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Suzuki T. Role of Glycoconjugates and Mammalian Sialidases Involved in Viral Infection and Neural Function. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2022; 142:381-388. [DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.21-00212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Suzuki
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka
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Sriwilaijaroen N, Suzuki Y. Roles of Glycans and Non-glycans on the Epithelium and in the Immune System in H1-H18 Influenza A Virus Infections. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2556:205-242. [PMID: 36175637 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2635-1_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The large variation of influenza A viruses (IAVs) in various susceptible hosts and their rapid evolution, which allows host/tissue switching, host immune escape, vaccine escape, and drug resistance, are difficult challenges for influenza control in all countries worldwide. Access and binding of the IAV to actual receptors at endocytic sites is critical for the establishment of influenza infection. In this chapter, the progress in identification of and roles of glycans and non-glycans on the epithelium and in the immune system in H1-H18 IAV infections are reviewed. The first part of the review is on current knowledge of H1-H16 IAV receptors on the epithelium including sialyl glycans, other negatively charged glycans, and annexins. The second part of the review focuses on H1-H16 IAV receptors in the immune system including acidic surfactant phospholipids, Sia on surfactant proteins, the carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD) of surfactant proteins, Sia on mucins, Sia and C-type lectins on macrophages and dendritic cells, and Sia on NK cells. The third part of the review is about a possible H17-H18 IAV receptor. Binding of these receptors to IAVs may result in inhibition or enhancement of IAV infection depending on their location, host cell type, and IAV strain. Among these receptors, host sialyl glycans are key determinants of viral hemagglutinin (HA) lectins for H1-H16 infections. HA must acquire mutations to bind to sialyl glycans that are dominant on a new target tissue when switching to a new host for efficient transmission and to bind to long sialyl glycans found in the case of seasonal HAs with multiple glycosylation sites as a consequence of immune evasion. Although sialyl receptors/C-type lectins on immune cells are decoy receptors/pathogen recognition receptors for capturing viral HA lectin/glycans protecting HA antigenic sites, some IAV strains do not escape, such as by release with neuraminidase, but hijack these molecules to gain entry and replication in immune cells. An understanding of the virus-host battle tactics at the receptor level might lead to the establishment of novel strategies for effective control of influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nongluk Sriwilaijaroen
- Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathumthani, Thailand.
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan.
| | - Yasuo Suzuki
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
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ÇaĞlayan E, Turan K. Expression profiles of interferon-related genes in cells infected with influenza A viruses or transiently transfected with plasmids encoding viral RNA polymerase. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 45:88-103. [PMID: 33597825 PMCID: PMC7877717 DOI: 10.3906/biy-2005-73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Influenza A viruses frequently change their genetic characteristics, which leads to the emergence of new viruses. Consequently, elucidation of the relationship between influenza A virus and host cells has a great importance to cope with viral infections. In this study, it was aimed to determine expression profiles of interferon response genes in human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK293) cells infected with human (A/WSN-H1N1) and avian influenza A viruses (duck/Pennsylvania/10218/84/H5N2) or transfected with plasmids encoding viral RdRP subunits and, to obtain clues about the genes that may be important for the viral pathogenesis. The HEK293 cells cultured in a 12-well plate were infected with influenza A viruses or transfected with plasmids encoding viral polymerase. Total RNA extraction and cDNA preparation were carried out with commercial kits. Qiagen 96-well-RT2 Profiler PCR Array plates designated for interferons response genes were used for quantitation of the transcripts. The relative quantities of transcripts were normalized with STAT3 gen, and the results were evaluated. Quantitative RT-PCR results showed that there are substantial differences of the interferon response gene transcription in cells infected with viruses or transfected with plasmids. A higher number of interferon-related genes were found to be downregulated in the cells infected with DkPen compared to WSN. On the other hand, significant differences in the expression profiles of interferon response genes were observed in the cells expressing viral PA protein. In particular, avian influenza PA protein was found to cause more aggressive changes on the transcript levels. Human and avian influenza A viruses cause a substantial change in interferon response gene expression in HEK293 cells. However, a higher number of genes were downregulated in the cells infected with avian influenza DkPen compared to WSN. It has been also concluded that the viral PA protein is one of the important viral factors affecting the transcript level of host genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elif ÇaĞlayan
- Enstitute of Health Sciences, Marmara University, İstanbul Turkey
| | - Kadir Turan
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Marmara University, İstanbul Turkey
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Broszeit F, Tzarum N, Zhu X, Nemanichvili N, Eggink D, Leenders T, Li Z, Liu L, Wolfert MA, Papanikolaou A, Martínez-Romero C, Gagarinov IA, Yu W, García-Sastre A, Wennekes T, Okamatsu M, Verheije MH, Wilson IA, Boons GJ, de Vries RP. N-Glycolylneuraminic Acid as a Receptor for Influenza A Viruses. Cell Rep 2020; 27:3284-3294.e6. [PMID: 31189111 PMCID: PMC6750725 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.05.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
A species barrier for the influenza A virus is the differential expression of sialic acid, which can either be α2,3-linked for avians or α2,6-linked for human viruses. The influenza A virus hosts also express other species-specific sialic acid derivatives. One major modification at C-5 is N-glycolyl (NeuGc), instead of N-acetyl (NeuAc). N-glycolyl is mammalian specific and expressed in pigs and horses, but not in humans, ferrets, seals, or dogs. Hemagglutinin (HA) adaptation to either N-acetyl or N-glycolyl is analyzed on a sialoside microarray containing both α2,3- and α2,6-linkage modifications on biologically relevant N-glycans. Binding studies reveal that avian, human, and equine HAs bind either N-glycolyl or N-acetyl. Structural data on N-glycolyl binding HA proteins of both H5 and H7 origin describe this specificity. Neuraminidases can cleave N-glycolyl efficiently, and tissue-binding studies reveal strict species specificity. The exclusive manner in which influenza A viruses differentiate between N-glycolyl and N-acetyl is indicative of selection. Broszeit and colleagues demonstrate that influenza A viruses recognize either N-acetyl or N-glycolyl neuraminic acid, and they explain these specificities using X-ray structures. NeuGc-binding viruses are perfectly viable, and neuraminidases can cleave NeuGc-containing receptor structures. There is an apparent selection now for NeuAc, as no known NeuGc-binding virus currently circulates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederik Broszeit
- Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Netanel Tzarum
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Xueyong Zhu
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Nikoloz Nemanichvili
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Dirk Eggink
- Department of Experimental Virology, Amsterdam Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Tim Leenders
- Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Zeshi Li
- Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Lin Liu
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Margreet A Wolfert
- Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, the Netherlands; Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Andreas Papanikolaou
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Carles Martínez-Romero
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA; Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ivan A Gagarinov
- Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Wenli Yu
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Adolfo García-Sastre
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA; Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Tom Wennekes
- Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Masatoshi Okamatsu
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Monique H Verheije
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Ian A Wilson
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Geert-Jan Boons
- Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, the Netherlands; Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Robert P de Vries
- Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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Suzuki N. Glycan diversity in the course of vertebrate evolution. Glycobiology 2020; 29:625-644. [PMID: 31287538 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwz038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Vertebrates are estimated to have arisen over 500 million years ago in the Cambrian Period. Species that survived the Big Five extinction events at a global scale underwent repeated adaptive radiations along with habitat expansions from the sea to the land and sky. The development of the endoskeleton and neural tube enabled more complex body shapes. At the same time, vertebrates became suitable for the invasion and proliferation of foreign organisms. Adaptive immune systems were acquired for responses to a wide variety of pathogens, and more sophisticated systems developed during the evolution of mammals and birds. Vertebrate glycans consist of common core structures and various elongated structures, such as Neu5Gc, Galα1-3Gal, Galα1-4Gal, and Galβ1-4Gal epitopes, depending on the species. During species diversification, complex glycan structures were generated, maintained or lost. Whole-genome sequencing has revealed that vertebrates harbor numerous and even redundant glycosyltransferase genes. The production of various glycan structures is controlled at the genetic level in a species-specific manner. Because cell surface glycans are often targets of bacterial and viral infections, glycan structural diversity is presumed to be protective against infections. However, the maintenance of apparently redundant glycosyltransferase genes and investment in species-specific glycan structures, even in higher vertebrates with highly developed immune systems, are not well explained. This fact suggests that glycans play important roles in unknown biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Suzuki
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
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6
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Takahashi T, Kawagishi S, Funahashi H, Hayashi N, Suzuki T. Production and Purification of Secretory Simian Cytidine Monophosphate-N-acetylneuraminic Acid Hydroxylase Using Baculovirus-Protein Expression System. Biol Pharm Bull 2016; 38:1220-6. [PMID: 26235586 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b15-00299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cytidine monophosphate (CMP) N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) hydroxylase (CMAH) is an essential enzyme for N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc) synthesis. In humans, Neu5Gc cannot be synthesized because of a deletion in the CMAH gene. Since Neu5Gc research has not been actively performed in comparison with Neu5Ac research, little is known about the function of Neu5Gc. Possible reasons are that CMAH for controlling Neu5Gc synthesis is not understood well at the molecular level, that commercial Neu5Gc is expensive, and that addition of exogenous Neu5Gc to glycoconjugates is not a general method because of the difficulty in obtaining CMAH. One solution to these problems is to achieve large-scale production of CMAH with enzymatic activity. To produce and purify CMAH as simply as possible, we generated simian CMAH as a secretory protein with a histidine tag using a baculovirus protein expression system. After culture of baculovirus-infected cells in serum-free medium, secretory simian CMAH (approximately 180 µg) was highly purified from the supernatant (150 mL) of cell culture. HPLC analysis showed conversion of CMP-Neu5Ac to CMP-Neu5Gc by the secretory CMAH. We succeeded in producing secretory CMAH with enzymatic activity that is easy to purify. In addition, peptide-N-glycosidase F treatment of CMAH indicated that secretory CMAH was a glycoprotein with N-glycan. It will also contribute to research on Neu5Gc function by easy-to-use methods for controlling Neu5Gc synthesis, for exogenous addition of Neu5Gc to glycoconjugates and by application to industrial Neu5Gc synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadanobu Takahashi
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka
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Ridenour C, Johnson A, Winne E, Hossain J, Mateu-Petit G, Balish A, Santana W, Kim T, Davis C, Cox NJ, Barr JR, Donis RO, Villanueva J, Williams TL, Chen LM. Development of influenza A(H7N9) candidate vaccine viruses with improved hemagglutinin antigen yield in eggs. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2016; 9:263-70. [PMID: 25962412 PMCID: PMC4548996 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The emergence of avian influenza A(H7N9) virus in poultry causing zoonotic human infections was reported on March 31, 2013. Development of A(H7N9) candidate vaccine viruses (CVV) for pandemic preparedness purposes was initiated without delay. Candidate vaccine viruses were derived by reverse genetics using the internal genes of A/Puerto/Rico/8/34 (PR8). The resulting A(H7N9) CVVs needed improvement because they had titers and antigen yields that were suboptimal for vaccine manufacturing in eggs, especially in a pandemic situation. Methods Two CVVs derived by reverse genetics were serially passaged in embryonated eggs to improve the hemagglutinin (HA) antigen yield. The total viral protein and HA antigen yields of six egg-passaged CVVs were determined by the BCA assay and isotope dilution mass spectrometry (IDMS) analysis, respectively. CVVs were antigenically characterized by hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assays with ferret antisera. Results Improvement of total viral protein yield was observed for the six egg-passaged CVVs; HA quantification by IDMS indicated approximately a twofold increase in yield of several egg-passaged viruses as compared to that of the parental CVV. Several different amino acid substitutions were identified in the HA of all viruses after serial passage. However, HI tests indicated that the antigenic properties of two CVVs remained unchanged. Conclusions If influenza A(H7N9) viruses were to acquire sustained human-to-human transmissibility, the improved HA yield of the egg-passaged CVVs generated in this study could expedite vaccine manufacturing for pandemic mitigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Callie Ridenour
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Adam Johnson
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Emily Winne
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Battelle Memorial Institute, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jaber Hossain
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Guaniri Mateu-Petit
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Amanda Balish
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Wanda Santana
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Taejoong Kim
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Charles Davis
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Nancy J Cox
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - John R Barr
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ruben O Donis
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Julie Villanueva
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Tracie L Williams
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Li-Mei Chen
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
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TAKAHASHI T, KUREBAYASHI Y, OTSUBO T, IKEDA K, MINAMI A, SUZUKI T. Fluorescence Imaging of Virus-infected Cells with a Sialidase Imaging Probe. BUNSEKI KAGAKU 2016. [DOI: 10.2116/bunsekikagaku.65.689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tadanobu TAKAHASHI
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka
| | - Yuuki KUREBAYASHI
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka
| | - Tadamune OTSUBO
- Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hiroshima International University
| | - Kiyoshi IKEDA
- Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hiroshima International University
| | - Akira MINAMI
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka
| | - Takashi SUZUKI
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka
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9
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Takahashi T, Unuma S, Kawagishi S, Kurebayashi Y, Takano M, Yoshino H, Minami A, Yamanaka T, Otsubo T, Ikeda K, Suzuki T. Substrate Specificity of Equine and Human Influenza A Virus Sialidase to Molecular Species of Sialic Acid. Biol Pharm Bull 2016; 39:1728-1733. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b16-00345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tadanobu Takahashi
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka and Global COE Program for Innovation in Human Health Sciences, Shizuoka
| | - Saori Unuma
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka and Global COE Program for Innovation in Human Health Sciences, Shizuoka
| | - Sawako Kawagishi
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka and Global COE Program for Innovation in Human Health Sciences, Shizuoka
| | - Yuuki Kurebayashi
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka and Global COE Program for Innovation in Human Health Sciences, Shizuoka
| | - Maiko Takano
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka and Global COE Program for Innovation in Human Health Sciences, Shizuoka
| | - Hiroki Yoshino
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka and Global COE Program for Innovation in Human Health Sciences, Shizuoka
| | - Akira Minami
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka and Global COE Program for Innovation in Human Health Sciences, Shizuoka
| | - Takashi Yamanaka
- Epizootic Research Center, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association
| | - Tadamune Otsubo
- Laboratory of Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hiroshima International University
| | - Kiyoshi Ikeda
- Laboratory of Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hiroshima International University
| | - Takashi Suzuki
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka and Global COE Program for Innovation in Human Health Sciences, Shizuoka
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10
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Functional analysis of glyco-molecules that bind with influenza virus. Uirusu 2016; 66:101-116. [PMID: 28484173 DOI: 10.2222/jsv.66.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) recognizes terminal sialic acid of sialoglyco-conjugates on host cells through the viral envelope glycoprotein hemagglutinin (HA), followed by initiation of entry into the cells. Molecular species of sialic acid are largely divided into two moieties: N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) and N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc). A receptor for IAV infection generally means Neu5Ac. Almost all equine IAVs and some human, swine, and duck IAVs bind not only to Neu5Ac but also to Neu5Gc. In nonhuman animals, Neu5Gc has been detected in swine and equine tracheas and the duck colon, which are the main replication sites of mammalian and avian IAVs. Therefore, Neu5Gc in these sites has been suggested to be a functional receptor for IAV infection. Humans cannot synthesize Neu5Gc due to a genetic defect of the Neu5Gc-synthesizing enzyme. We evaluated the receptor function of Neu5Gc in IAV infection in human cells. Our results indicated that Neu5Gc expression on the surface of human cells is not a functional receptor for IAV infection and that it has a negative effect on infectivity of IAV possessing Neu5Gc binding ability. IAV also binds to non-sialo 3-O-sulfated galactosylceramide (sulfatide). Sulfatide has been suggested to be a functional receptor for IAV infection. However, we have shown that sulfatide is not a functional receptor for IAV infection and that the binding of HA with sulfatide enhances progeny virus production. It is expected that functions of these glyco-molecules can be used in prevention and development of new drugs against IAV.
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11
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Chin AWH, Yen HL, Krauss S, Webby RJ, Poon LLM. Recombinant influenza virus with a pandemic H2N2 polymerase complex has a higher adaptive potential than one with seasonal H2N2 polymerase complex. J Gen Virol 2015; 97:611-619. [PMID: 26703222 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The reassortment of influenza viral gene segments plays a key role in the genesis of pandemic strains. All of the last three pandemic viruses contained reassorted polymerase complexes with subunits derived from animal viruses, suggesting that the acquisition of a reassorted polymerase complex might have a role in generating these pandemic viruses. Here, we studied polymerase activities of the pandemic H2N2, seasonal H2N2 and pandemic H3N2 viruses. We observed that the viral ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) of pandemic H2N2 virus has a highly robust activity. The polymerase activity of seasonal H2N2 viruses, however, was much reduced. We further identified three mutations (PB2-I114V, PB1-S261N and PA-D383N) responsible for the reduced activity. To determine the potential impact of viral polymerase activity on the viral life cycle, recombinant H3N2 viruses carrying pandemic and seasonal H2N2 vRNP were studied in cell cultures supplemented with oseltamivir carboxylate and tested for their abilities to develop adaptive or resistant mutations. It was found that the recombinant virus with pandemic H2N2 vRNP was more capable of restoring the viral fitness than the one with seasonal vRNP. These results suggest that a robust vRNP is advantageous to influenza virus to cope with a new selection pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex W H Chin
- Centre of Influenza Research & School of Public Health, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China
| | - Hui-L Yen
- Centre of Influenza Research & School of Public Health, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China
| | - Scott Krauss
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Richard J Webby
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Leo L M Poon
- Centre of Influenza Research & School of Public Health, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China
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12
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Fobian K, Fabrizio TP, Yoon SW, Hansen MS, Webby RJ, Larsen LE. New reassortant and enzootic European swine influenza viruses transmit efficiently through direct contact in the ferret model. J Gen Virol 2015; 96:1603-12. [PMID: 25701826 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.000094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The reverse zoonotic events that introduced the 2009 pandemic influenza virus into pigs have drastically increased the diversity of swine influenza viruses in Europe. The pandemic potential of these novel reassortments is still unclear, necessitating enhanced surveillance of European pigs with additional focus on risk assessment of these new viruses. In this study, four European swine influenza viruses were assessed for their zoonotic potential. Two of the four viruses were enzootic viruses of subtype H1N2 (with avian-like H1) and H3N2, and two were new reassortants, one with avian-like H1 and human-like N2 and one with 2009 pandemic H1 and swine-like N2. All viruses replicated to high titres in nasal wash and nasal turbinate samples from inoculated ferrets and transmitted efficiently by direct contact. Only the H3N2 virus transmitted to naïve ferrets via the airborne route. Growth kinetics using a differentiated human bronchial epithelial cell line showed that all four viruses were able to replicate to high titres. Further, the viruses revealed preferential binding to the 2,6-α-silalylated glycans and investigation of the antiviral susceptibility of the viruses revealed that all were sensitive to neuraminidase inhibitors. These findings suggested that these viruses have the potential to infect humans and further underline the need for continued surveillance as well as biological characterization of new influenza A viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Fobian
- 1Section of Virology, National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Bülowsvej 27, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Thomas P Fabrizio
- 2Division of Virology, Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105-3678, USA
| | - Sun-Woo Yoon
- 2Division of Virology, Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105-3678, USA
| | - Mette Sif Hansen
- 3Section of Bacteriology, Pathology and Parasitology, National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Bülowsvej 27, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Richard J Webby
- 2Division of Virology, Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105-3678, USA
| | - Lars E Larsen
- 1Section of Virology, National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Bülowsvej 27, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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13
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Ferrets exclusively synthesize Neu5Ac and express naturally humanized influenza A virus receptors. Nat Commun 2014; 5:5750. [PMID: 25517696 PMCID: PMC4351649 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammals express the sialic acids N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) and N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc) on cell surfaces, where they act as receptors for pathogens, including influenza A virus (IAV). Neu5Gc is synthesized from Neu5Ac by the enzyme cytidine monophosphate-N-acetylneuraminic acid hydroxylase (CMAH). In humans, this enzyme is inactive and only Neu5Ac is produced. Ferrets are susceptible to human-adapted IAV strains and have been the dominant animal model for IAV studies. Here we show that ferrets, like humans, do not synthesize Neu5Gc. Genomic analysis reveals an ancient, nine-exon deletion in the ferret CMAH gene that is shared by the Pinnipedia and Musteloidia members of the Carnivora. Interactions between two human strains of IAV with the sialyllactose receptor (sialic acid—α2,6Gal) confirm that the type of terminal sialic acid contributes significantly to IAV receptor specificity. Our results indicate that exclusive expression of Neu5Ac contributes to the susceptibility of ferrets to human-adapted IAV strains. Ferrets constitute a useful model for influenza research because they are susceptible to human-adapted flu viruses. Here, the authors show that ferrets, like humans, lack a functional CMAH enzyme and synthesize a single type of sialic acid (Neu5Ac), resulting in naturally humanized influenza virus receptors.
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14
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Takahashi T, Takano M, Agarikuchi T, Kurebayashi Y, Minami A, Otsubo T, Ikeda K, Suzuki T. A novel method for detection of Newcastle disease virus with a fluorescent sialidase substrate. J Virol Methods 2014; 209:136-42. [PMID: 25241143 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2014.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Revised: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Newcastle disease virus (NDV), belonging to the family Paramixoviridae, causes respiratory and neuronal symptoms in almost all birds. NDV has haemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) glycoprotein possessing sialidase activity. HN glycoprotein is highly expressed on the surface of NDV-infected cells, resulting in much higher sialidase activity in NDV-infected cells than in non-infected cells. It was reported that mouse and human cancer cells up-regulating sialidase expression were histochemically stained with a fluorescent sialidase substrate, 2-(benzothiazol-2-yl)-4-bromophenyl 5-acetamido-3,5-dideoxy-α-D-glycero-D-galacto-2-nonulopyranosidonic acid (BTP3-Neu5Ac), which deposits water-insoluble fluorescent compound BTP3 on locations of sialidase activity. By using the BTP3-Neu5Ac assay, we showed that NDV-infected cells and HN gene-expressing cells could be simply detected at room temperature after only 5min. Infection of the cells with the virus resulted in apparent green fluorescence, which disappeared with addition of a sialidase inhibitor. Cells that were stained in the BTP3-Neu5Ac assay were immunostained with an anti-NDV antibody. Moreover, BTP3-Neu5Ac staining was applied to a virus overlay binding assay with NDV particles. NDV-bound protein bands on guinea pig red blood cells were easily and rapidly detected by the BTP3-Neu5Ac assay after Western blotting. BTP3-Neu5Ac offers an easy and rapid protocol for fluorescent staining of NDV and virus-infected cells without antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadanobu Takahashi
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka-shi, Shizuoka 4228526, Japan
| | - Maiko Takano
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka-shi, Shizuoka 4228526, Japan
| | - Takashi Agarikuchi
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka-shi, Shizuoka 4228526, Japan
| | - Yuuki Kurebayashi
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka-shi, Shizuoka 4228526, Japan
| | - Akira Minami
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka-shi, Shizuoka 4228526, Japan
| | - Tadamune Otsubo
- Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hiroshima International University, Kure-shi, Hiroshima 7370112, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Ikeda
- Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hiroshima International University, Kure-shi, Hiroshima 7370112, Japan
| | - Takashi Suzuki
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka-shi, Shizuoka 4228526, Japan.
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15
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Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) has two envelope glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). HA binds to sialic acids at the terminals of glycochains on the host cell surface as virus receptors. NA shows sialidase activity, which cleaves sialic acids from the terminals of glycochains. A new subtype (antigenicities of HA and NA) of IAV for humans has pandemic potential. We investigated the functions of HA and NA in IAV replication and pandemic potential in terms of glycoscience. We found that the sialidase activity of pandemic IAV had low pH stability, which enhanced IAV replication. It is thought that the low pH stability contributed to the pandemics in 1968 and 2009. HA also binds to sulfatide not containing sialic acid, and we found that sulfatide enhanced IAV replication. Binding of HA to sulfatide on the host cell surface enhanced progeny IAV formation in infected cells through the induction of the nuclear export of viral ribonucleoproteins by apoptosis. Sialic acid species are divided into N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) and N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc). The HAs of some human IAVs bind not only to Neu5Ac but also to Neu5Gc, which may facilitate the occurrence of a human IAV-based pandemic by genetic reassortment among IAV genomes in pig tracheas expressing Neu5Gc. We identified the amino acid residues of human IAV HA responsible for Neu5Gc binding and developed new techniques for the sensitive detection of IAV receptor specificities and infected cells. Our "glycovirology" research will provide new insights into the mechanisms of IAV replication and pandemic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadanobu Takahashi
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka
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16
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Abstract
Despite heroic efforts to prevent the emergence of an influenza pandemic, avian influenza A virus has prevailed by crossing the species barriers to infect humans worldwide, occasionally with morbidity and mortality at unprecedented levels, and the virus later usually continues circulation in humans as a seasonal influenza virus, resulting in health-social-economic problems each year. Here, we review current knowledge of influenza viruses, their life cycle, interspecies transmission, and past pandemics and discuss the molecular basis of pandemic acquisition, notably of hemagglutinin (lectin) acting as a key contributor to change in host specificity in viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Hirabayashi
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Japan
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17
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N-glycolylneuraminic acid on human epithelial cells prevents entry of influenza A viruses that possess N-glycolylneuraminic acid binding ability. J Virol 2014; 88:8445-56. [PMID: 24829344 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00716-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Some animal influenza A viruses (IAVs) bind not only to N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) but also to N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc), which has been discussed as a virus receptor. Human cells cannot synthesize Neu5Gc due to dysfunction of the CMP-Neu5Ac hydroxylase (CMAH) gene, which converts CMP-Neu5Ac to CMP-Neu5Gc. However, exogenous Neu5Gc from Neu5Gc-rich dietary sources is able to be metabolically incorporated into surfaces of tissue cells and may be related to enhancement of the infectivity and severity of IAV. Here, we investigated the receptor function of Neu5Gc on IAV infection in Neu5Gc-expressing cells by transfection of the monkey CMAH gene into human cells or by incubation with human cells in the presence of N-glycolylmannosamine. Expression of Neu5Gc on human cells clearly suppressed infectivity of IAVs that possess Neu5Gc binding ability. Furthermore, there was no difference in infectivity of a transfectant virus that included the wild-type HA gene from A/Memphis/1/1971 (H3N2), which shows no Neu5Gc binding, between parent MCF7 cells and cells stably expressing the monkey CMAH gene (CMAH-MCF7 cells). On the other hand, cell entry of the transfectant virus that included the Neu5Gc-binding HA gene with a single mutation to Tyr at position Thr155 was arrested at the stage of internalization from the plasma membrane of the CMAH-MCF7 cells. These results indicate that expression of Neu5Gc on the surface of human epithelial cells suppresses infection of IAVs that possess Neu5Gc binding ability. Neu5Gc is suggested to work as a decoy receptor of Neu5Gc-binding IAVs but not a functional receptor for IAV infection. IMPORTANCE Influenza A viruses (IAVs) bind to the host cell surfaces through sialic acids at the terminal of glycoconjugates. For IAV binding to sialic acids, some IAVs bind not only to N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) as a receptor but also to N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc). Neu5Gc has been discussed as a receptor of human and animal IAVs. Our results showed that Neu5Gc expression on human epithelial cells suppresses infection of IAVs that possess Neu5Gc binding ability. Neu5Gc is suggested to be a "decoy receptor" of Neu5Gc-binding IAVs but not a functional receptor for IAV infection. Human cells cannot synthesize Neu5Gc because of dysfunction of the CMP-N-acetylneuraminic acid hydroxylase gene but can exogenously and metabolically incorporate Neu5Gc from dietary sources. The expression of Neu5Gc on human epithelial cells by taking in exogenous Neu5Gc from Neu5Gc-rich dietary sources may be related to restriction of the infection of IAVs that have acquired Neu5Gc binding ability.
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18
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Takahashi T, Kawakami T, Mizuno T, Minami A, Uchida Y, Saito T, Matsui S, Ogata M, Usui T, Sriwilaijaroen N, Hiramatsu H, Suzuki Y, Suzuki T. Sensitive and direct detection of receptor binding specificity of highly pathogenic avian influenza A virus in clinical samples. PLoS One 2013; 8:e78125. [PMID: 24205123 PMCID: PMC3799784 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) recognizes two types of N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) by galactose (Gal) linkages, Neu5Acα2,3Gal and Neu5Acα2,6Gal. Avian IAV preferentially binds to Neu5Acα2,3Gal linkage, while human IAV preferentially binds to Neu5Acα2,6Gal linkage, as a virus receptor. Shift in receptor binding specificity of avian IAV from Neu5Acα2,3Gal linkage to Neu5Acα2,6Gal linkage is generally believed to be a critical factor for its transmission ability among humans. Surveillance of this shift of highly pathogenic H5N1 avian IAV (HPAI) is thought to be a very important for prediction and prevention of a catastrophic pandemic of HPAI among humans. In this study, we demonstrated that receptor binding specificity of IAV bound to sialo-glycoconjugates was sensitively detected by quantifying the HA gene with real-time reverse-transcription-PCR. The new assay enabled direct detection of receptor binding specificity of HPAIs in chicken clinical samples including trachea and cloaca swabs in only less than 4 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadanobu Takahashi
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Kawakami
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Takashi Mizuno
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Akira Minami
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Yuko Uchida
- Viral Disease and Epidemiology Research Division, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Zoonotic Diseases Collaboration Center (ZDCC), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Takehiko Saito
- Viral Disease and Epidemiology Research Division, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Zoonotic Diseases Collaboration Center (ZDCC), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Shigeyuki Matsui
- Shizuoka Prefectural Livestock Institute, Swine and Poultry Research Center, Kikugawa, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Makoto Ogata
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Fukushima National College of Technology, Iwaki, Fukushima, Japan
- Department of Bioscience, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Taichi Usui
- Department of Bioscience, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Nongluk Sriwilaijaroen
- Health Science Hills, College of Life and Health Sciences, Chubu University, Kasugai, Aichi, Japan
- Faculty of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathumthani, Thailand
| | - Hiroaki Hiramatsu
- Health Science Hills, College of Life and Health Sciences, Chubu University, Kasugai, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yasuo Suzuki
- Health Science Hills, College of Life and Health Sciences, Chubu University, Kasugai, Aichi, Japan
| | - Takashi Suzuki
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
- * E-mail:
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19
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Takahashi T, Kawagishi S, Masuda M, Suzuki T. Binding kinetics of sulfatide with influenza A virus hemagglutinin. Glycoconj J 2013; 30:709-16. [PMID: 23604989 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-013-9477-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Revised: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Association of a sulfated galactosyl ceramide, sulfatide, with the viral envelope glycoprotein hemagglutinin (HA) delivered to the cell surface is required for influenza A virus (IAV) replication through efficient translocation of the newly synthesized viral nucleoprotein from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. To determine whether the ectodomain of HA can bind to sulfatide, a secreted-type HA (sHA), in which the transmembrane region and cytoplasmic tail were deleted, was generated by using a baculovirus expression system. The receptor binding ability and antigenic structure of sHA were evaluated by a hemagglutination assay, solid-phase binding assay and hemagglutination inhibition assay. sHA showed subtype-specific antigenicity and binding ability to both sulfatide and gangliosides. Kinetics of sHA binding to sulfatide and GD1a was demonstrated by quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) analysis. QCM analysis showed that the sHA bound with the association rate constant (k on) of 1.41 × 10(4) M(-1) sec(-1), dissociation rate constant (k off) of 2.03 × 10(-4) sec(-1) and K d of 1.44 × 10(-8) M to sulfatide immobilized on a sensor chip. The k off values of sHA were similar for sulfatide and GD1a, whereas the k on value of sHA binding to sulfatide was 2.56-times lower than that of sHA binding to GD1a. The results indicate that sulfatide directly binds to the ectodomain of HA with high affinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadanobu Takahashi
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Global COE Program for Innovation in Human Health Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan
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20
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Puzelli S, Facchini M, Spagnolo D, De Marco MA, Calzoletti L, Zanetti A, Fumagalli R, Tanzi ML, Cassone A, Rezza G, Donatelli I. Transmission of hemagglutinin D222G mutant strain of pandemic (H1N1) 2009 virus. Emerg Infect Dis 2010. [PMID: 20409386 PMCID: PMC2954012 DOI: 10.3201/eid1605.091858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A pandemic (H1N1) 2009 virus strain carrying the D222G mutation was identified in a severely ill man and was transmitted to a household contact. Only mild illness developed in the contact, despite his obesity and diabetes. The isolated virus reacted fully with an antiserum against the pandemic vaccine strain.
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