1
|
Marta-Enguita J, Navarro-Oviedo M, Machado FJDM, Bermejo R, Aymerich N, Herrera M, Zandio B, Pagola J, Juega J, Marta-Moreno J, Rodriguez JA, Páramo JA, Roncal C, Muñoz R, Orbe J. Role of factor XIII in ischemic stroke: a key molecule promoting thrombus stabilization and resistance to lysis. J Thromb Haemost 2024; 22:1080-1093. [PMID: 38160727 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtha.2023.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Active coagulation factor XIII (FXIII) catalyzing crosslinking of fibrin and other hemostatic factors plays a key role in clot stability and lysis. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the effect of FXIII inhibition in a mouse model of ischemic stroke (IS) and the role of activated FXIII (FXIIIa) in clot formation and lysis in patients with IS. METHODS A ferric chloride IS murine model was performed before and after administration of a FXIIIa inhibitor (FXIIIinh). Thromboelastometry in human and mice blood was used to evaluate thrombus stiffness and lysis with FXIIIinh. FXIIIa-dependent fibrin crosslinking and lysis with fibrinolytic drugs (tissue plasminogen activator and tenecteplase) were studied on fibrin plates and on thrombi and clotted plasma of patients with IS. Finally, circulating and thrombus FXIIIa were measured in 85 patients with IS. RESULTS FXIIIinh administration before stroke induction reduced infarct size, α2-antiplasmin (α2AP) crosslinking, and local microthrombosis, improving motor coordination and fibrinolysis without intracranial bleeds (24 hours). Interestingly, FXIII blockade after stroke also reduced brain damage and neurologic deficit. Thromboelastometry in human/mice blood with FXIIIinh showed delayed clot formation, reduced clot firmness, and shortened tissue plasminogen activator lysis time. FXIIIa fibrin crosslinking increased fibrin density and lysis resistance, which increased further after α2AP addition. FXIIIinh enhanced ex vivo lysis in stroke thrombi and fibrin plates. In patients with IS, thrombus FXIII and α2AP were associated with inflammatory and hemostatic components, and plasma FXIIIa correlated with thrombus α2AP and fibrin. CONCLUSION Our results suggest a key role of FXIIIa in thrombus stabilization, α2AP crosslinking, and lysis resistance, with a protective effect of FXIIIinh in an IS experimental model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Marta-Enguita
- Atherothrombosis Laboratory, Cardiovascular Diseases Program, Centro de Investigacion Medica Aplicada (CIMA), Universidad de Navarra, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona Spain; Neurology Department, Hospital Universitario Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; Red de Investigación Cooperativa Orientada a Resultados en Salud (RICORS)-Ictus Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain. https://twitter.com/jmartaen
| | - Manuel Navarro-Oviedo
- Atherothrombosis Laboratory, Cardiovascular Diseases Program, Centro de Investigacion Medica Aplicada (CIMA), Universidad de Navarra, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona Spain
| | - Florencio J D M Machado
- Atherothrombosis Laboratory, Cardiovascular Diseases Program, Centro de Investigacion Medica Aplicada (CIMA), Universidad de Navarra, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona Spain
| | - Rebeca Bermejo
- Neurointervencionist Radiology, Hospital Universitario Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Nuria Aymerich
- Neurology Department, Hospital Universitario Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; Red de Investigación Cooperativa Orientada a Resultados en Salud (RICORS)-Ictus Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Herrera
- Neurology Department, Hospital Universitario Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; Red de Investigación Cooperativa Orientada a Resultados en Salud (RICORS)-Ictus Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Zandio
- Neurology Department, Hospital Universitario Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; Red de Investigación Cooperativa Orientada a Resultados en Salud (RICORS)-Ictus Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jorge Pagola
- Red de Investigación Cooperativa Orientada a Resultados en Salud (RICORS)-Ictus Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain; Stroke Unit, Vall d'Hebron Instituto de Investigación (VHIR), Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jesús Juega
- Red de Investigación Cooperativa Orientada a Resultados en Salud (RICORS)-Ictus Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain; Stroke Unit, Vall d'Hebron Instituto de Investigación (VHIR), Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Javier Marta-Moreno
- Red de Investigación Cooperativa Orientada a Resultados en Salud (RICORS)-Ictus Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain; Neurology Department, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, IIS-Aragon, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Jose-Antonio Rodriguez
- Atherothrombosis Laboratory, Cardiovascular Diseases Program, Centro de Investigacion Medica Aplicada (CIMA), Universidad de Navarra, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose-Antonio Páramo
- Atherothrombosis Laboratory, Cardiovascular Diseases Program, Centro de Investigacion Medica Aplicada (CIMA), Universidad de Navarra, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain; Hematology Department, Clinica Universidad Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Carmen Roncal
- Atherothrombosis Laboratory, Cardiovascular Diseases Program, Centro de Investigacion Medica Aplicada (CIMA), Universidad de Navarra, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Roberto Muñoz
- Neurology Department, Hospital Universitario Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; Red de Investigación Cooperativa Orientada a Resultados en Salud (RICORS)-Ictus Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Josune Orbe
- Atherothrombosis Laboratory, Cardiovascular Diseases Program, Centro de Investigacion Medica Aplicada (CIMA), Universidad de Navarra, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona Spain; Red de Investigación Cooperativa Orientada a Resultados en Salud (RICORS)-Ictus Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Keragala CB, McFadyen JD, Ho H, McCutcheon FM, Liu Z, Stevens H, Monagle P, Chunilal S, Medcalf RL, Tran H. Plasma from patients with vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia displays increased fibrinolytic potential and enhances tissue-type plasminogen activator but not urokinase-mediated plasminogen activation. J Thromb Haemost 2024; 22:785-793. [PMID: 37944898 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtha.2023.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia (VITT) is a rare complication of adenovirus vector-based COVID-19 vaccines. VITT is associated with markedly raised levels of D-dimer; yet, how VITT modulates the fibrinolytic system is unknown. OBJECTIVES We aimed to compare changes in fibrinolytic activity in plasma from patients with VITT, patients diagnosed with venous thromboembolism (VTE) after vaccination but without VITT (VTE-no VITT), and healthy vaccinated controls. METHODS Plasma levels of plasmin-antiplasmin (PAP) complexes, plasminogen, and alpha-2-antiplasmin (α2AP) from 10 patients with VITT, 10 patients with VTE-no VITT, and 14 healthy vaccinated controls were evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and/or Western blotting. Fibrinolytic capacity was evaluated by quantitating PAP levels at baseline and after ex vivo plasma stimulation with 50-nM tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) or urokinase for 5 minutes. RESULTS Baseline PAP complex levels in control and VTE-no VITT individuals were similar but were ∼7-fold higher in plasma from patients with VITT (P < .0001). VITT samples also revealed consumption of α2AP and fibrinogenolysis consistent with a hyperfibrinolytic state. Of interest, VITT plasma produced significantly higher PAP levels after ex vivo treatment with tPA, but not urokinase, compared to the other groups, indicative of increased fibrinolytic potential. This was not due to D-dimer as addition of D-dimer to VTE-no VITT plasma failed to potentiate tPA-induced PAP levels. CONCLUSION A marked hyperfibrinolytic state occurs in patients with VITT, evidenced by marked elevations in PAP, α2AP consumption, and fibrinogenolysis. An unidentified plasma cofactor that selectively potentiates tPA-mediated plasminogen activation also appears to exist in the plasma of patients with VITT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charithani B Keragala
- Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, the Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Hematology, Monash Health, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; School of Clinical Sciences, Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - James D McFadyen
- Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, the Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Atherothrombosis and Vascular Biology Program, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Hematology, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Baker Department of Cardiometabolic Health, the University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Heidi Ho
- Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, the Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Fiona M McCutcheon
- Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, the Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Zikou Liu
- Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, the Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Hannah Stevens
- Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, the Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Atherothrombosis and Vascular Biology Program, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Hematology, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Paul Monagle
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Hematology Research, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Clinical Hematology, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Kids Cancer Centre, Sydney Children's Hospital, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sanjeev Chunilal
- Department of Hematology, Monash Health, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; School of Clinical Sciences, Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Robert L Medcalf
- Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, the Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Huyen Tran
- Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, the Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Hematology, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Mutch NJ, Medcalf RL. The fibrinolysis renaissance. J Thromb Haemost 2023; 21:3304-3316. [PMID: 38000850 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtha.2023.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
Fibrinolysis is the system primarily responsible for removal of fibrin deposits and blood clots in the vasculature. The terminal enzyme in the pathway, plasmin, is formed from its circulating precursor, plasminogen. Fibrin is by far the most legendary substrate, but plasmin is notoriously prolific and is known to cleave many other proteins and participate in the activation of other proteolytic systems. Fibrinolysis is often overshadowed by the coagulation system and viewed as a simplistic poorer relation. However, the primordial plasminogen activators evolved alongside the complement system, approximately 70 million years before coagulation saw the light of day. It is highly likely that the plasminogen activation system evolved with its roots in primordial immunity. Almost all immune cells harbor at least one of a dozen plasminogen receptors that allow plasmin formation on the cell surface that in turn modulates immune cell behavior. Similarly, numerous pathogens express their own plasminogen activators or contain surface proteins that provide binding sites for host plasminogen. The fibrinolytic system has been harnessed for clinical medicine for many decades with the development of thrombolytic drugs and antifibrinolytic agents. Our refined understanding and appreciation of the fibrinolytic system and its alliance with infection and immunity and beyond are paving the way for new developments and interest in novel therapeutics and applications. One must ponder as to whether the nomenclature of the system hampered our understanding, by focusing on fibrin, rather than the complex myriad of interactions and substrates of the plasminogen activation system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicola J Mutch
- Aberdeen Cardiovascular & Diabetes Centre, Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, UK.
| | - Robert L Medcalf
- Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Lam T, Medcalf RL, Cloud GC, Myles PS, Keragala CB. Tranexamic acid for haemostasis and beyond: does dose matter? Thromb J 2023; 21:94. [PMID: 37700271 PMCID: PMC10496216 DOI: 10.1186/s12959-023-00540-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Tranexamic acid (TXA) is a widely used antifibrinolytic agent that has been used since the 1960's to reduce blood loss in various conditions. TXA is a lysine analogue that competes for the lysine binding sites in plasminogen and tissue-type plasminogen activator impairing its interaction with the exposed lysine residues on the fibrin surface. The presence of TXA therefore, impairs the plasminogen and tPA engagement and subsequent plasmin generation on the fibrin surface, protecting fibrin clot from proteolytic degradation. However, critical lysine binding sites for plasmin(ogen) also exist on other proteins and on various cell-surface receptors allowing plasmin to exert potent effects on other targets that are unrelated to classical fibrinolysis, notably in relation to immunity and inflammation. Indeed, TXA was reported to significantly reduce post-surgical infection rates in patients after cardiac surgery unrelated to its haemostatic effects. This has provided an impetus to consider TXA in other indications beyond inhibition of fibrinolysis. While there is extensive literature on the optimal dosage of TXA to reduce bleeding rates and transfusion needs, it remains to be determined if these dosages also apply to blocking the non-canonical effects of plasmin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tammy Lam
- Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash AMREP Building, Monash University, Level 1 Walkway, Via The Alfred Centre, 99 Commercial Rd, Melbourne, 3004, Australia
| | - Robert L Medcalf
- Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash AMREP Building, Monash University, Level 1 Walkway, Via The Alfred Centre, 99 Commercial Rd, Melbourne, 3004, Australia
| | - Geoffrey C Cloud
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Paul S Myles
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne VIC, Australia
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne VIC, Australia
| | - Charithani B Keragala
- Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash AMREP Building, Monash University, Level 1 Walkway, Via The Alfred Centre, 99 Commercial Rd, Melbourne, 3004, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Liu Z, McCutcheon FM, Ho H, Chia J, Xiao Y, Tippett I, Keragala CB, Cloud GC, Medcalf RL. Tranexamic acid in a mouse model of cerebral amyloid angiopathy: setting the stage for a novel stroke treatment approach. Res Pract Thromb Haemost 2023; 7:102166. [PMID: 37694270 PMCID: PMC10483050 DOI: 10.1016/j.rpth.2023.102166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage (sICH) commonly occurs in patients with cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA). Amyloid also initiates plasminogen activation and might promote sICH. Objectives As amyloid-driven plasmin formation can be blocked by tranexamic acid (TXA), we aimed to evaluate the biodistribution and long-term consequences of TXA on brain amyloid-beta (Aβ) levels, inflammation, and neurologic function in APP/PS1 mice. Methods APP/PS1 mice overexpressing the mutant human amyloid precursor protein and wild-type littermates were randomized to TXA (20 mg/mL) or placebo in the drinking water for 6 months. TXA in plasma and various organs was determined by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Plasmin activity assays were performed to evaluate changes in fibrinolytic activity. Neurologic function was evaluated by Y-maze and parallel rod floor testing. Proximity ligation-based immunoassays were used to quantitate changes of 92 biomarkers of inflammation. Brain Aβ levels were assessed by immunohistochemistry. Results Long-term oral TXA administration inhibited fibrinolysis. TXA accumulated in the kidney (19.4 ± 11.2 μg/g) with 2- to 5-fold lower levels seen in the lung, spleen, and liver. TXA levels were lowest in the brain (0.28 ± 0.01 μg/g). Over 6 months, TXA had no discernible effect on motor coordination, novelty preference, or brain Aβ levels. TXA reduced plasma levels of epithelial cell adhesion molecule and increased CCL20. Conclusion Long-term TXA treatment does not alter brain Aβ levels or impact neurologic behavior in mice predisposed to amyloid deposition and had minor effects on the levels of inflammatory mediators. This finding supports the safety of TXA and lays the foundation for TXA as a novel treatment to reduce sICH in patients with CAA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zikou Liu
- Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Fiona M. McCutcheon
- Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Heidi Ho
- Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Joanne Chia
- Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Yunxin Xiao
- Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Isabel Tippett
- Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Geoffrey C. Cloud
- Department of Neurology, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Robert L. Medcalf
- Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Association of FXI activity with thrombo-inflammation, extracellular matrix, lipid metabolism and apoptosis in venous thrombosis. Sci Rep 2022; 12:9761. [PMID: 35697739 PMCID: PMC9192691 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-13174-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal experiments and early phase human trials suggest that inhibition of factor XIa (FXIa) safely prevents venous thromboembolism (VTE), and specific murine models of sepsis have shown potential efficacy in alleviating cytokine storm. These latter findings support the role of FXI beyond coagulation. Here, we combine targeted proteomics, machine learning and bioinformatics, to discover associations between FXI activity (FXI:C) and the plasma protein profile of patients with VTE. FXI:C was measured with a modified activated partial prothrombin time (APTT) clotting time assay. Proximity extension assay-based protein profiling was performed on plasma collected from subjects from the Genotyping and Molecular Phenotyping of Venous Thromboembolism (GMP-VTE) Project, collected during an acute VTE event (n = 549) and 12-months after (n = 187). Among 444 proteins investigated, N = 21 and N = 66 were associated with FXI:C during the acute VTE event and at 12 months follow-up, respectively. Seven proteins were identified as FXI:C-associated at both time points. These FXI-related proteins were enriched in immune pathways related to causes of thrombo-inflammation, extracellular matrix interaction, lipid metabolism, and apoptosis. The results of this study offer important new avenues for future research into the multiple properties of FXI, which are of high clinical interest given the current development of FXI inhibitors.
Collapse
|
7
|
Godtfredsen AC, Gram JB, Pham STD, Dolleris BB, Jørgensen JS, Sidelmann JJ, Palarasah Y. Depressed Kallikrein Generation in Women With Preeclampsia: A Matched Cross-Sectional Study. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:896811. [PMID: 35733874 PMCID: PMC9207249 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.896811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The pathophysiology of preeclampsia is not fully understood. Disturbances in the contact system are associated with preeclampsia. Few studies have investigated the association between preeclampsia and alterations in the contact system in plasma. This study aims to elucidate whether this basic biological system is affected in preeclampsia using new methods focusing on the dynamic interactions and total capacity of the contact system in blood. Design Cross-sectional study matching women with preeclampsia and controls without preeclampsia regarding age, pregestational body mass index, and gestational age at onset of the disease. Setting Two Danish University hospitals. Sample A cohort of 117 women with preeclampsia and 117 controls. Methods The turnover and capacity of the contact system were determined with new methods. Paired t-test, Wilcoxon signed-pairs signed rank test, Mann-Whitney or Chi2-test were applied, as appropriate. Main Outcome Measurements Kallikrein generation (peak kallikrein concentration and endogenous kallikrein potential), coagulation factor XII, prekallikrein, H-kininogen, cleaved H-kininogen, and complement C1 esterase inhibitor. Results The endogenous kallikrein potential, peak kallikrein concentration, prekallikrein and cleaved H-kininogen were significantly lower in women with preeclampsia compared to the controls, p ≤ 0.005, whereas the concentration of coagulation factor XII, H-kininogen and complement C1 esterase inhibitor was not significantly different, p > 0.05. Conclusion This study demonstrates significant reduction in kallikrein generating capacity, prekallikrein and cleaved H-kininogen indicating that the contact system is affected in preeclampsia suggesting a link to the pathophysiology of the disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Cathrine Godtfredsen
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital of Southern Denmark, Esbjerg, Denmark
- Unit for Thrombosis Research, Department of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Esbjerg, Denmark
| | - Jørgen Brodersen Gram
- Unit for Thrombosis Research, Department of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Esbjerg, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University Hospital of Southern Denmark, Esbjerg, Denmark
| | | | - Britta Blume Dolleris
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Jan Stener Jørgensen
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Johannes Jakobsen Sidelmann
- Unit for Thrombosis Research, Department of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Esbjerg, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University Hospital of Southern Denmark, Esbjerg, Denmark
| | - Yaseelan Palarasah
- Unit for Thrombosis Research, Department of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Esbjerg, Denmark
- Department of Cancer and Inflammation Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wieczorek E, Ożyhar A. Transthyretin: From Structural Stability to Osteoarticular and Cardiovascular Diseases. Cells 2021; 10:1768. [PMID: 34359938 PMCID: PMC8307983 DOI: 10.3390/cells10071768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Transthyretin (TTR) is a tetrameric protein transporting hormones in the plasma and brain, which has many other activities that have not been fully acknowledged. TTR is a positive indicator of nutrition status and is negatively correlated with inflammation. TTR is a neuroprotective and oxidative-stress-suppressing factor. The TTR structure is destabilized by mutations, oxidative modifications, aging, proteolysis, and metal cations, including Ca2+. Destabilized TTR molecules form amyloid deposits, resulting in senile and familial amyloidopathies. This review links structural stability of TTR with the environmental factors, particularly oxidative stress and Ca2+, and the processes involved in the pathogenesis of TTR-related diseases. The roles of TTR in biomineralization, calcification, and osteoarticular and cardiovascular diseases are broadly discussed. The association of TTR-related diseases and vascular and ligament tissue calcification with TTR levels and TTR structure is presented. It is indicated that unaggregated TTR and TTR amyloid are bound by vicious cycles, and that TTR may have an as yet undetermined role(s) at the crossroads of calcification, blood coagulation, and immune response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elżbieta Wieczorek
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Abstract
Plasminogen is an abundant plasma protein that exists in various zymogenic forms. Plasmin, the proteolytically active form of plasminogen, is known for its essential role in fibrinolysis. To date, therapeutic targeting of the fibrinolytic system has been for 2 purposes: to promote plasmin generation for thromboembolic conditions or to stop plasmin to reduce bleeding. However, plasmin and plasminogen serve other important functions, some of which are unrelated to fibrin removal. Indeed, for >40 years, the antifibrinolytic agent tranexamic acid has been administered for its serendipitously discovered skin-whitening properties. Plasmin also plays an important role in the removal of misfolded/aggregated proteins and can trigger other enzymatic cascades, including complement. In addition, plasminogen, via binding to one of its dozen cell surface receptors, can modulate cell behavior and further influence immune and inflammatory processes. Plasminogen administration itself has been reported to improve thrombolysis and to accelerate wound repair. Although many of these more recent findings have been derived from in vitro or animal studies, the use of antifibrinolytic agents to reduce bleeding in humans has revealed additional clinically relevant consequences, particularly in relation to reducing infection risk that is independent of its hemostatic effects. The finding that many viruses harness the host plasminogen to aid infectivity has suggested that antifibrinolytic agents may have antiviral benefits. Here, we review the broadening role of the plasminogen-activating system in physiology and pathophysiology and how manipulation of this system may be harnessed for benefits unrelated to its conventional application in thrombosis and hemostasis.
Collapse
|
10
|
Miller JJ, Bohnsack RN, Olson LJ, Ishihara M, Aoki K, Tiemeyer M, Dahms NM. Tissue plasminogen activator is a ligand of cation-independent mannose 6-phosphate receptor and consists of glycoforms that contain mannose 6-phosphate. Sci Rep 2021; 11:8213. [PMID: 33859256 PMCID: PMC8050316 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87579-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasmin is the key enzyme in fibrinolysis. Upon interaction with plasminogen activators, the zymogen plasminogen is converted to active plasmin. Some studies indicate plasminogen activation is regulated by cation-independent mannose 6-phosphate receptor (CI-MPR), a protein that facilitates lysosomal enzyme trafficking and insulin-like growth factor 2 downregulation. Plasminogen regulation may be accomplished by CI-MPR binding to plasminogen or urokinase plasminogen activator receptor. We asked whether other members of the plasminogen activation system, such as tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), also interact with CI-MPR. Because tPA is a glycoprotein with three N-linked glycosylation sites, we hypothesized that tPA contains mannose 6-phosphate (M6P) and binds CI-MPR in a M6P-dependent manner. Using surface plasmon resonance, we found that two sources of tPA bound the extracellular region of human and bovine CI-MPR with low-mid nanomolar affinities. Binding was partially inhibited with phosphatase treatment or M6P. Subsequent studies revealed that the five N-terminal domains of CI-MPR were sufficient for tPA binding, and this interaction was also partially mediated by M6P. The three glycosylation sites of tPA were analyzed by mass spectrometry, and glycoforms containing M6P and M6P-N-acetylglucosamine were identified at position N448 of tPA. In summary, we found that tPA contains M6P and is a CI-MPR ligand.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James J Miller
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 W. Watertown Plank Rd, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Richard N Bohnsack
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 W. Watertown Plank Rd, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Linda J Olson
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 W. Watertown Plank Rd, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Mayumi Ishihara
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Rd, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Kazuhiro Aoki
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Rd, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Michael Tiemeyer
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Rd, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
| | - Nancy M Dahms
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 W. Watertown Plank Rd, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Pielsticker C, Brodde MF, Raum L, Jurk K, Kehrel BE. Plasmin-Induced Activation of Human Platelets Is Modulated by Thrombospondin-1, Bona Fide Misfolded Proteins and Thiol Isomerases. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21228851. [PMID: 33238433 PMCID: PMC7700677 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory processes are triggered by the fibrinolytic enzyme plasmin. Tissue-type plasminogen activator, which cleaves plasminogen to plasmin, can be activated by the cross-β-structure of misfolded proteins. Misfolded protein aggregates also represent substrates for plasmin, promoting their degradation, and are potent platelet agonists. However, the regulation of plasmin-mediated platelet activation by misfolded proteins and vice versa is incompletely understood. In this study, we hypothesize that plasmin acts as potent agonist of human platelets in vitro after short-term incubation at room temperature, and that the response to thrombospondin-1 and the bona fide misfolded proteins Eap and SCN--denatured IgG interfere with plasmin, thereby modulating platelet activation. Plasmin dose-dependently induced CD62P surface expression on, and binding of fibrinogen to, human platelets in the absence/presence of plasma and in citrated whole blood, as analyzed by flow cytometry. Thrombospondin-1 pre-incubated with plasmin enhanced these plasmin-induced platelet responses at low concentration and diminished them at higher dose. Platelet fibrinogen binding was dose-dependently induced by the C-terminal thrombospondin-1 peptide RFYVVMWK, Eap or NaSCN-treated IgG, but diminished in the presence of plasmin. Blocking enzymatically catalyzed thiol-isomerization decreased plasmin-induced platelet responses, suggesting that plasmin activates platelets in a thiol-dependent manner. Thrombospondin-1, depending on the concentration, may act as cofactor or inhibitor of plasmin-induced platelet activation, and plasmin blocks platelet activation induced by misfolded proteins and vice versa, which might be of clinical relevance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Pielsticker
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, Experimental and Clinical Haemostasis, University of Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany; (C.P.); (L.R.)
| | | | - Lisa Raum
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, Experimental and Clinical Haemostasis, University of Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany; (C.P.); (L.R.)
| | - Kerstin Jurk
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, Experimental and Clinical Haemostasis, University of Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany; (C.P.); (L.R.)
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
- Correspondence: (K.J.); (B.E.K.); Tel.: +49-6131178278 (K.J.); +49-2518356725 (B.E.K.)
| | - Beate E. Kehrel
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, Experimental and Clinical Haemostasis, University of Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany; (C.P.); (L.R.)
- OxProtect GmbH, 48149 Muenster, Germany;
- Correspondence: (K.J.); (B.E.K.); Tel.: +49-6131178278 (K.J.); +49-2518356725 (B.E.K.)
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Khalil H, Abd ElHady A, Elawdan KA, Mohamed D, Mohamed DD, Abd El Maksoud AI, El-Chennawi FA, El-Fikiy B, El-Sayed IH. The Mechanical Autophagy as a Part of Cellular Immunity; Facts and Features in Treating the Medical Disorders. Immunol Invest 2020; 51:266-289. [PMID: 32993405 DOI: 10.1080/08820139.2020.1828453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is a cellular housekeeping process that incorporates lysosomal-degradation to maintain cell survival and energy sources. In recent decades, the role of autophagy has implicated in the initiation and development of many diseases that affect humanity. Among these diseases are autoimmune diseases and neurodegenerative diseases, which connected with the lacking autophagy. Other diseases are connected with the increasing levels of autophagy such as cancers and infectious diseases. Therefore, controlling autophagy with sufficient regulators could represent an effective strategy to overcome such diseases. Interestingly, targeting autophagy can also provide a sufficient method to combat the current epidemic caused by the ongoing coronavirus. In this review, we aim to highlight the physiological function of the autophagic process to understand the circumstances surrounding its role in the cellular immunity associated with the development of human diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hany Khalil
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Egypt
| | - Amira Abd ElHady
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Egypt
| | - Khaled A Elawdan
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Egypt
| | - Dalia Mohamed
- Industrial Biotechnology Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Egypt
| | - Doaa D Mohamed
- Industrial Biotechnology Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Egypt
| | - Ahmed I Abd El Maksoud
- Industrial Biotechnology Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Egypt
| | - Farha A El-Chennawi
- Clinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansora University, Mansora, Egypt
| | - Bhgat El-Fikiy
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Egypt
| | - Ibrahim H El-Sayed
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Burzava ALS, Jasieniak M, Cockshell MP, Voelcker NH, Bonder CS, Griesser HJ, Moore E. Surface-Grafted Hyperbranched Polyglycerol Coating: Varying Extents of Fouling Resistance across a Range of Proteins and Cells. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2020; 3:3718-3730. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c00336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anouck L. S. Burzava
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia
| | - Marek Jasieniak
- Cooperative Research Centre for Cell Therapy Manufacturing, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Michaelia P. Cockshell
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Nicolas H. Voelcker
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Claudine S. Bonder
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
- Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Hans J. Griesser
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia
| | - Eli Moore
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Coden ME, Berdnikovs S. Eosinophils in wound healing and epithelial remodeling: Is coagulation a missing link? J Leukoc Biol 2020; 108:93-103. [DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3mr0120-390r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mackenzie E. Coden
- Division of Allergy and Immunology Department of Medicine Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine Chicago Illinois USA
| | - Sergejs Berdnikovs
- Division of Allergy and Immunology Department of Medicine Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine Chicago Illinois USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Sharma V, Verma S, Seranova E, Sarkar S, Kumar D. Selective Autophagy and Xenophagy in Infection and Disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2018; 6:147. [PMID: 30483501 PMCID: PMC6243101 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2018.00147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy, a cellular homeostatic process, which ensures cellular survival under various stress conditions, has catapulted to the forefront of innate defense mechanisms during intracellular infections. The ability of autophagy to tag and target intracellular pathogens toward lysosomal degradation is central to this key defense function. However, studies involving the role and regulation of autophagy during intracellular infections largely tend to ignore the housekeeping function of autophagy. A growing number of evidences now suggest that the housekeeping function of autophagy, rather than the direct pathogen degradation function, may play a decisive role to determine the outcome of infection and immunological balance. We discuss herein the studies that establish the homeostatic and anti-inflammatory function of autophagy, as well as role of bacterial effectors in modulating and coopting these functions. Given that the core autophagy machinery remains largely the same across diverse cargos, how selectivity plays out during intracellular infection remains intriguing. We explore here, the contrasting role of autophagy adaptors being both selective as well as pleotropic in functions and discuss whether E3 ligases could bring in the specificity to cargo selectivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vartika Sharma
- Cellular Immunology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Surbhi Verma
- Cellular Immunology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Elena Seranova
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Sovan Sarkar
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Dhiraj Kumar
- Cellular Immunology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Medcalf RL. What drives “fibrinolysis”? Hamostaseologie 2017; 35:303-10. [DOI: 10.5482/hamo-14-10-0050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
SummaryThe timely removal of blood clots and fibrin deposits is essential in the regulation of haemostasis. This is achieved by the fibrinolytic system, an enzymatic process that regulates the activation of plasminogen into its proteolytic form, plasmin. This is a self-regulated event as the very presence of fibrin initiates plasminogen activation on the fibrin surface due to the presentation of exposed C-terminal lysine residues in fibrin that allow plasminogen to position itself via its lysine binding sites and to be more efficiently cleaved by tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA). Hence fibrin, the ultimate substrate of plasmin during fibrinolysis, is indeed an essential cofactor in the cascade. What has now come to light is that the fibrinolytic system is not solely designed to eliminate fibrin. Indeed, it is a broad acting system that processes a variety of proteins, including many in the brain where there is no fibrin. So what drives t-PA-mediated plasminogen activation when fibrin is not available?This review will describe the broadening role of the fibrinolytic system highlighting the importance of fibrin and other key proteins as facilitators during t-PA-mediated plasminogen activation.
Collapse
|
17
|
Bastos P, Trindade F, Leite-Moreira A, Falcão-Pires I, Ferreira R, Vitorino R. Methodological approaches and insights on protein aggregation in biological systems. Expert Rev Proteomics 2016; 14:55-68. [DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2017.1264877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Bastos
- Department of Medical Sciences, Institute of Biomedicine – iBiMED, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Fábio Trindade
- Department of Medical Sciences, Institute of Biomedicine – iBiMED, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
- Department of Physiology and Cardiothoracic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Adelino Leite-Moreira
- Department of Physiology and Cardiothoracic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Inês Falcão-Pires
- Department of Physiology and Cardiothoracic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Rita Ferreira
- Department of Chemistry, Mass Spectrometry Center, QOPNA, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Rui Vitorino
- Department of Medical Sciences, Institute of Biomedicine – iBiMED, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Kee NLA, Krause J, Blatch GL, Muramoto K, Sakka K, Sakka M, Naudé RJ, Wagner L, Wolf R, Rahfeld JU, Demuth HU, Mielicki WP, Frost CL. The proteolytic profile of human cancer procoagulant suggests that it promotes cancer metastasis at the level of activation rather than degradation. Protein J 2016; 34:338-48. [PMID: 26341972 DOI: 10.1007/s10930-015-9628-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Proteases are essential for tumour progression and many are over-expressed during this time. The main focus of research was the role of these proteases in degradation of the basement membrane and extracellular matrix (ECM), thereby enabling metastasis to occur. Cancer procoagulant (CP), a protease present in malignant tumours, but not normal tissue, is a known activator of coagulation factor X (FX). The present study investigated the function of CP in cancer progression by focussing on its enzymatic specificity. FX cleavage was confirmed using SDS-PAGE and MALDI-TOF MS and compared to the proteolytic action of CP on ECM proteins, including collagen type IV, laminin and fibronectin. Contrary to previous reports, CP cleaved FX at the conventional activation site (between Arg-52 and Ile-53). Additionally, degradation of FX by CP occurred at a much slower rate than degradation by conventional activators. Complete degradation of the heavy chain of FX was only visible after 24 h, while degradation by RVV was complete after 30 min, supporting postulations that the procoagulant function of CP may be of secondary importance to its role in cancer progression. Of the ECM proteins tested, only fibronectin was cleaved. The substrate specificity of CP was further investigated by screening synthetic peptide substrates using a novel direct CP assay. The results indicate that CP is not essential for either cancer-associated blood coagulation or the degradation of ECM proteins. Rather, they suggest that this protease may be required for the proteolytic activation of membrane receptors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nalise Low Ah Kee
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, P.O. Box 77000, Port Elizabeth, 6031, South Africa
| | - Jason Krause
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, P.O. Box 77000, Port Elizabeth, 6031, South Africa
| | - Gregory L Blatch
- Biomedical Biotechnology Research Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Biotechnology, Rhodes University, P.O. Box 94, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa.,Centre for Chronic Disease, College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Koji Muramoto
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Function, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, 981-8555, Japan
| | - Kazuo Sakka
- Department and Graduate School of Sustainable Resource Sciences, Mie University, 1577 Kurima-Machiyacho, Tsu, 514-8507, Japan
| | - Makiko Sakka
- Department and Graduate School of Sustainable Resource Sciences, Mie University, 1577 Kurima-Machiyacho, Tsu, 514-8507, Japan
| | - Ryno J Naudé
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, P.O. Box 77000, Port Elizabeth, 6031, South Africa
| | - Leona Wagner
- Probiodrug AG, Weinbergweg 22, 06120, Halle, Germany
| | - Raik Wolf
- Probiodrug AG, Weinbergweg 22, 06120, Halle, Germany
| | - Jens-Ulrich Rahfeld
- Department of Drug Design and Target Validation, Fraunhofer-Institute for cell therapy and immunology, Weinbergweg 22, 06120, Halle, Germany
| | - Hans-Ulrich Demuth
- Department of Drug Design and Target Validation, Fraunhofer-Institute for cell therapy and immunology, Weinbergweg 22, 06120, Halle, Germany
| | - Wojciech P Mielicki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Medical University of Łódź, ul. Muszynskiego 1, 90151, Lodz, Poland
| | - Carminita L Frost
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, P.O. Box 77000, Port Elizabeth, 6031, South Africa.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Kumar S, Thangakani AM, Nagarajan R, Singh SK, Velmurugan D, Gromiha MM. Autoimmune Responses to Soluble Aggregates of Amyloidogenic Proteins Involved in Neurodegenerative Diseases: Overlapping Aggregation Prone and Autoimmunogenic regions. Sci Rep 2016; 6:22258. [PMID: 26924748 PMCID: PMC4770294 DOI: 10.1038/srep22258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Why do patients suffering from neurodegenerative diseases generate autoantibodies that selectively bind soluble aggregates of amyloidogenic proteins? Presently, molecular basis of interactions between the soluble aggregates and human immune system is unknown. By analyzing sequences of experimentally validated T-cell autoimmune epitopes, aggregating peptides, amyloidogenic proteins and randomly generated peptides, here we report overlapping regions that likely drive aggregation as well as generate autoantibodies against the aggregates. Sequence features, that make short peptides susceptible to aggregation, increase their incidence in human T-cell autoimmune epitopes by 4–6 times. Many epitopes are predicted to be significantly aggregation prone (aggregation propensities ≥10%) and the ones containing experimentally validated aggregating regions are enriched in hydrophobicity by 10–20%. Aggregate morphologies also influence Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) - types recognized by the aggregating regions containing epitopes. Most (88%) epitopes that contain amyloid fibril forming regions bind HLA-DR, while majority (63%) of those containing amorphous β-aggregating regions bind HLA-DQ. More than two-thirds (70%) of human amyloidogenic proteins contain overlapping regions that are simultaneously aggregation prone and auto-immunogenic. Such regions help clear soluble aggregates by generating selective autoantibodies against them. This can be harnessed for early diagnosis of proteinopathies and for drug/vaccine design against them.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Kumar
- Biotherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pfizer Inc., 700 Chesterfield Parkway West, Chesterfield MO 63017, USA
| | - A Mary Thangakani
- Center for Advanced Studies in Crystallography and Biophysics and Bioinformatics Infrastructure Facility, University of Madras, Chennai 600025, India
| | - R Nagarajan
- Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
| | - Satish K Singh
- Biotherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pfizer Inc., 700 Chesterfield Parkway West, Chesterfield MO 63017, USA
| | - D Velmurugan
- Center for Advanced Studies in Crystallography and Biophysics and Bioinformatics Infrastructure Facility, University of Madras, Chennai 600025, India
| | - M Michael Gromiha
- Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Komissarov AA, Florova G, Azghani AO, Buchanan A, Bradley WM, Schaefer C, Koenig K, Idell S. The time course of resolution of adhesions during fibrinolytic therapy in tetracycline-induced pleural injury in rabbits. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2015; 309:L562-72. [PMID: 26163512 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00136.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The time required for the effective clearance of pleural adhesions/organization after intrapleural fibrinolytic therapy (IPFT) is unknown. Chest ultrasonography and computed tomography (CT) were used to assess the efficacy of IPFT in a rabbit model of tetracycline-induced pleural injury, treated with single-chain (sc) urokinase plasminogen activators (scuPAs) or tissue PAs (sctPA). IPFT with sctPA (0.145 mg/kg; n = 10) and scuPA (0.5 mg/kg; n = 12) was monitored by serial ultrasonography alone (n = 12) or alongside CT scanning (n = 10). IPFT efficacy was assessed with gross lung injury scores (GLIS) and ultrasonography scores (USS). Pleural fluids withdrawn at 0-240 min and 24 h after IPFT were assayed for PA and fibrinolytic activities, α-macroglobulin/fibrinolysin complexes, and active PA inhibitor 1 (PAI-1). scuPA and sctPA generated comparable steady-state fibrinolytic activities by 20 min. PA activity in the scuPA group decreased slower than the sctPA group (kobs = 0.016 and 0.042 min(-1)). Significant amounts of bioactive uPA/α-macroglobulin (but not tPA; P < 0.05) complexes accumulated at 0-40 min after IPFT. Despite the differences in intrapleural processing, IPFT with either fibrinolysin was effective (GLIS ≤ 10) in animals imaged with ultrasonography only. USS correlated well with postmortem GLIS (r(2) = 0.85) and confirmed relatively slow intrapleural fibrinolysis after IPFT, which coincided with effective clearance of adhesions/organization at 4-8 h. CT scanning was associated with less effective (GLIS > 10) IPFT and higher levels of active PAI-1 at 24 h following therapy. We concluded that intrapleural fibrinolysis in tetracycline-induced pleural injury in rabbits is relatively slow (4-8 h). In CT-scanned animals, elevated PAI-1 activity (possibly radiation induced) reduced the efficacy of IPFT, buttressing the major impact of active PAI-1 on IPFT outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrey A Komissarov
- The Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology and the Texas Lung Injury Institute, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler (UTHSCT), Tyler, Texas;
| | - Galina Florova
- The Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology and the Texas Lung Injury Institute, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler (UTHSCT), Tyler, Texas
| | - Ali O Azghani
- The Department of Biology at the University of Texas at Tyler, Tyler, Texas
| | - Ann Buchanan
- UTHSCT Vivarium, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, Texas
| | - William M Bradley
- The Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, Texas
| | - Chris Schaefer
- The Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology and the Texas Lung Injury Institute, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler (UTHSCT), Tyler, Texas
| | - Kathleen Koenig
- The Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology and the Texas Lung Injury Institute, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler (UTHSCT), Tyler, Texas
| | - Steven Idell
- The Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology and the Texas Lung Injury Institute, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler (UTHSCT), Tyler, Texas
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Madsen DE, Sidelmann JJ, Biltoft D, Gram J, Hansen S. C1-inhibitor polymers activate the FXII-dependent kallikrein–kinin system: Implication for a role in hereditary angioedema. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2015; 1850:1336-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2015.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Revised: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
22
|
The fibrinolytic system-more than fibrinolysis? Transfus Med Rev 2014; 29:102-9. [PMID: 25576010 DOI: 10.1016/j.tmrv.2014.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Revised: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The fibrinolytic system, known for its ability to regulate the activation of the zymogen plasminogen into active plasmin, has been primarily associated with the removal of fibrin and blood clots. Tissue-type plasminogen activator, the most well-recognized plasminogen activator, was harnessed for therapeutic benefit against thromboembolic disorders more than 30 years ago, whereas inhibition of this system has been proven effective for certain bleeding disorders. However, in recent years, new and unexpected functional roles for this system have been identified mostly in relation to the central nervous system that are both unrelated and independent of fibrin degradation and clot removal. Hence, it seems reasonable to ask whether agents used to modify components or activities of the fibrinolytic system have any clinical consequences unrelated to their intended use in hemostasis. This review will provide an overview of these new features of the fibrinolytic system and will also focus on prospective considerations in the use of fibrinolytic and antifibrinolytic agents.
Collapse
|
23
|
Wu M, Petryayeva E, Algar WR. Quantum dot-based concentric FRET configuration for the parallel detection of protease activity and concentration. Anal Chem 2014; 86:11181-8. [PMID: 25361050 DOI: 10.1021/ac502600a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Protease expression, activity, and inhibition play crucial roles in a multitude of biological processes; however, these three aspects of their function are difficult for any one bioanalytical probe to measure. To help address this challenge, we report a multifunctional concentric Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) configuration that combines two modes of biorecognition using aptamers and peptide substrates coassembled to a central semiconductor quantum dot (QD). The aptamer is sensitive to the concentration of protease and the peptide is sensitive to its hydrolytic activity. The role of the QD is to serve as a nanoscale scaffold and initial donor for energy transfer with both Cyanine 3 (Cy3) and Alexa Fluor 647 (A647) fluorescent dyes associated with the aptamer and peptide, respectively. Using thrombin as a model protease, we show that a ratiometric analysis of the emission from the QD, Cy3, and A647 permits discrimination between thrombin and thrombin-like activity, and distinguishes between active, reversibly inhibited, and irreversibly inhibited thrombin. Reliable quantitative results were obtained from a kinetic analysis of the changes in FRET. This concentric FRET format, which capitalizes on both the physical and optical properties of QDs, should be adaptable to other protease targets for which both peptide substrates and binding aptamers are known. It is thus expected to become valuable a tool for the real-time analysis of protease activity and regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miao Wu
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia , 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Denny RA, Gavrin LK, Saiah E. Recent developments in targeting protein misfolding diseases. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:1935-44. [PMID: 23454013 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.01.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2012] [Revised: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Protein misfolding is an emerging field that crosses multiple therapeutic areas and causes many serious diseases. As the biological pathways of protein misfolding become more clearly elucidated, small molecule approaches in this arena are gaining increased attention. This manuscript will survey current small molecules from the literature that are known to modulate misfolding, stabilization or proteostasis. Specifically, the following targets and approaches will be discussed: CFTR, glucocerebrosidase, modulation of toxic oligomers, serum amyloid P (SAP) sections and HSF1 activators.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rajiah Aldrin Denny
- BioTherapeutics Chemistry, Pfizer Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, 200 CambridgePark Drive, Cambridge, MA 02140, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
de Maat S, van Dooremalen S, de Groot PG, Maas C. A nanobody-based method for tracking factor XII activation in plasma. Thromb Haemost 2013; 110:458-68. [PMID: 23349032 DOI: 10.1160/th12-11-0792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Accepted: 12/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The physiological role of the plasma protein factor XII (FXII), as well as its involvement in human pathology, is poorly understood. While FXII is implicated in thrombotic pathology as a coagulation factor, it can contribute to inflammatory conditions without triggering coagulation. We recently generated nanobodies against the catalytic domain of activated FXII (FXIIa). Here, we describe two of these nanobodies, A10 and B7, both of which do not recognise FXII. Nanobody A10 recognises the catalytic domain of purified α-FXIIa (80 kDa), but not that of purified β-FXIIa (28 kDa), whereas nanobody B7 recognises both. This suggests minute differences in the catalytic domain between these isoforms of FXIIa. The detection of FXIIa by these nanobodies in plasma can become compromised through inactivation by serine protease inhibitors. This effect can be efficiently countered through the addition of the small-molecular protease inhibitor PPACK. Finally, we show that our nanobody-based assays in vitro distinguish various activation products of FXII that differ with the type of activator present: whereas procoagulant activators solely trigger the formation of a species that is captured by B7, proinflammatory activators first generate a species that is recognised by B7, which is later converted into a species that is recognised by A10. These findings suggest that a progressive proteolysis of FXIIa results in the generation a non-procoagulant form of FXIIa, whereas retention of intermediate forms triggers coagulation. Moreover, our findings indicate the development of nanobodies against activated enzymes offers improved opportunities to investigate their contribution to health and disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S de Maat
- Dr. C. Maas, University Medical Center Utrecht, Department of Clinical Chemistry and Hematology, Room G.03.550, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands, Tel.: +31 88 755 6513, Fax: +31 88 755 5418, E-mail:
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Wang X, Kumar S, Buck PM, Singh SK. Impact of deglycosylation and thermal stress on conformational stability of a full length murine igG2a monoclonal antibody: Observations from molecular dynamics simulations. Proteins 2012; 81:443-60. [DOI: 10.1002/prot.24202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2012] [Revised: 10/02/2012] [Accepted: 10/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
27
|
Accelerated fibrinolysis and its propagation on vascular endothelial cells by secreted and retained tPA. J Biomed Biotechnol 2012; 2012:208108. [PMID: 23118500 PMCID: PMC3478939 DOI: 10.1155/2012/208108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2012] [Revised: 07/11/2012] [Accepted: 07/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We successfully visualized the secretory dynamics of tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) tagged by green fluorescent protein (tPA-GFP) from cultured vascular endothelial cells (VECs) using total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy and demonstrated that tPA-GFP secreted from VECs was retained on cell surfaces in a heavy-chain-dependent manner. Progressive binding of Alexa568-labeled Glu-plasminogen was also observed on the surface of active tPA-GFP expressing cells via lysine binding sites (LBS), which was not observed on inactive mutant tPA-GFP expressing cells. These results suggest that retained tPA on VECs effectively activated plasminogen to plasmin, which then facilitated the binding of additional plasminogen on the cell surface by proteolytically cleaving surface-associated proteins and exposing their C-terminal lysine residues. Thus prolonged retention of tPA appeared to play an important role in initiating and amplifying plasmin generation on VECs. LBS-dependent binding of plasminogen was also observed as a narrow band at the lytic front of the fibrin mesh formed on active tPA-GFP expressing cells, which expanded outward as the lytic area increased. This binding was not observed on inactive mutant tPA-GFP expressing cells or in the presence of aprotinin. The binding of plasminogen to partially digested fibrin appears to be indispensable for spontaneous fibrinolysis.
Collapse
|
28
|
Abstract
Coagulation factor XII (FXII, Hageman factor, EC = 3.4.21.38) is the zymogen of the serine protease, factor XIIa (FXIIa). FXII is converted to FXIIa through autoactivation induced by "contact" to charged surfaces. FXIIa is of crucial importance for fibrin formation in vitro, but deficiency in the protease is not associated with excessive bleeding. For decades, FXII was considered to have no function for coagulation in vivo. Our laboratory developed the first murine knockout model of FXII. Consistent with their human counterparts, FXII(-/-) mice have a normal hemostatic capacity. However, thrombus formation in FXII(-/-) mice is largely defective, and the animals are protected from experimental cerebral ischemia and pulmonary embolism. This murine model has created new interest in FXII because it raises the possibility for safe anticoagulation, which targets thrombosis without influence on hemostasis. We recently have identified platelet polyphosphate (an inorganic polymer) and mast cell heparin as in vivo FXII activators with implications on the initiation of thrombosis and edema during hypersensitivity reactions. Independent of its protease activity, FXII exerts mitogenic activity with implications for angiogenesis. The goal of this review is to summarize the in vivo functions of FXII, with special focus to its functions in thrombosis and vascular biology.
Collapse
|
29
|
Abstract
By inducing BK (bradykinin)-stimulated adrenomedullary catecholamine release, bolus injection of the β-fragment of activated plasma coagulation Factor XII (β-FXIIa) transiently elevates BP (blood pressure) and HR (heart rate) of anaesthetized, vagotomized, ganglion-blocked, captopril-treated bioassay rats. We hypothesized that intravenous infusion of β-FXIIa into intact untreated rats would elicit a qualitatively similar vasoconstrictor response. BN (Brown Norway) rats received for 60 min either: (i) saline (control; n=10); (ii) β-FXIIa (85 ng/min per kg of body weight; n=9); or (iii) β-FXIIa after 2ADX (bilateral adrenalectomy; n=9). LV (left ventricular) volume and aortic BP were recorded before (30 min baseline), during (60 min) and after (30 min recovery) the infusion. TPR (total peripheral resistance) was derived from MAP (mean arterial pressure), SV (stroke volume) and HR. Saline had no haemodynamic effects. β-FXIIa infusion increased its plasma concentration 3-fold in both groups. In adrenally intact rats, β-FXIIa infusion increased MAP by 6% (5±2 mmHg) and TPR by 45% (0.50±0.12 mmHg/ml per min), despite falls in SV (−38±8 μl) and HR [−18±5 b.p.m. (beats/min)] (all P<0.05). In 2ADX rats, β-FXIIa had no HR effect, but decreased SV (−89±9 μl) and MAP (−4±1 mmHg), and increased TPR by 66% (0.59±0.15 mmHg/ml per min) (all P<0.05). After infusion, adrenally intact rats exhibited persistent vasoconstriction (MAP, 10±1 mmHg; TPR, 0.55±0.07 mmHg/ml per min; both P<0.05), whereas in 2ADX rats, MAP remained 5±1 mmHg below baseline (P<0.05) and TPR returned to baseline. End-study arterial adrenaline (epinephrine) concentrations in the three groups were 1.9±0.6, 9.8±4.1 and 0.6±0.2 nmol/l respectively. Thus, in neurally intact lightly anaesthetized untreated rats, β-FXIIa infusion induces both adrenal catecholamine-mediated and adrenally independent increases in peripheral resistance.
Collapse
|
30
|
Immunogenicity of protein aggregates--concerns and realities. Int J Pharm 2012; 431:1-11. [PMID: 22546296 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2012.04.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2012] [Revised: 04/10/2012] [Accepted: 04/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Protein aggregation is one of the key challenges in the development of protein biotherapeutics. It is a critical product quality issue as well as a potential safety concern due to the increased immunogenicity potential of these aggregates. The overwhelming safety concern has led to an increased development effort and regulatory scrutiny in recent years. The main purposes of this review are to examine the literature data on the relationship between protein aggregates and immunogenicity, to highlight the linkage and existing inconsistencies/uncertainties, and to propose directions for future investigations/development.
Collapse
|
31
|
de Laat B, van Berkel M, Urbanus RT, Siregar B, de Groot PG, Gebbink MF, Maas C. Immune responses against domain I of β2-glycoprotein I are driven by conformational changes: Domain I of β2-glycoprotein I harbors a cryptic immunogenic epitope. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 63:3960-8. [DOI: 10.1002/art.30633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
32
|
Factor XIIa regulates the structure of the fibrin clot independently of thrombin generation through direct interaction with fibrin. Blood 2011; 118:3942-51. [DOI: 10.1182/blood-2011-03-339572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Recent data indicate an important contribution of coagulation factor (F)XII to in vivo thrombus formation. Because fibrin structure plays a key role in clot stability and thrombosis, we hypothesized that FXII(a) interacts with fibrin(ogen) and thereby regulates clot structure and function. In plasma and purified system, we observed a dose-dependent increase in fibrin fiber density and decrease in turbidity, reflecting a denser structure, and a nonlinear increase in clot stiffness with FXIIa. In plasma, this increase was partly independent of thrombin generation, as shown in clots made in prothrombin-deficient plasma initiated with snake venom enzyme and in clots made from plasma deficient in FXII and prothrombin. Purified FXII and α-FXIIa, but not β-FXIIa, bound to purified fibrinogen and fibrin with nanomolar affinity. Immunostaining of human carotid artery thrombi showed that FXII colocalized with areas of dense fibrin deposition, providing evidence for the in vivo modulation of fibrin structure by FXIIa. These data demonstrate that FXIIa modulates fibrin clot structure independently of thrombin generation through direct binding of the N-terminus of FXIIa to fibrin(ogen). Modification of fibrin structure by FXIIa represents a novel physiologic role for the contact pathway that may contribute to the pathophysiology of thrombosis.
Collapse
|
33
|
Komissarov AA, Florova G, Idell S. Effects of extracellular DNA on plasminogen activation and fibrinolysis. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:41949-41962. [PMID: 21976662 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.301218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The increased levels of extracellular DNA found in a number of disorders involving dysregulation of the fibrinolytic system may affect interactions between fibrinolytic enzymes and inhibitors. Double-stranded (ds) DNA and oligonucleotides bind tissue-(tPA) and urokinase (uPA)-type plasminogen activators, plasmin, and plasminogen with submicromolar affinity. The binding of enzymes to DNA was detected by EMSA, steady-state, and stopped-flow fluorimetry. The interaction of dsDNA/oligonucleotides with tPA and uPA includes a fast bimolecular step, followed by two monomolecular steps, likely indicating slow conformational changes in the enzyme. DNA (0.1-5.0 μg/ml), but not RNA, potentiates the activation of Glu- and Lys-plasminogen by tPA and uPA by 480- and 70-fold and 10.7- and 17-fold, respectively, via a template mechanism similar to that known for fibrin. However, unlike fibrin, dsDNA/oligonucleotides moderately affect the reaction between plasmin and α(2)-antiplasmin and accelerate the inactivation of tPA and two chain uPA by plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), which is potentiated by vitronectin. dsDNA (0.1-1.0 μg/ml) does not affect the rate of fibrinolysis by plasmin but increases by 4-5-fold the rate of fibrinolysis by Glu-plasminogen/plasminogen activator. The presence of α(2)-antiplasmin abolishes the potentiation of fibrinolysis by dsDNA. At higher concentrations (1.0-20 μg/ml), dsDNA competes for plasmin with fibrin and decreases the rate of fibrinolysis. dsDNA/oligonucleotides incorporated into a fibrin film also inhibit fibrinolysis. Thus, extracellular DNA at physiological concentrations may potentiate fibrinolysis by stimulating fibrin-independent plasminogen activation. Conversely, DNA could inhibit fibrinolysis by increasing the susceptibility of fibrinolytic enzymes to serpins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrey A Komissarov
- Texas Lung Injury Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, Texas 75708-3154.
| | - Galina Florova
- Texas Lung Injury Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, Texas 75708-3154
| | - Steven Idell
- Texas Lung Injury Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, Texas 75708-3154
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Hong J, Kurt S, Thor A. A Hydrophilic Dental Implant Surface Exhibit Thrombogenic Properties In Vitro. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res 2011; 15:105-112. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1708-8208.2011.00362.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jaan Hong
- Researcher, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory C5, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Seta Kurt
- research engineer, Department of Oncology, Radiology and Clinical Immunology, Division of Clinical Immunology, Rudbeck Laboratory C5, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden,
| | - Andreas Thor
- consultant and researcher, Institute of Surgical Sciences, Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Abstract
The pathogenesis of arterial thrombosis is complex and dynamic. Unlike venous thrombi, arterial thrombi typically form under conditions of high blood flow and are mainly composed of platelet aggregates, giving them the appearance of 'white clots'. Strong evidence suggests that arterial thrombi originate as a consequence of an injured atherosclerotic plaque, and that their formation involves the release of prothrombotic material (such as tissue factor), platelet aggregation, and platelet adhesion to the vascular wall. The initially labile platelet plaque is then stabilized by insoluble fibrin produced upon activation of the coagulation cascade. Inherited genetic factors (gene polymorphisms) and acquired predisposing conditions (such as the concentration and activity of clotting factors) can influence both the composition and the size of an arterial thrombus. Further research is needed to elucidate the functions of blood coagulation proteins and cellular elements that are critical to the pathogenesis of arterial thrombosis. This Review explains mechanisms of pathological arterial thrombus formation and discusses genetic and acquired risk factors of atherothrombosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Lippi
- Clinical Chemistry Laboratory, Academic Hospital, University of Parma, Via Gramsci 14, 43126 Parma, Italy.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Gebbink MFBG. Tissue-type plasminogen activator-mediated plasminogen activation and contact activation, implications in and beyond haemostasis. J Thromb Haemost 2011; 9 Suppl 1:174-81. [PMID: 21781253 DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2011.04278.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Due to its discovery as initiator of fibrinolysis and its well-studied activation by fibrin, tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) and the fibrinolytic system are generally associated with the dissolution of blood clots. However, it has been demonstrated over the years that (i) tPA can be activated by multiple proteins, (ii) plasmin has many substrates other than fibrin and (iii) tPA and plasmin have biological functions independent of fibrin and distinct from their role in blood clot lysis. We here review the data with respect to the activation of tPA by fibrin and its multiple other cofactors, in relation to tPA's role in pathophysiology, notably fibrinolysis and amyloidosis, with emphasis on Alzheimer's disease. We demonstrate a common structural element, termed cross-β structure, in misfolded proteins that is causal to tPA activation. The implications for protein misfolding diseases that are known to be associated with the deposition of amyloid and for diseases for which this has not (yet) been established are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M F B G Gebbink
- Crossbeta Biosciences BV, Utrecht Department of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Johnson CY, Tuite A, Morange PE, Tregouet DA, Gagnon F. The factor XII -4C>T variant and risk of common thrombotic disorders: A HuGE review and meta-analysis of evidence from observational studies. Am J Epidemiol 2011; 173:136-44. [PMID: 21071604 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwq349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Coagulation factor XII is involved in thrombus formation and therefore may play a role in the etiology of thrombotic disorders. A common variant in the factor XII (F12) gene (-4C>T, rs1801020) results in decreased plasma levels of this coagulation factor. The existence of associations between low factor XII levels or F12 variants and thrombotic outcomes has been debated for more than a decade. The authors conducted a review and meta-analysis to evaluate the evidence for an association between F12 -4C>T and 2 common thrombotic outcomes: venous thromboembolism and myocardial infarction, which are hypothesized to share some etiologic pathways. MEDLINE, EMBASE, and HuGE Navigator were searched through July 2009 to identify relevant epidemiologic studies, and data were summarized using random-effects meta-analysis. Sixteen candidate gene studies (4,386 cases, 40,089 controls) were analyzed. None of the investigated contrasts reached statistical significance at P < 0.05, apart from a very weak association with myocardial infarction for the TT + CT versus CC contrast (odds ratio = 1.13, 95% confidence interval: 1.00, 1.27). Overall, based on the synthesis of observational studies, the evidence for an association between F12 -4C>T and venous thromboembolism and myocardial infarction is weak.
Collapse
|
38
|
The interplay between tissue plasminogen activator domains and fibrin structures in the regulation of fibrinolysis: kinetic and microscopic studies. Blood 2010; 117:661-8. [PMID: 20966169 PMCID: PMC3031486 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2010-06-290338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulation of tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) depends on fibrin binding and fibrin structure. tPA structure/function relationships were investigated in fibrin formed by high or low thrombin concentrations to produce a fine mesh and small pores, or thick fibers and coarse structure, respectively. Kinetics studies were performed to investigate plasminogen activation and fibrinolysis in the 2 types of fibrin, using wild-type tPA (F-G-K1-K2-P, F and K2 binding), K1K1-tPA (F-G-K1-K1-P, F binding), and delF-tPA (G-K1-K2-P, K2 binding). There was a trend of enzyme potency of tPA > K1K1-tPA > delF-tPA, highlighting the importance of the finger domain in regulating activity, but the differences were less apparent in fine fibrin. Fine fibrin was a better surface for plasminogen activation but more resistant to lysis. Scanning electron and confocal microscopy using orange fluorescent fibrin with green fluorescent protein-labeled tPA variants showed that tPA was strongly associated with agglomerates in coarse but not in fine fibrin. In later lytic stages, delF-tPA-green fluorescent protein diffused more rapidly through fibrin in contrast to full-length tPA, highlighting the importance of finger domain-agglomerate interactions. Thus, the regulation of fibrinolysis depends on the starting nature of fibrin fibers and complex dynamic interaction between tPA and fibrin structures that vary over time.
Collapse
|
39
|
Kanse SM, Etscheid M. Factor VII activating protease (FSAP): caught in the cross-fire between polycations and polyanions. J Thromb Haemost 2010; 8:556-8. [PMID: 19995407 DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2009.03718.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S M Kanse
- Institute for Biochemistry, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany.
| | | |
Collapse
|