced activation and alleviate cockroach extract induced pulmonary allergic inflammation. Molecular studies indicate that IGF2BP2 switches M1 macrophages to M2 activation by targeting tuberous sclerosis 1 via an N6-methyladenosine (m6A)-dependent manner. Additionally, it is also shown a signal transducer and activators of transcription 6 (STAT6)-high mobility group AT-hook 2-IGF2BP2-peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-γ axis involves in M2 macrophages differentiation. These findings highlight a key role of IGF2BP2 in regulation of macrophages activation and imply a potential therapeutic target of macrophages in the inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Wang
- Department of PhysiologySchool of Basic Medical SciencesCheeloo College of MedicineShandong UniversityJinanShandong250012China
| | - Yuge Ji
- Department of PhysiologySchool of Basic Medical SciencesCheeloo College of MedicineShandong UniversityJinanShandong250012China
| | - Panpan Feng
- Department of HematologyQilu HospitalCheeloo College of MedicineShandong UniversityJinanShandong250012China
| | - Rucheng Liu
- Department of PhysiologySchool of Basic Medical SciencesCheeloo College of MedicineShandong UniversityJinanShandong250012China
| | - Guosheng Li
- Department of HematologyQilu HospitalCheeloo College of MedicineShandong UniversityJinanShandong250012China
| | - Junjie Zheng
- Department of PhysiologySchool of Basic Medical SciencesCheeloo College of MedicineShandong UniversityJinanShandong250012China
| | - Yaqiang Xue
- ABLife BioBigData InstituteWuhanHubei430075China
| | - Yaxun Wei
- Center for Genoem AnalysisABLife Inc.WuhanHubei430075China
| | - Chunyan Ji
- Department of HematologyQilu HospitalCheeloo College of MedicineShandong UniversityJinanShandong250012China
| | - Dawei Chen
- Laboratory of Medical ChemistryInterdisciplinary Cluster for Applied Genoproteomics (GIGA) Stem CellsUniversity of LiègeCHU, Sart‐TilmanLiège4000Belgium
| | - Jingxin Li
- Department of PhysiologySchool of Basic Medical SciencesCheeloo College of MedicineShandong UniversityJinanShandong250012China
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10
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Positioning of nucleosomes containing γ-H2AX precedes active DNA demethylation and transcription initiation. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1072. [PMID: 33594057 PMCID: PMC7886895 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21227-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In addition to nucleosomes, chromatin contains non-histone chromatin-associated proteins, of which the high-mobility group proteins are the most abundant. Chromatin-mediated regulation of transcription involves DNA methylation and histone modifications. However, the order of events and the precise function of high-mobility group proteins during transcription initiation remain unclear. Here we show that high-mobility group AT-hook 2 protein (HMGA2) induces DNA nicks at the transcription start site, which are required by the histone chaperone FACT complex to incorporate nucleosomes containing the histone variant H2A.X. Further, phosphorylation of H2A.X at S139 (γ-H2AX) is required for repair-mediated DNA demethylation and transcription activation. The relevance of these findings is demonstrated within the context of TGFB1 signaling and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, suggesting therapies against this lethal disease. Our data support the concept that chromatin opening during transcriptional initiation involves intermediates with DNA breaks that subsequently require DNA repair mechanisms to ensure genome integrity. The order of DNA methylation and histone modifications during transcription remained unclear. Here the authors show that HMGA2 induces DNA nicks at TGFB1-responsive genes, promoting nucleosome incorporation containing γ-H2AX, which is required for repair-mediated DNA demethylation and transcription.
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HMGA2 as a Critical Regulator in Cancer Development. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12020269. [PMID: 33668453 PMCID: PMC7917704 DOI: 10.3390/genes12020269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The high mobility group protein 2 (HMGA2) regulates gene expression by binding to AT-rich regions of DNA. Akin to other DNA architectural proteins, HMGA2 is highly expressed in embryonic stem cells during embryogenesis, while its expression is more limited at later stages of development and in adulthood. Importantly, HMGA2 is re-expressed in nearly all human malignancies, where it promotes tumorigenesis by multiple mechanisms. HMGA2 increases cancer cell proliferation by promoting cell cycle entry and inhibition of apoptosis. In addition, HMGA2 influences different DNA repair mechanisms and promotes epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition by activating signaling via the MAPK/ERK, TGFβ/Smad, PI3K/AKT/mTOR, NFkB, and STAT3 pathways. Moreover, HMGA2 supports a cancer stem cell phenotype and renders cancer cells resistant to chemotherapeutic agents. In this review, we discuss these oncogenic roles of HMGA2 in different types of cancers and propose that HMGA2 may be used for cancer diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic purposes.
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12
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Lambo S, von Hoff K, Korshunov A, Pfister SM, Kool M. ETMR: a tumor entity in its infancy. Acta Neuropathol 2020; 140:249-266. [PMID: 32601913 PMCID: PMC7423804 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-020-02182-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Embryonal tumor with Multilayered Rosettes (ETMR) is a relatively rare but typically deadly type of brain tumor that occurs mostly in infants. Since the discovery of the characteristic chromosome 19 miRNA cluster (C19MC) amplification a decade ago, the methods for diagnosing this entity have improved and many new insights in the molecular landscape of ETMRs have been acquired. All ETMRs, despite their highly heterogeneous histology, are characterized by specific high expression of the RNA-binding protein LIN28A, which is, therefore, often used as a diagnostic marker for these tumors. ETMRs have few recurrent genetic aberrations, mainly affecting the miRNA pathway and including amplification of C19MC (embryonal tumor with multilayered rosettes, C19MC-altered) and mutually exclusive biallelic DICER1 mutations of which the first hit is typically inherited through the germline (embryonal tumor with multilayered rosettes, DICER1-altered). Identification of downstream pathways affected by the deregulated miRNA machinery has led to several proposed potential therapeutical vulnerabilities including targeting the WNT, SHH, or mTOR pathways, MYCN or chromosomal instability. However, despite those findings, treatment outcomes have only marginally improved, since the initial description of this tumor entity. Many patients do not survive longer than a year after diagnosis and the 5-year overall survival rate is still lower than 30%. Thus, there is an urgent need to translate the new insights in ETMR biology into more effective treatments. Here, we present an overview of clinical and molecular characteristics of ETMRs and the current progress on potential targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sander Lambo
- Hopp Children's Cancer Center (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Katja von Hoff
- Department of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andrey Korshunov
- Department of Neuropathology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuropathology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefan M Pfister
- Hopp Children's Cancer Center (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Immunology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marcel Kool
- Hopp Children's Cancer Center (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
- Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany.
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Schrörs B, Boegel S, Albrecht C, Bukur T, Bukur V, Holtsträter C, Ritzel C, Manninen K, Tadmor AD, Vormehr M, Sahin U, Löwer M. Multi-Omics Characterization of the 4T1 Murine Mammary Gland Tumor Model. Front Oncol 2020; 10:1195. [PMID: 32793490 PMCID: PMC7390911 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.01195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Tumor models are critical for our understanding of cancer and the development of cancer therapeutics. The 4T1 murine mammary cancer cell line is one of the most widely used breast cancer models. Here, we present an integrated map of the genome, transcriptome, and immunome of 4T1. Results: We found Trp53 (Tp53) and Pik3g to be mutated. Other frequently mutated genes in breast cancer, including Brca1 and Brca2, are not mutated. For cancer related genes, Nav3, Cenpf, Muc5Ac, Mpp7, Gas1, MageD2, Dusp1, Ros, Polr2a, Rragd, Ros1, and Hoxa9 are mutated. Markers for cell proliferation like Top2a, Birc5, and Mki67 are highly expressed, so are markers for metastasis like Msln, Ect2, and Plk1, which are known to be overexpressed in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). TNBC markers are, compared to a mammary gland control sample, lower (Esr1), comparably low (Erbb2), or not expressed at all (Pgr). We also found testis cancer antigen Pbk as well as colon/gastrointestinal cancer antigens Gpa33 and Epcam to be highly expressed. Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I is expressed, while MHC class II is not. We identified 505 single nucleotide variations (SNVs) and 20 insertions and deletions (indels). Neoantigens derived from 22 SNVs and one deletion elicited CD8+ or CD4+ T cell responses in IFNγ-ELISpot assays. Twelve high-confidence fusion genes were observed. We did not observe significant downregulation of mismatch repair (MMR) genes or SNVs/indels impairing their function, providing evidence for 6-thioguanine resistance. Effects of the integration of the murine mammary tumor virus were observed at the genome and transcriptome level. Conclusions: 4T1 cells share substantial molecular features with human TNBC. As 4T1 is a common model for metastatic tumors, our data supports the rational design of mode-of-action studies for pre-clinical evaluation of targeted immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Schrörs
- TRON gGmbH - Translationale Onkologie an der Universitätsmedizin der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz Gemeinnützige GmbH, Mainz, Germany
| | - Sebastian Boegel
- University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg, University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Christian Albrecht
- TRON gGmbH - Translationale Onkologie an der Universitätsmedizin der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz Gemeinnützige GmbH, Mainz, Germany
| | - Thomas Bukur
- TRON gGmbH - Translationale Onkologie an der Universitätsmedizin der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz Gemeinnützige GmbH, Mainz, Germany
| | - Valesca Bukur
- TRON gGmbH - Translationale Onkologie an der Universitätsmedizin der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz Gemeinnützige GmbH, Mainz, Germany
| | - Christoph Holtsträter
- TRON gGmbH - Translationale Onkologie an der Universitätsmedizin der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz Gemeinnützige GmbH, Mainz, Germany
| | - Christoph Ritzel
- University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg, University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Katja Manninen
- TRON gGmbH - Translationale Onkologie an der Universitätsmedizin der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz Gemeinnützige GmbH, Mainz, Germany
| | - Arbel D Tadmor
- TRON gGmbH - Translationale Onkologie an der Universitätsmedizin der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz Gemeinnützige GmbH, Mainz, Germany
| | - Mathias Vormehr
- University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg, University Mainz, Mainz, Germany.,BioNTech SE, Mainz, Germany
| | - Ugur Sahin
- TRON gGmbH - Translationale Onkologie an der Universitätsmedizin der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz Gemeinnützige GmbH, Mainz, Germany.,HI-TRON - Helmholtz-Institut für Translationale Onkologie Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Martin Löwer
- TRON gGmbH - Translationale Onkologie an der Universitätsmedizin der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz Gemeinnützige GmbH, Mainz, Germany
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HMGA Genes and Proteins in Development and Evolution. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21020654. [PMID: 31963852 PMCID: PMC7013770 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21020654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
HMGA (high mobility group A) (HMGA1 and HMGA2) are small non-histone proteins that can bind DNA and modify chromatin state, thus modulating the accessibility of regulatory factors to the DNA and contributing to the overall panorama of gene expression tuning. In general, they are abundantly expressed during embryogenesis, but are downregulated in the adult differentiated tissues. In the present review, we summarize some aspects of their role during development, also dealing with relevant studies that have shed light on their functioning in cell biology and with emerging possible involvement of HMGA1 and HMGA2 in evolutionary biology.
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Li M, Zhao H, Zhao SG, Wei DM, Zhao YR, Huang T, Muhammad T, Yan L, Gao F, Li L, Lu G, Chan WY, Leung PCK, Dunaif A, Liu HB, Chen ZJ. The HMGA2-IMP2 Pathway Promotes Granulosa Cell Proliferation in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2019; 104:1049-1059. [PMID: 30247605 PMCID: PMC6753588 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2018-00544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT The high mobility group AT hook 2 (HMGA2) gene was previously identified in a genome-wide association study as a candidate risk gene that might be related to polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Whether HMGA2 contributes to promoting granulosa cell (GC) proliferation in PCOS remains unknown. OBJECTIVE We sought to determine whether HMGA2 is involved in the ovarian dysfunction of PCOS and in the mechanism of increased GC proliferation. PATIENTS AND CELLS mRNA expression was analyzed in ovarian GCs from 96 women with PCOS and 58 healthy controls. Immortalized human GCs (KGN and SVOG cells) were used for the mechanism study. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES mRNA expression in ovarian GCs was measured using quantitative RT-PCR, and KGN cells were cultured for proliferation assays after overexpression or knockdown of target genes. Protein expression analysis, luciferase assays, and RNA binding protein immunoprecipitation assays were used to confirm the mechanism study. RESULTS HMGA2 and IGF2 mRNA binding protein 2 (IMP2) were highly expressed in the GCs of women with PCOS, and the HMGA2/IMP2 pathway promoted GC proliferation. Cyclin D2 and SERPINE1 mRNA binding protein 1 were regulated by IMP2 and were highly expressed in women with PCOS. CONCLUSIONS The HMGA2/IMP2 pathway was activated in women with PCOS and promoted the proliferation of GCs. This might provide new insights into the dysfunction of GCs in PCOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Li
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive Genetics, Jinan, China
- The Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology (Shandong University), Ministry of Education, Jinan, China
| | - Han Zhao
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive Genetics, Jinan, China
- The Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology (Shandong University), Ministry of Education, Jinan, China
| | - Shi-Gang Zhao
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive Genetics, Jinan, China
- The Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology (Shandong University), Ministry of Education, Jinan, China
| | - Dai-Min Wei
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive Genetics, Jinan, China
- The Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology (Shandong University), Ministry of Education, Jinan, China
| | - Yue-Ran Zhao
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive Genetics, Jinan, China
- The Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology (Shandong University), Ministry of Education, Jinan, China
| | - Tao Huang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive Genetics, Jinan, China
- The Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology (Shandong University), Ministry of Education, Jinan, China
| | - Tahir Muhammad
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive Genetics, Jinan, China
- The Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology (Shandong University), Ministry of Education, Jinan, China
| | - Lei Yan
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive Genetics, Jinan, China
- The Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology (Shandong University), Ministry of Education, Jinan, China
| | - Fei Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Li
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive Genetics, Jinan, China
- The Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology (Shandong University), Ministry of Education, Jinan, China
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana
| | - Gang Lu
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive Genetics, Jinan, China
- The Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology (Shandong University), Ministry of Education, Jinan, China
- CUHK-SDU Joint Laboratory on Reproductive Genetics, School of Biomedical Sciences, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wai-Yee Chan
- CUHK-SDU Joint Laboratory on Reproductive Genetics, School of Biomedical Sciences, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Peter C K Leung
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Child and Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | | | - Hong-Bin Liu
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive Genetics, Jinan, China
- The Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology (Shandong University), Ministry of Education, Jinan, China
- CUHK-SDU Joint Laboratory on Reproductive Genetics, School of Biomedical Sciences, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Correspondence and Reprint Requests: Hong-Bin Liu, PhD, or Zi-Jiang Chen, MD, PhD, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Shandong University, No. 157 Jingliu Road, Jinan 250001, China. E-mail: or
| | - Zi-Jiang Chen
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive Genetics, Jinan, China
- The Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology (Shandong University), Ministry of Education, Jinan, China
- Correspondence and Reprint Requests: Hong-Bin Liu, PhD, or Zi-Jiang Chen, MD, PhD, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Shandong University, No. 157 Jingliu Road, Jinan 250001, China. E-mail: or
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Ning X, Feng L, Li X, Wang S, Zhang M, Wang S, Zhang L, Hu X, Bao Z. The scallop IGF2 mRNA-binding protein gene PyIMP and association of a synonymous mutation with growth traits. Genes Genet Syst 2018; 93:91-100. [PMID: 29998907 DOI: 10.1266/ggs.17-00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor 2 mRNA-binding proteins (IMPs) function in localization, stability and translational control of their target RNAs. In this study, we identified an IMP gene (PyIMP) from Yesso scallop, Patinopecten yessoensis. The complete DNA sequence of PyIMP was 22,875 bp, consisting of seventeen exons and sixteen introns. The full-length cDNA sequence was 3,293 bp, with an open reading frame of 1,776 bp, encoding 592 amino acids. PyIMP exhibited characters typical of IMPs, namely two RNA recognition motifs and four hnRNP K homology domains. Real-time quantitative reverse transcription PCR analysis indicated that PyIMP was universally expressed, with higher expression levels in the gonad of adult scallops, and in gastrulae and trochophore larvae at developmental stages. A synonymous mutation SNP, c.852A>G, which showed significant associations with growth traits of Yesso scallop, was identified in this gene. Scallops with the AA genotype at this locus had significantly higher trait values than those with the GG genotype for shell length, shell height, body weight, soft tissue weight and striated muscle weight (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, the expression of PyIMP in AA type scallops was significantly higher than that in the GG type, implying a positive effect of PyIMP on scallop growth. PyIMP represents the first mRNA-binding protein gene characterized in mollusks, and SNP c.852A>G will be useful for a better understanding of the role of mRNA-binding proteins in bivalves and for scallop breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianhui Ning
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China
| | - Liying Feng
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China
| | - Xue Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China
| | - Shuyue Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China
| | - Mengran Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China
| | - Shi Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China.,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology
| | - Lingling Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China.,Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology
| | - Xiaoli Hu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China.,Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology
| | - Zhenmin Bao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China.,Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology
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The Roles of Insulin-Like Growth Factor 2 mRNA-Binding Protein 2 in Cancer and Cancer Stem Cells. Stem Cells Int 2018; 2018:4217259. [PMID: 29736175 PMCID: PMC5874980 DOI: 10.1155/2018/4217259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) mediate the localization, stability, and translation of the target transcripts and fine-tune the physiological functions of the proteins encoded. The insulin-like growth factor (IGF) 2 mRNA-binding protein (IGF2BP, IMP) family comprises three RBPs, IGF2BP1, IGF2BP2, and IGF2BP3, capable of associating with IGF2 and other transcripts and mediating their processing. IGF2BP2 represents the least understood member of this family of RBPs; however, it has been reported to participate in a wide range of physiological processes, such as embryonic development, neuronal differentiation, and metabolism. Its dysregulation is associated with insulin resistance, diabetes, and carcinogenesis and may potentially be a powerful biomarker and candidate target for relevant diseases. This review summarizes the structural features, regulation, and functions of IGF2BP2 and their association with cancer and cancer stem cells.
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Al Abri MA, Posbergh C, Palermo K, Sutter NB, Eberth J, Hoffman GE, Brooks SA. Genome-Wide Scans Reveal a Quantitative Trait Locus for Withers Height in Horses Near the ANKRD1 Gene. J Equine Vet Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2017.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Kimura A, Matsuda T, Sakai A, Murao N, Nakashima K. HMGB2 expression is associated with transition from a quiescent to an activated state of adult neural stem cells. Dev Dyn 2017; 247:229-238. [PMID: 28771884 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although quiescent neural stem cells (NSCs) in the adult hippocampus proliferate in response to neurogenic stimuli and subsequently give rise to new neurons continuously throughout life, misregulation of NSCs in pathological conditions, including aging, leads to the impairment of learning and memory. High mobility group B family 1 (HMGB1) and HMGB2, HMG family proteins that function as transcriptional activators through the modulation of chromatin structure, have been assumed to play some role in the regulation of adult NSCs; however, their precise functions and even expression patterns in the adult hippocampus remain elusive. RESULTS Here we show that expression of HMGB2 but not HMGB1 is restricted to the subset of NSCs and their progenitors. Furthermore, running, a well-known positive neurogenic stimulus, increased the proliferation of HMGB2-expressing cells, whereas aging was accompanied by a marked decrease in these cells. Intriguingly, HMGB2-expressing quiescent NSCs, which were shifted toward the proliferative state, were decreased as aging progressed. CONCLUSIONS HMGB2 expression is strongly associated with transition from the quiescent to the proliferative state of NSCs, supporting the possibility that HMGB2 is involved in the regulation of adult neurogenesis and can be used as a novel marker to identify NSCs primed for activation in the adult hippocampus. Developmental Dynamics 247:229-238, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayaka Kimura
- Stem Cell Biology and Medicine, Department of Stem Cell Biology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Taito Matsuda
- Stem Cell Biology and Medicine, Department of Stem Cell Biology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Atsuhiko Sakai
- Stem Cell Biology and Medicine, Department of Stem Cell Biology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Naoya Murao
- Stem Cell Biology and Medicine, Department of Stem Cell Biology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kinichi Nakashima
- Stem Cell Biology and Medicine, Department of Stem Cell Biology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Davidson MA, Shanks EJ. 3q26-29 Amplification in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: a review of established and prospective oncogenes. FEBS J 2017; 284:2705-2731. [PMID: 28317270 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is significantly underrepresented in worldwide cancer research, yet survival rates for the disease have remained static for over 50 years. Distant metastasis is often present at the time of diagnosis, and is the primary cause of death in cancer patients. In the absence of routine effective targeted therapies, the standard of care treatment remains chemoradiation in combination with (often disfiguring) surgery. A defining characteristic of HNSCC is the amplification of a region of chromosome 3 (3q26-29), which is consistently associated with poorer patient outcome. This review provides an overview of the role the 3q26-29 region plays in HNSCC, in terms of both known and as yet undiscovered processes, which may have potential clinical relevance.
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21
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Dai N, Ji F, Wright J, Minichiello L, Sadreyev R, Avruch J. IGF2 mRNA binding protein-2 is a tumor promoter that drives cancer proliferation through its client mRNAs IGF2 and HMGA1. eLife 2017; 6:27155. [PMID: 28753127 PMCID: PMC5576481 DOI: 10.7554/elife.27155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The gene encoding the Insulin-like Growth Factor 2 mRNA binding protein 2/IMP2 is amplified and overexpressed in many human cancers, accompanied by a poorer prognosis. Mice lacking IMP2 exhibit a longer lifespan and a reduced tumor burden at old age. Herein we show in a diverse array of human cancer cells that IMP2 overexpression stimulates and IMP2 elimination diminishes proliferation by 50–80%. In addition to its known ability to promote the abundance of Insulin-like Growth Factor 2/IGF2, we find that IMP2 strongly promotes IGF action, by binding and stabilizing the mRNA encoding the DNA binding protein HMGA1, a known oncogene. HMGA1 suppresses the abundance of IGF binding protein 2/IGFBP2 and Grb14, inhibitors of IGF action. IMP2 stabilization of HMGA1 mRNA plus IMP2 stimulated IGF2 production synergistically drive cancer cell proliferation and account for IMP2’s tumor promoting action. IMP2’s ability to promote proliferation and IGF action requires IMP2 phosphorylation by mTOR. Some types of cancers develop when genes known as oncogenes or tumor promoters become faulty, and are present at abnormally high levels or inappropriately turned on. For example, cancer cells often have extra copies of the gene IMP2 and therefore produce too much the IMP2 protein. Previous research has shown that mice that lack the IMP2 protein develop fewer cancers and live longer, while patients whose cancers make too much IMP2 have a poorer prognosis. In healthy cells, the IMP2 protein normally helps to make new gene products by stabilising certain newly produced RNA molecules – the precursors of proteins, and in some cases by promoting the translation of these RNAs into proteins. For example, IMP2 binds to the mRNA that encodes the protein IGF2, which is a protein that helps cells to grow and is commonly produced in large quantities by cancer cells. However, until now it was not clear whether IMP2 only acts by increasing the production of IGF2 or also contributes to cancer growth in other ways. Using a range of human cancer cell lines, and healthy mouse cells, Dai et al. first confirmed that without IMP2, cancer cells made less IGF2 and grew less quickly. When IGF2 was added to the cells lacking IMP2, it only partially restored their ability to grow. Further experiments revealed that cells without IMP2 had increased levels of proteins that counteract the effects of IGF2. Usually, IMP2 binds and stabilizes the mRNA that encodes the oncogenic protein HMGA1, which is known to regulate the number of ‘anti-IGF2 proteins’. However, without IMP2, the HMGA1 levels drop, which causes an increase of the anti-IGF2 proteins. This indicates that IMP2 promotes cancer cell growth both by enabling cells to produce more IGF2 and by suppressing inhibitors of IGF2 action. This suggests that cancer patients whose tumors have abnormally high levels of IMP2 may be especially sensitive to drugs that target and inhibit IGF2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Dai
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States.,Diabetes unit, Medical Services, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Fei Ji
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States.,Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Jason Wright
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, United States
| | | | - Ruslan Sadreyev
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States.,Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Joseph Avruch
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States.,Diabetes unit, Medical Services, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
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22
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Dwarfism and Altered Craniofacial Development in Rabbits Is Caused by a 12.1 kb Deletion at the HMGA2 Locus. Genetics 2016; 205:955-965. [PMID: 27986804 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.116.196667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The dwarf phenotype characterizes the smallest of rabbit breeds and is governed largely by the effects of a single dwarfing allele with an incompletely dominant effect on growth. Dwarf rabbits typically weigh under 1 kg and have altered craniofacial morphology. The dwarf allele is recessive lethal and dwarf homozygotes die within a few days of birth. The dwarf phenotype is expressed in heterozygous individuals and rabbits from dwarf breeds homozygous for the wild-type allele are normal, although smaller when compared to other breeds. Here, we show that the dwarf allele constitutes a ∼12.1 kb deletion overlapping the promoter region and first three exons of the HMGA2 gene leading to inactivation of this gene. HMGA2 has been frequently associated with variation in body size across species. Homozygotes for null alleles are viable in mice but not in rabbits and probably not in humans. RNA-sequencing analysis of rabbit embryos showed that very few genes (4-29 genes) were differentially expressed among the three HMGA2/dwarf genotypes, suggesting that dwarfism and inviability in rabbits are caused by modest changes in gene expression. Our results show that HMGA2 is critical for normal expression of IGF2BP2, which encodes an RNA-binding protein. Finally, we report a catalog of regions of elevated genetic differentiation between dwarf and normal-size rabbits, including LCORL-NCAPG, STC2, HOXD cluster, and IGF2BP2 Levels and patterns of genetic diversity at the LCORL-NCAPG locus further suggest that small size in dwarf breeds was enhanced by crosses with wild rabbits. Overall, our results imply that small size in dwarf rabbits results from a large effect, loss-of-function (LOF) mutation in HMGA2 combined with polygenic selection.
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23
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Jun-Hao ET, Gupta RR, Shyh-Chang N. Lin28 and let-7 in the Metabolic Physiology of Aging. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2016; 27:132-141. [PMID: 26811207 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2015.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Revised: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The Lin28/let-7 molecular switch has emerged as a central regulator of growth signaling pathways and metabolic enzymes. Initially discovered to regulate developmental timing in the nematode, the Lin28/let-7 pathway of RNA regulation has gained prominence for its role in mammalian stem cells, cancer cells, tissue development, and aging. By regulating RNAs, the pathway coordinates cellular growth and cellular metabolism to influence metabolic physiology. Here, we review this regulatory mechanism and its impact on cancers, which reactivate Lin28, cardiovascular diseases, which implicate let-7, human genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of growth, and metabolic diseases, which implicate the Lin28/let-7 pathway. We also highlight questions relating to Barker's Hypothesis and the potential actions of the Lin28/let-7 pathway on programming long-lasting epigenetic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elwin Tan Jun-Hao
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - Renuka Ravi Gupta
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - Ng Shyh-Chang
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore.
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24
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Busch B, Bley N, Müller S, Glaß M, Misiak D, Lederer M, Vetter M, Strauß HG, Thomssen C, Hüttelmaier S. The oncogenic triangle of HMGA2, LIN28B and IGF2BP1 antagonizes tumor-suppressive actions of the let-7 family. Nucleic Acids Res 2016; 44:3845-64. [PMID: 26917013 PMCID: PMC4856984 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkw099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor-suppressive let-7 microRNA family targets various oncogene-encoding mRNAs. We identify the let-7 targets HMGA2, LIN28B and IGF2BP1 to form a let-7 antagonizing self-promoting oncogenic triangle. Surprisingly, 3′-end processing of IGF2BP1 mRNAs is unaltered in aggressive cancers and tumor-derived cells although IGF2BP1 synthesis was proposed to escape let-7 attack by APA-dependent (alternative polyadenylation) 3′ UTR shortening. However, the expression of the triangle factors is inversely correlated with let-7 levels and promoted by LIN28B impairing let-7 biogenesis. Moreover, IGF2BP1 enhances the expression of all triangle factors by recruiting the respective mRNAs in mRNPs lacking AGO proteins and let-7 miRNAs. This indicates that the downregulation of let-7, largely facilitated by LIN28B upregulation, and the protection of let-7 target mRNAs by IGF2BP1-directed shielding in mRNPs synergize in enhancing the expression of triangle factors. The oncogenic potential of this triangle was confirmed in ovarian cancer (OC)-derived ES-2 cells transduced with let-7 targeting decoys. In these, the depletion of HMGA2 only diminishes tumor cell growth under permissive conditions. The depletion of LIN28B and more prominently IGF2BP1 severely impairs tumor cell viability, self-renewal and 2D as well as 3D migration. In conclusion, this suggests the targeting of the HMGA2-LIN28B-IGF2BP1 triangle as a promising strategy in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Busch
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Section for Molecular Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Martin-Luther-University Halle Wittenberg, ZAMED, Heinrich-Damerow-Str.1, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Nadine Bley
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Section for Molecular Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Martin-Luther-University Halle Wittenberg, ZAMED, Heinrich-Damerow-Str.1, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Simon Müller
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Section for Molecular Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Martin-Luther-University Halle Wittenberg, ZAMED, Heinrich-Damerow-Str.1, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Markus Glaß
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Section for Molecular Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Martin-Luther-University Halle Wittenberg, ZAMED, Heinrich-Damerow-Str.1, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Danny Misiak
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Section for Molecular Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Martin-Luther-University Halle Wittenberg, ZAMED, Heinrich-Damerow-Str.1, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Marcell Lederer
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Section for Molecular Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Martin-Luther-University Halle Wittenberg, ZAMED, Heinrich-Damerow-Str.1, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Martina Vetter
- Clinic of Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Martin-Luther-University Halle Wittenberg, Ernst-Grube-Straße 40, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Hans-Georg Strauß
- Clinic of Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Martin-Luther-University Halle Wittenberg, Ernst-Grube-Straße 40, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Christoph Thomssen
- Clinic of Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Martin-Luther-University Halle Wittenberg, Ernst-Grube-Straße 40, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Stefan Hüttelmaier
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Section for Molecular Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Martin-Luther-University Halle Wittenberg, ZAMED, Heinrich-Damerow-Str.1, 06120 Halle, Germany
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25
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Regulation of Stem Cell Self-Renewal and Oncogenesis by RNA-Binding Proteins. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 907:153-88. [PMID: 27256386 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-29073-7_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Throughout their life span, multicellular organisms rely on stem cell systems. During development pluripotent embryonic stem cells give rise to all cell types that make up the organism. After birth, tissue stem cells maintain properly functioning tissues and organs under homeostasis as well as promote regeneration after tissue damage or injury. Stem cells are capable of self-renewal, which is the ability to divide indefinitely while retaining the potential of differentiation into multiple cell types. The ability to self-renew, however, is a double-edged sword; the molecular mechanisms of self-renewal can be a target of malignant transformation driving tumor development and progression. Growing lines of evidence have shown that RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) play pivotal roles in the regulation of self-renewal by modulating metabolism of coding and non-coding RNAs both in normal tissues and in cancers. In this review, we discuss our current understanding of tissue stem cell systems and how RBPs regulate stem cell fates as well as how the regulatory functions of RBPs contribute to oncogenesis.
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26
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Zhou X, Li M, Huang H, Chen K, Yuan Z, Zhang Y, Nie Y, Chen H, Zhang X, Chen L, Chen Y, Mo D. HMGB2 regulates satellite cell-mediated skeletal muscle regeneration via IGF2BP2. J Cell Sci 2016; 129:4305-4316. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.189944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the mechanism underlying modulation of transcription factors in myogenesis has been well elucidated, the function of the transcription cofactors involved in this process remains poorly understood. Here, we identified HMGB2 as an essential nuclear transcriptional co-regulator in myogenesis. HMGB2 was highly expressed in undifferentiated myoblasts and regenerating muscle. Knockdown of HMGB2 inhibited myoblast proliferation and stimulated its differentiation. HMGB2 depletion down-regulated Myf5 and Cyclin A2 on the protein but not mRNA level. In contrast, overexpression of HMGB2 promoted Myf5 and Cyclin A2 protein upregulation. Furthermore, we found that the RNA-binding protein IGF2BP2 is a downstream target of HMGB2, as previously shown for HMGA2. IGF2BP2 binds to mRNAs of Myf5 or Cyclin A2, resulting in translation enhancement or mRNA stabilization, respectively. Notably, overexpression of IGF2BP2 could partially rescue protein levels of Myf5 and Cyclin A2, in response to HMGB2 decrease. Moreover, depletion of HMGB2 in vivo severely attenuated muscle repair; this was due to a decrease in satellite cells. Together, these results highlight the previously undiscovered and critical role of HMGB2-IGF2BP2 axis in myogenesis and muscle regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyu Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Mingsen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Huaxing Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Keren Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zhuning Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yaping Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Hu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xumeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Luxi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yaosheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Delin Mo
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
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27
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Wu Z, Eguchi-Ishimae M, Yagi C, Iwabuki H, Gao W, Tauchi H, Inukai T, Sugita K, Ishii E, Eguchi M. HMGA2 as a potential molecular target in KMT2A-AFF1-positive infant acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Br J Haematol 2015; 171:818-29. [PMID: 26403224 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.13763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) in infants is an intractable cancer in childhood. Although recent intensive chemotherapy progress has considerably improved ALL treatment outcome, disease cure is often accompanied by undesirable long-term side effects, and efficient, less toxic molecular targeting therapies have been anticipated. In infant ALL cells with KMT2A (MLL) fusion, the microRNA let-7b (MIRLET7B) is significantly downregulated by DNA hypermethylation of its promoter region. We show here that the expression of HMGA2, one of the oncogenes repressed by MIRLET7B, is reversely upregulated in infant ALL leukaemic cells, particularly in KMT2A-AFF1 (MLL-AF4) positive ALL. In addition to the suppression of MIRLET7B, KMT2A fusion proteins positively regulate the expression of HMGA2. HMGA2 is one of the negative regulators of CDKN2A gene, which encodes the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p16(INK4A) . The HMGA2 inhibitor netropsin, when combined with demethylating agent 5-azacytidine, upregulated and sustained the expression of CDKN2A, which resulted in growth suppression of KMT2A-AFF1-expressing cell lines. This effect was more apparent compared to treatment with 5-azacytidine alone. These results indicate that the MIRLET7B-HMGA2-CDKN2A axis plays an important role in cell proliferation of leukaemic cells and could be a possible molecular target for the therapy of infant ALL with KMT2A-AFF1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhouying Wu
- Department of Paediatrics, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | | | - Chihiro Yagi
- Department of Paediatrics, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Hidehiko Iwabuki
- Department of Paediatrics, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Wenming Gao
- Department of Paediatrics, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Hisamichi Tauchi
- Department of Paediatrics, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Takeshi Inukai
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Kanji Sugita
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Eiichi Ishii
- Department of Paediatrics, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Mariko Eguchi
- Department of Paediatrics, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Ehime, Japan
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28
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Madison BB, Jeganathan AN, Mizuno R, Winslow MM, Castells A, Cuatrecasas M, Rustgi AK. Let-7 Represses Carcinogenesis and a Stem Cell Phenotype in the Intestine via Regulation of Hmga2. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1005408. [PMID: 26244988 PMCID: PMC4526516 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Let-7 miRNAs comprise one of the largest and most highly expressed family of miRNAs among vertebrates, and is critical for promoting differentiation, regulating metabolism, inhibiting cellular proliferation, and repressing carcinogenesis in a variety of tissues. The large size of the Let-7 family of miRNAs has complicated the development of mutant animal models. Here we describe the comprehensive repression of all Let-7 miRNAs in the intestinal epithelium via low-level tissue-specific expression of the Lin28b RNA-binding protein and a conditional knockout of the MirLet7c-2/Mirlet7b locus. This ablation of Let-7 triggers the development of intestinal adenocarcinomas concomitant with reduced survival. Analysis of both mouse and human intestinal cancer specimens reveals that stem cell markers were significantly associated with loss of Let-7 miRNA expression, and that a number of Let-7 targets were elevated, including Hmga1 and Hmga2. Functional studies in 3-D enteroids revealed that Hmga2 is necessary and sufficient to mediate many characteristics of Let-7 depletion, namely accelerating cell cycle progression and enhancing a stem cell phenotype. In addition, inactivation of a single Hmga2 allele in the mouse intestine epithelium significantly represses tumorigenesis driven by Lin28b. In aggregate, we conclude that Let-7 depletion drives a stem cell phenotype and the development of intestinal cancer, primarily via Hmga2. Cancer develops following multiple genetic mutations (i.e. in tumor suppressors and oncogenes), and mutations that cooperate or synergize are often advantageous to cancer cell growth. To study how multiple genes might cooperate, it is usually informative to generate candidate mutations in cells or in mice. Large gene families, such as the Let-7 family, are difficult to silence or mutate because of the large amount of redundancy that exists between similar copies of the same gene; the mutation of one will often be masked or compensated by the continued function of others. In the mouse intestine we have achieved comprehensive depletion of all Let-7 miRNAs in this large multi-genic family through use of an inhibitory protein, called LIN28B, that specifically represses Let-7, and genetic inactivation of another gene cluster called MirLet7c-2/Mirlet7b. Mice with this comprehensive depletion of Let-7 develop intestinal cancers that resemble human colon cancers. Our further analysis identified another gene, HMGA2, downstream of this pathway that is critical to this outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blair B. Madison
- Division of Gastroenterology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Arjun N. Jeganathan
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Rei Mizuno
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Monte M. Winslow
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Antoni Castells
- Gastroenterology Department, Hospital Clínic, CIBERehd, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Miriam Cuatrecasas
- Department of Pathology, Pharmacology and Microbiology, Hospital Clínic, CDB, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Anil K. Rustgi
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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29
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Alatzoglou KS, Webb EA, Le Tissier P, Dattani MT. Isolated growth hormone deficiency (GHD) in childhood and adolescence: recent advances. Endocr Rev 2014; 35:376-432. [PMID: 24450934 DOI: 10.1210/er.2013-1067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The diagnosis of GH deficiency (GHD) in childhood is a multistep process involving clinical history, examination with detailed auxology, biochemical testing, and pituitary imaging, with an increasing contribution from genetics in patients with congenital GHD. Our increasing understanding of the factors involved in the development of somatotropes and the dynamic function of the somatotrope network may explain, at least in part, the development and progression of childhood GHD in different age groups. With respect to the genetic etiology of isolated GHD (IGHD), mutations in known genes such as those encoding GH (GH1), GHRH receptor (GHRHR), or transcription factors involved in pituitary development, are identified in a relatively small percentage of patients suggesting the involvement of other, yet unidentified, factors. Genome-wide association studies point toward an increasing number of genes involved in the control of growth, but their role in the etiology of IGHD remains unknown. Despite the many years of research in the area of GHD, there are still controversies on the etiology, diagnosis, and management of IGHD in children. Recent data suggest that childhood IGHD may have a wider impact on the health and neurodevelopment of children, but it is yet unknown to what extent treatment with recombinant human GH can reverse this effect. Finally, the safety of recombinant human GH is currently the subject of much debate and research, and it is clear that long-term controlled studies are needed to clarify the consequences of childhood IGHD and the long-term safety of its treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyriaki S Alatzoglou
- Developmental Endocrinology Research Group (K.S.A., E.A.W., M.T.D.), Clinical and Molecular Genetics Unit, and Birth Defects Research Centre (P.L.T.), UCL Institute of Child Health, London WC1N 1EH, United Kingdom; and Faculty of Life Sciences (P.L.T.), University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
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30
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Jønson L, Christiansen J, Hansen TVO, Vikeså J, Yamamoto Y, Nielsen FC. IMP3 RNP safe houses prevent miRNA-directed HMGA2 mRNA decay in cancer and development. Cell Rep 2014; 7:539-551. [PMID: 24703842 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Revised: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The IMP3 RNA-binding protein is associated with metastasis and poor outcome in human cancer. Using solid cancer transcriptome data, we found that IMP3 correlates with HMGA2 mRNA expression. Cytoplasmic IMP3 granules contain HMGA2, and IMP3 dose-dependently increases HMGA2 mRNA. HMGA2 is regulated by let-7, and let-7 antagomiRs make HMGA2 refractory to IMP3. Removal of let-7 target sites eliminates IMP3-dependent stabilization, and IMP3-containing bodies are depleted of Ago1-4 and miRNAs. The relationship between Hmga2 mRNA and IMPs also exists in the developing limb bud, where IMP1-deficient embryos show dose-dependent Hmga2 mRNA downregulation. Finally, IMP3 ribonucleoproteins (RNPs) contain other let-7 target mRNAs, including LIN28B, and a global gene set enrichment analysis demonstrates that miRNA-regulated transcripts in general are upregulated following IMP3 induction. We conclude that IMP3 RNPs may function as cytoplasmic safe houses and prevent miRNA-directed mRNA decay of oncogenes during tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Jønson
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jan Christiansen
- Center for Computational and Applied Transcriptomics, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas V O Hansen
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jonas Vikeså
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Yohei Yamamoto
- Department of Molecular Pathology and Tumor Pathology, Akita University, 1-1-1 Hondo, Japan
| | - Finn C Nielsen
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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31
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Probing into the biological processes influenced by ESC factor and oncoprotein HMGA2 using iPSCs. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2014; 9:514-22. [PMID: 22547345 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-012-9373-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are rapidly evolving into an important research tool due to their close resemblance with pluripotent embryonic stem cells (ESCs). Of particular interest at this point are iPSC applications in disease modeling and drug discovery/testing. The high mobility group AT-hook 2 (HMGA2) protein is a nonhistone chromatin factor normally expressed in ESCs and during early developmental stages. Aberrant HMGA2 expression is associated, for example, with abnormal body stature, diabetes mellitus, heart development and uterine leiomyomas. Furthermore, the protein is re-expressed in many primary tumor cells and plays an important role in metastasis. Here we used iPSC formation in conjunction with exogenous human HMGA2 expression to gain insight into biological functions of HMGA2. Gene expression profiling and gene ontology analyses showed that anatomical development and cell adhesion/differentiation processes are strongly affected by HMGA2. This could help to uncover, at the molecular level, some of the known phenotypic consequences of aberrant HMGA2 expression. Furthermore, our data showed that expression of key diabetes susceptibility genes is influenced by HMGA2, which revealed an interesting link to the recently indentified Lin28/let-7 pathway regulating mammalian glucose metabolism. Contrary to a previous report, our results indicate that HMGA2 is not involved in the regulation of telomerase gene expression. Finally, our data support a model in which tight regulation of intracellular HMGA2 levels is important both to maintain a pluripotent ESC state and to induce differentiation into certain cell lineages during later developmental stages.
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Singh I, Mehta A, Contreras A, Boettger T, Carraro G, Wheeler M, Cabrera-Fuentes HA, Bellusci S, Seeger W, Braun T, Barreto G. Hmga2 is required for canonical WNT signaling during lung development. BMC Biol 2014; 12:21. [PMID: 24661562 PMCID: PMC4064517 DOI: 10.1186/1741-7007-12-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2013] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The high-mobility-group (HMG) proteins are the most abundant non-histone chromatin-associated proteins. HMG proteins are present at high levels in various undifferentiated tissues during embryonic development and their levels are strongly reduced in the corresponding adult tissues, where they have been implicated in maintaining and activating stem/progenitor cells. Here we deciphered the role of the high-mobility-group AT-hook protein 2 (HMGA2) during lung development by analyzing the lung of Hmga2-deficient mice (Hmga2−/−). Results We found that Hmga2 is expressed in the mouse embryonic lung at the distal airways. Analysis of Hmga2−/− mice showed that Hmga2 is required for proper cell proliferation and distal epithelium differentiation during embryonic lung development. Hmga2 knockout led to enhanced canonical WNT signaling due to an increased expression of secreted WNT glycoproteins Wnt2b, Wnt7b and Wnt11 as well as a reduction of the WNT signaling antagonizing proteins GATA-binding protein 6 and frizzled homolog 2. Analysis of siRNA-mediated loss-of-function experiments in embryonic lung explant culture confirmed the role of Hmga2 as a key regulator of distal lung epithelium differentiation and supported the causal involvement of enhanced canonical WNT signaling in mediating the effect of Hmga2-loss-of-fuction. Finally, we found that HMGA2 directly regulates Gata6 and thereby modulates Fzd2 expression. Conclusions Our results support that Hmga2 regulates canonical WNT signaling at different points of the pathway. Increased expression of the secreted WNT glycoproteins might explain a paracrine effect by which Hmga2-knockout enhanced cell proliferation in the mesenchyme of the developing lung. In addition, HMGA2-mediated direct regulation of Gata6 is crucial for fine-tuning the activity of WNT signaling in the airway epithelium. Our results are the starting point for future studies investigating the relevance of Hmga2-mediated regulation of WNT signaling in the adult lung within the context of proper balance between differentiation and self-renewal of lung stem/progenitor cells during lung regeneration in both homeostatic turnover and repair after injury.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Guillermo Barreto
- LOEWE Research Group Lung Cancer Epigenetic, Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Parkstraße 1, 61231 Bad Nauheim Germany.
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Ozturk N, Singh I, Mehta A, Braun T, Barreto G. HMGA proteins as modulators of chromatin structure during transcriptional activation. Front Cell Dev Biol 2014; 2:5. [PMID: 25364713 PMCID: PMC4207033 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2014.00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
High mobility group (HMG) proteins are the most abundant non-histone chromatin associated proteins. HMG proteins bind to DNA and nucleosome and alter the structure of chromatin locally and globally. Accessibility to DNA within chromatin is a central factor that affects DNA-dependent nuclear processes, such as transcription, replication, recombination, and repair. HMG proteins associate with different multi-protein complexes to regulate these processes by mediating accessibility to DNA. HMG proteins can be subdivided into three families: HMGA, HMGB, and HMGN. In this review, we will focus on recent advances in understanding the function of HMGA family members, specifically their role in gene transcription regulation during development and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nihan Ozturk
- LOEWE Research Group Lung Cancer Epigenetic, Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Indrabahadur Singh
- LOEWE Research Group Lung Cancer Epigenetic, Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Aditi Mehta
- LOEWE Research Group Lung Cancer Epigenetic, Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Thomas Braun
- Department of Cardiac Development and Remodeling, Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Guillermo Barreto
- LOEWE Research Group Lung Cancer Epigenetic, Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research Bad Nauheim, Germany
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Klemke M, Müller MH, Wosniok W, Markowski DN, Nimzyk R, Helmke BM, Bullerdiek J. Correlated expression of HMGA2 and PLAG1 in thyroid tumors, uterine leiomyomas and experimental models. PLoS One 2014; 9:e88126. [PMID: 24516594 PMCID: PMC3917869 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In pleomorphic adenomas of the salivary glands (PASG) recurrent chromosomal rearrangements affecting either 8q12 or 12q14∼15 lead to an overexpression of the genes of the genuine transcription factor PLAG1 or the architectural transcription factor HMGA2, respectively. Both genes are also affected by recurrent chromosomal rearrangements in benign adipocytic tumors as e. g. lipomas and lipoblastomas. Herein, we observed a strong correlation between the expression of HMGA2 and PLAG1 in 14 benign and 23 malignant thyroid tumors. To address the question if PLAG1 can be activated by HMGA2, the expression of both genes was quantified in 32 uterine leiomyomas 17 of which exhibited an overexpression of HMGA2. All leiomyomas with HMGA2 overexpression also revealed an activation of PLAG1 in the absence of detectable chromosome 8 abnormalities affecting the PLAG1 locus. To further investigate if the overexpression of PLAG1 is inducible by HMGA2 alone, HMGA2 was transiently overexpressed in MCF-7 cells. An increased PLAG1 expression was observed 24 and 48 h after transfection. Likewise, stimulation of HMGA2 by FGF1 in adipose tissue-derived stem cells led to a simultaneous increase of PLAG1 mRNA. Altogether, these data suggest that HMGA2 is an upstream activator of PLAG1. Accordingly, this may explain the formation of tumors as similar as lipomas and lipoblastomas resulting from an activation of either of both genes by chromosomal rearrangements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Klemke
- Center for Human Genetics, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | | | - Werner Wosniok
- Institute of Statistics, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | | | - Rolf Nimzyk
- Center for Human Genetics, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | | | - Jörn Bullerdiek
- Center for Human Genetics, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
- Institute for Medical Genetics, University of Rostock, University Medicine, Rostock, Germany
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Kumar MS, Armenteros-Monterroso E, East P, Chakravorty P, Matthews N, Winslow MM, Downward J. HMGA2 functions as a competing endogenous RNA to promote lung cancer progression. Nature 2013; 505:212-7. [PMID: 24305048 PMCID: PMC3886898 DOI: 10.1038/nature12785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most prevalent histological cancer subtype worldwide. As the majority of patients present with invasive, metastatic disease, it is vital to understand the basis for lung cancer progression. Hmga2 is highly expressed in metastatic lung adenocarcinoma, in which it contributes to cancer progression and metastasis. Here we show that Hmga2 promotes lung cancer progression in mouse and human cells by operating as a competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) for the let-7 microRNA (miRNA) family. Hmga2 can promote the transformation of lung cancer cells independent of protein-coding function but dependent upon the presence of let-7 sites; this occurs without changes in the levels of let-7 isoforms, suggesting that Hmga2 affects let-7 activity by altering miRNA targeting. These effects are also observed in vivo, where Hmga2 ceRNA activity drives lung cancer growth, invasion and dissemination. Integrated analysis of miRNA target prediction algorithms and metastatic lung cancer gene expression data reveals the TGF-β co-receptor Tgfbr3 (ref. 12) as a putative target of Hmga2 ceRNA function. Tgfbr3 expression is regulated by the Hmga2 ceRNA through differential recruitment to Argonaute 2 (Ago2), and TGF-β signalling driven by Tgfbr3 is important for Hmga2 to promote lung cancer progression. Finally, analysis of NSCLC-patient gene-expression data reveals that HMGA2 and TGFBR3 are coordinately regulated in NSCLC-patient material, a vital corollary to ceRNA function. Taken together, these results suggest that Hmga2 promotes lung carcinogenesis both as a protein-coding gene and as a non-coding RNA; such dual-function regulation of gene-expression networks reflects a novel means by which oncogenes promote disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhu S Kumar
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, UK
| | - Elena Armenteros-Monterroso
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, UK
| | - Philip East
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Group, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, UK
| | - Probir Chakravorty
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Group, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, UK
| | - Nik Matthews
- Advanced Sequencing Facility, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, UK
| | - Monte M Winslow
- Department of Genetics, Department of Pathology, the Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Julian Downward
- 1] Signal Transduction Laboratory, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, UK [2] Lung Cancer Group, Division of Cancer Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research, 237 Fulham Road, London SW3 6JB, UK
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The Lin28b-let-7-Hmga2 axis determines the higher self-renewal potential of fetal haematopoietic stem cells. Nat Cell Biol 2013; 15:916-25. [PMID: 23811688 DOI: 10.1038/ncb2783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 249] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2012] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mouse haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) undergo a postnatal transition in several properties, including a marked reduction in their self-renewal activity. We now show that the developmentally timed change in this key function of HSCs is associated with their decreased expression of Lin28b and an accompanying increase in their let-7 microRNA levels. Lentivirus-mediated overexpression of Lin28 in adult HSCs elevates their self-renewal activity in transplanted irradiated hosts, as does overexpression of Hmga2, a well-established let-7 target that is upregulated in fetal HSCs. Conversely, HSCs from fetal Hmga2(-/-) mice do not exhibit the heightened self-renewal activity that is characteristic of wild-type fetal HSCs. Interestingly, overexpression of Hmga2 in adult HSCs does not mimic the ability of elevated Lin28 to activate a fetal lymphoid differentiation program. Thus, Lin28b may act as a master regulator of developmentally timed changes in HSC programs with Hmga2 serving as its specific downstream modulator of HSC self-renewal potential.
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Morishita A, Zaidi MR, Mitoro A, Sankarasharma D, Szabolcs M, Okada Y, D'Armiento J, Chada K. HMGA2 is a driver of tumor metastasis. Cancer Res 2013; 73:4289-99. [PMID: 23722545 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-12-3848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The non-histone chromatin-binding protein HMGA2 is expressed predominantly in the mesenchyme before its differentiation, but it is also expressed in tumors of epithelial origin. Ectopic expression of HMGA2 in epithelial cells induces epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), which has been implicated in the acquisition of metastatic characters in tumor cells. However, little is known about in vivo modulation of HMGA2 and its effector functions in tumor metastasis. Here, we report that HMGA2 loss of function in a mouse model of cancer reduces tumor multiplicity. HMGA2-positive cells were identified at the invasive front of human and mouse tumors. In addition, in a mouse allograft model, HMGA2 overexpression converted nonmetastatic 4TO7 breast cancer cells to metastatic cells that homed specifically to liver. Interestingly, expression of HMGA2 enhanced TGFβ signaling by activating expression of the TGFβ type II receptor, which also localized to the invasive front of tumors. Together our results argued that HMGA2 plays a critical role in EMT by activating the TGFβ signaling pathway, thereby inducing invasion and metastasis of human epithelial cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asahiro Morishita
- Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Columbia University College of Physicians & Surgeons, New York, USA
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38
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Li Z, Zhang Y, Ramanujan K, Ma Y, Kirsch DG, Glass DJ. Oncogenic NRAS, required for pathogenesis of embryonic rhabdomyosarcoma, relies upon the HMGA2-IGF2BP2 pathway. Cancer Res 2013; 73:3041-50. [PMID: 23536553 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-12-3947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Embryonic rhabdomyosarcoma (ERMS) is the most common soft-tissue tumor in children. Here, we report the identification of the minor groove DNA-binding factor high mobility group AT-hook 2 (HMGA2) as a driver of ERMS development. HMGA2 was highly expressed in normal myoblasts and ERMS cells, where its expression was essential to maintain cell proliferation, survival in vitro, and tumor outgrowth in vivo. Mechanistic investigations revealed that upregulation of the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) mRNA-binding protein IGF2BP2 was critical for HMGA2 action. In particular, IGF2BP2 was essential for mRNA and protein stability of NRAS, a frequently mutated gene in ERMS. shRNA-mediated attenuation of NRAS or pharmacologic inhibition of the MAP-ERK kinase (MEK)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) effector pathway showed that NRAS and NRAS-mediated signaling was required for tumor maintenance. Taken together, these findings implicate the HMGA2-IGFBP2-NRAS signaling pathway as a critical oncogenic driver in ERMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhizhong Li
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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39
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Fujii Y, Kishi Y, Gotoh Y. IMP2 regulates differentiation potentials of mouse neocortical neural precursor cells. Genes Cells 2013; 18:79-89. [PMID: 23331702 DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2012] [Accepted: 10/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Neural precursor cells (NPCs) in the mammalian neocortex generate various neuronal and glial cell types in a developmental stage-dependent manner. Most neocortical NPCs lose their neurogenic potential after birth. We have previously shown that high-mobility group A (HMGA) proteins confer the neurogenic potential on early-stage NPCs during the midgestation period, although the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. In this study, we found that HMGA2 promotes the expression of insulin-like growth factor 2 mRNA-binding protein 2 (IMP2, Igf2bp2) in neocortical NPCs. The level of IMP2 was indeed high in early-stage NPCs compared with that in late-stage NPCs. Importantly, over-expression of IMP2 increased the neurogenic potential and suppressed astrocytic differentiation of late-stage NPCs, whereas knockdown of IMP2 promoted astrocytic differentiation and reduced the neurogenic potential of early-stage neocortical NPCs without overtly affecting cell proliferation. Our results thus identified IMP2 as a developmental stage-dependent regulator of the differentiation potentials of NPCs in the mouse neocortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Fujii
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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40
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Insulin-like growth factor 2 mRNA-binding proteins (IGF2BPs): post-transcriptional drivers of cancer progression? Cell Mol Life Sci 2012; 70:2657-75. [PMID: 23069990 PMCID: PMC3708292 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-012-1186-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 493] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2012] [Revised: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 10/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The insulin-like growth factor-2 mRNA-binding proteins 1, 2, and 3 (IGF2BP1, IGF2BP2, IGF2BP3) belong to a conserved family of RNA-binding, oncofetal proteins. Several studies have shown that these proteins act in various important aspects of cell function, such as cell polarization, migration, morphology, metabolism, proliferation and differentiation. In this review, we discuss the IGF2BP family’s role in cancer biology and how this correlates with their proposed functions during embryogenesis. IGF2BPs are mainly expressed in the embryo, in contrast with comparatively lower or negotiable levels in adult tissues. IGF2BP1 and IGF2BP3 have been found to be re-expressed in several aggressive cancer types. Control of IGF2BPs’ expression is not well understood; however, let-7 microRNAs, β-catenin (CTNNB1) and MYC have been proposed to be involved in their regulation. In contrast to many other RNA-binding proteins, IGF2BPs are almost exclusively observed in the cytoplasm where they associate with target mRNAs in cytoplasmic ribonucleoprotein complexes (mRNPs). During development, IGF2BPs are required for proper nerve cell migration and morphological development, presumably involving the control of cytoskeletal remodeling and dynamics, respectively. Likewise, IGF2BPs modulate cell polarization, adhesion and migration in tumor-derived cells. Moreover, they are highly associated with cancer metastasis and the expression of oncogenic factors (KRAS, MYC and MDR1). However, a pro-metastatic role of IGF2BPs remains controversial due to the lack of ‘classical’ in vivo studies. Nonetheless, IGF2BPs could provide valuable targets in cancer treatment with many of their in vivo roles to be fully elucidated.
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Hodge JC, Kim TM, Dreyfuss JM, Somasundaram P, Christacos NC, Rousselle M, Quade BJ, Park PJ, Stewart EA, Morton CC. Expression profiling of uterine leiomyomata cytogenetic subgroups reveals distinct signatures in matched myometrium: transcriptional profilingof the t(12;14) and evidence in support of predisposing genetic heterogeneity. Hum Mol Genet 2012; 21:2312-29. [PMID: 22343407 PMCID: PMC3335314 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/dds051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2011] [Revised: 01/24/2012] [Accepted: 02/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Uterine leiomyomata (UL), the most common neoplasm in reproductive-age women, are classified into distinct genetic subgroups based on recurrent chromosome abnormalities. To develop a molecular signature of UL with t(12;14)(q14-q15;q23-q24), we took advantage of the multiple UL arising as independent clonal lesions within a single uterus. We compared genome-wide expression levels of t(12;14) UL to non-t(12;14) UL from each of nine women in a paired analysis, with each sample weighted for the percentage of t(12;14) cells to adjust for mosaicism with normal cells. This resulted in a transcriptional profile that confirmed HMGA2, known to be overexpressed in t(12;14) UL, as the most significantly altered gene. Pathway analysis of the differentially expressed genes showed significant association with cell proliferation, particularly G1/S checkpoint regulation. This is consistent with the known larger size of t(12;14) UL relative to karyotypically normal UL or to UL in the deletion 7q22 subgroup. Unsupervised hierarchical clustering demonstrated that patient variability is relatively dominant to the distinction of t(12;14) UL compared with non-t(12;14) UL or of t(12;14) UL compared with del(7q) UL. The paired design we employed is therefore important to produce an accurate t(12;14) UL-specific gene list by removing the confounding effects of genotype and environment. Interestingly, myometrium not only clustered away from the tumors, but generally separated based on associated t(12;14) versus del(7q) status. Nine genes were identified whose expression can distinguish the myometrium origin. This suggests an underlying constitutional genetic predisposition to these somatic changes which could potentially lead to improved personalized management and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennelle C. Hodge
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology and
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02115, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology and
| | - Tae-Min Kim
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02115, USA
| | | | | | - Nicole C. Christacos
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology and
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02115, USA
- Cytogenetics Department, Quest Diagnostics Nichols Institute, Chantilly, VA 20151, USA
| | | | - Bradley J. Quade
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02115, USA
| | - Peter J. Park
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02115, USA
- Harvard-Partners Center for Genetics and Genomics, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Children's Hospital Informatics Program, Boston, MA 02115, USA and
| | - Elizabeth A. Stewart
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology and
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02115, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN55905, USA
| | - Cynthia C. Morton
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology and
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02115, USA
- Harvard-Partners Center for Genetics and Genomics, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Schaeffer V, Hansen KM, Morris DR, LeBoeuf RC, Abrass CK. RNA-binding protein IGF2BP2/IMP2 is required for laminin-β2 mRNA translation and is modulated by glucose concentration. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2012; 303:F75-82. [PMID: 22513850 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00185.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Laminin-β2 (LAMB2) is a critical component of the glomerular basement membrane as content of LAMB2 in part determines glomerular barrier permeability. Previously, we reported that high concentrations of glucose reduce expression of this laminin subunit at the translational level. The present studies were undertaken to further define systems that control Lamb2 translation and the effect of high glucose on those systems. Complementary studies were performed using in vitro differentiation of cultured podocytes and mesangial cells exposed to normal and elevated concentrations of glucose, and tissues from control and diabetic rats. Together, these studies provide evidence for regulation of Lamb2 translation by IMP2, an RNA binding protein that targets Lamb2 mRNA to the actin cytoskeleton. Expression of Imp2 itself is regulated by the transcription factor HMGA2, which in turn is regulated by the microRNA let-7b. Elevated concentrations of glucose increase let-7b, which reduces HMGA2 expression, in turn reducing IMP2 and LAMB2. Correlative changes in kidney tissues from control and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats suggest these control mechanisms are operative in vivo and may contribute to proteinuria in diabetic nephropathy. To our knowledge, this is the first time that translation of Lamb2 mRNA has been linked to the actin cytoskeleton, as well as to specific RNA-binding proteins. These translational control points may provide new targets for therapy in proteinuric disorders such as diabetic nephropathy where LAMB2 levels are reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie Schaeffer
- Primary and Specialty Care Medicine, Department of Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Le HTT, Sorrell AM, Siddle K. Two isoforms of the mRNA binding protein IGF2BP2 are generated by alternative translational initiation. PLoS One 2012; 7:e33140. [PMID: 22427968 PMCID: PMC3299737 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2011] [Accepted: 02/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
IGF2BP2 is a member of a family of mRNA binding proteins that, collectively, have been shown to bind to several different mRNAs in mammalian cells, including one of the mRNAs encoding insulin-like growth factor-2. Polymorphisms in the Igf2bp2 gene are associated with risk of developing type 2 diabetes, but detailed functional characterisation of IGF2BP2 protein is lacking. By immunoblotting with C-terminally reactive antibodies we identified a novel IGF2BP2 isoform with a molecular weight of 58 kDa in both human and rodents, that is expressed at somewhat lower levels than the full-length 65 kDa protein. We demonstrated by mutagenesis that this isoform is generated by alternative translation initiation at the internal Met69. It lacks a conserved N-terminal RNA Recognition Motif (RRM) and would be predicted to differ functionally from the canonical full length isoform. We further investigated IGF2BP2 mRNA transcripts by amplification of cDNA using 5'-RACE. We identified multiple transcription start sites of the human, mouse and rat Igf2bp2 genes in a highly conserved region only 50-90 nts upstream of the major translation start site, ruling out the existence of N-terminally extended isoforms. We conclude that structural heterogeneity of IGF2BP2 protein should be taken into account when considering cellular function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kenneth Siddle
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Abstract
The highly conserved VICKZ (Vg1 RBP/Vera, IMP-1,2,3, CRD-BP, KOC, ZBP-1) family of RNA-binding proteins recognize specific cis-acting elements in a variety of different RNAs and have been implicated in cell polarity and migration, cell proliferation, and cancer. In just the last two years, the use of transgenic mice, antisense RNA, and RNAi (RNA interference) techniques have contributed to our understanding of the roles of these proteins and how they interface with many diverse processes in cells. In this article, I will review the recent advances relating to VICKZ proteins and try to suggest a framework for understanding how, in conjunction with other RNA-binding proteins, they participate in a combinatorial fashion to help determine the fate of their RNA targets and, ultimately, the function of cells in which they are expressed. Such a 'post-transcriptional operon' model, as proposed by Keene and Tenenbaum [(2002) Mol. Cell 9, 1161-1167], can explain the differential, integrated action of multiple RNA-binding proteins on mRNA targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel K Yisraeli
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Hebrew University - Hadassah Medical School, POB 12272, Jerusalem, Israel 91120.
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Gorbenko del Blanco D, de Graaff LCG, Posthouwer D, Visser TJ, Hokken-Koelega ACS. Isolated GH deficiency: mutation screening and copy number analysis of HMGA2 and CDK6 genes. Eur J Endocrinol 2011; 165:537-44. [PMID: 21803798 DOI: 10.1530/eje-11-0478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In most patients, the genetic cause of isolated GH deficiency (IGHD) is unknown. By identifying several genes associated with height variability within the normal population, three separate genome-wide association studies provided new candidate genes for human growth disorders. We selected two of them for genetic screening of our IGHD population. AIM We aimed to determine whether high-mobility group A2 (HMGA2) and cyclin-dependent protein kinase 6 (CDK6) are involved in the pathogenicity of IGHD. METHODS We directly sequenced coding regions and exon-intron boundaries of the genes HMGA2 and CDK6 in 105 Caucasian IGHD patients from the Dutch HYPOPIT study. In addition, we developed a new probe set of multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification for both genes in order to detect copy number variations. RESULTS In one patient with classical IGHD phenotype, we identified a new heterozygous 20 bp deletion in the intronic region of HMGA2 (c.250-29_-9del), which was absent in the databases and healthy controls. Together, with recently published data concerning the 12q14 microdeletion syndrome, where patients with an HMGA2 haploinsufficiency had proportionate short stature, this study provides further support of the important role for HMGA2 in growth. In CDK6, we found only known polymorphisms. CONCLUSIONS This study provides the first report of a deletion in the HMGA2 gene that might be related to IGHD. We suggest that this gene is investigated as a second screening in patients with a classical IGHD phenotype in which mutations in classical candidate genes have been excluded.
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Abstract
Over the past 3 years, there has been a dramatic increase in the number of confirmed type 2 diabetes (T2D) susceptibility loci, most arising through the implementation of genome-wide association studies (GWAS). However, progress toward the understanding of disease mechanisms has been slowed by modest effect sizes and the fact that most GWAS signals map away from coding sequence: the presumption is that their effects are mediated through regulation of nearby transcripts, but the identities of the genes concerned are often far from clear. In this review we describe the progress that has been made to date in translating association signals into molecular mechanisms with a focus on the most tractable signals (eg, KCNJ11/ABCC8, SLC30A8, GCKR) and those in which human, animal, and cellular models (FTO, TCF7L2, G6PC2) have provided insights into the role in T2D pathogenesis. Finally, the challenges for the field with the advent of genome-scale next-generation resequencing efforts are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martijn van de Bunt
- Diabetes Research Laboratories, Oxford Centre for Diabetes Endocrinology & Metabolism, Churchill Hospital, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7LJ, UK.
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Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF-2) mRNA-binding proteins (IMPs) are a family of posttranscriptional regulatory factors with well-understood roles in embryonic development and cancer but with poorly characterized functions in normal adult cells and tissues. We now show that IMP-2, the most ubiquitously expressed member of the family, is abundant in human and mouse adult skeletal myoblasts, where it is indispensable for cell motility and for stabilization of microtubules. To explore the functions of IMP-2, we analyzed the transcripts that were differentially regulated in IMP-2-depleted myoblasts and bound to IMP-2 in normal myoblasts. Among them were the mRNAs of PINCH-2, an important mediator of cell adhesion and motility, and MURF-3, a microtubule-stabilizing protein. By gain- and loss-of-function assays and gel shift experiments, we show that IMP-2 regulates the expression of PINCH-2 and MURF-3 proteins via direct binding to their mRNAs. Upregulation of PINCH-2 in IMP-2-depleted myoblasts is the key event responsible for their decreased motility. Our data reveal how the posttranscriptional regulation of gene expression by IMP-2 contributes to the control of adhesion structures and stable microtubules and demonstrate an important function for IMP-2 in cellular motility.
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Voight BF, Scott LJ, Steinthorsdottir V, Morris AP, Dina C, Welch RP, Zeggini E, Huth C, Aulchenko YS, Thorleifsson G, McCulloch LJ, Ferreira T, Grallert H, Amin N, Wu G, Willer CJ, Raychaudhuri S, McCarroll SA, Langenberg C, Hofmann OM, Dupuis J, Qi L, Segrè AV, van Hoek M, Navarro P, Ardlie K, Balkau B, Benediktsson R, Bennett AJ, Blagieva R, Boerwinkle E, Bonnycastle LL, Bengtsson Boström K, Bravenboer B, Bumpstead S, Burtt NP, Charpentier G, Chines PS, Cornelis M, Couper DJ, Crawford G, Doney ASF, Elliott KS, Elliott AL, Erdos MR, Fox CS, Franklin CS, Ganser M, Gieger C, Grarup N, Green T, Griffin S, Groves CJ, Guiducci C, Hadjadj S, Hassanali N, Herder C, Isomaa B, Jackson AU, Johnson PRV, Jørgensen T, Kao WHL, Klopp N, Kong A, Kraft P, Kuusisto J, Lauritzen T, Li M, Lieverse A, Lindgren CM, Lyssenko V, Marre M, Meitinger T, Midthjell K, Morken MA, Narisu N, Nilsson P, Owen KR, Payne F, Perry JRB, Petersen AK, Platou C, Proença C, Prokopenko I, Rathmann W, Rayner NW, Robertson NR, Rocheleau G, Roden M, Sampson MJ, Saxena R, Shields BM, Shrader P, Sigurdsson G, Sparsø T, Strassburger K, Stringham HM, Sun Q, Swift AJ, Thorand B, Tichet J, Tuomi T, van Dam RM, van Haeften TW, van Herpt T, van Vliet-Ostaptchouk JV, Walters GB, Weedon MN, Wijmenga C, Witteman J, Bergman RN, Cauchi S, Collins FS, Gloyn AL, Gyllensten U, Hansen T, Hide WA, Hitman GA, Hofman A, Hunter DJ, Hveem K, Laakso M, Mohlke KL, Morris AD, Palmer CNA, Pramstaller PP, Rudan I, Sijbrands E, Stein LD, Tuomilehto J, Uitterlinden A, Walker M, Wareham NJ, Watanabe RM, Abecasis GR, Boehm BO, Campbell H, Daly MJ, Hattersley AT, Hu FB, Meigs JB, Pankow JS, Pedersen O, Wichmann HE, Barroso I, Florez JC, Frayling TM, Groop L, Sladek R, Thorsteinsdottir U, Wilson JF, Illig T, Froguel P, van Duijn CM, Stefansson K, Altshuler D, Boehnke M, McCarthy MI. Twelve type 2 diabetes susceptibility loci identified through large-scale association analysis. Nat Genet 2010; 42:579-89. [PMID: 20581827 DOI: 10.1038/ng.609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1346] [Impact Index Per Article: 96.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2010] [Accepted: 05/26/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
By combining genome-wide association data from 8,130 individuals with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and 38,987 controls of European descent and following up previously unidentified meta-analysis signals in a further 34,412 cases and 59,925 controls, we identified 12 new T2D association signals with combined P<5x10(-8). These include a second independent signal at the KCNQ1 locus; the first report, to our knowledge, of an X-chromosomal association (near DUSP9); and a further instance of overlap between loci implicated in monogenic and multifactorial forms of diabetes (at HNF1A). The identified loci affect both beta-cell function and insulin action, and, overall, T2D association signals show evidence of enrichment for genes involved in cell cycle regulation. We also show that a high proportion of T2D susceptibility loci harbor independent association signals influencing apparently unrelated complex traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin F Voight
- Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
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Schaeffer DF, Owen DR, Lim HJ, Buczkowski AK, Chung SW, Scudamore CH, Huntsman DG, Ng SSW, Owen DA. Insulin-like growth factor 2 mRNA binding protein 3 (IGF2BP3) overexpression in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma correlates with poor survival. BMC Cancer 2010; 10:59. [PMID: 20178612 PMCID: PMC2837867 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-10-59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2009] [Accepted: 02/23/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma is a lethal disease with a 5-year survival rate of 4% and typically presents in an advanced stage. In this setting, prognostic markers identifying the more agrressive tumors could aid in managment decisions. Insulin-like growth factor 2 mRNA binding protein 3 (IGF2BP3, also known as IMP3 or KOC) is an oncofetal RNA-binding protein that regulates targets such as insulin-like growth factor-2 (IGF-2) and ACTB (beta-actin). Methods We evaluated the expression of IGF2BP3 by immunohistochemistry using a tissue microarray of 127 pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas with tumor grade 1, 2 and 3 according to WHO criteria, and the prognostic value of IGF2BP3 expression. Results IGF2BP3 was found to be selectively overexpressed in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma tissues but not in benign pancreatic tissues. Nine (38%) patient samples of tumor grade 1 (n = 24) and 27 (44%) of tumor grade 2 (n = 61) showed expression of IGF2BP3. The highest rate of expression was seen in poorly differentiated specimen (grade 3, n = 42) with 26 (62%) positive samples. Overall survival was found to be significantly shorter in patients with IGF2BP3 expressing tumors (P = 0.024; RR 2.3, 95% CI 1.2-4.8). Conclusions Our data suggest that IGF2BP3 overexpression identifies a subset of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas with an extremely poor outcome and supports the rationale for developing therapies to target the IGF pathway in this cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- David F Schaeffer
- Department of Pathology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver BC, Canada.
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Peter ME. Let-7 and miR-200 microRNAs: guardians against pluripotency and cancer progression. Cell Cycle 2009; 8:843-52. [PMID: 19221491 DOI: 10.4161/cc.8.6.7907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 338] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Micro (mi)RNAs are emerging as important regulators of cellular differentiation, their importance underscored by the fact that they are often dysregulated during carcinogenesis. Two evolutionary conserved families, let-7 and miR-200, regulate key differentiation processes during development. Loss of let-7 in cancer results in reverse embryogenesis and dedifferentiation, and miR-200 has been identified as a powerful regulator of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Recent findings have connected let-7 with stem cell maintenance and point at a connection between EMT and stem cell formation. A part of tumor progression can be viewed as a continuum of progressive dedifferentiation (EMT) with a cell at the endpoint that has stem cell-like properties. I propose that steps of this process are driven by specific changes in the expression of let-7 and miR-200 family members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus E Peter
- The Ben May Department for Cancer Research, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA.
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