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Sherpa DD, Sahu AK, Jadav T, Rajput N, Vaidya GN, Kumar D, Sengupta P. Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time of flight tandem mass spectrometry based in vitro metabolite profiling of DK-GV-04P, a novel anticancer molecule under drug discovery. Biomed Chromatogr 2024; 38:e5806. [PMID: 38087453 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
DK-GV-04P, chemically identified as 3-cinnamyl-2-(4-methoxyphenyl) quinazolin-4(3H)-one, is an investigational molecule synthesized at the Chemical Biology Laboratory of the National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad. The compound has shown potential anticancer activity against squamous CAL27 cell lines. Metabolite identification and characterization are critical in drug discovery, providing key insights into a compound's pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics safety, and metabolic fate. The primary aim of the study was to identify and characterize the in vitro metabolites of DK-GV-04P. In silico identification of the site of metabolism was also carried out using xenosite online software. The molecule was incubated with human liver microsomes and human S9 liver fraction to generate in vitro metabolites, which were further identified and characterized using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time of flight tandem mass spectrometry. A total of nine metabolites (four phase I and five phase II) were identified and characterized through tandem mass spectrometry. The major biotransformation pathways involved in metabolism of DK-GV-04P were hydroxylation, O-demethylation and glucuronidation. In addition to this, a detailed biotransformation pathway of DK-GV-04P has been established in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deeki Doma Sherpa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad, an Institute of National Importance, Government of India, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Amit Kumar Sahu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad, an Institute of National Importance, Government of India, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Tarang Jadav
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad, an Institute of National Importance, Government of India, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Niraj Rajput
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad, an Institute of National Importance, Government of India, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Gargi Nikhil Vaidya
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad, an Institute of National Importance, Government of India, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Dinesh Kumar
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad, an Institute of National Importance, Government of India, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Pinaki Sengupta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad, an Institute of National Importance, Government of India, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
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2
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Zhang X, Wang Y, Meng L. Comparative genomic analysis of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma: New opportunities towards molecularly targeted therapy. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 12:1054-1067. [PMID: 35530133 PMCID: PMC9069403 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Esophageal cancer is one of the most lethal cancers worldwide because of its rapid progression and poor prognosis. Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) and esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) are two major subtypes of esophageal cancer. ESCC predominantly affects African and Asian populations, which is closely related to chronic smoking and alcohol consumption. EAC typically arises in Barrett's esophagus with a predilection for Western countries. While surgical operation and chemoradiotherapy have been applied to combat this deadly cancer, molecularly targeted therapy is still at the early stages. With the development of large-scale next-generation sequencing, various genomic alterations in ESCC and EAC have been revealed and their potential roles in the initiation and progression of esophageal cancer have been studied. Potential therapeutic targets have been identified and novel approaches have been developed to combat esophageal cancer. In this review, we comprehensively analyze the genomic alterations in EAC and ESCC and summarize the potential role of the genetic alterations in the development of esophageal cancer. Progresses in the therapeutics based on the different tissue types and molecular signatures have also been reviewed and discussed.
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Miranda PHDS, Lourenço EMG, Morais AMS, de Oliveira PIC, Silverio PSDSN, Jordão AK, Barbosa EG. Molecular modeling of a series of dehydroquinate dehydratase type II inhibitors of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and design of new binders. Mol Divers 2019; 25:1-12. [PMID: 31820222 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-019-10020-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis, caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis), is still responsible for a large number of fatal cases, especially in developing countries with alarming rates of incidence and prevalence worldwide. Mycobacterium tuberculosis has a remarkable ability to develop new resistance mechanisms to the conventional antimicrobials treatment. Because of this, there is an urgent need for novel bioactive compounds for its treatment. The dehydroquinate dehydratase II (DHQase II) is considered a key enzyme of shikimate pathway, and it can be used as a promising target for the design of new bioactive compounds with antibacterial action. The aim of this work was the construction of QSAR models to aid the design of new potential DHQase II inhibitors. For that purpose, various molecular modeling approaches, such as activity cliff, QSAR models and computer-aided ligand design were utilized. A predictive in silico 4D-QSAR model was built using a database comprising 86 inhibitors of DHQase II, and the model was used to predict the activity of the designed ligands. The obtained model proved to predict well the DHQase II inhibition for an external validation dataset ([Formula: see text] = 0.72). Also, the Activity Cliff analysis shed light on important structural features applied to the ligand design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo H de S Miranda
- Departamento de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Estela M G Lourenço
- Departamento de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Alexander M S Morais
- Departamento de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Pedro I C de Oliveira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioinformática, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | | | - Alessandro K Jordão
- Departamento de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Euzébio G Barbosa
- Departamento de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil. .,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioinformática, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil.
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Lim B, Greer Y, Lipkowitz S, Takebe N. Novel Apoptosis-Inducing Agents for the Treatment of Cancer, a New Arsenal in the Toolbox. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11081087. [PMID: 31370269 PMCID: PMC6721450 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11081087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Evasion from apoptosis is an important hallmark of cancer cells. Alterations of apoptosis pathways are especially critical as they confer resistance to conventional anti-cancer therapeutics, e.g., chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and targeted therapeutics. Thus, successful induction of apoptosis using novel therapeutics may be a key strategy for preventing recurrence and metastasis. Inhibitors of anti-apoptotic molecules and enhancers of pro-apoptotic molecules are being actively developed for hematologic malignancies and solid tumors in particular over the last decade. However, due to the complicated apoptosis process caused by a multifaceted connection with cross-talk pathways, protein–protein interaction, and diverse resistance mechanisms, drug development within the category has been extremely challenging. Careful design and development of clinical trials incorporating predictive biomarkers along with novel apoptosis-inducing agents based on rational combination strategies are needed to ensure the successful development of these molecules. Here, we review the landscape of currently available direct apoptosis-targeting agents in clinical development for cancer treatment and update the related biomarker advancement to detect and validate the efficacy of apoptosis-targeted therapies, along with strategies to combine them with other agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bora Lim
- Department of Breast Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Yoshimi Greer
- Women's Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Stanley Lipkowitz
- Women's Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Naoko Takebe
- Early Clinical Trials Development, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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5
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Multi-Model Approaches for Improving Seasonal Ensemble Streamflow Prediction Scheme with Various Statistical Post-Processing Techniques in the Canadian Prairie Region. WATER 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/w10111604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Hydrologic models are an approximation of reality, and thus, are not able to perfectly simulate observed streamflow because of various sources of uncertainty. On the other hand, skillful operational hydrologic forecasts are vital in water resources engineering and management for preparedness against flooding and extreme events. Multi-model techniques can be used to help represent and quantify various uncertainties in forecasting. In this paper, we assess the performance of a Multi-model Seasonal Ensemble Streamflow Prediction (MSESP) scheme coupled with statistical post-processing techniques to issue operational uncertainty for the Manitoba Hydrologic Forecasting Centre (HFC). The Ensemble Streamflow Predictions (ESPs) from WATFLOOD and SWAT hydrologic models were used along with four statistical post-processing techniques: Linear Regression (LR), Quantile Mapping (QM), Quantile Model Averaging (QMA), and Bayesian Model Averaging (BMA)]. The quality of MSESP was investigated from April to July with a lead time of three months for the Upper Assiniboine River Basin (UARB) at Kamsack, Canada. While multi-model ESPs coupled with post-processing techniques improve predictability (in general), results suggest that additional avenues for improving the skill and value of seasonal streamflow prediction. Next steps towards an operational ESP system include adding more operationally used models, improving models calibration methods to reduce model bias, increasing ESP sample size, and testing ESP schemes at multiple lead times, which, once developed, will not only help HFCs in Canada but would also help Centers South of the Border.
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Ryu S, Ahn YJ, Yoon C, Chang JH, Park Y, Kim TH, Howland AR, Armstrong CA, Song PI, Moon AR. The regulation of combined treatment-induced cell death with recombinant TRAIL and bortezomib through TRAIL signaling in TRAIL-resistant cells. BMC Cancer 2018; 18:432. [PMID: 29661248 PMCID: PMC5902847 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-018-4352-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Multiple trials have attempted to demonstrate the effective induction of cell death in TRAIL-resistant cancer cells, including using a combined treatment of recombinant TRAIL and various proteasome inhibitors. These studies have yielded limited success, as the mechanism of cell death is currently unidentified. Understanding this mechanism’s driving forces may facilitate the induction of cell death in TRAIL-resistant cancer cells. Methods Three kinds of recombinant soluble TRAIL proteins were treated into TRAIL-resistant cells and TRAIL-susceptible cells, with or without bortezomib, to compare their respective abilities to induce cell death. Recombinant TRAIL was treated with bortezomib to investigate whether this combination treatment could induce tumor regression in a mouse syngeneic tumor model. To understand the mechanism of combined treatment-induced cell death, cells were analyzed by flow cytometry and the effects of various cell death inhibitors on cell death rates were examined. Results ILz:rhTRAIL, a recombinant human TRAIL containing isoleucine zipper hexamerization domain, showed the highest cell death inducing ability both in single treatment and in combination treatment with bortezomib. In both TRAIL-resistant and TRAIL-susceptible cells treated with the combination treatment, an increase in cell death rates was dependent upon both the dose of TRAIL and its intrinsic properties. When a syngeneic mouse tumor model was treated with the combination of ILz:rhTRAIL and bortezomib, significant tumor regression was seen as a result of the effective induction of cancer cell death. The combination treatment-induced cell death was both inhibited by TRAIL blocking antibody and caspase-dependent. However, it was not inhibited by various ER stress inhibitors and autophagy inhibitors. Conclusions The combination treatment with ILz:rhTRAIL and bortezomib was able to induce cell death in both TRAIL-susceptible and TRAIL-resistant cancer cells through the intracellular TRAIL signaling pathway. The efficiency of cell death was dependent on the properties of TRAIL under the environment provided by bortezomib. The combination treatment-induced cell death was not regulated by bortezomib-induced ER stress response or by autophagy. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12885-018-4352-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunhyo Ryu
- Department of Dermatology, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Yun Jeong Ahn
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research Center for Proteinaceous Materials, Chosun University School of Medicine, 309 Pilmoon-Daero, Gwangju, 61452, Republic of Korea
| | - Chakeong Yoon
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research Center for Proteinaceous Materials, Chosun University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Jeong Hwan Chang
- Department of Surgery, Chosun University School of Medicine, Gwangju, South Korea.,Present Address: Cheomdan Medical Center, 170 Cheomdanjungang-ro, Gwangsan-gu, Gwangju, 62276, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoonkyung Park
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research Center for Proteinaceous Materials, Chosun University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Tae-Hyoung Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Chosun University School of Medicine, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Amanda R Howland
- Department of Dermatology, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Cheryl A Armstrong
- Department of Dermatology, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Peter I Song
- Department of Dermatology, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA. .,Department of Dermatology, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, 12801 E. 17th Avenue, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
| | - Ae Ran Moon
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research Center for Proteinaceous Materials, Chosun University School of Medicine, 309 Pilmoon-Daero, Gwangju, 61452, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Biomedical Science and Research Center for Proteinaceous Materials, Chosun University, Gwangju, South Korea.
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Pratheeshkumar P, Siraj AK, Divya SP, Parvathareddy SK, Begum R, Melosantos R, Al-Sobhi SS, Al-Dawish M, Al-Dayel F, Al-Kuraya KS. Downregulation of SKP2 in Papillary Thyroid Cancer Acts Synergistically With TRAIL on Inducing Apoptosis via ROS. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2018; 103:1530-1544. [PMID: 29300929 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2017-02178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE S-phase kinase protein 2 (SKP2) is an F-box protein with proteasomal properties and has been found to be overexpressed in a variety of cancers. However, its role in papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) has not been fully elucidated. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN SKP2 expression was assessed by immunohistochemistry in a tissue microarray format on a cohort of >1000 PTC samples. In vitro and in vivo studies were performed using proteasome inhibitor bortezomib and proapoptopic death ligand tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) either alone or in combination on PTC cell lines. RESULTS SKP2 was overexpressed in 45.5% of PTC cases and was significantly associated with extrathyroidal extension (P = 0.0451), distant metastasis (P = 0.0435), and tall cell variant (P = 0.0271). SKP2 overexpression was also directly associated with X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein overexpression (P < 0.0001) and Bcl-xL overexpression (P = 0.0005) and inversely associated with death receptor 5 (P < 0.0001). The cotreatment of bortezomib and TRAIL synergistically induced apoptosis via mitochondrial apoptotic pathway in PTC cell lines. Furthermore, bortezomib and TRAIL synergistically induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and caused death receptor 5 upregulation through activation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase-C/EBP homologous protein signaling cascade. Finally, bortezomib treatment augmented the TRAIL-mediated anticancer effect on PTC xenograft tumor growth in nude mice. CONCLUSION These data suggest that SKP2 is a potential therapeutic target in PTC and that a combination of bortezomib and TRAIL might be a viable therapeutic option for the treatment of patients with aggressive PTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poyil Pratheeshkumar
- Human Cancer Genomic Research, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdul K Siraj
- Human Cancer Genomic Research, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sasidharan Padmaja Divya
- Human Cancer Genomic Research, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Rafia Begum
- Human Cancer Genomic Research, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Roxanne Melosantos
- Human Cancer Genomic Research, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saif S Al-Sobhi
- Department of Surgery, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Al-Dawish
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fouad Al-Dayel
- Department of Pathology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khawla S Al-Kuraya
- Human Cancer Genomic Research, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Aouidate A, Ghaleb A, Ghamali M, Chtita S, Ousaa A, Choukrad M, Sbai A, Bouachrine M, Lakhlifi T. QSAR study and rustic ligand-based virtual screening in a search for aminooxadiazole derivatives as PIM1 inhibitors. Chem Cent J 2018; 12:32. [PMID: 29564572 PMCID: PMC5862716 DOI: 10.1186/s13065-018-0401-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Quantitative structure–activity relationship (QSAR) was carried out to study a series of aminooxadiazoles as PIM1 inhibitors having pki ranging from 5.59 to 9.62 (ki in nM). The present study was performed using Genetic Algorithm method of variable selection (GFA), multiple linear regression analysis (MLR) and non-linear multiple regression analysis (MNLR) to build unambiguous QSAR models of 34 substituted aminooxadiazoles toward PIM1 inhibitory activity based on topological descriptors. Results Results showed that the MLR and MNLR predict activity in a satisfactory manner. We concluded that both models provide a high agreement between the predicted and observed values of PIM1 inhibitory activity. Also, they exhibit good stability towards data variations for the validation methods. Furthermore, based on the similarity principle we performed a database screening to identify putative PIM1 candidates inhibitors, and predict their inhibitory activities using the proposed MLR model. Conclusions This approach can be easily handled by chemists, to distinguish, which ones among the future designed aminooxadiazoles structures could be lead-like and those that couldn’t be, thus, they can be eliminated in the early stages of drug discovery process.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Adnane Aouidate
- MCNSL, School of Sciences, Moulay Ismail University, Meknes, Morocco.
| | - Adib Ghaleb
- MCNSL, School of Sciences, Moulay Ismail University, Meknes, Morocco
| | - Mounir Ghamali
- MCNSL, School of Sciences, Moulay Ismail University, Meknes, Morocco
| | - Samir Chtita
- MCNSL, School of Sciences, Moulay Ismail University, Meknes, Morocco
| | - Abdellah Ousaa
- MCNSL, School of Sciences, Moulay Ismail University, Meknes, Morocco
| | - M'barek Choukrad
- MCNSL, School of Sciences, Moulay Ismail University, Meknes, Morocco
| | - Abdelouahid Sbai
- MCNSL, School of Sciences, Moulay Ismail University, Meknes, Morocco
| | | | - Tahar Lakhlifi
- MCNSL, School of Sciences, Moulay Ismail University, Meknes, Morocco
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Kashyap MK, Abdel-Rahman O. Expression, regulation and targeting of receptor tyrosine kinases in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Mol Cancer 2018. [PMID: 29455652 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-018-0790-4,] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Esophageal cancer is one of the most common types of cancer, which is a leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Based on histological behavior, it is mainly of two types (i) Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), and (ii) esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAD or EAC). In astronomically immense majority of malignancies, receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) have been kenned to play a consequential role in cellular proliferation, migration, and metastasis of the cells. The post-translational modifications (PTMs) including phosphorylation of tyrosine (pY) residue of the tyrosine kinase (TK) domain have been exploited for treatment in different malignancies. Lung cancer where pY residues of EGFR have been exploited for treatment purpose in lung adenocarcinoma patients, but we do not have such kind of felicitously studied and catalogued data in ESCC patients. Thus, the goal of this review is to summarize the studies carried out on ESCC to explore the role of RTKs, tyrosine kinase inhibitors, and their pertinence and consequentiality for the treatment of ESCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Kumar Kashyap
- School of Life and Allied Health Sciences, Glocal University, Saharanpur, UP, 247121, India. .,Department of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India.
| | - Omar Abdel-Rahman
- Clinical Oncology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
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Kashyap MK, Abdel-Rahman O. Expression, regulation and targeting of receptor tyrosine kinases in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Mol Cancer 2018; 17:54. [PMID: 29455652 PMCID: PMC5817798 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-018-0790-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Esophageal cancer is one of the most common types of cancer, which is a leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Based on histological behavior, it is mainly of two types (i) Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), and (ii) esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAD or EAC). In astronomically immense majority of malignancies, receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) have been kenned to play a consequential role in cellular proliferation, migration, and metastasis of the cells. The post-translational modifications (PTMs) including phosphorylation of tyrosine (pY) residue of the tyrosine kinase (TK) domain have been exploited for treatment in different malignancies. Lung cancer where pY residues of EGFR have been exploited for treatment purpose in lung adenocarcinoma patients, but we do not have such kind of felicitously studied and catalogued data in ESCC patients. Thus, the goal of this review is to summarize the studies carried out on ESCC to explore the role of RTKs, tyrosine kinase inhibitors, and their pertinence and consequentiality for the treatment of ESCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Kumar Kashyap
- grid.449790.7School of Life and Allied Health Sciences, Glocal University, Saharanpur, UP 247121 India
- grid.430140.2Department of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan, Himachal Pradesh India
| | - Omar Abdel-Rahman
- 0000 0004 0621 1570grid.7269.aClinical Oncology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
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Yu Q, Liu Y, Wen C, Zhao Y, Jin S, Hu Y, Wang F, Chen L, Zhang B, Wang W, Zhu Q, Guo R. MicroRNA-1 inhibits tumorigenicity of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and enhances sensitivity to gefitinib. Oncol Lett 2017; 15:963-971. [PMID: 29399158 PMCID: PMC5772756 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.7378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of microRNAs in various types of human cancer promote or suppress oncogenesis. MicroRNA (miR)-1 was previously revealed to function as a tumor suppressor in prostate cancer cells, and its expression was associated with reduced metastatic potential in lung cancer. The present study investigated the role of miR-1 and its association with phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit α (PIK3CA) in the pathophysiology of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), and analyzed the effects of miR-1 inhibitor or mimics on sensitivity to epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitors, the alterations of cell cycle distribution and apoptosis in ESCC cells. Compared with normal tissues, the level of miR-1 expression was significantly lower and PIK3CA expression was higher in ESCC tissues. The level of miR-1 expression was also inversely associated with the level of PIK3CA mRNA expression. Low miR-1 and high PIK3CA expression levels were strongly associated with lymph node metastasis, and the level of miR-1 expression was negatively associated with clinical Tumor-Node-Metastasis stage. Furthermore, exogenous expression of miR-1 inhibited growth, arrested cell cycle in the G1 phase and increased apoptosis in ESCC cells, whereas it decreased PIK3CA protein expression levels. Furthermore, overexpression of miR-1 increased the sensitivity of ESCC cells to the anticancer drug, gefitinib. A possible mechanism for this increased sensitivity to gefitinib may be inactivation of the PIK3CA signaling pathway. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that the results of the present study demonstrated that miR-1 upregulation may be a potential strategy for the treatment of human ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Yu
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Yiqian Liu
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Chengcai Wen
- Department of Rehabilitation, Huai'an Second People's Hospital and The Affiliated Huai'an Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Huai'an, Jiangsu 223002, P.R. China
| | - Yongzhao Zhao
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Shidai Jin
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Youfang Hu
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Feng Wang
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Liang Chen
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Quan Zhu
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Renhua Guo
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
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Aouidate A, Ghaleb A, Ghamali M, Chtita S, Choukrad M, Sbai A, Bouachrine M, Lakhlifi T. QSAR studies on PIM1 and PIM2 inhibitors using statistical methods: a rustic strategy to screen for 5-(1H-indol-5-yl)-1,3,4-thiadiazol analogues and predict their PIM inhibitory activity. Chem Cent J 2017; 11:41. [PMID: 29086822 PMCID: PMC5438336 DOI: 10.1186/s13065-017-0269-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Quantitative structure activity relationship was carried out to study a series of PIM1 and PIM2 inhibitors. The present study was performed on twenty-five substituted 5-(1H-indol-5-yl)-1,3,4-thiadiazols as PIM1 and PIM2 inhibitors having pIC50 ranging from 5.55 to 9 µM and from 4.66 to 8.22 µM, respectively, using genetic function algorithm for variable selection and multiple linear regression analysis (MLR) to establish unambiguous and simple QSAR models based on topological molecular descriptors. Results Results showed that the MLR predict activity in a satisfactory manner for both activities. Consequently, the aim of the current study is twofold, first, a simple linear QSAR model was developed, which could be easily handled by chemist to screen chemical databases, or design for new potent PIM1 and PIM2 inhibitors. Second, the outcomes extracted from the current study were exploited to predict the PIM inhibitory activity of some studied compound analogues. Conclusions The goal of this study is to develop easy and convenient QSAR model could be handled by everyone to screen chemical databases or to design newly PIM1 and PIM2 inhibitors derived from 5-(1H-indol-5-yl)-1,3,4-thiadiazol. Flow chart of the methodology used in this work. ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Adnane Aouidate
- MCNSL, School of Sciences, University Moulay Ismail, Meknes, Morocco.
| | - Adib Ghaleb
- MCNSL, School of Sciences, University Moulay Ismail, Meknes, Morocco
| | - Mounir Ghamali
- MCNSL, School of Sciences, University Moulay Ismail, Meknes, Morocco
| | - Samir Chtita
- MCNSL, School of Sciences, University Moulay Ismail, Meknes, Morocco
| | - M'barek Choukrad
- MCNSL, School of Sciences, University Moulay Ismail, Meknes, Morocco
| | - Abdelouahid Sbai
- MCNSL, School of Sciences, University Moulay Ismail, Meknes, Morocco
| | | | - Tahar Lakhlifi
- MCNSL, School of Sciences, University Moulay Ismail, Meknes, Morocco
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Chen L, Meng Y, Guo X, Sheng X, Tai G, Zhang F, Cheng H, Zhou Y. Gefitinib enhances human colon cancer cells to TRAIL-induced apoptosis of via autophagy- and JNK-mediated death receptors upregulation. Apoptosis 2016; 21:1291-1301. [DOI: 10.1007/s10495-016-1287-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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A bispecific fusion protein and a bifunctional enediyne-energized fusion protein consisting of TRAIL, EGFR peptide ligand, and apoprotein of lidamycin against EGFR and DR4/5 show potent antitumor activity. Anticancer Drugs 2016; 26:64-73. [PMID: 25122444 DOI: 10.1097/cad.0000000000000160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) mainly induces apoptosis through the extrinsic death receptor-induced pathway by ligation with death receptor 4 (DR4) and death receptor 5 (DR5). On the basis of the antitumor activity to cancer cells and no cytotoxity to normal cells of TRAIL and the target of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) ligand peptide, the study constructed a new bispecific fusion protein and a new bifunctional enediyne-energized fusion protein and investigated their antitumor efficacy. Bispecific fusion protein Ec-LDP-TRAIL showed potent binding activity to cancer cell lines with a high expression of EGFR or DR4/DR5 such as A431 and H460 cells, whereas poor binding activity to NIH/3T3 cells with low expressing EGFR and DR4/DR5. Ec-LDP-TRAIL also showed more potent cytotoxicity to A431 and H460 cells than Ec-LDP, which could result from the TRAIL-inducing apoptosis. Results of an in-vivo efficacy study showed that Ec-LDP-TRAIL at a dose of 10 mg/kg decreased the growth of epidermoid carcinoma A431 xenografts by 80.19% (P < 0.01) on day 26. Immunohistochemical detection of nuclear antigen factor Ki-67 suggested that Ec-LDP-TRAIL effectively induced cell necrosis and inhibited cell proliferation of tumor. From IC50 values, bispecific and bifunctional energized fusion protein Ec-LDP-TRAIL-AE was more potent and selective in its cytotoxicity against different carcinoma cell lines than corresponding lidamycin in vitro and induction of the cleavage of poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase was observed in A431 cells treated with Ec-LDP-TRAIL-AE and lidamycin, respectively. Ec-LDP-TRAIL-AE also significantly inhibited the growth of A431 xenografts in a nude mouse model. These properties suggested that Ec-LDP-TRAIL and Ec-LDP-TRAIL-AE may be promising candidates for targeted cancer therapy.
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Jiang J, Zhang Y, Guo Y, Yu C, Chen M, Li Z, Tian S, Sun C. MicroRNA-3127 promotes cell proliferation and tumorigenicity in hepatocellular carcinoma by disrupting of PI3K/AKT negative regulation. Oncotarget 2016; 6:6359-72. [PMID: 25849943 PMCID: PMC4467442 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that multiple phosphatases deactivate the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. Here we demonstrated that, by suppressing multiple phosphatases, miR-3127 promotes growth of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Our study also reveals clinical significance of miR-3127 expression in HCC patients. MiR-3127 expression was markedly upregulated in HCC tissues and cells. Furthermore, high miR-3127 expression was associated with an aggressive phenotype and poor prognosis. MiR-3127 overexpression promoted HCC cell proliferation in vitro and tumor growth in vivo. Also, miR-3127 accelerated G1-S transition by activating AKT/ FOXO1 signaling, by directly targeting the 3' untranslated regions (3`UTR) of pleckstrin homology domain leucine-rich repeat protein phosphatase 1/2 (PHLPP1/2), inositol polyphosphate phosphatase 4A (INPP4A), and inositol polyphosphate-5-phosphatase J (INPP5J) mRNA, repressing their expression. In agreement, the miRNA antagonist antagomir-3127 suppressed HCC cell proliferation and tumor growth by inhibiting the AKT/FOXO1 signaling. Taken together, these findings suggest that silencing miR-3127 might be a potential therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianxin Jiang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Guiyang Medical College, Guiyang, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Institute of Hepatobiliary Diseases of Wuhan University, Transplant Center of Wuhan University, Hubei Key Laboratory of Medical Technology on Transplantation, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuting Guo
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Guiyang Medical College, Guiyang, China
| | - Chao Yu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Guiyang Medical College, Guiyang, China
| | - Meiyuan Chen
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Guiyang Medical College, Guiyang, China
| | - Zhu Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Guiyang Medical College, Guiyang, China
| | - Se Tian
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Guiyang Medical College, Guiyang, China
| | - Chengyi Sun
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Guiyang Medical College, Guiyang, China
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Cha HY, Lee BS, Chang JW, Park JK, Han JH, Kim YS, Shin YS, Byeon HK, Kim CH. Downregulation of Nrf2 by the combination of TRAIL and Valproic acid induces apoptotic cell death of TRAIL-resistant papillary thyroid cancer cells via suppression of Bcl-xL. Cancer Lett 2015; 372:65-74. [PMID: 26721202 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2015.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Revised: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) represents an effective agent for the treatment of many cancers, though the majority of thyroid cancers are found to be resistant. Therefore it would be necessary to identify agents capable of increasing the sensitivity of these cancers to TRAIL-mediated cell death. Here, we examined the therapeutic effect and its underlying mechanism of combination treatment of TRAIL and histone deacetylase inhibitor, Valproic acid (VPA) in vitro using human papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) cells and in vivo using an orthotopic mouse model of PTC. TRAIL-VPA combination therapy synergistically induced apoptotic cell death in TRAIL-resistant PTC through caspase activation. In addition, downregulation of antioxidant transcription factor, Nrf2 by co-treatment of TRAIL-VPA induces cell death via suppression of Bcl-xL in vitro and in vivo; these effects were further enhanced following siRNA inhibition of these proteins in combination with TRAIL or TRAIL-VPA. Taken together, VPA sensitized TRAIL-resistant PTC cells to apoptotic cell death through involvement of Nrf2 and Bcl-xL. Thus, the combination of VPA and TRAIL may be a promising therapy for TRAIL-resistant PTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Young Cha
- Department of Otolaryngology, School of Medicine, Ajou University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Bok-Soon Lee
- Department of Otolaryngology, School of Medicine, Ajou University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Won Chang
- Department of Otolaryngology, School of Medicine, Ajou University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Kyeong Park
- Department of Otolaryngology, School of Medicine, Ajou University, Suwon, Republic of Korea; Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Ho Han
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Ajou University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Sung Kim
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoo Seob Shin
- Department of Otolaryngology, School of Medicine, Ajou University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Kwon Byeon
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul-Ho Kim
- Department of Otolaryngology, School of Medicine, Ajou University, Suwon, Republic of Korea; Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, Republic of Korea.
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Dahle-Smith A, Petty RD. Biomarkers and novel agents in esophago-gastric cancer: are we making progress? Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2015; 15:1103-19. [DOI: 10.1586/14737140.2015.1071669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Cui G, Cui M, Li Y, Liang Y, Li W, Guo H, Zhao S. Galectin-3 knockdown increases gefitinib sensitivity to the inhibition of EGFR endocytosis in gefitinib-insensitive esophageal squamous cancer cells. Med Oncol 2015; 32:124. [PMID: 25788032 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-015-0570-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Esophageal cancer (EC) is one of the most aggressive malignancies with a distinctly high incidence and mortality rate. Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is the major histologic subtype of EC, with 40-70 % of tumors overexpressing the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Blockade of EGFR signal transduction may be a promising and effective strategy for EC therapy. However, the therapeutic efficacy of EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitors is clinically limited because of drug resistance. Galectin-3, a member of the animal lectin family, has been associated with a variety of biological functions and the progression of multiple tumors, including ESCC. In this study, we investigated the role of galectin-3 involved in potential gefitinib-resistance mechanisms in EGFR-positive ESCC cell lines. The results revealed that gefitinib treatment induced different inhibitory effects on cell viability, cell cycle progression and cell invasion in gefitinib-sensitive KYSE-450 and gefitinib-insensitive TE-8 cells with different levels of galectin-3 expression. Interestingly, we further found that EGF-induced EGFR endocytosis and EGFR signaling were different between gefitinib-sensitive and gefitinib-insensitive ESCC cell lines. Galectin-3 inhibition in combination with gefitinib treatment induced greater inhibitory effects on cell viability, cell cycle progression and cell invasion in gefitinib-insensitive TE-8 cells. Moreover, galectin-3 inhibition increased the gefitinib sensitivity of TE-8 cells in terms of EGFR endocytosis in vitro and anti-tumor effects in vivo. Taken together, galectin-3 knockdown increased gefitinib sensitivity through the inhibition of EGFR endocytosis in gefitinib-insensitive ESCC cells and galectin-3 may be a rational therapeutic target in ESCC with gefitinib resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanghui Cui
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 1 East Jianshe Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
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Han MH, Park C, Kwon TK, Kim GY, Kim WJ, Hong SH, Yoo YH, Choi YH. The Histone Deacetylase Inhibitor Trichostatin A Sensitizes Human Renal Carcinoma Cells to TRAIL-Induced Apoptosis through Down-Regulation of c-FLIPL. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2015; 23:31-8. [PMID: 25593641 PMCID: PMC4286747 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2014.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Revised: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone acetylation plays a critical role in the regulation of transcription by altering the structure of chromatin, and it may influence the resistance of some tumor cells to tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) by regulating the gene expression of components of the TRAIL signaling pathway. In this study, we investigated the effects and molecular mechanisms of trichostatin A (TSA), a histone deacetylase inhibitor, in sensitizing TRAIL-induced apoptosis in Caki human renal carcinoma cells. Our results indicate that nontoxic concentrations of TSA substantially enhance TRAIL-induced apoptosis compared with treatment with either agent alone. Cotreatment with TSA and TRAIL effectively induced cleavage of Bid and loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), which was associated with the activation of caspases (-3, -8, and -9) and degradation of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), contributing toward the sensitization to TRAIL. Combined treatment with TSA and TRAIL significantly reduced the levels of the cellular Fas-associated death domain (FADD)-like interleukin-1β-converting enzyme (FLICE) inhibitory protein (c-FLIP), whereas those of death receptor (DR) 4, DR5, and FADD remained unchanged. The synergistic effect of TAS and TRAIL was perfectly attenuated in c-FLIPL-overexpressing Caki cells. Taken together, the present study demonstrates that down-regulation of c-FLIP contributes to TSA-facilitated TRAIL-induced apoptosis, amplifying the death receptor, as well as mitochondria-mediated apoptotic signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Ho Han
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Oriental Medicine, Dong-Eui University, Busan 614-851
| | - Cheol Park
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Dongeui University, Busan 614-714
| | - Taek Kyu Kwon
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, Daegu 704-701
| | - Gi-Young Kim
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Marine Life Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju 690-756
| | - Wun-Jae Kim
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 362-763
| | - Sang Hoon Hong
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Oriental Medicine, Dong-Eui University, Busan 614-851
| | - Young Hyun Yoo
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Dong-A University College of Medicine and Mitochondria Hub Regulation Center, Busan 602-714
| | - Yung Hyun Choi
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Oriental Medicine, Dong-Eui University, Busan 614-851 ; Anti-Aging Research Center & Blue-BioIndustry RIC, Dongeui University, Busan 614-714, Republic of Korea
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Garimella SV, Gehlhaus K, Dine JL, Pitt JJ, Grandin M, Chakka S, Nau MM, Caplen NJ, Lipkowitz S. Identification of novel molecular regulators of tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL)-induced apoptosis in breast cancer cells by RNAi screening. Breast Cancer Res 2014; 16:R41. [PMID: 24745479 PMCID: PMC4053258 DOI: 10.1186/bcr3645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) binds to its receptors, TRAIL-receptor 1 (TRAIL-R1) and TRAIL-receptor 2 (TRAIL-R2), leading to apoptosis by activation of caspase-8 and the downstream executioner caspases, caspase-3 and caspase-7 (caspase-3/7). Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cell lines with a mesenchymal phenotype are sensitive to TRAIL, whereas other breast cancer cell lines are resistant. The underlying mechanisms that control TRAIL sensitivity in breast cancer cells are not well understood. Here, we performed small interfering RNA (siRNA) screens to identify molecular regulators of the TRAIL pathway in breast cancer cells. METHODS We conducted siRNA screens of the human kinome (691 genes), phosphatome (320 genes), and about 300 additional genes in the mesenchymal TNBC cell line MB231. Forty-eight hours after transfection of siRNA, parallel screens measuring caspase-8 activity, caspase-3/7 activity, or cell viability were conducted in the absence or presence of TRAIL for each siRNA, relative to a negative control siRNA (siNeg). A subset of genes was screened in cell lines representing epithelial TNBC (MB468), HER2-amplified breast cancer (SKBR3), and estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer (T47D). Selected putative negative regulators of the TRAIL pathway were studied by using small-molecule inhibitors. RESULTS The primary screens in MB231 identified 150 genes, including 83 kinases, 4 phosphatases, and 63 nonkinases, as potential negative regulators of TRAIL. The identified genes are involved in many critical cell processes, including apoptosis, growth factor-receptor signaling, cell-cycle regulation, transcriptional regulation, and DNA repair. Gene-network analysis identified four genes (PDPK1, IKBKB, SRC, and BCL2L1) that formed key nodes within the interaction network of negative regulators. A secondary screen of a subset of the genes identified in additional cell lines representing different breast cancer subtypes and sensitivities to TRAIL validated and extended these findings. Further, we confirmed that small-molecule inhibition of SRC or BCL2L1, in combination with TRAIL, sensitizes breast cancer cells to TRAIL-induced apoptosis, including cell lines resistant to TRAIL-induced cytotoxicity. CONCLUSIONS These data identify novel molecular regulators of TRAIL-induced apoptosis in breast cancer cells and suggest strategies for the enhanced application of TRAIL as a therapy for breast cancer.
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Hong L, Han Y, Brain L. Epidermal growth factor receptor: an important target in esophageal cancer. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2013; 17:1179-85. [PMID: 23855932 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2013.820709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Even after complete tumor removal by surgery, the clinical outcomes remain poor in patients with advanced esophageal cancer, justifying the need for new treatment options. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a molecular target for antibody-based therapy in various cancer types, and it may play important roles in the development of esophageal cancer. AREAS COVERED This review evaluates the expression, function, and mechanism of EGFR in esophageal cancer and analyzes its value for the prognosis and therapy of esophageal cancer. Future developments toward the clinical applications of EGFR to cancer treatment are also envisaged. EXPERT OPINION EGFR may function as an ideal therapeutic target for esophageal cancer. Further investigation of epidermal growth-factor-receptor-mediated pathways will push insight into the novel strategies of target therapy for esophageal cancer. More clinical trials should be performed to promote the success of therapeutic-clinical use of EGFR and its targets in esophageal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Hong
- Fourth Military Medical University, Xijing Hospital, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology , Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi Province , China +86 29 84773974 ; +86 29 82539041 ;
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Xu Y, Sheng L, Mao W. Role of epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors in the treatment of esophageal carcinoma and the suggested mechanisms of action. Oncol Lett 2012; 5:19-24. [PMID: 23255886 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2012.994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2012] [Accepted: 10/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cumulative evidence indicates that epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is one of the most commonly altered genes in human cancer, via overexpression, amplification and mutation. Targeted inhibition of EGFR activity suppresses signal transduction pathways which control tumor cell growth, proliferation and resistance to apoptosis. Small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) are among the most common EGFR-targeting agents and have been used clinically to treat various malignancies. This review discusses the mechanism of action and clinical data that are relevant to the use of EGFR-TKIs in the treatment of esophageal carcinoma. The clinical and basic scientific experience of these agents thus far have implications for the future of therapeutic targeting of EGFR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaping Xu
- Departments of Radiation Oncology and
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Xu L, Zhang Y, Liu J, Qu J, Hu X, Zhang F, Zheng H, Qu X, Liu Y. TRAIL-activated EGFR by Cbl-b-regulated EGFR redistribution in lipid rafts antagonises TRAIL-induced apoptosis in gastric cancer cells. Eur J Cancer 2012; 48:3288-99. [PMID: 22456178 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2012.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2012] [Revised: 02/17/2012] [Accepted: 03/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Most gastric cancer cells are resistant to tumour necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL). Since TRAIL resistance is associated with lipid rafts, in which both death receptors and epidermal growth factor receptors (EGFR) are enriched, our aim is to identify how lipid raft-regulated receptor redistribution influences the sensitivity of TRAIL in gastric cancer cells. In TRAIL-resistant gastric cancer cells, TRAIL did not induce effective death-inducing signalling complex (DISC) formation in lipid rafts, accompanied with EGFR translocation into lipid rafts, and activation of EGFR pathway. Knockdown of casitas B-lineage lymphoma-b (Cbl-b) enhanced TRAIL-induced apoptosis by promoting DISC formation in lipid rafts. However, knockdown of Cbl-b also enhanced EGFR translocation into lipid rafts and EGFR pathway activation induced by TRAIL. Either using inhibitors of EGFR or depletion of EGFR with small interfering RNA (siRNA) prevented EGFR pathway activation, and thus increased TRAIL-induced apoptosis, especially in Cbl-b knockdown clones. Taken together, TRAIL-induced EGFR activation through Cbl-b-regulated EGFR redistribution in lipid rafts antagonised TRAIL-induced apoptosis. The contribution of DISC formation and the inhibition of EGFR signal triggered in lipid rafts are both essential for increasing the sensitivity of gastric cancer cells to TRAIL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Xu
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China
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Wu X, Hedman H, Bergqvist M, Bergström S, Henriksson R, Gullbo J, Lennartsson J, Hesselius P, Ekman S. Expression of EGFR and LRIG proteins in oesophageal carcinoma with emphasis on patient survival and cellular chemosensitivity. Acta Oncol 2012; 51:69-76. [PMID: 21417672 DOI: 10.3109/0284186x.2011.562239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leucine-rich and immunoglobulin-like domains 1-3 (LRIG1-3) proteins have been implicated in the regulation of EGFR signalling. In the present study, we investigated the clinical implications of the expression of EGFR and LRIG1-3 in oesophageal carcinoma, as well as the correlation between their expression levels and the chemosensitivity of oesophageal carcinoma cell lines. PATIENTS AND METHODS Tumours from 80 patients with oesophageal carcinoma were investigated for the expression of EGFR and LRIG proteins by immunohistochemistry. Oesophageal carcinoma cell lines were investigated for their expression of EGFR and LRIG1, 2, and 3 by quantitative real time RT-PCR and for their sensitivity to commonly used chemotherapeutics by a cytotoxicity assay. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Based on a total score of intensity and expression rates, a trend towards survival difference was found for EGFR (p = 0.09) and LRIG2 (p = 0.18) whereas for LRIG1 and -3 there was no trend towards any association with survival. Correlation analysis revealed a correlation with the clinical expression of EGFR and LRIG3 (p = 0.0007). Significant correlations were found between LRIG1 expression levels and sensitivity to cisplatin (r = -0.74), docetaxel (r = -0.69), and vinorelbine (r = -0.82) in oesophageal carcinoma cell lines. EGFR and the LRIG proteins may be functionally involved in oesophageal carcinoma, but larger materials are needed to fully elucidate the clinical implication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuping Wu
- Section of Oncology, Department of Oncology, Radiology and Clinical Immunology, Uppsala University, Sweden
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Rahman FB, Ishihara S, Aziz MM, Mishima Y, Oshima N, Li YY, Sanchez-Siles AA, Otani A, Oka A, Kusunoki R, Tada Y, Moriyama I, Ishimura N, Yuki T, Kazumori H, Amano Y, Sato S, Ansary MU, Kinoshita Y. Heparin-binding EGF-like factor augments esophageal epithelial cell proliferation, migration and inhibits TRAIL-mediated apoptosis via EGFR/MAPK signaling. Scand J Gastroenterol 2010; 45:1350-9. [PMID: 20593979 DOI: 10.3109/00365521.2010.499960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor (HB-EGF) has been shown to stimulate the growth and migration of human keratinocytes in an autocrine or paracrine manner. Bearing in mind the preceding narratives, present study was designed to explore the role of HB-EGF on esophageal epithelial cell growth, migration and anti-apoptosis. MATERIAL AND METHODS HET-1A and TTn cells were treated with recombinant HB-EGF, and cell proliferation and migration were assessed by MTT and Boyden chamber assays, respectively. Anti-apoptotic effects of HB-EGF was studied by Bcl-2/Bcl-xL gene expression and utilizing a TNF-related death apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL). RESULTS Recombinant HB-EGF promotes human esophageal epithelial cell proliferation in a dose dependent manner, where 1 and 10 ng/ml doses were found to be most effective. HB-EGF induced cell migration was noted in TTn, but not in HET-1A cells. Recombinant HB-EGF induced the Bcl-2, Bcl-xL mRNA/protein expression in HET-1A and TTn cells. TRAIL induced the apoptosis in TTn, whereas it was significantly inhibited in HB-EGF treated conditions. Finally, we also revealed HB-EGF induced phosphorylation of EGFR and p38 MAPK in those cell lines, while all cellular functions were repressed by EGFR inhibitor AG1478. CONCLUSION HB-EGF promotes esophageal epithelial cell proliferation, migration and induces anti-apoptotic gene expression via EGFR/p38 MAPK phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzana Binte Rahman
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Shimane University School of Medicine, Izumo, Shimane, Japan
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Markaverich BM, Vijjeswarapu M, Shoulars K, Rodriguez M. Luteolin and gefitinib regulation of EGF signaling pathway and cell cycle pathway genes in PC-3 human prostate cancer cells. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2010; 122:219-31. [PMID: 20558290 PMCID: PMC2949446 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2010.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2010] [Revised: 06/04/2010] [Accepted: 06/07/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
cRNA microarray and real-time PCR (qPCR) studies from our lab identified five Cell Cycle Pathway (CCP) genes (CCNA2, CCNE2, CDC25A, CDKN1B, and PLK-1) as targets for luteolin in PC-3 prostate cancer cells [Shoulars et al., J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 118 (2010) 41-50]. In this paper, Ingenuity Pathway Analysis of the microarray data identified 7 luteolin-regulated genes (EGFR, c-Fos, SOS, GRB2, JNK1, MKK4 and RasGAP) in the Epidermal Growth Factor Signaling Pathway (EGFSP) potentially involved in luteolin regulation of CCP genes and cell proliferation. To address these possibilities, we compared the response profiles (RNA and protein) of these EGFSP and CCP genes to luteolin and gefitinib by real-time PCR (qPCR) and Western blot analyses. Luteolin and gefitinib are known antagonists of EGFR-associated tyrosine protein kinase. Thus, the response profiles of EGFR regulated EGFSP or CCP genes should be very similar if genes in both pathways are controlled through this common mechanism of action. Treatment of PC-3 cell with luteolin for 24h caused a 4-fold stimulation of c-Fos gene expression, significant inhibition (p<0.001) of the CCP genes and G2/M arrest. Treatment of PC-3 cells with gefitinib also inhibited most of the CCP genes in a fashion similar to that of luteolin, however, the EGFR antagonist inhibited c-Fos gene expression, stimulated CDKN1B (p27) and arrested the cells in G0/G1. Thus, although the response patterns of most of the CCP genes to luteolin or gefitinib were similar, the effects of the two compounds on EGFSP gene expression and cell cycle arrest were clearly different. Combination studies revealed that the response of EGFSP genes to luteolin was not affected by gefitinib, even though the two compounds were additive with respect to their abilities to inhibit CCNA2, CCNE2, CDC25A and PCNA. These findings suggest that luteolin and gefitinib regulate CCP gene expression through a common mechanism involving EGFR-associated tyrosine kinase. Conversely, luteolin regulates PC-3 cell proliferation through an EGFR-tyrosine kinase independent mechanism(s), likely involving the epigenetic control of gene EGFSP gene expression through histone H4 binding interactions resulting in the upregulation of c-Fos and p21 gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry M Markaverich
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, United States. ,
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Characterisation of the cutaneous pathology in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients treated with the EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor erlotinib. Eur J Cancer 2010; 46:2010-9. [PMID: 20621734 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2010.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2010] [Accepted: 04/28/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION EGFR inhibitors (EGFRIs) have been shown to be clinically effective in various cancers. Unique skin toxicity is commonly observed with EGFRIs and a correlation between the clinical benefit of EGFRIs and this characteristic rash has been reported. Erlotinib is a potent EGFRI approved for treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and pancreatic cancer. METHODS This is the first time in which patients were given increasing doses of an EGFRI to induce a mechanistic rash and study its associated pathology in skin. Biopsies were collected during treatment from both rash-affected and unaffected skin of 23 NSCLC patients and compared with pre-treatment biopsies. RESULTS Altered differentiation of appendegeal epithelium (hair follicles and sebaceous glands) was remarkable in both affected and unaffected skin, although epidermal growth was not significantly reduced. A predominantly mononuclear leucocyte infiltrate was detected in the interfollicular dermis or around skin appendages. This infiltrate included TRAIL-positive cells with a dendritic cell (DC) morphology, although T-cells, antigen-presenting DCs and macrophages were also evident. This is the first report showing the involvement of a dendritic cell subtype with EGFRI skin toxicity. CONCLUSIONS Altered differentiation of pilosebaceous epithelium is evident in both rash-affected and unaffected skin and constitutes the primary process of EGFRI in human skin. We propose that this eventually triggers inflammation and the EGFRI rash. TRAIL-positive inflammatory cells could link rash development and immune-triggered apoptosis of epithelial cells, including those of underlying carcinomas.
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Seki N, Toh U, Sayers TJ, Fujii T, Miyagi M, Akagi Y, Kusukawa J, Kage M, Shirouzu K, Yamana H. Bortezomib sensitizes human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma cells to TRAIL-mediated apoptosis via activation of both extrinsic and intrinsic apoptosis pathways. Mol Cancer Ther 2010; 9:1842-51. [PMID: 20515944 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-09-0918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is one of the most aggressive human cancers, and novel treatment modalities are required. We investigated the therapeutic potential of the tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL/Apo2L) in combination with the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib (Velcade) on human ESCC cell lines. Bortezomib enhanced the susceptibility to TRAIL in 12 of the 15 ESCC cell lines tested, although most showed low sensitivity to TRAIL as a single agent. The enhancement of TRAIL-induced apoptosis by bortezomib was caspase dependent. Increased processing of caspase-8 often accompanied enhancement of TRAIL-induced apoptosis by bortezomib. However, the increased cell surface expression of death receptors observed on bortezomib treatment did not seem to be crucial for this effect. For some ESCC, bortezomib treatment resulted in a more efficient recruitment of caspase-8 and the Fas-associated death domain to the death-inducing signaling complex. Additional downregulation of the cellular FLICE-inhibitory protein long isoform [c-FLIP(L)] could cooperate in the activation of the extrinsic pathway in some cases. For other ESCC, the crucial effect of bortezomib treatment seemed to be increased signaling via the intrinsic apoptotic pathway on subsequent exposure to TRAIL. Thus, bortezomib could sensitize ESCC to TRAIL apoptosis by multiple molecular mechanisms of action. Therefore, the combination of bortezomib and TRAIL might be a novel therapeutic strategy for ESCC patients who fail to respond to standard chemoradiotherapy that predominantly targets the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Seki
- Research Center for Innovative Cancer Therapy, Kurume University, Asahi-machi, Kurume, Japan.
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Li G, Hu W, Wang J, Deng X, Zhang P, Zhang X, Xie C, Wu S. Phase II study of concurrent chemoradiation in combination with erlotinib for locally advanced esophageal carcinoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2010; 78:1407-12. [PMID: 20350790 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2009.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2009] [Revised: 09/10/2009] [Accepted: 10/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the feasibility and efficacy of concurrent chemoradiation in combination with erlotinib for locally advanced esophageal carcinoma. METHODS AND MATERIALS Twenty-four patients with locally advanced esophageal carcinoma were treated with concurrent chemoradiotherapy. A daily fraction of 2.0 Gy was prescribed to a total dose of 60 Gy over 6 weeks. Concurrent paclitaxel (135 mg/m(2), d(1)) and cisplatin (20 mg/m(2), d(1-3)) were administered on Day 1 and Day 29 of the radiotherapy. Erlotinib, an oral epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitor, was taken by every patient at the dose of 150 mg daily during the chemoradiotherapy. RESULTS The median follow-up of the 24 patients was 18.6 months (range, 7.1-29.6 months). The 2-year overall survival, local-regional control, and relapse-free survival were 70.1% (95% CI, 50.4-90%), 87.5% (95% CI, 73.5-100%), and 57.4% (95% CI, 36.3-78.7%), respectively. During the chemoradiotherapy, the incidences of acute toxicities of Grade 3 or greater, such as leucopenia and thrombocytopenia, were 16.7 % (4/24) and 8.3% (2/24). CONCLUSIONS Application of concurrent chemoradiotherapy in combination with erlotinib for locally advanced esophageal carcinoma yielded satisfactory 2-year overall survival and local-regional control. The toxicities were well tolerated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The first affiliated hospital of Wenzhou Medical College, WenZhou, ZheJiang, People's Republic of China
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Azakir BA, Desrochers G, Angers A. The ubiquitin ligase Itch mediates the antiapoptotic activity of epidermal growth factor by promoting the ubiquitylation and degradation of the truncated C-terminal portion of Bid. FEBS J 2010; 277:1319-30. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2010.07562.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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TRAIL receptor targeting therapies for non-small cell lung cancer: Current status and perspectives. Drug Resist Updat 2010; 13:2-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2009.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2009] [Accepted: 11/25/2009] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Cui L, Pan XM, Ma CF, Shang-Guan J, Yu HB, Chen GX, Wang J. Association between epidermal growth factor polymorphism and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma susceptibility. Dig Dis Sci 2010; 55:40-5. [PMID: 19172394 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-008-0700-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2008] [Accepted: 12/30/2008] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Genetic factors are known to be important in the development of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). Epidermal growth factor (EGF) can activate several signaling pathways leading to proliferation, differentiation, and tumorigenesis of epithelial tissues by binding with its receptor. Interindividual variations in EGF production were genetically contributed to EGF +61 G/A polymorphism. The purpose of this study is to investigate the potential association between EGF gene polymorphism and ESCC in a Chinese population. In this study, we analyzed single nucleotide polymorphism of EGF +61 G/A in 158 patients with ESCC and 212 age- and sex-matched controls in a Chinese population using a polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) strategy and DNA sequencing. The variant genotypes of GA/AA were associated with a significantly decreased risk of ESCC compared with the wild-type homozygote GG (OR = 0.657, 95% CI: 0.434-0.996). However, no significant difference was observed between the EGF +61 G/A polymorphism and the risk of ESCC when the analyses were stratified in terms of age, gender, smoking status, different clinical stage, and lymph node status. The EGF +61 G/A polymorphism is associated with ESCC in a Chinese population. Our data suggests that the EGF gene may play a role in the development of ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Cui
- Central Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450000, Henan, People's Republic of China
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Mellier G, Huang S, Shenoy K, Pervaiz S. TRAILing death in cancer. Mol Aspects Med 2009; 31:93-112. [PMID: 19995571 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2009.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2009] [Accepted: 12/02/2009] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The observation that certain types of cancer express death receptors on their cell surface has triggered heightened interest in exploring the potential of receptor ligation as a novel anti-cancer modality, and since the expression is somewhat restricted to cancer cells the therapeutic implications are very promising. One such death receptor ligand belonging to the tumor necrosis receptor (TNF) superfamily, TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), has been in the limelight as a tumor selective molecule that transmits death signal via ligation to its receptors (TRAIL-R1 and TRAIL-R2 or death receptors 4 and 5; DR4 and DR5). Interestingly, TRAIL-induced apoptosis exhibits hallmarks of extrinsic as well as intrinsic death pathways, and, therefore, is subject to regulation both at the cell surface receptor level as well as more downstream at the post-mitochondrial level. Despite the remarkable selectivity of DR expression on cancer cell surface, development of resistance to TRAIL-induced apoptosis remains a major challenge. Therefore, unraveling the cellular and molecular mechanisms of TRAIL resistance as well as identifying strategies to overcome this problem for an effective therapeutic response remains the cornerstone of many research endeavors. This review aims at presenting an overview of the biology, function and translational relevance of TRAIL with a specific view to discussing the various regulatory mechanisms and the current trends in reverting TRAIL resistance of cancer cells with the obvious implication of an improved clinical outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Mellier
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Singapore
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Moretto P, Hotte SJ. Targeting apoptosis: preclinical and early clinical experience with mapatumumab, an agonist monoclonal antibody targeting TRAIL-R1. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2009; 18:311-25. [DOI: 10.1517/13543780902752463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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35
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Niyazi M, Marini P, Daniel PT, Humphreys R, Jendrossek V, Belka C. Efficacy of a Triple Treatment with Irradiation, Agonistic TRAIL Receptor Antibodies and EGFR Blockade. Strahlenther Onkol 2009; 185:8-18. [DOI: 10.1007/s00066-009-1856-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2008] [Accepted: 10/31/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Abstract
Breast cancers can be classified into those which express the estrogen (ER) and progesterone (PR) receptors, those with HER-2 amplification, and those without expression of ER, PR, or amplified HER-2 (referred to as triple-negative or basal-like breast cancer). Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) activates apoptosis upon binding to its receptors in many tumor types and the ligand and agonist antibodies are currently being studied in patients in clinical phases I and II trials. Cell line studies suggest that many breast cancer cell lines are very resistant to TRAIL-induced apoptosis. However, recent data suggest that a subset of triple-negative/basal-like breast cancer cells is sensitive to TRAIL as a single agent. In addition, many studies have demonstrated that resistance to TRAIL-mediated apoptosis in breast cancer cells can be overcome by combinations of TRAIL with chemotherapy, radiation, and various targeted agents. This chapter will discuss the current understanding of the mechanisms, which control TRAIL-mediated apoptosis in breast cancer cells. The preclinical data supporting the use of TRAIL ligands and agonistic antibodies alone and in combination in breast cancer will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monzur Rahman
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
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Ekman S, Dreilich M, Lennartsson J, Wallner B, Brattström D, Sundbom M, Bergqvist M. Esophageal cancer: current and emerging therapy modalities. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2008; 8:1433-48. [PMID: 18759695 DOI: 10.1586/14737140.8.9.1433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
During the last few years, there has been a gradual increase in treatment options for patients with esophageal malignancies. Several clinical studies have been performed, covering not only radiation and chemotherapy, but also the introduction of novel biological agents into the treatment arsenal. Patients with esophageal carcinoma are now offered second-line and sometimes even third-line treatments, and the number of research protocols is increasing. Despite the newly awakened interest in this malignancy, the overall 5-year survival rate has remained at approximately 10% since the 1980s. This review contains a compilation of available studies of esophageal malignancies and discusses current treatment options as well as newly developed therapies targeted at growth factor receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Ekman
- Department of Oncology, Uppsala University Hospital, S-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden.
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Saad AG, Yeap BY, Thunnissen FBJM, Pinkus GS, Pinkus JL, Loda M, Sugarbaker DJ, Johnson BE, Chirieac LR. Immunohistochemical markers associated with brain metastases in patients with nonsmall cell lung carcinoma. Cancer 2008; 113:2129-38. [PMID: 18720359 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.23826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To the authors' knowledge, there are no reliable markers able to identify patients with nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) that will develop metastases to the brain. The authors investigated associations between immunohistochemical markers and the development of brain metastases in patients with NSCLC. METHODS This was a hospital-based, case-control study of patients who were newly diagnosed with NSCLC between 1989 and 2003, developed brain metastases, and had pathology material available from both the primary NSCLC and the brain metastases. These patients were compared with a control group of patients who had NSCLC and no evidence of brain metastases. NSCLC was examined for expression levels of Ki-67, caspase-3, vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A), VEGF-C, E-cadherin, and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in 54 surgical pathology specimens using immunohistochemistry, and associations were evaluated between those markers and the development of brain metastases. RESULTS Brain metastases developed after a median of 12.5 months (range, 1.7-89.4 months) after the diagnosis of NSCLC. A significantly increased risk of developing brain metastases was associated with patients with NSCLC who had primary tumors with high Ki-67 levels (adjusted odds ratio [OR] of 12.2; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 2.4-70.4 [P < .001]), low caspase-3 expression (adjusted OR of 43; 95% CI, 5.3 to >100 [P < .001]), high VEGF-C expression (adjusted OR of 14.6; 95% CI, 2.0 to >100 [P < .001]), and low E-cadherin (adjusted OR of 3.6; 95% CI, 0.9-16.4 [P = .05]). No significant risk was associated with VEGF-A or EGFR expression. High Ki-67 expression also was associated with a shorter overall survival (P = .04). CONCLUSIONS The results of the current study indicated that patients with NSCLC who had high Ki-67 expression, low caspase-3 expression, high VEGF-C expression, and low E-cadherin expression in their tumors may benefit from close surveillance because they may have an increased risk of developing brain metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali G Saad
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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Telliez A, Desroses M, Pommery N, Briand O, Farce A, Laconde G, Lemoine A, Depreux P, Hénichart JP. Derivatives of Iressa, a specific epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitor, are powerful apoptosis inducers in PC3 prostatic cancer cells. ChemMedChem 2008; 2:318-32. [PMID: 17206733 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200600128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The tyrosine kinase activity of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is widely involved in signaling pathways and often deregulated in cancer. Its role in the development of prostate cancer is well established, and therapeutic strategies such as blockade of the intracellular tyrosine kinase domain with small-molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors have been proposed. Herein we describe the synthesis and in vitro pharmacological properties of C6- and C7-substituted 4-anilinoquinazolines, analogues of Iressa and powerful proapoptotic inducers in hormone-independent prostate cancer PC3 cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Telliez
- Institut de Chimie Pharmaceutique Albert Lespagnol, EA 2692, Université de Lille 2, 59006 Lille, France
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Lane D, Cartier A, Rancourt C, Piché A. Cell detachment modulates TRAIL resistance in ovarian cancer cells by downregulating the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt pathway. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2008; 18:670-6. [PMID: 17868340 DOI: 10.1111/j.1525-1438.2007.01062.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
TRAIL (tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand) is a potent inducer of apoptosis but many ovarian cancer cells display intrinsic resistance to TRAIL. The molecular determinants regulating TRAIL sensitivity in these resistant tumor cells are still incompletely understood. We observed that cell detachment enhances TRAIL-induced apoptosis in two TRAIL-resistant ovarian cancer cell lines. This process was accompanied by an increase of caspase activation, which could be blocked by caspase-8 inhibitor IETD. Cell detachment inhibited Akt phosphorylation. Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibition by LY294002 also enhanced TRAIL-induced apoptosis. Further decreased Akt activity by LY294002 in detached cells translated to increased cell death after TRAIL treatment. Our data indicate that cell detachment enhances TRAIL-induced killing by decreasing Akt activity in TRAIL-resistant ovarian carcinoma cells and suggest that Akt inhibition primes TRAIL-resistant cells to TRAIL-induced apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Lane
- Département de Microbiologie et Infectiologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
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Abstract
Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is the predominant histological subtype of esophageal cancer in Asia, characterized by high incidence and mortality rate. Although significant progress has been made in surgery and adjuvant chemoradiotherapy, the prognosis of the patients with this cancer still remains poor. Investigation into protein alterations that occurred in tumors can provide clues to discover new biomarkers for improving diagnosis and guiding targeted therapy. Hundreds of papers have appeared over the past several decades concerning protein alterations in ESCC. This review summarizes all the dysregulated proteins investigated in the disease from 187 published papers and analyzes their contributions to tumor development and progression. We document protein alterations associated with tumor metastasis and the transition from normal esophageal epithelia to dysplasia in order to reveal the most useful markers for prediction of clinical outcome, early detection, and identification of high-risk patients for targeted therapies. In particular, we discuss the largest and most rigorous studies on prognostic implications of proteins in ESCC, in which cyclin D1, p53, E-cadherin and VEGF appeared to have the strongest evidence as independent predictors of patient outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- D-C Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Institute (Hospital), Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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DNA-based biosensor for the detection of strong damage to DNA by the quinazoline derivative as a potential anticancer agent. Mikrochim Acta 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-008-0068-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Pande AU, Iyer RV, Rani A, Maddipatla S, Yang GY, Nwogu CE, Black JD, Levea CM, Javle MM. Epidermal growth factor receptor-directed therapy in esophageal cancer. Oncology 2008; 73:281-9. [PMID: 18477853 DOI: 10.1159/000132393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2007] [Accepted: 11/19/2007] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) is one of the fastest growing malignancies in the US. The long-term survival of patients with this cancer remains poor; only 25% of patients undergoing surgical excision are alive after 5 years. Multimodal programs that incorporate radiotherapy, chemotherapy and surgery for localized tumors may result in a modest survival advantage. However, significant strides in this disease can result from the inclusion of targeted therapies. The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) family represents one such target and is receiving increasing attention due to the advent of specific inhibitors. Studies conducted by us and others have shown that the overexpression of EGFR family signaling intermediates is common in Barrett's esophagus and EAC. In the latter case, EGFR expression may have prognostic significance. EGFR inhibitors, including oral tyrosine kinase inhibitors and monoclonal antibodies, result in a synergistic antitumor effect with chemotherapeutic agents or with radiotherapy. Therefore, several ongoing studies include EGFR-directed therapy either alone or in combination with chemoradiotherapy for this disease. Our study of gefitinib, oxaliplatin and radiotherapy suggested that gefitinib can be safely incorporated into an oxaliplatin-based chemoradiation program for esophageal cancer, although the clinical activity of this combination is modest. Herein, we review the current literature on this subject.
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Affiliation(s)
- A U Pande
- Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
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Kruyt FAE. TRAIL and cancer therapy. Cancer Lett 2008; 263:14-25. [PMID: 18329793 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2008.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2007] [Revised: 01/29/2008] [Accepted: 02/01/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) receptors are promising targets for the selective eradication of tumor cells while sparing normal cells. Currently, both recombinant TRAIL proteins and TRAIL receptor agonistic antibodies are being tested in the clinic, showing encouraging antitumor activities and mild side effects. Unfortunately, resistance to TRAIL therapy is frequently encountered requiring combined treatments with sensitizing agents. Standard chemotherapeutics can enhance TRAIL sensitivity; however, more specific and less toxic agents are needed to exploit the full antitumor potential of TRAIL. Here, a brief overview of the TRAIL signaling pathway is given together with a short description of early results obtained with TRAIL therapy in the clinic. Mechanisms of TRAIL resistance and ways to overcome these by targeted agents that either neutralize apoptotic blockades or suppress prosurvival signals also triggered by TRAIL are highlighted, such as inhibitors of IAPs, Bcl-2 family members, HDACi, and modulators of NF-kappaB, Raf and EGFR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank A E Kruyt
- Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, CCA-Building, Room 2.36, De Boelelaan 1118, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Syrigos KN, Zalonis A, Kotteas E, Saif MW. Targeted therapy for oesophageal cancer: an overview. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2008; 27:273-88. [DOI: 10.1007/s10555-008-9117-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Ekman S, Bergqvist M, Heldin CH, Lennartsson J. Activation of growth factor receptors in esophageal cancer--implications for therapy. Oncologist 2007; 12:1165-77. [PMID: 17962610 DOI: 10.1634/theoncologist.12-10-1165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Esophageal cancer is a highly aggressive disease and is the seventh most common cause of cancer-related death in the western world. Worldwide, it ranks as the sixth most frequent cause of cancer death. Despite advances in surgical techniques and treatment, the prognosis of esophageal cancer remains poor, with very few long-term survivors. The need for novel strategies to detect esophageal cancer earlier and to improve current therapy is urgent. It is well established that growth factors and growth factor receptor-mediated signaling pathways are important components of the transformation process in many forms of cancer, including esophageal cancer. With the recent advances in drug development, there are emerging possibilities to use growth factor signal transduction pathways in targeted therapy. This review provides a summary of the role of growth factors and their receptors in esophageal cancer and discusses their potential roles as biomarkers and as targets in therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Ekman
- Department of Oncology, University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Rho JK, Choi YJ, Ryoo BY, Na III, Yang SH, Kim CH, Lee JC. p53 enhances gefitinib-induced growth inhibition and apoptosis by regulation of Fas in non-small cell lung cancer. Cancer Res 2007; 67:1163-9. [PMID: 17283151 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-2037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Treatment with gefitinib, a specific inhibitor of epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase (EGFR-TK), has resulted in dramatic responses in some patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Most patients who respond to gefitinib have EGFR-TK mutations; however, >10% of patients with EGFR-TK mutations do not respond. Similarly, some patients without EGFR-TK mutations respond to this drug, suggesting that other factors determine sensitivity to gefitinib. Aberrations of the tumor suppressor gene p53 are frequently associated with drug resistance. In this study, we investigated the role of p53 in growth-inhibitory and apoptotic effects of gefitinib in the human NSCLC cell lines NCI-H1299 and A549, which have no EGFR-TK mutations. NCI-H1299 cells, which had a p53-null genotype, were more resistant to gefitinib compared with A549 cells, which were wild-type p53 (IC(50), 40 micromol/L in NCI-H1299 and 5 micromol/L in A549). Treatment of A549 with gefitinib resulted in the translocation of p53 from cytosol to nucleus and the up-regulation of Fas, which was localized to the plasma membrane. In the stable H1299 cell line with tetracycline-inducible p53 expression, induced p53 enhanced growth inhibition and apoptosis by gefitinib through the up-regulation of Fas and restoration of caspase activation. A caspase inhibitor, Z-VAD-fmk, reduced these effects. Conversely, inhibition of p53 using antisense oligonucleotide in A549 caused a significant decrease in apoptosis by gefitinib and down-regulation of Fas under the same conditions. In conclusion, p53 may play a role in determining gefitinib sensitivity by regulating Fas expression in NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Kyung Rho
- Department of Internal Medicine, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Science, 215-4 Gongneung-dong, Nowon-gu, Seoul 139-706, Korea
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Pino MS, Shrader M, Baker CH, Cognetti F, Xiong HQ, Abbruzzese JL, McConkey DJ. Transforming growth factor alpha expression drives constitutive epidermal growth factor receptor pathway activation and sensitivity to gefitinib (Iressa) in human pancreatic cancer cell lines. Cancer Res 2006; 66:3802-12. [PMID: 16585207 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-3753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is considered an important therapeutic target in pancreatic cancer, but it is currently impossible to identify those patients who are most likely to benefit from EGFR-directed therapy. We examined the biological effects of the EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor gefitinib (ZD1839, Iressa) in a panel of nine human pancreatic cancer cell lines. The drug strongly inhibited DNA synthesis and induced low levels of apoptosis at clinically relevant concentrations in a subset of three of the lines (L3.6pl, BxPC3, and Cfpac1). Sensitivity to gefitinib correlated directly with ligand [transforming growth factor-alpha (TGF-alpha)] expression (r(2) = 0.71, P = 0.004) but not with surface EGFR expression. The gefitinib-sensitive cells displayed constitutive baseline EGFR phosphorylation, whereas the gefitinib-resistant cells did not. Exposure to gefitinib or a small interfering RNA construct specific for TGF-alpha reversed the constitutive EGFR phosphorylation and downstream target [extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK), AKT] phosphorylation in the gefitinib-sensitive cells but had no effects on ERK or AKT phosphorylation in gefitinib-resistant cells. Baseline EGFR phosphorylation was lower in a subclone of L3.6pl selected for low TGF-alpha expression, and these cells were also resistant to gefitinib-mediated growth inhibition. Gefitinib blocked the growth of tumor xenografts derived from L3.6pl cells but had no effect on the growth of tumors derived from EGFR-independent MiaPaCa-2 cells. Together, our data show that TGF-alpha expression identifies a subset of human pancreatic cancer cells that is dependent on EGFR signaling in vitro and in vivo. Quantification of TGF-alpha expression may therefore represent an effective means of identifying EGFR-responsive primary tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria S Pino
- Division of Medical Oncology A, Regina Elena Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
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Li P, Ling Z, Yang H, Huang Y, Zhao M, Zheng Z, Dong Z. Expression profile of metastasis-associated genes in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 26:167-71. [PMID: 16850737 DOI: 10.1007/bf02895806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The differentially expressed genes between esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) with or without lymphatic metastasis were investigated by gene chip, and the lymphatic metastasis-associated genes were screened out. Expression array was used to detect the mRNA from both the primary carcinoma and the corresponding esophageal epithelium in 15 cases of human ESCC. The lymphatic metastasis-associated genes were screened by bioinformatics between ESCC with or without lymphatic metastasis. The results showed that 43 (4.85 %) genes significantly differed between the ESCC with and without lymphatic metastasis (P<0.05), of which 18 (2.03 %)were upregulated and 25 (2.82 %) down-regulated. The up-regulated genes were involved in cell adhesion molecules and cell membrane receptors and the down-regulated genes were mostly cell cycle regulators and intracellular signaling molecules. It was suggested that lymphatic metastasis-associated genes were screened by gene chip, which was helpful to understand the molecular mechanism of ESCC lymphatic metastasis and lymphatic metastasis-associated genes might be used as diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets for lymphatic metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, China
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