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Miguel-Hidalgo JJ, Hearn E, Moulana M, Saleem K, Clark A, Holmes M, Wadhwa K, Kelly I, Stockmeier CA, Rajkowska G. Reduced length of nodes of Ranvier and altered proteoglycan immunoreactivity in prefrontal white matter in major depressive disorder and chronically stressed rats. Sci Rep 2023; 13:16419. [PMID: 37775676 PMCID: PMC10541441 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-43627-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) and chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) in animals feature comparable cellular and molecular disturbances that involve neurons and glial cells in gray and white matter (WM) in prefrontal brain areas. These same areas demonstrate disturbed connectivity with other brain regions in MDD and stress-related disorders. Functional connectivity ultimately depends on signal propagation along WM myelinated axons, and thus on the integrity of nodes of Ranvier (NRs) and their environment. Various glia-derived proteoglycans interact with NR axonal proteins to sustain NR function. It is unclear whether NR length and the content of associated proteoglycans is altered in prefrontal cortex (PFC) WM of human subjects with MDD and in experimentally stressed animals. The length of WM NRs in histological sections from the PFC of 10 controls and 10 MDD subjects, and from the PFC of control and CUS rats was measured. In addition, in WM of the same brain region, five proteoglycans, tenascin-R and NR protein neurofascin were immunostained or their levels measured with western blots. Analysis of covariance and t-tests were used for group comparisons. There was dramatic reduction of NR length in PFC WM in both MDD and CUS rats. Proteoglycan BRAL1 immunostaining was reduced at NRs and in overall WM of MDD subjects, as was versican in overall WM. Phosphacan immunostaining and levels were increased in both in MDD and CUS. Neurofascin immunostaining at NRs and in overall WM was significantly increased in MDD. Reduced length of NRs and increased phosphacan and neurocan in MDD and stressed animals suggest that morphological and proteoglycan changes at NRs in depression may be related to stress exposure and contribute to connectivity alterations. However, differences between MDD and CUS for some NR related markers may point to other mechanisms affecting the structure and function of NRs in MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Javier Miguel-Hidalgo
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 N. State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA.
| | - Erik Hearn
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 N. State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
| | - Mohadetheh Moulana
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 N. State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
| | - Khunsa Saleem
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 N. State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
| | - Austin Clark
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 N. State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
| | - Maggie Holmes
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 N. State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
| | - Kashish Wadhwa
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 N. State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
| | - Isabella Kelly
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 N. State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
| | - Craig Allen Stockmeier
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 N. State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
| | - Grazyna Rajkowska
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 N. State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
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Bizzoca A, Jirillo E, Flace P, Gennarini G. Overall Role of Contactins Expression in Neurodevelopmental Events and Contribution to Neurological Disorders. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS DRUG TARGETS 2022; 22:CNSNDDT-EPUB-128217. [PMID: 36515028 DOI: 10.2174/1871527322666221212160048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurodegenerative disorders may depend upon a misregulation of the pathways which sustain neurodevelopmental control. In this context, this review article focuses on Friedreich ataxia (FA), a neurodegenerative disorder resulting from mutations within the gene encoding the Frataxin protein, which is involved in the control of mitochondrial function and oxidative metabolism. OBJECTIVE The specific aim of the present study concerns the FA molecular and cellular substrates, for which available transgenic mice models are proposed, including mutants undergoing misexpression of adhesive/morphoregulatory proteins, in particular belonging to the Contactin subset of the immunoglobulin supergene family. METHODS In both mutant and control mice, neurogenesis was explored by morphological/morphometric analysis through the expression of cell type-specific markers, including -tubulin, the Contactin-1 axonal adhesive glycoprotein, as well as the Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein (GFAP). RESULTS Specific consequences were found to arise from the chosen misexpression approach, consisting of a neuronal developmental delay associated with glial upregulation. Protective effects against the arising phenotype resulted from antioxidants (essentially epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG)) administration, which was demonstrated through the profiles of neuronal (-tubulin and Contactin 1) as well as glial (GFAP) markers, in turn indicating the concomitant activation of neurodegeneration and neuro repair processes. The latter also implied activation of the Notch-1 signaling. CONCLUSION Overall, this study supports the significance of changes in morphoregulatory proteins expression in the FA pathogenesis and of antioxidant administration in counteracting it, which, in turn, allows to devise potential therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Bizzoca
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences, and Sensory Organs. Medical School. University of Bari. Piazza Giulio Cesare, 11. I-70124 Bari. Italy
| | - Emilio Jirillo
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences, and Sensory Organs. Medical School. University of Bari. Piazza Giulio Cesare, 11. I-70124 Bari. Italy
| | - Paolo Flace
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences, and Sensory Organs. Medical School. University of Bari. Piazza Giulio Cesare, 11. I-70124 Bari. Italy
| | - Gianfranco Gennarini
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences, and Sensory Organs. Medical School. University of Bari. Piazza Giulio Cesare, 11. I-70124 Bari. Italy
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Lubetzki C, Sol-Foulon N, Desmazières A. Nodes of Ranvier during development and repair in the CNS. Nat Rev Neurol 2020; 16:426-439. [DOI: 10.1038/s41582-020-0375-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Spread in Oligodendrocytic Cells Is Highly Dependent on MAL Proteolipid. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.01739-19. [PMID: 31748392 PMCID: PMC6997773 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01739-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) is a neurotropic pathogen that can infect many types of cells and establish latent infections in neurons. HSV-1 may spread from infected to uninfected cells by two main routes: by cell-free virus or by cell-to-cell spread. In the first case, virions exit into the extracellular space and then infect another cell from the outside. In the second case, viral transmission occurs through cell-to-cell contacts via a mechanism that is still poorly understood. A third mode of spread, using extracellular vesicles, also exists. In this study, we demonstrate the important role for a myelin protein, myelin and lymphocyte protein (MAL), in the process of cell-to-cell viral spread in oligodendrocytes. We show that MAL is involved in trafficking of virions along cell processes and that MAL depletion produces a significant alteration in the viral cycle, which reduces cell-to cell spread of HSV-1. Myelin and lymphocyte protein (MAL) is a tetraspan integral membrane protein that resides in detergent-insoluble membrane fractions enriched in condensed membranes. MAL is expressed in oligodendrocytes, in Schwann cells, where it is essential for the stability of myelin, and at the apical membrane of epithelial cells, where it has a critical role in transport. In T lymphocytes, MAL is found at the immunological synapse and plays a crucial role in exosome secretion. However, no involvement of MAL in viral infections has been reported so far. Here, we show that herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) virions travel in association with MAL-positive structures to reach the end of cellular processes, which contact uninfected oligodendrocytes. Importantly, the depletion of MAL led to a significant decrease in infection, with a drastic reduction in the number of lytic plaques in MAL-silenced cells. These results suggest a significant role for MAL in viral spread at cell contacts. The participation of MAL in the cell-to-cell spread of HSV-1 may shed light on the involvement of proteolipids in this process. IMPORTANCE Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) is a neurotropic pathogen that can infect many types of cells and establish latent infections in neurons. HSV-1 may spread from infected to uninfected cells by two main routes: by cell-free virus or by cell-to-cell spread. In the first case, virions exit into the extracellular space and then infect another cell from the outside. In the second case, viral transmission occurs through cell-to-cell contacts via a mechanism that is still poorly understood. A third mode of spread, using extracellular vesicles, also exists. In this study, we demonstrate the important role for a myelin protein, myelin and lymphocyte protein (MAL), in the process of cell-to-cell viral spread in oligodendrocytes. We show that MAL is involved in trafficking of virions along cell processes and that MAL depletion produces a significant alteration in the viral cycle, which reduces cell-to cell spread of HSV-1.
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Importance of Lipids for Nervous System Integrity: Cooperation between Gangliosides and Sulfatides in Myelin Stability. J Neurosci 2019; 39:6218-6220. [PMID: 31391258 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0377-19.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 06/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Chatterjee M, Schild D, Teunissen CE. Contactins in the central nervous system: role in health and disease. Neural Regen Res 2019; 14:206-216. [PMID: 30530999 PMCID: PMC6301169 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.244776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Contactins are a group of cell adhesion molecules that are mainly expressed in the brain and play pivotal roles in the organization of axonal domains, axonal guidance, neuritogenesis, neuronal development, synapse formation and plasticity, axo-glia interactions and neural regeneration. Contactins comprise a family of six members. Their absence leads to malformed axons and impaired nerve conduction. Contactin mediated protein complex formation is critical for the organization of the axon in early central nervous system development. Mutations and differential expression of contactins have been identified in neuro-developmental or neurological disorders. Taken together, contactins are extensively studied in the context of nervous system development. This review summarizes the physiological roles of all six members of the Contactin family in neurodevelopment as well as their involvement in neurological/neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhurima Chatterjee
- Amsterdam UMC, VU University Medical Center, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Detlev Schild
- Institute of Neurophysiology and Cellular Biophysics, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- DFG Research Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- DFG Excellence Cluster 171, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Charlotte E. Teunissen
- Amsterdam UMC, VU University Medical Center, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Hillen AEJ, Burbach JPH, Hol EM. Cell adhesion and matricellular support by astrocytes of the tripartite synapse. Prog Neurobiol 2018; 165-167:66-86. [PMID: 29444459 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes contribute to the formation, function, and plasticity of synapses. Their processes enwrap the neuronal components of the tripartite synapse, and due to this close interaction they are perfectly positioned to modulate neuronal communication. The interaction between astrocytes and synapses is facilitated by cell adhesion molecules and matricellular proteins, which have been implicated in the formation and functioning of tripartite synapses. The importance of such neuron-astrocyte integration at the synapse is underscored by the emerging role of astrocyte dysfunction in synaptic pathologies such as autism and schizophrenia. Here we review astrocyte-expressed cell adhesion molecules and matricellular molecules that play a role in integration of neurons and astrocytes within the tripartite synapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne E J Hillen
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics/Child Neurology, VU University Medical Center, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J Peter H Burbach
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Elly M Hol
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Center for Neuroscience, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Neuroimmunology, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, An Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1105 BA Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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8
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Rossi G, Dahlhausen RD, Galosi L, Orosz SE. Avian Ganglioneuritis in Clinical Practice. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract 2018; 21:33-67. [PMID: 29146031 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvex.2017.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Avian ganglioneuritis (AG) comprises one of the most intricate pathologies in avian medicine and is researched worldwide. Avian bornavirus (ABV) has been shown to be a causative agent of proventricular dilatation disease in birds. The avian Bornaviridae represent a genetically diverse group of viruses that are widely distributed in captive and wild populations around the world. ABV and other infective agents are implicated as a cause of the autoimmune pathology that leads to AG, similar to human Guillain Barrè syndrome. Management of affected birds is beneficial and currently centered at reducing neurologic inflammation, managing secondary complications, and providing nutritional support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Rossi
- Animal Pathology Section, School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Via Circonvallazione 93, 62024 Matelica, Italy
| | - Robert D Dahlhausen
- Avian and Exotic Animal Medical Center and Veterinary Molecular Diagnostics, Inc, 5989 Meijer Drive, Suite 5, Milford, OH 45150, USA
| | - Livio Galosi
- Animal Pathology Section, School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Via Circonvallazione 93, 62024 Matelica, Italy
| | - Susan E Orosz
- Bird and Exotic Pet Wellness Center, 5166 Monroe Street, Suite 306, Toledo, OH 43623, USA.
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Zoupi L, Savvaki M, Kalemaki K, Kalafatakis I, Sidiropoulou K, Karagogeos D. The function of contactin-2/TAG-1 in oligodendrocytes in health and demyelinating pathology. Glia 2017; 66:576-591. [PMID: 29165835 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The oligodendrocyte maturation process and the transition from the pre-myelinating to the myelinating state are extremely important during development and in pathology. In the present study, we have investigated the role of the cell adhesion molecule CNTN2/TAG-1 on oligodendrocyte proliferation, differentiation, myelination, and function during development and under pathological conditions. With the combination of in vivo, in vitro, ultrastructural, and electrophysiological methods, we have mapped the expression of CNTN2 protein in the oligodendrocyte lineage during the different stages of myelination and its involvement on oligodendrocyte maturation, branching, myelin-gene expression, myelination, and axonal function. The cuprizone model of central nervous system demyelination was further used to assess CNTN2 in pathology. During development, CNTN2 can transiently affect the expression levels of myelin and myelin-regulating genes, while its absence results in reduced oligodendrocyte branching, hypomyelination of fiber tracts and impaired axonal conduction. In pathology, CNTN2 absence does not affect the extent of de- and remyelination. However during remyelination, a novel, CNTN2-independent mechanism is revealed that is able to recluster voltage gated potassium channels (VGKCs) resulting in the improvement of fiber conduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lida Zoupi
- Department of Basic Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Voutes University Campus, GR-70013, P.O. Box 2208, Heraklion, Crete, Greece and 1Institute of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology -FoRTH, Nikolaou Plastira 100 GR-70013, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Maria Savvaki
- Department of Basic Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Voutes University Campus, GR-70013, P.O. Box 2208, Heraklion, Crete, Greece and 1Institute of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology -FoRTH, Nikolaou Plastira 100 GR-70013, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Katerina Kalemaki
- Department of Basic Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Voutes University Campus, GR-70013, P.O. Box 2208, Heraklion, Crete, Greece and 1Institute of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology -FoRTH, Nikolaou Plastira 100 GR-70013, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Ilias Kalafatakis
- Department of Basic Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Voutes University Campus, GR-70013, P.O. Box 2208, Heraklion, Crete, Greece and 1Institute of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology -FoRTH, Nikolaou Plastira 100 GR-70013, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Kyriaki Sidiropoulou
- Neurophysiology & Behavior Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Crete, Voutes University Campus, GR-70013, P.O. Box 2208, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Domna Karagogeos
- Department of Basic Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Voutes University Campus, GR-70013, P.O. Box 2208, Heraklion, Crete, Greece and 1Institute of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology -FoRTH, Nikolaou Plastira 100 GR-70013, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
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Johnstone DL, Nguyen TTM, Murakami Y, Kernohan KD, Tétreault M, Goldsmith C, Doja A, Wagner JD, Huang L, Hartley T, St-Denis A, le Deist F, Majewski J, Bulman DE, Kinoshita T, Dyment DA, Boycott KM, Campeau PM. Compound heterozygous mutations in the gene PIGP are associated with early infantile epileptic encephalopathy. Hum Mol Genet 2017; 26:1706-1715. [DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddx077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Devon L. Johnstone
- Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1H8L1, Canada
| | - Thi-Tuyet-Mai Nguyen
- Research Center, CHU Sainte-Justine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec H3T1C5, Canada
| | - Yoshiko Murakami
- WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center and Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kristin D. Kernohan
- Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1H8L1, Canada
| | - Martine Tétreault
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A1B1, Canada
- McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, Montreal, Quebec H3A0G1, Canada
| | - Claire Goldsmith
- Department of Genetics, Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, Ontario K1H8L1, Canada
| | - Asif Doja
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, Ontario K1H8L1, Canada
| | - Justin D. Wagner
- Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1H8L1, Canada
| | - Lijia Huang
- Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1H8L1, Canada
| | - Taila Hartley
- Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1H8L1, Canada
| | - Anik St-Denis
- Research Center, CHU Sainte-Justine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec H3T1C5, Canada
| | - Françoise le Deist
- Research Center, CHU Sainte-Justine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec H3T1C5, Canada
| | - Jacek Majewski
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A1B1, Canada
- McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, Montreal, Quebec H3A0G1, Canada
| | - Dennis E. Bulman
- Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1H8L1, Canada
| | - Taroh Kinoshita
- WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center and Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - David A. Dyment
- Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1H8L1, Canada
- Department of Genetics, Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, Ontario K1H8L1, Canada
| | - Kym M. Boycott
- Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1H8L1, Canada
- Department of Genetics, Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, Ontario K1H8L1, Canada
| | - Philippe M. Campeau
- Research Center, CHU Sainte-Justine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec H3T1C5, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, Sainte-Justine Hospital, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec H3T1C5, Canada
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Zou Y, Zhang WF, Liu HY, Li X, Zhang X, Ma XF, Sun Y, Jiang SY, Ma QH, Xu DE. Structure and function of the contactin-associated protein family in myelinated axons and their relationship with nerve diseases. Neural Regen Res 2017; 12:1551-1558. [PMID: 29090003 PMCID: PMC5649478 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.215268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The contactin-associated protein (Caspr) family participates in nerve excitation and conduction, and neurotransmitter release in myelinated axons. We analyzed the structures and functions of the Caspr family–CNTNAP1 (Caspr1), CNTNAP2 (Caspr2), CNTNAP3 (Caspr3), CNTNAP4 (Caspr4) and CNTNAP5 (Caspr5), Caspr1–5 is not only involved in the formation of myelinated axons, but also participates in maintaining the stability of adjacent connections. Caspr1 participates in the formation, differentiation, and proliferation of neurons and astrocytes, and in motor control and cognitive function. We also analyzed the relationship between the Caspr family and neurodegenerative diseases, multiple sclerosis, and autoimmune encephalitis. However, the effects of Caspr on disease course and prognosis remain poorly understood. The effects of Caspr on disease diagnosis and treatment need further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zou
- Department of Neurology, The Second People's Hospital of Wuxi, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Wei-Feng Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Second People's Hospital of Wuxi, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Hai-Ying Liu
- Department of Neurology, The Second People's Hospital of Wuxi, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xia Li
- Department of Neurology, The Second People's Hospital of Wuxi, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xing Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Second People's Hospital of Wuxi, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiao-Fang Ma
- Department of Neurology, The Second People's Hospital of Wuxi, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yang Sun
- Department of Neurology, The Second People's Hospital of Wuxi, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Shi-Yi Jiang
- Department of Neurology, The Second People's Hospital of Wuxi, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Quan-Hong Ma
- Department of Neurology, The Second People's Hospital of Wuxi, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - De-En Xu
- Department of Neurology, The Second People's Hospital of Wuxi, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China
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Gennarini G, Bizzoca A, Picocci S, Puzzo D, Corsi P, Furley AJW. The role of Gpi-anchored axonal glycoproteins in neural development and neurological disorders. Mol Cell Neurosci 2016; 81:49-63. [PMID: 27871938 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2016.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2016] [Revised: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This review article focuses on the Contactin (CNTN) subset of the Immunoglobulin supergene family (IgC2/FNIII molecules), whose components share structural properties (the association of Immunoglobulin type C2 with Fibronectin type III domains), as well as a general role in cell contact formation and axonal growth control. IgC2/FNIII molecules include 6 highly related components (CNTN 1-6), associated with the cell membrane via a Glycosyl Phosphatidyl Inositol (GPI)-containing lipid tail. Contactin 1 and Contactin 2 share ~50 (49.38)% identity at the aminoacid level. They are components of the cell surface, from which they may be released in soluble forms. They bind heterophilically to multiple partners in cis and in trans, including members of the related L1CAM family and of the Neurexin family Contactin-associated proteins (CNTNAPs or Casprs). Such interactions are important for organising the neuronal membrane, as well as for modulating the growth and pathfinding of axon tracts. In addition, they also mediate the functional maturation of axons by promoting their interactions with myelinating cells at the nodal, paranodal and juxtaparanodal regions. Such interactions also mediate differential ionic channels (both Na+ and K+) distribution, which is of critical relevance in the generation of the peak-shaped action potential. Indeed, thanks to their interactions with Ankyrin G, Na+ channels map within the nodal regions, where they drive axonal depolarization. However, no ionic channels are found in the flanking Contactin1-containing paranodal regions, where CNTN1 interactions with Caspr1 and with the Ig superfamily component Neurofascin 155 in cis and in trans, respectively, build a molecular barrier between the node and the juxtaparanode. In this region K+ channels are clustered, depending upon molecular interactions with Contactin 2 and with Caspr2. In addition to these functions, the Contactins appear to have also a role in degenerative and inflammatory disorders: indeed Contactin 2 is involved in neurodegenerative disorders with a special reference to the Alzheimer disease, given its ability to work as a ligand of the Alzheimer Precursor Protein (APP), which results in increased Alzheimer Intracellular Domain (AICD) release in a γ-secretase-dependent manner. On the other hand Contactin 1 drives Notch signalling activation via the Hes pathway, which could be consistent with its ability to modulate neuroinflammation events, and with the possibility that Contactin 1-dependent interactions may participate to the pathogenesis of the Multiple Sclerosis and of other inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianfranco Gennarini
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs, Medical School, University of Bari Policlinico. Piazza Giulio Cesare. I-70124 Bari, Italy.
| | - Antonella Bizzoca
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs, Medical School, University of Bari Policlinico. Piazza Giulio Cesare. I-70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Sabrina Picocci
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs, Medical School, University of Bari Policlinico. Piazza Giulio Cesare. I-70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Daniela Puzzo
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Italy
| | - Patrizia Corsi
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs, Medical School, University of Bari Policlinico. Piazza Giulio Cesare. I-70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Andrew J W Furley
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2NT, UK
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13
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Chefdeville A, Honnorat J, Hampe CS, Desestret V. Neuronal central nervous system syndromes probably mediated by autoantibodies. Eur J Neurosci 2016; 43:1535-52. [PMID: 26918657 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2015] [Revised: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
In the last few years, a rapidly growing number of autoantibodies targeting neuronal cell-surface antigens have been identified in patients presenting with neurological symptoms. Targeted antigens include ionotropic receptors such as N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor or the α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor, metabotropic receptors such as mGluR1 and mGluR5, and other synaptic proteins, some of them belonging to the voltage-gated potassium channel complex. Importantly, the cell-surface location of these antigens makes them vulnerable to direct antibody-mediated modulation. Some of these autoantibodies, generally targeting ionotropic channels or their partner proteins, define clinical syndromes resembling models of pharmacological or genetic disruption of the corresponding antigen, suggesting a direct pathogenic role of the associated autoantibodies. Moreover, the associated neurological symptoms are usually immunotherapy-responsive, further arguing for a pathogenic effect of the antibodies. Some studies have shown that some patients' antibodies may have structural and functional in vitro effects on the targeted antigens. Definite proof of the pathogenicity of these autoantibodies has been obtained for just a few through passive transfer experiments in animal models. In this review we present existing and converging evidence suggesting a pathogenic role of some autoantibodies directed against neuronal cell-surface antigens observed in patients with central nervous system disorders. We describe the main clinical symptoms characterizing the patients and discuss conflicting arguments regarding the pathogenicity of these antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aude Chefdeville
- Institut NeuroMyoGène, INSERM U1217/UMR CNRS 5310, Lyon, France.,Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Jérôme Honnorat
- Institut NeuroMyoGène, INSERM U1217/UMR CNRS 5310, Lyon, France.,Université de Lyon, Lyon, France.,French Reference Center on Paraneoplastic Neurological Syndrome, F-69677, Bron, France.,Department of Neurology, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Neurologique, F-69677, Bron, France
| | | | - Virginie Desestret
- Institut NeuroMyoGène, INSERM U1217/UMR CNRS 5310, Lyon, France.,Université de Lyon, Lyon, France.,French Reference Center on Paraneoplastic Neurological Syndrome, F-69677, Bron, France.,Department of Neurology, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Neurologique, F-69677, Bron, France
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14
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Hivert B, Pinatel D, Labasque M, Tricaud N, Goutebroze L, Faivre-Sarrailh C. Assembly of juxtaparanodes in myelinating DRG culture: Differential clustering of the Kv1/Caspr2 complex and scaffolding protein 4.1B. Glia 2016; 64:840-52. [PMID: 26840208 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Revised: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The precise distribution of ion channels at the nodes of Ranvier is essential for the efficient propagation of action potentials along myelinated axons. The voltage-gated potassium channels Kv1.1/1.2 are clustered at the juxtaparanodes in association with the cell adhesion molecules, Caspr2 and TAG-1 and the scaffolding protein 4.1B. In the present study, we set up myelinating cultures of DRG neurons and Schwann cells to look through the formation of juxtaparanodes in vitro. We showed that the Kv1.1/Kv1.2 channels were first enriched at paranodes before being restricted to distal paranodes and juxtaparanodes. In addition, the Kv1 channels displayed an asymmetric expression enriched at the distal juxtaparanodes. Caspr2 was strongly co-localized with Kv1.2 whereas the scaffolding protein 4.1B was preferentially recruited at paranodes while being present at juxtaparanodes too. Kv1.2/Caspr2 but not 4.1B, also transiently accumulated within the nodal region both in myelinated cultures and developing sciatic nerves. Studying cultures and sciatic nerves from 4.1B KO mice, we further showed that 4.1B is required for the proper targeting of Caspr2 early during myelination. Moreover, using adenoviral-mediated expression of Caspr-GFP and photobleaching experiments, we analyzed the stability of paranodal junctions and showed that the lateral stability of paranodal Caspr was not altered in 4.1B KO mice indicating that 4.1B is not required for the assembly and stability of the paranodal junctions. Thus, developing an adapted culture paradigm, we provide new insights into the dynamic and differential distribution of Kv1 channels and associated proteins during myelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Hivert
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Centre de Recherche en Neurobiologie et Neurophysiologie de Marseille-UMR7286, Marseille, France
| | - Delphine Pinatel
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Centre de Recherche en Neurobiologie et Neurophysiologie de Marseille-UMR7286, Marseille, France
| | - Marilyne Labasque
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Centre de Recherche en Neurobiologie et Neurophysiologie de Marseille-UMR7286, Marseille, France
| | - Nicolas Tricaud
- INSERM U1051 Institut des Neurosciences de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Catherine Faivre-Sarrailh
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Centre de Recherche en Neurobiologie et Neurophysiologie de Marseille-UMR7286, Marseille, France
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15
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Zhang Q, Goto H, Akiyoshi-Nishimura S, Prosselkov P, Sano C, Matsukawa H, Yaguchi K, Nakashiba T, Itohara S. Diversification of behavior and postsynaptic properties by netrin-G presynaptic adhesion family proteins. Mol Brain 2016; 9:6. [PMID: 26746425 PMCID: PMC4706652 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-016-0187-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vertebrate-specific neuronal genes are expected to play a critical role in the diversification and evolution of higher brain functions. Among them, the glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored netrin-G subfamily members in the UNC6/netrin family are unique in their differential expression patterns in many neuronal circuits, and differential binding ability to their cognate homologous post-synaptic receptors. RESULTS To gain insight into the roles of these genes in higher brain functions, we performed comprehensive behavioral batteries using netrin-G knockout mice. We found that two netrin-G paralogs that recently diverged in evolution, netrin-G1 and netrin-G2 (gene symbols: Ntng1 and Ntng2, respectively), were responsible for complementary behavioral functions. Netrin-G2, but not netrin-G1, encoded demanding sensorimotor functions. Both paralogs were responsible for complex vertebrate-specific cognitive functions and fine-scale regulation of basic adaptive behaviors conserved between invertebrates and vertebrates, such as spatial reference and working memory, attention, impulsivity and anxiety etc. Remarkably, netrin-G1 and netrin-G2 encoded a genetic "division of labor" in behavioral regulation, selectively mediating different tasks or even different details of the same task. At the cellular level, netrin-G1 and netrin-G2 differentially regulated the sub-synaptic localization of their cognate receptors and differentiated the properties of postsynaptic scaffold proteins in complementary neural pathways. CONCLUSIONS Pre-synaptic netrin-G1 and netrin-G2 diversify the complexity of vertebrate behaviors and differentially regulate post-synaptic properties. Our findings constitute the first genetic analysis of the behavioral and synaptic diversification roles of a vertebrate GPI protein and presynaptic adhesion molecule family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhang
- Laboratory for Behavioral Genetics, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan.
| | - Hiromichi Goto
- Laboratory for Behavioral Genetics, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan.
| | - Sachiko Akiyoshi-Nishimura
- Laboratory for Behavioral Genetics, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan.
| | - Pavel Prosselkov
- Laboratory for Behavioral Genetics, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan.
| | - Chie Sano
- Laboratory for Behavioral Genetics, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Matsukawa
- Laboratory for Behavioral Genetics, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan.
| | - Kunio Yaguchi
- Laboratory for Behavioral Genetics, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan.
| | - Toshiaki Nakashiba
- Laboratory for Behavioral Genetics, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan.
| | - Shigeyoshi Itohara
- Laboratory for Behavioral Genetics, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan.
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16
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Lee JY, Biemond M, Petratos S. Axonal degeneration in multiple sclerosis: defining therapeutic targets by identifying the causes of pathology. Neurodegener Dis Manag 2015; 5:527-48. [DOI: 10.2217/nmt.15.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Current therapeutics in multiple sclerosis (MS) target the putative inflammation and immune attack on CNS myelin. Despite their effectiveness in blunting the relapse rate in MS patients, such therapeutics do not prevent MS disease progression. Importantly, specific clinical dilemma arises through inability to predict MS progression and thereby therapeutically target axonal injury during MS, limiting permanent disability. The current review identifies immune and neurobiological principles that govern the sequelae of axonal degeneration during MS disease progression. Defining the specific disease arbiters, inflammatory and autoimmune, oligodendrocyte dystrophy and degenerative myelin, we discuss a basis for a molecular mechanism in axons that may be targeted therapeutically, in spatial and temporal manner to limit axonal degeneration and thereby halt progression of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Young Lee
- Department of Medicine, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Prahran VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Melissa Biemond
- Department of Medicine, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Prahran VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Steven Petratos
- Department of Medicine, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Prahran VIC 3004, Australia
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17
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Kastriti ME, Sargiannidou I, Kleopa KA, Karagogeos D. Differential modulation of the juxtaparanodal complex in Multiple Sclerosis. Mol Cell Neurosci 2015; 67:93-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2015.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Revised: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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18
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Abad-Rodríguez J, Díez-Revuelta N. Axon glycoprotein routing in nerve polarity, function, and repair. Trends Biochem Sci 2015; 40:385-96. [PMID: 25936977 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2015.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Revised: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Nervous system function relies on the capacity of neurons to organize specialized domains for impulse reception or transmission. Such a polarized architecture relies on highly discriminatory and efficient mechanisms for the transport and targeting of required molecules to their functional positions. Glycans play a central role in polarized traffic based on their extraordinary capacity to encrypt bio-information. Glycan-based interactions exquisitely regulate cargo selection, trafficking, and targeting to the axon membrane. This generates segregated functional domains, where basal nerve processes such as axon growth, synaptic activity, or myelination take place. Deciphering the details of the glycan structures and carbohydrate-binding molecules that underlie these mechanisms improves our knowledge of nerve physiology and defines novel specific approaches for neurological treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Abad-Rodríguez
- Membrane Biology and Axonal Repair Laboratory, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos (SESCAM), Finca La Peraleda s/n, 45071 Toledo, Spain.
| | - Natalia Díez-Revuelta
- Membrane Biology and Axonal Repair Laboratory, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos (SESCAM), Finca La Peraleda s/n, 45071 Toledo, Spain
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19
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Joubert B, Honnorat J. Autoimmune channelopathies in paraneoplastic neurological syndromes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2015; 1848:2665-76. [PMID: 25883091 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2015.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Revised: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Paraneoplastic neurological syndromes and autoimmune encephalitides are immune neurological disorders occurring or not in association with a cancer. They are thought to be due to an autoimmune reaction against neuronal antigens ectopically expressed by the underlying tumour or by cross-reaction with an unknown infectious agent. In some instances, paraneoplastic neurological syndromes and autoimmune encephalitides are related to an antibody-induced dysfunction of ion channels, a situation that can be labelled as autoimmune channelopathies. Such functional alterations of ion channels are caused by the specific fixation of an autoantibody upon its target, implying that autoimmune channelopathies are usually highly responsive to immuno-modulatory treatments. Over the recent years, numerous autoantibodies corresponding to various neurological syndromes have been discovered and their mechanisms of action partially deciphered. Autoantibodies in neurological autoimmune channelopathies may target either directly ion channels or proteins associated to ion channels and induce channel dysfunction by various mechanisms generally leading to the reduction of synaptic expression of the considered channel. The discovery of those mechanisms of action has provided insights on the regulation of the synaptic expression of the altered channels as well as the putative roles of some of their functional subdomains. Interestingly, patients' autoantibodies themselves can be used as specific tools in order to study the functions of ion channels. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Membrane channels and transporters in cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bastien Joubert
- University Lyon 1, University Lyon, Rue Guillaume Paradin, 69372 Lyon Cedex 08, France; INSERM, UMR-S1028, CNRS, UMR-5292, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Neuro-Oncology and Neuro-Inflammation Team, 7, Rue Guillaume Paradin, Lyon Cedex 08F-69372, France
| | - Jérôme Honnorat
- University Lyon 1, University Lyon, Rue Guillaume Paradin, 69372 Lyon Cedex 08, France; INSERM, UMR-S1028, CNRS, UMR-5292, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Neuro-Oncology and Neuro-Inflammation Team, 7, Rue Guillaume Paradin, Lyon Cedex 08F-69372, France; National Reference Centre for Paraneoplastic Neurological Diseases, hospices civils de Lyon, hôpital neurologique, 69677 Bron, France; Hospices Civils de Lyon, Neuro-oncology, Hôpital Neurologique, F-69677 Bron, France.
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20
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Papastefanaki F, Matsas R. From demyelination to remyelination: the road toward therapies for spinal cord injury. Glia 2015; 63:1101-25. [PMID: 25731941 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Revised: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Myelin integrity is crucial for central nervous system (CNS) physiology while its preservation and regeneration after spinal cord injury (SCI) is key to functional restoration. Disturbance of nodal organization acutely after SCI exposes the axon and triggers conduction block in the absence of overt demyelination. Oligodendrocyte (OL) loss and myelin degradation follow as a consequence of secondary damage. Here, we provide an overview of the major biological events and underlying mechanisms leading to OL death and demyelination and discuss strategies to restrain these processes. Another aspect which is critical for SCI repair is the enhancement of endogenously occurring spontaneous remyelination. Recent findings have unveiled the complex roles of innate and adaptive immune responses in remyelination and the immunoregulatory potential of the glial scar. Moreover, the intimate crosstalk between neuronal activity, oligodendrogenesis and myelination emphasizes the contribution of rehabilitation to functional recovery. With a view toward clinical applications, several therapeutic strategies have been devised to target SCI pathology, including genetic manipulation, administration of small therapeutic molecules, immunomodulation, manipulation of the glial scar and cell transplantation. The implementation of new tools such as cellular reprogramming for conversion of one somatic cell type to another or the use of nanotechnology and tissue engineering products provides additional opportunities for SCI repair. Given the complexity of the spinal cord tissue after injury, it is becoming apparent that combinatorial strategies are needed to rescue OLs and myelin at early stages after SCI and support remyelination, paving the way toward clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florentia Papastefanaki
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, 11521, Greece
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21
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Karayannis T, Au E, Patel JC, Kruglikov I, Markx S, Delorme R, Héron D, Salomon D, Glessner J, Restituito S, Gordon A, Rodriguez-Murillo L, Roy NC, Gogos JA, Rudy B, Rice ME, Karayiorgou M, Hakonarson H, Keren B, Huguet G, Bourgeron T, Hoeffer C, Tsien RW, Peles E, Fishell G. Cntnap4 differentially contributes to GABAergic and dopaminergic synaptic transmission. Nature 2014; 511:236-40. [PMID: 24870235 PMCID: PMC4281262 DOI: 10.1038/nature13248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Although considerable evidence suggests that the chemical synapse is a lynchpin underlying affective disorders, how molecular insults differentially affect specific synaptic connections remains poorly understood. For instance, Neurexin 1a and 2 (NRXN1 and NRXN2) and CNTNAP2 (also known as CASPR2), all members of the neurexin superfamily of transmembrane molecules, have been implicated in neuropsychiatric disorders. However, their loss leads to deficits that have been best characterized with regard to their effect on excitatory cells. Notably, other disease-associated genes such as BDNF and ERBB4 implicate specific interneuron synapses in psychiatric disorders. Consistent with this, cortical interneuron dysfunction has been linked to epilepsy, schizophrenia and autism. Using a microarray screen that focused upon synapse-associated molecules, we identified Cntnap4 (contactin associated protein-like 4, also known as Caspr4) as highly enriched in developing murine interneurons. In this study we show that Cntnap4 is localized presynaptically and its loss leads to a reduction in the output of cortical parvalbumin (PV)-positive GABAergic (γ-aminobutyric acid producing) basket cells. Paradoxically, the loss of Cntnap4 augments midbrain dopaminergic release in the nucleus accumbens. In Cntnap4 mutant mice, synaptic defects in these disease-relevant neuronal populations are mirrored by sensory-motor gating and grooming endophenotypes; these symptoms could be pharmacologically reversed, providing promise for therapeutic intervention in psychiatric disorders.
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22
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The node of Ranvier in CNS pathology. Acta Neuropathol 2014; 128:161-75. [PMID: 24913350 PMCID: PMC4102831 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-014-1305-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Revised: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Healthy nodes of Ranvier are crucial for action potential propagation along myelinated axons, both in the central and in the peripheral nervous system. Surprisingly, the node of Ranvier has often been neglected when describing CNS disorders, with most pathologies classified simply as being due to neuronal defects in the grey matter or due to oligodendrocyte damage in the white matter. However, recent studies have highlighted changes that occur in pathological conditions at the node of Ranvier, and at the associated paranodal and juxtaparanodal regions where neurons and myelinating glial cells interact. Lengthening of the node of Ranvier, failure of the electrically resistive seal between the myelin and the axon at the paranode, and retraction of myelin to expose voltage-gated K+ channels in the juxtaparanode, may contribute to altering the function of myelinated axons in a wide range of diseases, including stroke, spinal cord injury and multiple sclerosis. Here, we review the principles by which the node of Ranvier operates and its molecular structure, and thus explain how defects at the node and paranode contribute to neurological disorders.
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23
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Martin HC, Kim GE, Pagnamenta AT, Murakami Y, Carvill GL, Meyer E, Copley RR, Rimmer A, Barcia G, Fleming MR, Kronengold J, Brown MR, Hudspith KA, Broxholme J, Kanapin A, Cazier JB, Kinoshita T, Nabbout R, Bentley D, McVean G, Heavin S, Zaiwalla Z, McShane T, Mefford HC, Shears D, Stewart H, Kurian MA, Scheffer IE, Blair E, Donnelly P, Kaczmarek LK, Taylor JC. Clinical whole-genome sequencing in severe early-onset epilepsy reveals new genes and improves molecular diagnosis. Hum Mol Genet 2014; 23:3200-11. [PMID: 24463883 PMCID: PMC4030775 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddu030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In severe early-onset epilepsy, precise clinical and molecular genetic diagnosis is complex, as many metabolic and electro-physiological processes have been implicated in disease causation. The clinical phenotypes share many features such as complex seizure types and developmental delay. Molecular diagnosis has historically been confined to sequential testing of candidate genes known to be associated with specific sub-phenotypes, but the diagnostic yield of this approach can be low. We conducted whole-genome sequencing (WGS) on six patients with severe early-onset epilepsy who had previously been refractory to molecular diagnosis, and their parents. Four of these patients had a clinical diagnosis of Ohtahara Syndrome (OS) and two patients had severe non-syndromic early-onset epilepsy (NSEOE). In two OS cases, we found de novo non-synonymous mutations in the genes KCNQ2 and SCN2A. In a third OS case, WGS revealed paternal isodisomy for chromosome 9, leading to identification of the causal homozygous missense variant in KCNT1, which produced a substantial increase in potassium channel current. The fourth OS patient had a recessive mutation in PIGQ that led to exon skipping and defective glycophosphatidyl inositol biosynthesis. The two patients with NSEOE had likely pathogenic de novo mutations in CBL and CSNK1G1, respectively. Mutations in these genes were not found among 500 additional individuals with epilepsy. This work reveals two novel genes for OS, KCNT1 and PIGQ. It also uncovers unexpected genetic mechanisms and emphasizes the power of WGS as a clinical tool for making molecular diagnoses, particularly for highly heterogeneous disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilary C Martin
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Grace E Kim
- Departments of Cellular and Molecular Physiology and Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Alistair T Pagnamenta
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Yoshiko Murakami
- Department of Immunoregulation, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Gemma L Carvill
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Genetic Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Esther Meyer
- Neurosciences Unit, UCL-Institute of Child Health, London, UK, Department of Neurology, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK
| | - Richard R Copley
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Andrew Rimmer
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Giulia Barcia
- Department of Paediatric Neurology, Centre de Reference Epilepsies Rares, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Matthew R Fleming
- Departments of Cellular and Molecular Physiology and Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jack Kronengold
- Departments of Cellular and Molecular Physiology and Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Maile R Brown
- Departments of Cellular and Molecular Physiology and Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Karl A Hudspith
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - John Broxholme
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Alexander Kanapin
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Taroh Kinoshita
- Department of Immunoregulation, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Rima Nabbout
- Department of Paediatric Neurology, Centre de Reference Epilepsies Rares, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | | | - Gil McVean
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sinéad Heavin
- Departments of Medicine and Paediatrics, Florey Institute, The University of Melbourne, Austin Health and Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Zenobia Zaiwalla
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Tony McShane
- Department of Paediatrics, Children's Hospital Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Heather C Mefford
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Genetic Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Deborah Shears
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Helen Stewart
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Manju A Kurian
- Neurosciences Unit, UCL-Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Ingrid E Scheffer
- Departments of Medicine and Paediatrics, Florey Institute, The University of Melbourne, Austin Health and Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Edward Blair
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Peter Donnelly
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Leonard K Kaczmarek
- Departments of Cellular and Molecular Physiology and Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jenny C Taylor
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK,
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24
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Labasque M, Hivert B, Nogales-Gadea G, Querol L, Illa I, Faivre-Sarrailh C. Specific contactin N-glycans are implicated in neurofascin binding and autoimmune targeting in peripheral neuropathies. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:7907-18. [PMID: 24497634 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.528489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) play a crucial role in the formation of the nodes of Ranvier and in the rapid propagation of the nerve impulses along myelinated axons. These CAMs are the targets of autoimmunity in inflammatory neuropathies. We recently showed that a subgroup of patients with aggressive chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (CIDP) shows autoantibodies to contactin (1). The complex of contactin·Caspr·neurofascin-155 (NF155) enables the formation of paranodal junctions, suggesting that antibody attack against paranodes may participate in the severity of CIDP. In the present study, we mapped the molecular determinants of contactin targeted by the autoantibodies. In three patients, immunoreactivity was directed against the Ig domains of contactin and was dependent on N-glycans. The serum of one patient was selectively directed against contactin bearing mannose-rich N-glycans. Strikingly, the oligomannose type sugars of contactin are required for association with its glial partner NF155 (2). To investigate precisely the role of contactin N-glycans, we have mutated each of the nine consensus N-glycosylation sites independently. We found that the mutation of three sites (N467Q/N473Q/N494Q) in Ig domain 5 of contactin prevented soluble NF155-Fc binding. In contrast, these mutations did not abolish cis-association with Caspr. Next, we showed that the cluster of N-glycosylation sites (Asn-467, Asn-473, and Asn-494) was required for immunoreactivity in one patient. Using cell aggregation assays, we showed that the IgGs from the four CIDP patients prevented adhesive interaction between contactin·Caspr and NF155. Importantly, we showed that the anti-contactin autoantibodies induced alteration of paranodal junctions in myelinated neuronal culture. These results strongly suggest that antibodies to CAMs may be pathogenic and induce demyelination via functional blocking activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilyne Labasque
- From Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Centre de Recherche en Neurobiologie et Neurophysiologie de Marseille-UMR7286, 13344 Marseille, France
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Abstract
As ensheathing and secretory cells, Schwann cells are a ubiquitous and vital component of the endoneurial microenvironment of peripheral nerves. The interdependence of axons and their ensheathing Schwann cells predisposes each to the impact of injury in the other. Further, the dependence of the blood-nerve interface on trophic support from Schwann cells during development, adulthood, and after injury suggests these glial cells promote the structural and functional integrity of nerve trunks. Here, the developmental origin, injury-induced changes, and mature myelinating and nonmyelinating phenotypes of Schwann cells are reviewed prior to a description of nerve fiber pathology and consideration of pathogenic mechanisms in human and experimental diabetic neuropathy. A fundamental role for aldose-reductase-containing Schwann cells in the pathogenesis of diabetic neuropathy, as well as the interrelationship of pathogenic mechanisms, is indicated by the sensitivity of hyperglycemia-induced biochemical alterations, such as polyol pathway flux, formation of reactive oxygen species, generation of advanced glycosylation end products (AGEs) and deficient neurotrophic support, to blocking polyol pathway flux.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P Mizisin
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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Sonnino S, Aureli M, Grassi S, Mauri L, Prioni S, Prinetti A. Lipid Rafts in Neurodegeneration and Neuroprotection. Mol Neurobiol 2013; 50:130-48. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-013-8614-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 12/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Swoboda KJ, Margraf RL, Carey JC, Zhou H, Newcomb TM, Coonrod E, Durtschi J, Mallempati K, Kumanovics A, Katz BE, Voelkerding KV, Opitz JM. A novel germline PIGA mutation in Ferro-Cerebro-Cutaneous syndrome: a neurodegenerative X-linked epileptic encephalopathy with systemic iron-overload. Am J Med Genet A 2013; 164A:17-28. [PMID: 24259288 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.36189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Accepted: 07/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Three related males presented with a newly recognized x-linked syndrome associated with neurodegeneration, cutaneous abnormalities, and systemic iron overload. Linkage studies demonstrated that they shared a haplotype on Xp21.3-Xp22.2 and exome sequencing was used to identify candidate variants. Of the segregating variants, only a PIGA mutation segregated with disease in the family. The c.328_330delCCT PIGA variant predicts, p.Leu110del (or c.1030_1032delCTT, p.Leu344del depending on the reference sequence). The unaffected great-grandfather shared his X allele with the proband but he did not have the PIGA mutation, indicating that the mutation arose de novo in his daughter. A single family with a germline PIGA mutation has been reported; affected males had a phenotype characterized by multiple congenital anomalies and severe neurologic impairment resulting in infantile lethality. In contrast, affected boys in the family described here were born without anomalies and were neurologically normal prior to onset of seizures after 6 months of age, with two surviving to the second decade. PIGA encodes an enzyme in the GPI anchor biosynthesis pathway. An affected individual in the family studied here was deficient in GPI anchor proteins on granulocytes but not erythrocytes. In conclusion, the PIGA mutation in this family likely causes a reduction in GPI anchor protein cell surface expression in various cell types, resulting in the observed pleiotropic phenotype involving central nervous system, skin, and iron metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn J Swoboda
- Pediatric Motor Disorders Research Program, Department of Neurology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
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Faivre-Sarrailh C, Devaux JJ. Neuro-glial interactions at the nodes of Ranvier: implication in health and diseases. Front Cell Neurosci 2013; 7:196. [PMID: 24194699 PMCID: PMC3810605 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2013.00196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Specific cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) are dedicated to the formation of axo-glial contacts at the nodes of Ranvier of myelinated axons. They play a central role in the organization and maintenance of the axonal domains: the node, paranode, and juxtaparanode. In particular, CAMs are essential for the accumulation of voltage-gated sodium channels at the nodal gap that ensures the rapid and saltatory propagation of the action potentials (APs). The mechanisms regulating node formation are distinct in the central and peripheral nervous systems, and recent studies have highlighted the relative contribution of paranodal junctions and nodal extracellular matrix. In addition, CAMs at the juxtaparanodal domains mediate the clustering of voltage-gated potassium channels which regulate the axonal excitability. In several human pathologies, the axo-glial contacts are altered leading to disruption of the nodes of Ranvier or mis-localization of the ion channels along the axons. Node alterations and the failure of APs to propagate correctly from nodes to nodes along the axons both contribute to the disabilities in demyelinating diseases. This article reviews the mechanisms regulating the association of the axo-glial complexes and the role of CAMs in inherited and acquired neurological diseases.
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Marella M, Patki G, Matsuno-Yagi A, Yagi T. Complex I inhibition in the visual pathway induces disorganization of the node of Ranvier. Neurobiol Dis 2013; 58:281-8. [PMID: 23816754 PMCID: PMC3767286 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2013.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Revised: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial defects can have significant consequences on many aspects of neuronal physiology. In particular, deficiencies in the first enzyme complex of the mitochondrial respiratory chain (complex I) are considered to be involved in a number of human neurodegenerative diseases. The current work highlights a tight correlation between the inhibition of complex I and the state of axonal myelination of the optic nerve. Exposing the visual pathway of rats to rotenone, a complex I inhibitor, resulted in disorganization of the node of Ranvier. The structure and function of the node depend on specific cell adhesion molecules, among others, CASPR (contactin associated protein) and contactin. CASPR and contactin are both on the axonal surfaces and need to be associated to be able to anchor their myelin counterpart. Here we show that inhibition of mitochondrial complex I by rotenone in rats induces reactive oxygen species, disrupts the interaction of CASPR and contactin couple, and thus damages the organization and function of the node of Ranvier. Demyelination of the optic nerve occurs as a consequence which is accompanied by a loss of vision. The physiological impairment could be reversed by introducing an alternative NADH dehydrogenase to the mitochondria of the visual system. The restoration of the nodal structure was specifically correlated with visual recovery in the treated animal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Marella
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Ryan JM, Rice GE, Mitchell MD. The role of gangliosides in brain development and the potential benefits of perinatal supplementation. Nutr Res 2013; 33:877-87. [PMID: 24176227 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2013.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Revised: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The maternal diet provides critical nutrients that can influence fetal and infant brain development and function. This review highlights the potential benefits of maternal dietary ganglioside supplementation on fetal and infant brain development. English-language systematic reviews, preclinical studies, and clinical studies were obtained through searches on PubMed. Reports were selected if they included benefits and harms of maternal ganglioside supplementation during pregnancy or ganglioside-supplemented formula after pregnancy. The potential benefits of ganglioside supplementation were explored by investigating the following: (1) their role in neural development, (2) their therapeutic use in neural injury and disease, (3) their presence in human breast milk, and (4) their use as a dietary supplement during or after pregnancy. Preclinical studies indicate that ganglioside supplementation at high doses (1% of total dietary intake) can significantly increase cognitive development and body weight when given prenatally. However, lower ganglioside supplementation doses have no beneficial cognitive effects, even when given throughout pregnancy and lactation. In human clinical trials, infants given formula supplemented with gangliosides showed increased cognitive development and an increase in ganglioside content. Ganglioside supplementation may promote brain development and function in offspring when administered at the optimum dosage. We propose that prenatal maternal dietary supplementation with gangliosides throughout pregnancy may promote greater long-term effects on brain development and function. Before this concept can be encouraged in preconception clinics, future research and clinical trials are needed to confirm the ability of dietary gangliosides to improve cognitive development, but available results already encourage this area of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Ryan
- UQ Centre for Clinical Research, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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31
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Zoupi L, Markoullis K, Kleopa KA, Karagogeos D. Alterations of juxtaparanodal domains in two rodent models of CNS demyelination. Glia 2013; 61:1236-49. [DOI: 10.1002/glia.22511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kyriaki Markoullis
- Neuroscience Laboratory and Neurology Clinics; The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics (CING); P.O. Box 23462, 1683 Nicosia; Cyprus
| | - Kleopas A. Kleopa
- Neuroscience Laboratory and Neurology Clinics; The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics (CING); P.O. Box 23462, 1683 Nicosia; Cyprus
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Mercati O, Danckaert A, André-Leroux G, Bellinzoni M, Gouder L, Watanabe K, Shimoda Y, Grailhe R, De Chaumont F, Bourgeron T, Cloëz-Tayarani I. Contactin 4, -5 and -6 differentially regulate neuritogenesis while they display identical PTPRG binding sites. Biol Open 2013; 2:324-34. [PMID: 23519440 PMCID: PMC3603414 DOI: 10.1242/bio.20133343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2012] [Accepted: 11/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The neural cell-adhesion molecules contactin 4, contactin 5 and contactin 6 are involved in brain development, and disruptions in contactin genes may confer increased risk for autism spectrum disorders (ASD). We describe a co-culture of rat cortical neurons and HEK293 cells overexpressing and delivering the secreted forms of rat contactin 4-6. We quantified their effects on the length and branching of neurites. Contactin 4-6 effects were different depending on the contactin member and duration of co-culture. At 4 days in culture, contactin 4 and -6 increased the length of neurites, while contactin 5 increased the number of roots. Up to 8 days in culture, contactin 6 progressively increased the length of neurites while contactin 5 was more efficient on neurite branching. We studied the molecular sites of interaction between human contactin 4, -5 or -6 and the human Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase Receptor Gamma (PTPRG), a contactin partner, by modeling their 3D structures. As compared to contactin 4, we observed differences in the Ig2 and Ig3 domains of contactin 5 and -6 with the appearance of an omega loop that could adopt three distinct conformations. However, interactive residues between human contactin 4-6 and PTPRG were strictly conserved. We did not observe any differences in PTPRG binding on contactin 5 and -6 either. Our data suggest that the differential contactin effects on neurite outgrowth do not result from distinct interactions with PTPRG. A better understanding of the contactin cellular properties should help elucidate their roles in ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oriane Mercati
- Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions, Institut Pasteur , 75015 Paris , France ; CNRS URA 2182 'Genes, synapses and cognition', Institut Pasteur , 75015 Paris , France ; Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions , 75013 Paris , France
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Desmazières A, Sol-Foulon N, Lubetzki C. Changes at the nodal and perinodal axonal domains: a basis for multiple sclerosis pathology? Mult Scler 2012; 18:133-7. [PMID: 22217583 DOI: 10.1177/1352458511434370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
How axonal damage, a major prognostic factor of multiple sclerosis disability progression, is induced, is likely to be multifactorial. Whereas axonal injury has been identified as a consequence of myelin loss, the possibility of an additional direct damage is also suggested. In this context, recent data have highlighted the nodal and perinodal axonal domains of the myelinated neurons as potential targets of the disease process, opening new perspectives in multiple sclerosis pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Desmazières
- CRICM-UPMC/Inserm UMR_S 975/CNRS UMR 7225, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, Paris, France
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Lu D, Yang C, Liu Z. How hydrophobicity and the glycosylation site of glycans affect protein folding and stability: a molecular dynamics simulation. J Phys Chem B 2011; 116:390-400. [PMID: 22118044 DOI: 10.1021/jp203926r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Glycosylation is one of the most common post-translational modifications in the biosynthesis of protein, but its effect on the protein conformational transitions underpinning folding and stabilization is poorly understood. In this study, we present a coarse-grained off-lattice 46-β barrel model protein glycosylated by glycans with different hydrophobicity and glycosylation sites to examine the effect of glycans on protein folding and stabilization using a Langevin dynamics simulation, in which an H term was proposed as the index of the hydrophobicity of glycan. Compared with its native counterpart, introducing glycans of suitable hydrophobicity (0.1 < H < 0.4) at flexible peptide residues of this model protein not only facilitated folding of the protein but also increased its conformation stability significantly. On the contrary, when glycans were introduced at the restricted peptide residues of the protein, only those hydrophilic (H = 0) or very weak hydrophobic (H < 0.2) ones contributed slightly to protein stability but hindered protein folding due to increased free energy barriers. The glycosylated protein retained the two-step folding mechanism in terms of hydrophobic collapse and structural rearrangement. Glycan chains located in a suitable site with an appropriate hydrophobicity facilitated both collapse and rearrangement, whereas others, though accelerating collapse, hindered rearrangement. In addition to entropy effects, that is, narrowing the space of the conformations of the unfolded state, the presence of glycans with suitable hydrophobicity at suitable glycosylation site strengthened the folded state via hydrophobic interaction, that is, the enthalpy effect. The simulations have shown both the stabilization and the destabilization effects of glycosylation, as experimentally reported in the literature, and provided molecular insight into glycosylated proteins. The understanding of the effects of glycans with different hydrophobicities on the folding and stability of protein, as attempted by the present work, is helpful not only to explain the stabilization and destabilization effect of real glycoproteins but also to design protein-polymer conjugates for biotechnological purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diannan Lu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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35
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Labasque M, Devaux JJ, Lévêque C, Faivre-Sarrailh C. Fibronectin type III-like domains of neurofascin-186 protein mediate gliomedin binding and its clustering at the developing nodes of Ranvier. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:42426-42434. [PMID: 22009740 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.266353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) of the immunoglobulin superfamily (Ig-CAMs) play a crucial role in the organization of the node of Ranvier in myelinated axons. In the peripheral nervous system, Gliomedin (Gldn) secreted by Schwann cell microvilli binds NgCAM-related CAM (NrCAM) and Neurofascin-186 (NF186) and direct the nodal clustering of voltage-gated sodium channels (Nav). NF186 is the single axonal Gldn partner to ensure Nav clustering at nodes, whereas NrCAM is only required in glial cells (Feinberg, K., Eshed-Eisenbach, Y., Frechter, S., Amor, V., Salomon, D., Sabanay, H., Dupree, J. L., Grumet, M., Brophy, P. J., Shrager, P., and Peles, E. (2010) Neuron 65, 490-502). The olfactomedin domain of Gldn is implicated in the interaction with nodal Ig-CAMs. However, the interacting modules of NrCAM or NF186 involved in Gldn association are unknown. Here, we report that fibronectin type III-like (FnIII) domains of both Ig-CAMs mediate their interaction with Gldn in pulldown and cell binding assays. Using surface plasmon resonance assays, we determined that NrCAM and NF186 display similar affinity constant for their association with Gldn (K(D) of 0.9 and 5.7 nm, respectively). We characterized the FnIII domains 1 and 2 of NF186 as interacting modules that ensure association with Gldn. We found that the soluble FnIII domains of NF186 (FnIII-Fc) bind on Schwann cells and inhibit Gldn and Nav clustering at heminodes, the precursors of mature nodes in myelinating cultures. Our study reveals the unexpected importance of FnIII domains of Ig-CAMs in the organization of nodes of Ranvier in peripheral axons. Thus, NF186 utilizes distinct modules to organize the multimeric nodal complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilyne Labasque
- Aix-Marseille Université, Centre de Recherche en Neurobiologie et Neurophysiologie de Marseille, 13344 Marseille, France; CNRS UMR 6231, 13344 Marseille, France
| | - Jérôme J Devaux
- Aix-Marseille Université, Centre de Recherche en Neurobiologie et Neurophysiologie de Marseille, 13344 Marseille, France; CNRS UMR 6231, 13344 Marseille, France
| | | | - Catherine Faivre-Sarrailh
- Aix-Marseille Université, Centre de Recherche en Neurobiologie et Neurophysiologie de Marseille, 13344 Marseille, France; CNRS UMR 6231, 13344 Marseille, France.
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Piaton G, Gould RM, Lubetzki C. Axon-oligodendrocyte interactions during developmental myelination, demyelination and repair. J Neurochem 2010; 114:1243-60. [PMID: 20524961 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2010.06831.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In multiple sclerosis, CNS demyelination is often followed by spontaneous repair, mostly achieved by adult oligodendrocyte precursor cells. Extent of this myelin repair differs, ranging from very low, limited to the plaque border, to extensive, with remyelination throughout the 'shadow plaques.' In addition to restoring neuronal connectivity, new myelin is neuroprotective. It reduces axonal loss and thus disability progression. Reciprocal communication between neurons and oligodendrocytes is essential for both myelin biogenesis and myelin repair. Hence, deciphering neuron-oligodendrocyte communication is not only important for understanding myelination per se, but also the pathophysiology that underlies demyelinating diseases and the development of innovative therapeutic strategies.
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Axo-glial antigens as targets in multiple sclerosis: implications for axonal and grey matter injury. J Mol Med (Berl) 2010; 88:753-61. [PMID: 20445955 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-010-0632-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2009] [Revised: 03/09/2010] [Accepted: 03/30/2010] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis is thought to be an autoimmune-mediated disease of the central nervous system. For many years, T-cells were regarded as the key players in the pathogenesis, and myelin of white matter was considered as the main victim. However, research during recent years showed a more complex picture. Besides T-cells, also B-cells, antibodies and the innate immunity contribute to the tissue damage. Modern imaging techniques and neuropathological examinations showed that not only myelin but also axons, cortical neurons and nodes of Ranvier are damaged. The autoimmune targets of this widespread injury are so far not known. The identification of the axo-glial proteins contactin-2 and neurofascin provides excellent examples how antibodies can induce axonal injury at the node of Ranvier and how T-cells can destruct cortical integrity. This review will discuss the pathogenic implications of an autoimmune response against these newly discovered antigens.
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Sphingolipids and gangliosides of the nervous system in membrane function and dysfunction. FEBS Lett 2009; 584:1748-59. [PMID: 20006608 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2009.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2009] [Revised: 12/03/2009] [Accepted: 12/09/2009] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Simple sphingolipids such as ceramide and sphingomyelin (SM) as well as more complex glycosphingolipids play very important roles in cell function under physiological conditions and during disease development and progression. Sphingolipids are particularly abundant in the nervous system. Due to their amphiphilic nature they localize to cellular membranes and many of their roles in health and disease result from membrane reorganization and from lipid interaction with proteins within cellular membranes. In this review we discuss some of the functions of sphingolipids in processes that entail cellular membranes and their role in neurodegenerative diseases, with an emphasis on SM, ceramide and gangliosides.
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