1
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Ceballos RM, Stacy CL. Quantifying relative virulence: when μmax fails and AUC alone just is not enough. J Gen Virol 2021; 102:jgv001515. [PMID: 33151141 PMCID: PMC8116781 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A challenge in virology is quantifying relative virulence (VR) between two (or more) viruses that exhibit different replication dynamics in a given susceptible host. Host growth curve analysis is often used to mathematically characterize virus-host interactions and to quantify the magnitude of detriment to host due to viral infection. Quantifying VR using canonical parameters, like maximum specific growth rate (μmax), can fail to provide reliable information regarding virulence. Although area-under-the-curve (AUC) calculations are more robust, they are sensitive to limit selection. Using empirical data from Sulfolobus Spindle-shaped Virus (SSV) infections, we introduce a novel, simple metric that has proven to be more robust than existing methods for assessing VR. This metric (ISC) accurately aligns biological phenomena with quantified metrics to determine VR. It also addresses a gap in virology by permitting comparisons between different non-lytic virus infections or non-lytic versus lytic virus infections on a given host in single-virus/single-host infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben Michael Ceballos
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
- Arkansas Center for Space and Planetary Sciences, Fayetteville, AR, USA
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, The University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Carson Len Stacy
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, The University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
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2
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Shamayeva K, Spurna K, Kulik N, Kale D, Munko O, Spurny P, Zayats V, Ludwig J. MPM motifs of the yeast SKT protein Trk1 can assemble to form a functional K +-translocation system. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2020; 1863:183513. [PMID: 33245894 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2020.183513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The yeast Trk1 polypeptide, like other members of the Superfamily of K Transporters (SKT proteins) consists of four Membrane-Pore-Membrane motifs (MPMs A-D) each of which is homologous to a single K-channel subunit. SKT proteins are thought to have evolved from ancestral K-channels via two gene duplications and thus single MPMs might be able to assemble when located on different polypeptides. To test this hypothesis experimentally we generated a set of partial gene deletions to create alleles encoding one, two, or three MPMs, and analysed the cellular localisation and interactions of these Trk1 fragments using GFP tags and Bimolecular Fluorescence Complementation (BiFC). The function of these partial Trk1 proteins either alone or in combinations was assessed by expressing the encoding genes in a K+-uptake deficient strain lacking also the K-channel Tok1 (trk1,trk2,tok1Δ) and (i) analysing their ability to promote growth in low [K+] media and (ii) by ion flux measurements using "microelectrode based ion flux estimation" (MIFE). We found that proteins containing only one or two MPM motifs can interact with each other and assemble with a polypeptide consisting of the rest of the Trk system to form a functional K+-translocation system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsiaryna Shamayeva
- Center for Nanobiology and Structural Biology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Zamek 136, 373 33 Nove Hrady, Czech Republic.
| | - Karin Spurna
- Center for Nanobiology and Structural Biology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Zamek 136, 373 33 Nove Hrady, Czech Republic.
| | - Natalia Kulik
- Center for Nanobiology and Structural Biology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Zamek 136, 373 33 Nove Hrady, Czech Republic.
| | - Deepika Kale
- Center for Nanobiology and Structural Biology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Zamek 136, 373 33 Nove Hrady, Czech Republic.
| | - Oksana Munko
- Center for Nanobiology and Structural Biology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Zamek 136, 373 33 Nove Hrady, Czech Republic; University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Science, Branisovska 1760, 370 05 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic.
| | - Pavel Spurny
- Center for Nanobiology and Structural Biology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Zamek 136, 373 33 Nove Hrady, Czech Republic.
| | - Vasilina Zayats
- Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Stefana Banacha 2c, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Jost Ludwig
- Center for Nanobiology and Structural Biology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Zamek 136, 373 33 Nove Hrady, Czech Republic.
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3
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Nyerges A, Tomašič T, Durcik M, Revesz T, Szili P, Draskovits G, Bogar F, Skok Ž, Zidar N, Ilaš J, Zega A, Kikelj D, Daruka L, Kintses B, Vasarhelyi B, Foldesi I, Kata D, Welin M, Kimbung R, Focht D, Mašič LP, Pal C. Rational design of balanced dual-targeting antibiotics with limited resistance. PLoS Biol 2020; 18:e3000819. [PMID: 33017402 PMCID: PMC7561186 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotics that inhibit multiple bacterial targets offer a promising therapeutic strategy against resistance evolution, but developing such antibiotics is challenging. Here we demonstrate that a rational design of balanced multitargeting antibiotics is feasible by using a medicinal chemistry workflow. The resultant lead compounds, ULD1 and ULD2, belonging to a novel chemical class, almost equipotently inhibit bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV complexes and interact with multiple evolutionary conserved amino acids in the ATP-binding pockets of their target proteins. ULD1 and ULD2 are excellently potent against a broad range of gram-positive bacteria. Notably, the efficacy of these compounds was tested against a broad panel of multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus clinical strains. Antibiotics with clinical relevance against staphylococcal infections fail to inhibit a significant fraction of these isolates, whereas both ULD1 and ULD2 inhibit all of them (minimum inhibitory concentration [MIC] ≤1 μg/mL). Resistance mutations against these compounds are rare, have limited impact on compound susceptibility, and substantially reduce bacterial growth. Based on their efficacy and lack of toxicity demonstrated in murine infection models, these compounds could translate into new therapies against multidrug-resistant bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akos Nyerges
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Tihomir Tomašič
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Martina Durcik
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tamas Revesz
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Theoretical Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Petra Szili
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Multidisciplinary Medical Sciences, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gabor Draskovits
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Bogar
- MTA-SZTE Biomimetic Systems Research Group, Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Szeged, Hungary
| | - Žiga Skok
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Nace Zidar
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Janez Ilaš
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Anamarija Zega
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Danijel Kikelj
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Lejla Daruka
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Biology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Balint Kintses
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, Hungary
- HCEMM-BRC Translational Microbiology Lab, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Balint Vasarhelyi
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Imre Foldesi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Diána Kata
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Martin Welin
- SARomics Biostructures, Medicon Village, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Dorota Focht
- SARomics Biostructures, Medicon Village, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Csaba Pal
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, Hungary
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4
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Ceballos RM, Drummond CG, Stacy CL, Padilla-Crespo E, Stedman KM. Host-Dependent Differences in Replication Strategy of the Sulfolobus Spindle-Shaped Virus Strain SSV9 (a.k.a., SSVK1): Infection Profiles in Hosts of the Family Sulfolobaceae. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1218. [PMID: 32760354 PMCID: PMC7372142 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Sulfolobus Spindle-shaped Virus (SSV) system has become a model for studying thermophilic virus biology, including archaeal host-virus interactions and biogeography. Several factors make the SSV system amenable to studying archaeal genetic mechanisms (e.g., CRISPRs) as well as virus-host interactions in high temperature acidic environments. Previously, we reported that SSVs exhibited differential infectivity on allopatric vs. sympatric hosts. We also noticed a wide host range for virus strain SSV9 (a.k.a., SSVK1). For decades, SSVs have been described as "non-lytic" double-stranded DNA viruses that infect species of the genus Sulfolobus and release virions via budding rather than host lysis. In this study, we show that SSVs infect hosts representing more than one genus of the family Sulfolobaceae in spot-on-lawn "halo" assays and in liquid culture infection assays. Growth curve analyses support the hypothesis that SSV9 virion release causes cell lysis. While SSV9 appears to lyse allopatric hosts, on a single sympatric host, SSV9 exhibits canonical non-lytic viral release historically reported SSVs. Therefore, the nature of SSV9 lytic-like behavior may be driven by allopatric evolution. The SSV9-infected host growth profile does not appear to be driven by multiplicity of infection (MOI). Greater stability of SSV9 vs. other SSVs (i.e., SSV1) in high temperature, low pH environments may contribute to higher transmission rates. However, neither higher transmission rate nor relative virulence in SSV9 infection seems to alter replication profile in susceptible hosts. Although it is known that CRISPR-Cas systems offer protection against viral infection in prokaryotes, CRISPRS are not reported to be a determinant of virus replication strategy. The mechanisms underlying SSV9 lytic-like behavior remain unknown and are the subject of ongoing investigations. These results suggest that genetic elements, potentially resulting from allopatric evolution, mediate distinct virus-host growth profiles of specific SSV-host strain pairings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben Michael Ceballos
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
- Arkansas Center for Space and Planetary Sciences, Fayetteville, AR, United States
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, The University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Coyne Gareth Drummond
- Departmento de Ciencias y Tecnología, Universidad Interamericana de Puerto Rico, Aguadilla, PR, United States
| | - Carson Len Stacy
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, The University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Elizabeth Padilla-Crespo
- Departmento de Ciencias y Tecnología, Universidad Interamericana de Puerto Rico, Aguadilla, PR, United States
| | - Kenneth Mark Stedman
- Department of Biology, Center for Life in Extreme Environments, Portland State University, Portland, OR, United States
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5
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Seo HN, Bang D. Promiscuous Trans-splicing Activities Revealed by Next Generation Sequencing-based Analysis of 298 Split Inteins. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-019-0394-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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6
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Dunai A, Spohn R, Farkas Z, Lázár V, Györkei Á, Apjok G, Boross G, Szappanos B, Grézal G, Faragó A, Bodai L, Papp B, Pál C. Rapid decline of bacterial drug-resistance in an antibiotic-free environment through phenotypic reversion. eLife 2019; 8:e47088. [PMID: 31418687 PMCID: PMC6707769 DOI: 10.7554/elife.47088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance typically induces a fitness cost that shapes the fate of antibiotic-resistant bacterial populations. However, the cost of resistance can be mitigated by compensatory mutations elsewhere in the genome, and therefore the loss of resistance may proceed too slowly to be of practical importance. We present our study on the efficacy and phenotypic impact of compensatory evolution in Escherichia coli strains carrying multiple resistance mutations. We have demonstrated that drug-resistance frequently declines within 480 generations during exposure to an antibiotic-free environment. The extent of resistance loss was found to be generally antibiotic-specific, driven by mutations that reduce both resistance level and fitness costs of antibiotic-resistance mutations. We conclude that phenotypic reversion to the antibiotic-sensitive state can be mediated by the acquisition of additional mutations, while maintaining the original resistance mutations. Our study indicates that restricting antimicrobial usage could be a useful policy, but for certain antibiotics only.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anett Dunai
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research CentreHungarian Academy of SciencesSzegedHungary
- Doctoral School in Biology, Faculty of Science and InformaticsUniversity of SzegedSzegedHungary
| | - Réka Spohn
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research CentreHungarian Academy of SciencesSzegedHungary
| | - Zoltán Farkas
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research CentreHungarian Academy of SciencesSzegedHungary
| | - Viktória Lázár
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research CentreHungarian Academy of SciencesSzegedHungary
| | - Ádám Györkei
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research CentreHungarian Academy of SciencesSzegedHungary
| | - Gábor Apjok
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research CentreHungarian Academy of SciencesSzegedHungary
- Doctoral School in Biology, Faculty of Science and InformaticsUniversity of SzegedSzegedHungary
| | - Gábor Boross
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research CentreHungarian Academy of SciencesSzegedHungary
| | - Balázs Szappanos
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research CentreHungarian Academy of SciencesSzegedHungary
| | - Gábor Grézal
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research CentreHungarian Academy of SciencesSzegedHungary
| | - Anikó Faragó
- Doctoral School in Biology, Faculty of Science and InformaticsUniversity of SzegedSzegedHungary
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyUniversity of SzegedSzegedHungary
| | - László Bodai
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyUniversity of SzegedSzegedHungary
| | - Balázs Papp
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research CentreHungarian Academy of SciencesSzegedHungary
| | - Csaba Pál
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research CentreHungarian Academy of SciencesSzegedHungary
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7
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Cawley A, Golding S, Goulsbra A, Hoptroff M, Kumaran S, Marriott R. Microbiology insights into boosting salivary defences through the use of enzymes and proteins. J Dent 2019; 80 Suppl 1:S19-S25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2018.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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8
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Mackie TD, Brodsky JL. Investigating Potassium Channels in Budding Yeast: A Genetic Sandbox. Genetics 2018; 209:637-650. [PMID: 29967058 PMCID: PMC6028241 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.118.301026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Like all species, the model eukaryote Saccharomyces cerevisiae, or Bakers' yeast, concentrates potassium in the cytosol as an electrogenic osmolyte and enzyme cofactor. Yeast are capable of robust growth on a wide variety of potassium concentrations, ranging from 10 µM to 2.5 M, due to the presence of a high-affinity potassium uptake system and a battery of cation exchange transporters. Genetic perturbation of either of these systems retards yeast growth on low or high potassium, respectively. However, these potassium-sensitized yeast are a powerful genetic tool, which has been leveraged for diverse studies. Notably, the potassium-sensitive cells can be transformed with plasmids encoding potassium channels from bacteria, plants, or mammals, and subsequent changes in growth rate have been found to correlate with the activity of the introduced potassium channel. Discoveries arising from the use of this assay over the past three decades have increased our understanding of the structure-function relationships of various potassium channels, the mechanisms underlying the regulation of potassium channel function and trafficking, and the chemical basis of potassium channel modulation. In this article, we provide an overview of the major genetic tools used to study potassium channels in S. cerevisiae, a survey of seminal studies utilizing these tools, and a prospective for the future use of this elegant genetic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy D Mackie
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260
| | - Jeffrey L Brodsky
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260
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9
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Isolation of proflavine as a blocker of G protein-gated inward rectifier potassium channels by a cell growth-based screening system. Neuropharmacology 2016; 109:18-28. [PMID: 27236080 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Revised: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The overexpression of Kir3.2, a subunit of the G protein-gated inwardly rectifying K(+) channel, is implicated in some of the neurological phenotypes of Down syndrome (DS). Chemical compounds that block Kir3.2 are expected to improve the symptoms of DS. The purpose of this study is to develop a cell-based screening system to identify Kir3.2 blockers and then investigate the mode of action of the blocker. Chemical screening was carried out using a K(+) transporter-deficient yeast strain that expressed a constitutively active Kir3.2 mutant. The mode of action of an effective blocker was electrophysiologically analyzed using Kir channels expressed in Xenopus oocytes. Proflavine was identified to inhibit the growth of Kir3.2-transformant cells and Kir3.2 activity in a concentration-dependent manner. The current inhibition was strong when membrane potentials (Vm) was above equilibrium potential of K(+) (EK). When Vm was below EK, the blockage apparently depended on the difference between Vm and [K(+)]. Furthermore, the inhibition became stronger by lowering extracellular [K(+)]. These results indicated that the yeast strain serves as a screening system to isolate Kir3.2 blockers and proflavine is a prototype of a pore blocker of Kir3.2.
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10
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Sprouffske K, Wagner A. Growthcurver: an R package for obtaining interpretable metrics from microbial growth curves. BMC Bioinformatics 2016; 17:172. [PMID: 27094401 PMCID: PMC4837600 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-016-1016-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 404] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Plate readers can measure the growth curves of many microbial strains in a high-throughput fashion. The hundreds of absorbance readings collected simultaneously for hundreds of samples create technical hurdles for data analysis. Results Growthcurver summarizes the growth characteristics of microbial growth curve experiments conducted in a plate reader. The data are fitted to a standard form of the logistic equation, and the parameters have clear interpretations on population-level characteristics, like doubling time, carrying capacity, and growth rate. Conclusions Growthcurver is an easy-to-use R package available for installation from the Comprehensive R Archive Network (CRAN). The source code is available under the GNU General Public License and can be obtained from Github (Sprouffske K, Growthcurver sourcecode, 2016).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen Sprouffske
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, Zurich, 8057, Switzerland.,Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Quartier Sorge - Batiment Genopode, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Wagner
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, Zurich, 8057, Switzerland. .,Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Quartier Sorge - Batiment Genopode, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland. .,The Santa Fe Institute, 1399 Hyde Park Road, Santa Fe, New Mexico, 24105, USA.
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11
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Yenush L. Potassium and Sodium Transport in Yeast. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 892:187-228. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-25304-6_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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12
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Kinclova-Zimmermannova O, Falson P, Cmunt D, Sychrova H. A Hydrophobic Filter Confers the Cation Selectivity of Zygosaccharomyces rouxii Plasma-Membrane Na+/H+ Antiporter. J Mol Biol 2015; 427:1681-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2015.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Revised: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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13
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Volkov V. Quantitative description of ion transport via plasma membrane of yeast and small cells. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:425. [PMID: 26113853 PMCID: PMC4462678 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Modeling of ion transport via plasma membrane needs identification and quantitative understanding of the involved processes. Brief characterization of main ion transport systems of a yeast cell (Pma1, Ena1, TOK1, Nha1, Trk1, Trk2, non-selective cation conductance) and determining the exact number of molecules of each transporter per a typical cell allow us to predict the corresponding ion flows. In this review a comparison of ion transport in small yeast cell and several animal cell types is provided. The importance of cell volume to surface ratio is emphasized. The role of cell wall and lipid rafts is discussed in respect to required increase in spatial and temporary resolution of measurements. Conclusions are formulated to describe specific features of ion transport in a yeast cell. Potential directions of future research are outlined based on the assumptions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vadim Volkov
- *Correspondence: Vadim Volkov, Faculty of Life Sciences, School of Human Sciences, London Metropolitan University, 166-220 Holloway Road, London N7 8DB, UK
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14
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Petrezselyova S, Dominguez A, Herynkova P, Macias JF, Sychrova H. Human NKCC2 cation-Cl-co-transporter complements lack of Vhc1 transporter in yeast vacuolar membranes. Yeast 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/yea.2976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Petrezselyova
- Department of Membrane Transport, Institute of Physiology; Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Prague; Czech Republic
| | - Angel Dominguez
- Department of Microbiology and Genetics, IBSAL, CIETUS; University of Salamanca; Spain
| | - Pavla Herynkova
- Department of Membrane Transport, Institute of Physiology; Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Prague; Czech Republic
| | | | - Hana Sychrova
- Department of Membrane Transport, Institute of Physiology; Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Prague; Czech Republic
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15
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Mulet JM, Llopis-Torregrosa V, Primo C, Marqués MC, Yenush L. Endocytic regulation of alkali metal transport proteins in mammals, yeast and plants. Curr Genet 2013; 59:207-30. [PMID: 23974285 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-013-0401-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Revised: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The relative concentrations of ions and solutes inside cells are actively maintained by several classes of transport proteins, in many cases against their concentration gradient. These transport processes, which consume a large portion of cellular energy, must be constantly regulated. Many structurally distinct families of channels, carriers, and pumps have been characterized in considerable detail during the past decades and defects in the function of some of these proteins have been linked to a growing list of human diseases. The dynamic regulation of the transport proteins present at the cell surface is vital for both normal cellular function and for the successful adaptation to changing environments. The composition of proteins present at the cell surface is controlled on both the transcriptional and post-translational level. Post-translational regulation involves highly conserved mechanisms of phosphorylation- and ubiquitylation-dependent signal transduction routes used to modify the cohort of receptors and transport proteins present under any given circumstances. In this review, we will summarize what is currently known about one facet of this regulatory process: the endocytic regulation of alkali metal transport proteins. The physiological relevance, major contributors, parallels and missing pieces of the puzzle in mammals, yeast and plants will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Miguel Mulet
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), Universitat Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avd. de los Naranjos s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain
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16
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Herrero L, Monroy N, González ME. HIV-1 Vpu Protein Mediates the Transport of Potassium in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biochemistry 2012; 52:171-7. [DOI: 10.1021/bi3011175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Herrero
- Unidad de Expresión Viral, Centro
Nacional de
Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Carretera de
Majadahonda-Pozuelo Km 2, 28220 Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Noemí Monroy
- Unidad de Expresión Viral, Centro
Nacional de
Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Carretera de
Majadahonda-Pozuelo Km 2, 28220 Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Eugenia González
- Unidad de Expresión Viral, Centro
Nacional de
Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Carretera de
Majadahonda-Pozuelo Km 2, 28220 Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
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17
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Merchan S, Pedelini L, Hueso G, Calzada A, Serrano R, Yenush L. Genetic alterations leading to increases in internal potassium concentrations are detrimental for DNA integrity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genes Cells 2010; 16:152-65. [PMID: 21143561 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2443.2010.01472.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
We have investigated the effects of alterations in potassium homeostasis on cell cycle progression and genome stability in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Yeast strains lacking the PPZ1 and PPZ2 phosphatase genes, which aberrantly accumulate potassium, are sensitive to agents causing replicative stress or DNA damage and present a cell cycle delay in the G(1) /S phase. A synthetic slow growth phenotype was identified in a subset of DNA repair mutants upon inhibition of Ppz activity. Moreover, we observe that this slow growth phenotype observed in cdc7(ts) mutants with reduced Ppz activity is reverted by disrupting the TRK1 potassium transporter gene. As over-expression of a mammalian potassium transporter leads to similar phenotypes, we conclude that these defects can be attributed to potassium accumulation. As we reported previously, internal potassium accumulation activates the Slt2 MAP kinase pathway. We show that the removal of SLT2 in ppz1 ppz2 mutants ameliorates sensitivity to agents causing replication stress and DNA damage, whereas over-activation of the pathway leads to similar cell cycle-related defects. Taken together, these results are consistent with inappropriate potassium accumulation reducing DNA replication efficiency, negatively influencing DNA integrity and leading to the requirement of mismatch repair, the MRX complex, or homologous recombination pathways for normal growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Merchan
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Ciudad Politécnica de Innovación, 46022 Valencia, Spain
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18
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Schwarzer S, Kolacna L, Lichtenberg-Fraté H, Sychrova H, Ludwig J. Functional expression of the voltage-gated neuronal mammalian potassium channel rat ether à go-go1 in yeast. FEMS Yeast Res 2008; 8:405-13. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1567-1364.2007.00351.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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19
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Marešová L, Sychrová H. Applications of a microplate reader in yeast physiology research. Biotechniques 2007; 43:667-72. [DOI: 10.2144/000112620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Microplate readers have been useful assistants of researchers for several decades. This work is focused on the applications of a simple absorbance microplate reader in yeast physiology research, and its advantages and limitations in comparison with alternative methods are discussed. The two main procedures involved are measuring growth curves and monitoring the pH changes of medium using two different pH indicators. We suggest mathematical formulas for converting absorbance data into pH values. With a microplate reader, as many as 96 samples can be simultaneously analyzed, while medium consumption is minimized to 100 µL per sample. The results can be observed in 24–48 h (for growth curves) or in 1–3 h (for pH changes) with minimal hands-on time required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydie Marešová
- Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Sychrová
- Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
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20
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Wolfe DM, Pearce DA. Channeling studies in yeast: yeast as a model for channelopathies? Neuromolecular Med 2007; 8:279-306. [PMID: 16775381 DOI: 10.1385/nmm:8:3:279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2005] [Revised: 11/30/1999] [Accepted: 01/09/2006] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Regulation of the concentration of ions within a cell is mediated by their specific transport and sequestration across cellular membranes. This regulation constitutes a major factor in the maintenance of correct cellular homeostasis, with the transport occurring through the action of a large number of different channel proteins localized to the plasma membrane as well as to various organelles. These ion channels vary in specificity from broad (cationic vs anionic) to highly selective (chloride vs sodium). Mutations in many of these channels result in a large number of human diseases, collectively termed channelopathies. Characterization of many of these channels has been undertaken in a variety of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms. Among these organisms is the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Possessing a fully annotated genome, S. cerevisiae would appear to be an ideal organism in which to study this class of proteins associated to diseases. We have compiled and reviewed a list of yeast ion channels, each possessing a human homolog implicated in a channelopathy. Although yeast has been used for the study of other human disease, it has been under utilized for channelopathy research. The utility of using yeast as a model system for studying ion channels associated to human disease is illustrated using yeast lacking the GEF1 gene product that encodes the human homolog to the chloride channel CLC-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devin M Wolfe
- Center for Aging and Developmental Biology, Aab Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York 14642, USA
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21
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Maresova L, Sychrova H. Arabidopsis thaliana CHX17 gene complements the kha1 deletion phenotypes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Yeast 2007; 23:1167-71. [PMID: 17133624 DOI: 10.1002/yea.1424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
AtChx17p is a putative K(+)/H(+) exchanger from Arabidopsis thaliana, expressed in the roots and probably involved in K(+) acquisition and homeostasis. AtCHX17 cDNA complements the phenotypes of the kha1Delta mutation in S. cerevisiae cells: a growth defect at increased pH and hygromycin sensitivity. The localization of GFP-tagged AtChx17 protein in yeast cells is similar to that of ScKha1p: a bold dotted pattern inside the cells resembling the Golgi fluorescence markers. These results show that (a) the proteins AtChx17 and ScKha1 could have similar functions and (b) S. cerevisiae kha1 deletion mutants could serve for the heterologous expression and characterization of plant transporters. The results of this work are evidence that a S. cerevisiae strain with deletions of genes encoding alkali-metal-cation/H(+) antiporters (i.e. Nha1p, Nhx1p, Kha1p) could be an ideal tool for expression and functional analysis of any type of similar plant antiporters (plasma membrane, endosomal/prevacuolar and Golgi).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydie Maresova
- Department of Membrane Transport, Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences, CR, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic.
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22
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Hasenbrink G, Kolacna L, Ludwig J, Sychrova H, Kschischo M, Lichtenberg-Fraté H. Ring test assessment of the mKir2.1 growth based assay in Saccharomyces cerevisiae using parametric models and model-free fits. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2007; 73:1212-21. [PMID: 17091271 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-006-0589-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2006] [Revised: 07/12/2006] [Accepted: 08/07/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Inward rectifying K+ (Kir) channels are a subfamily of the potassium channel superfamily. They mediate potassium influx into the cells, a process responding to the polarization state, a variety of intracellular messengers and specific auxiliary proteins, thereby they are involved in important physiological processes such as the pacemaker activity in the heart, insulin release, and potassium uptake in glial cells. The Saccharomyces cerevisiae mKir2.1 in vitro assay was subjected to a ring test assessment. Compound-associated mKir2.1 modulating effects were detected by growth determination of functionally complemented S. cerevisiae cells in a 96-well format within 15 h. Dose-response diagrams and EC50 value calculations were determined by parametric model and model-free fits using cubic spline interpolation. These characteristics were evaluated by statistical methods to determine reproducibility among working groups. Nonparametric bootstrap simulations of the variability of the data revealed that EC50 values of the mKir2.1 indicator strain were well-matched (81-92 microM), enabling unambiguous quantitative statements about inhibitory effects and no significant influence of the different laboratory conditions. Limitations of the assay include compounds/samples that are either insoluble under the conditions of the test or strongly cytotoxic to yeast. Thus, the described test is a sensitive and reliable tool that can be used in different laboratories and is applicable in drug discovery and development as simple and reliable prescreening procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Hasenbrink
- Molecular Bioenergetics, Institut für Zelluläre und Molekulare Botanik (IZMB), Universität Bonn, Kirschallee 1, 53115, Bonn, Germany
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23
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Current awareness on yeast. Yeast 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/yea.1168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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24
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Kolacna L, Zimmermannova O, Hasenbrink G, Schwarzer S, Ludwig J, Lichtenberg-Fraté H, Sychrova H. New phenotypes of functional expression of the mKir2.1 channel in potassium efflux-deficientSaccharomyces cerevisiae strains. Yeast 2005; 22:1315-23. [PMID: 16358319 DOI: 10.1002/yea.1333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The functional expression of the mouse Kir2.1 potassium channel in yeast cells lacking transport systems for potassium and sodium efflux (ena1-4delta nha1delta) resulted in increased cell sensitivity to high external concentrations of potassium. The phenotype depended on the level of Kir2.1 expression and on the external pH. The activity of Kir2.1p in the yeast cells was almost negligible at pH 3.0 and the highest at pH 7.0. Kir2.1p was permeable for both potassium and rubidium cations, but neither sodium nor lithium were transported via the channel. Measurements of the cation contents in cells confirmed the higher concentration of potassium in cells with Kir2.1p. Specific inhibition of the mKir2.1 channel activity by Ba2+ cations was observed. The use of a mutant strain lacking both potassium efflux and uptake transporters (ena1-4delta nha1delta trk1delta trk2delta) enabled the monitoring of channel activity on two levels--the provision of the necessary amount of intracellular K+ in media with low potassium concentrations, and simultaneously, the channel's contribution to cell potassium sensitivity in the presence of high external K+. This combination of mutations proved to be a new, sensitive and practical tool for characterizing the properties of heterologously expressed transporters mediating both the efflux and influx of alkali-metal-cations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Kolacna
- Department of Membrane Transport, Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
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