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Succoio M, Amiranda S, Sasso E, Marciano C, Finizio A, De Simone G, Garbi C, Zambrano N. Carbonic anhydrase IX subcellular localization in normoxic and hypoxic SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells is assisted by its C-terminal protein interaction domain. Heliyon 2023; 9:e18885. [PMID: 37600419 PMCID: PMC10432983 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e18885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The human carbonic anhydrase IX (CA IX) is a hypoxia-induced transmembrane protein belonging to the α-CA enzyme family. It has a crucial role in pH regulation in hypoxic cells and acts by buffering intracellular acidosis induced by hypoxia. Indeed, it is frequently expressed in cancer cells, where it contributes to tumor progression. CA IX is also able to localize in the nucleus, where it contributes to 47S rRNA precursor genes transcription; however, the mechanisms assisting its nuclear translocation still remain unclear. The aim of our study was to deepen the understanding of the mechanisms involved in CA IX subcellular distribution. To this purpose, we implemented a site-directed mutagenesis approach targeting the C-terminal domain of CA IX and evaluated the subcellular distribution of the wild-type and mutant proteins in the SH-SY5Y cell line. The mutant proteins showed impaired binding ability and altered subcellular distribution in both normoxic and hypoxic conditions. Our data suggest that CA IX nuclear translocation depends on its transit through the secretory and the endocytic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariangela Succoio
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via S. Pansini, 5 80131, Napoli, Italy
- CEINGE Biotecnologie avanzate Franco Salvatore SCaRL, Via G. Salvatore, 486 80145, Napoli, Italy
| | - Sara Amiranda
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via S. Pansini, 5 80131, Napoli, Italy
- CEINGE Biotecnologie avanzate Franco Salvatore SCaRL, Via G. Salvatore, 486 80145, Napoli, Italy
| | - Emanuele Sasso
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via S. Pansini, 5 80131, Napoli, Italy
- CEINGE Biotecnologie avanzate Franco Salvatore SCaRL, Via G. Salvatore, 486 80145, Napoli, Italy
| | - Carmen Marciano
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via S. Pansini, 5 80131, Napoli, Italy
- CEINGE Biotecnologie avanzate Franco Salvatore SCaRL, Via G. Salvatore, 486 80145, Napoli, Italy
| | - Arianna Finizio
- CEINGE Biotecnologie avanzate Franco Salvatore SCaRL, Via G. Salvatore, 486 80145, Napoli, Italy
| | - Giuseppina De Simone
- Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimmagini-CNR, Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131, Napoli, Italy
| | - Corrado Garbi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via S. Pansini, 5 80131, Napoli, Italy
| | - Nicola Zambrano
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via S. Pansini, 5 80131, Napoli, Italy
- CEINGE Biotecnologie avanzate Franco Salvatore SCaRL, Via G. Salvatore, 486 80145, Napoli, Italy
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2
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Pewklang T, Chansaenpak K, Bakar SN, Lai RY, Kue CS, Kamkaew A. Aza-BODIPY based carbonic anhydrase IX: Strategy to overcome hypoxia limitation in photodynamic therapy. Front Chem 2022; 10:1015883. [PMID: 36405312 PMCID: PMC9666899 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.1015883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia caused by photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a major hurdle to cancer treatment since it can promote recurrence and progression by activating angiogenic factors, lowering therapeutic efficacy dramatically. In this work, AZB-I-CAIX2 was developed as a carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX)-targeting NIR photosensitizer that can overcome the challenge by utilizing a combination of CAIX knockdown and PDT. AZB-I-CAIX2 showed a specific affinity to CAIX-expressed cancer cells and enhanced photocytotoxicity compared to AZB-I-control (the molecule without acetazolamide). Moreover, selective detection and effective cell cytotoxicity of AZB-I-CAIX2 by PDT in hypoxic CAIX-expressed murine cancer cells were achieved. Essentially, AZB-I-CAIX2 could minimize tumor size in the tumor-bearing mice compared to that in the control groups. The results suggested that AZB-I-CAIX2 can improve therapeutic efficiency by preventing PDT-induced hypoxia through CAIX inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thitima Pewklang
- School of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
| | - Kantapat Chansaenpak
- National Nanotechnology Center, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Thailand Science Park, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Siti Nursyahirah Bakar
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Management and Science University, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Rung-Yi Lai
- School of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
| | - Chin Siang Kue
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Management and Science University, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia,*Correspondence: Anyanee Kamkaew, ; Chin Siang Kue,
| | - Anyanee Kamkaew
- School of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand,*Correspondence: Anyanee Kamkaew, ; Chin Siang Kue,
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3
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Queen A, Bhutto HN, Yousuf M, Syed MA, Hassan MI. Carbonic anhydrase IX: A tumor acidification switch in heterogeneity and chemokine regulation. Semin Cancer Biol 2022; 86:899-913. [PMID: 34998944 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2022.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The primary physiological process of respiration produces carbon dioxide (CO2) that reacts with water molecules which subsequently liberates bicarbonate (HCO-3) and protons. Carbonic anhydrases (CAs) are the primary catalyst involved in this conversion. More than 16 isoforms of human CAs show organ or subcellular specific activity. Dysregulation of each CA is associated with multiple pathologies. Out of these members, the overexpression of membrane-bound carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX) is associated explicitly with hypoxic tumors or various solid cancers. CAIX helps tumors deal with higher CO2 by sequestering it with bicarbonate ions and helping cancer cells to grow in a comparatively hypoxic or acidic environment, thus acting as a pH adaptation switch. CAIX-mediated adaptations in cancer cells include angiogenesis, metabolic alterations, tumor heterogeneity, drug resistance, and regulation of cancer-specific chemokines. This review comprehensively collects and describe the cancer-specific expression mechanism and role of CAIX in cancer growth, progression, heterogeneity, and its structural insight to develop future combinatorial targeted cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aarfa Queen
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Humaira Naaz Bhutto
- Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Mohd Yousuf
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Mansoor Ali Syed
- Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Md Imtaiyaz Hassan
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi, 110025, India.
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4
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Stevens RP, Alexeyev MF, Kozhukhar N, Pastukh V, Paudel SS, Bell J, Tambe DT, Stevens T, Lee JY. Carbonic anhydrase IX proteoglycan-like and intracellular domains mediate pulmonary microvascular endothelial cell repair and angiogenesis. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2022; 323:L48-L57. [PMID: 35672011 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00337.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The lungs of patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) have hyperpermeable capillaries that must undergo repair in an acidic microenvironment. Pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (PMVECs) have an acid-resistant phenotype, in part due to carbonic anhydrase IX (CA IX). CA IX also facilitates PMVEC repair by promoting aerobic glycolysis, migration, and network formation. Molecular mechanisms of how CA IX performs such a wide range of functions are unknown. CA IX is comprised of four domains known as the proteoglycan-like (PG), catalytic (CA), transmembrane (TM), and intracellular (IC) domains. We hypothesized that the PG and CA domains mediate PMVEC pH homeostasis and repair, and the IC domain regulates aerobic glycolysis and PI3k/Akt signaling. The functions of each CA IX domain were investigated using PMVEC cell lines that express either a full-length CA IX protein or a CA IX protein harboring a domain deletion. We found that the PG domain promotes intracellular pH homeostasis, migration, and network formation. The CA and IC domains mediate Akt activation but negatively regulate aerobic glycolysis. The IC domain also supports migration while inhibiting network formation. Finally, we show that exposure to acidosis suppresses aerobic glycolysis and migration, even though intracellular pH is maintained in PMVECs. Thus, we report that 1) The PG and IC domains mediate PMVEC migration and network formation, 2) the CA and IC domains support PI3K/Akt signaling, and 3) acidosis impairs PMVEC metabolism and migration independent of intracellular pH homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reece P Stevens
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, United States.,Center for Lung Biology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, United States
| | - Mikhail F Alexeyev
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, United States.,Center for Lung Biology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, United States
| | - Natalya Kozhukhar
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, United States.,Center for Lung Biology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, United States
| | - Viktoriya Pastukh
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, United States.,Center for Lung Biology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, United States
| | - Sunita S Paudel
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, United States.,Center for Lung Biology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, United States
| | - Jessica Bell
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, United States.,Center for Lung Biology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, United States
| | - Dhananjay T Tambe
- Department of Mechanical, Aerospace, and Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, United States.,Center for Lung Biology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, United States
| | - Troy Stevens
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, United States.,Center for Lung Biology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, United States
| | - Ji Young Lee
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, United States.,Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, United States.,Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, United States.,Center for Lung Biology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, United States
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5
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Kciuk M, Gielecińska A, Mujwar S, Mojzych M, Marciniak B, Drozda R, Kontek R. Targeting carbonic anhydrase IX and XII isoforms with small molecule inhibitors and monoclonal antibodies. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2022; 37:1278-1298. [PMID: 35506234 PMCID: PMC9090362 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2022.2052868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrases IX and CAXII (CAIX/CAXII) are transmembrane zinc metalloproteins that catalyze a very basic but crucial physiological reaction: the conversion of carbon dioxide into bicarbonate with a release of the proton. CA, especially CAIX and CAXII isoforms gained the attention of many researchers interested in anticancer drug design due to pivotal functions of enzymes in the cancer cell metastasis and response to hypoxia, and their expression restricted to malignant cells. This offers an opportunity to develop new targeted therapies with fewer side effects. Continuous efforts led to the discovery of a series of diverse compounds with the most abundant sulphonamide derivatives. Here we review current knowledge considering small molecule and antibody-based targeting of CAIX/CAXII in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Kciuk
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Genetics, Laboratory of Cytogenetics, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland.,Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Adrianna Gielecińska
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Genetics, Laboratory of Cytogenetics, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Somdutt Mujwar
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura, India
| | - Mariusz Mojzych
- Department of Chemistry, Siedlce University of Natural Sciences and Humanities, Siedlce, Poland
| | - Beata Marciniak
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Genetics, Laboratory of Cytogenetics, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Rafał Drozda
- Department of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, Wl. Bieganski Hospital, Lodz, Poland
| | - Renata Kontek
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Genetics, Laboratory of Cytogenetics, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
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6
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Post-translational modifications in tumor-associated carbonic anhydrases. Amino Acids 2021; 54:543-558. [PMID: 34436666 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-021-03063-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Human carbonic anhydrases IX (hCA IX) and XII (hCA XII) are two proteins associated with tumor formation and development. These enzymes have been largely investigated both from a biochemical and a functional point of view. However, limited data are currently available on the characterization of their post-translational modifications (PTMs) and the functional implication of these structural changes in the tumor environment. In this review, we summarize existing literature data on PTMs of hCA IX and hCA XII, such as disulphide bond formation, phosphorylation, O-/N-linked glycosylation, acetylation and ubiquitination, highlighting, when possible, their specific role in cancer pathological processes.
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7
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Lee JY, Stevens RP, Kash M, Alexeyev MF, Balczon R, Zhou C, Renema P, Koloteva A, Kozhukhar N, Pastukh V, Gwin MS, Voth S, deWeever A, Wagener BM, Pittet JF, Eslaamizaad Y, Siddiqui W, Nawaz T, Clarke C, Fouty BW, Audia JP, Alvarez DF, Stevens T. Carbonic Anhydrase IX and Hypoxia Promote Rat Pulmonary Endothelial Cell Survival During Infection. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2021; 65:630-645. [PMID: 34251286 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2020-0537oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Low tidal volume ventilation protects the lung in mechanically ventilated patients. The impact of the accompanying permissive hypoxemia and hypercapnia on endothelial cell recovery from injury is poorly understood. Carbonic anhydrase IX (CA IX) is expressed in pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (PMVECs), where it contributes to CO2 and pH homeostasis, bioenergetics and angiogenesis. We hypothesized that CA IX is important for PMVEC survival, and CA IX expression and release from PMVECs are increased during infection. While plasma CA IX was unchanged in human and rat pneumonia, there was a trend towards increasing CA IX in bronchoalveolar fluid of mechanically ventilated critically ill pneumonia patients and a significant increase in CA IX in lung tissue lysate of rat pneumonia. To investigate functional implications of the lung CA IX increase, we generated PMVEC cell lines harboring domain-specific CA IX mutations. Using these cells, we found that infection promotes intracellular expression, release and metalloproteinase-mediated extracellular cleavage of CA IX in PMVECs. Intracellular domain deletion uniquely impaired CA IX membrane localization. Loss of the CA IX intracellular domain promoted cell death following infection, suggesting the important role of intracellular domain in PMVEC survival. We also found that hypoxia improves survival, whereas hypercapnia reverses the protective effect of hypoxia, during infection. Thus, we report that: (1) CA IX increases in rat pneumonia lung; and, (2) the CA IX intracellular domain and hypoxia promote PMVEC survival during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Young Lee
- University of South Alabama, 5557, Mobile, Alabama, United States;
| | - Reece P Stevens
- University of South Alabama, 5557, Mobile, Alabama, United States
| | - Mary Kash
- University of South Alabama, 5557, Mobile, Alabama, United States
| | | | - Ronald Balczon
- University of South Alabama, 5557, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mobile, Alabama, United States
| | - Chun Zhou
- University of South Alabama, 5557, Mobile, Alabama, United States
| | - Phoibe Renema
- University of South Alabama, 5557, Mobile, Alabama, United States
| | - Anna Koloteva
- University of South Alabama, 5557, Mobile, Alabama, United States
| | | | | | - Meredith S Gwin
- University of South Alabama, 5557, Physiology and Cell Biology, Mobile, Alabama, United States
| | - Sarah Voth
- University of South Alabama, 5557, Physiology and Cell Biology, Mobile, Alabama, United States
| | - Althea deWeever
- University of South Alabama College of Medicine, 12214, Physiology and Cell Biology, Mobile, Alabama, United States
| | - Brant M Wagener
- The University of Alabama at Birmingham, 9968, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Jean-François Pittet
- The University of Alabama at Birmingham, 9968, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | | | - Waqar Siddiqui
- University of South Alabama, 5557, Mobile, Alabama, United States
| | - Talha Nawaz
- University of South Alabama, 5557, Mobile, Alabama, United States
| | | | - Brian W Fouty
- University of South Alabama, 5557, Mobile, Alabama, United States
| | - Jonathon P Audia
- University of South Alabama, 5557, Mobile, Alabama, United States
| | - Diego F Alvarez
- Sam Houston State University, 4038, Huntsville, Texas, United States
| | - Troy Stevens
- University of South Alabama, 5557, Physiology and Cell Biology, Mobile, Alabama, United States
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8
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Tobys D, Kowalski LM, Cziudaj E, Müller S, Zentis P, Pach E, Zigrino P, Blaeske T, Höning S. Inhibition of clathrin-mediated endocytosis by knockdown of AP-2 leads to alterations in the plasma membrane proteome. Traffic 2020; 22:6-22. [PMID: 33225555 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
In eukaryotic cells, clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) is a central pathway for the internalization of proteins from the cell surface, thereby contributing to the maintenance of the plasma membrane protein composition. A key component for the formation of endocytic clathrin-coated vesicles (CCVs) is AP-2, as it sequesters cargo membrane proteins, recruits a multitude of other endocytic factors and initiates clathrin polymerization. Here, we inhibited CME by depletion of AP-2 and explored the consequences for the plasma membrane proteome. Quantitative analysis revealed accumulation of major constituents of the endosomal-lysosomal system reflecting a block in retrieval by compensatory CME. The noticeable enrichment of integrins and blockage of their turnover resulted in severely impaired cell migration. Rare proteins such as the anti-cancer drug target CA9 and tumor markers (CD73, CD164, CD302) were significantly enriched. The AP-2 knockdown attenuated the global endocytic capacity, but clathrin-independent entry pathways were still operating, as indicated by persistent internalization of specific membrane-spanning and GPI-anchored receptors (PVR, IGF1R, CD55, TNAP). We hypothesize that blocking AP-2 function and thus inhibiting CME may be a novel approach to identify new druggable targets, or to increase their residence time at the plasma membrane, thereby increasing the probability for efficient therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Tobys
- Institute for Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Lisa Maria Kowalski
- Institute for Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Eva Cziudaj
- Institute for Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Stefan Müller
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Peter Zentis
- CECAD Cluster of Excellence, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Elke Pach
- Department of Dermatology, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Paola Zigrino
- Department of Dermatology, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Tobias Blaeske
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Constance, Constance, Germany
| | - Stefan Höning
- Institute for Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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9
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Simko V, Belvoncikova P, Csaderova L, Labudova M, Grossmannova K, Zatovicova M, Kajanova I, Skultety L, Barathova M, Pastorek J. PIMT Binding to C-Terminal Ala459 of CAIX Is Involved in Inside-Out Signaling Necessary for Its Catalytic Activity. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21228545. [PMID: 33198416 PMCID: PMC7696048 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Human carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX), a unique member of the α carbonic anhydrase family, is a transmembrane glycoprotein with high enzymatic activity by which CAIX contributes to tumorigenesis through pH regulation. Due to its aberrant expression, CAIX is considered to be a marker of tumor hypoxia and a poor prognostic factor of several human cancers. Hypoxia-activated catalytic function of CAIX is dependent on posttranslational modification of its short intracellular domain. In this work, we have identified that C-terminal Ala459 residue, which is common across CAIX of various species as well as additional transmembrane isoforms, plays an important role in CAIX activation and in pH regulation. Moreover, structure prediction I-TASSER analysis revealed involvement of Ala459 in potential ligand binding. Using tandem mass spectrometry, Protein-L-isoaspartyl methyltransferase (PIMT) was identified as a novel interacting partner, further confirmed by an in vitro pulldown assay and an in situ proximity ligation assay. Indeed, suppression of PIMT led to increased alkalinization of culture media of C33a cells constitutively expressing CAIX in hypoxia. We suggest that binding of PIMT represents a novel intracellular signal required for enzymatic activity of CAIX with a potential unidentified downstream function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Simko
- Department of Tumor Biology, Biomedical Research Center, Institute of Virology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 84505 Bratislava, Slovakia; (V.S.); (P.B.); (L.C.); (M.L.); (K.G.); (M.Z.); (I.K.); (J.P.)
| | - Petra Belvoncikova
- Department of Tumor Biology, Biomedical Research Center, Institute of Virology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 84505 Bratislava, Slovakia; (V.S.); (P.B.); (L.C.); (M.L.); (K.G.); (M.Z.); (I.K.); (J.P.)
| | - Lucia Csaderova
- Department of Tumor Biology, Biomedical Research Center, Institute of Virology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 84505 Bratislava, Slovakia; (V.S.); (P.B.); (L.C.); (M.L.); (K.G.); (M.Z.); (I.K.); (J.P.)
| | - Martina Labudova
- Department of Tumor Biology, Biomedical Research Center, Institute of Virology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 84505 Bratislava, Slovakia; (V.S.); (P.B.); (L.C.); (M.L.); (K.G.); (M.Z.); (I.K.); (J.P.)
| | - Katarina Grossmannova
- Department of Tumor Biology, Biomedical Research Center, Institute of Virology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 84505 Bratislava, Slovakia; (V.S.); (P.B.); (L.C.); (M.L.); (K.G.); (M.Z.); (I.K.); (J.P.)
| | - Miriam Zatovicova
- Department of Tumor Biology, Biomedical Research Center, Institute of Virology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 84505 Bratislava, Slovakia; (V.S.); (P.B.); (L.C.); (M.L.); (K.G.); (M.Z.); (I.K.); (J.P.)
| | - Ivana Kajanova
- Department of Tumor Biology, Biomedical Research Center, Institute of Virology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 84505 Bratislava, Slovakia; (V.S.); (P.B.); (L.C.); (M.L.); (K.G.); (M.Z.); (I.K.); (J.P.)
| | - Ludovit Skultety
- Department of Rickettsiology, Biomedical Research Center, Institute of Virology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 84505 Bratislava, Slovakia;
| | - Monika Barathova
- Department of Tumor Biology, Biomedical Research Center, Institute of Virology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 84505 Bratislava, Slovakia; (V.S.); (P.B.); (L.C.); (M.L.); (K.G.); (M.Z.); (I.K.); (J.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +421-2-5930-2461
| | - Jaromir Pastorek
- Department of Tumor Biology, Biomedical Research Center, Institute of Virology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 84505 Bratislava, Slovakia; (V.S.); (P.B.); (L.C.); (M.L.); (K.G.); (M.Z.); (I.K.); (J.P.)
- Faculty of Medicine, Slovak Medical University, Limbová 12, 833 03 Bratislava, Slovakia
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10
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Chen Z, Ai L, Mboge MY, Tu C, McKenna R, Brown KD, Heldermon CD, Frost SC. Differential expression and function of CAIX and CAXII in breast cancer: A comparison between tumorgraft models and cells. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0199476. [PMID: 29965974 PMCID: PMC6028082 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0199476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX) and XII (CAXII) are transmembrane proteins that are associated with cancer progression. We have previously described the catalytic properties of CAIX in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells, a line of cells that were derived from a patient with triple negative breast cancer. We chose this line because CAIX expression in breast cancer is a marker of hypoxia and a prognosticator for reduced survival. However, CAXII expression is associated with better survival statistics than those patients with low CAXII expression. Yet CAIX and CAXII have similar catalytic activities. Here we compare the potential roles of CAIX and CAXII in the context of TNBC and estrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancer. In tumor graft models, we show that CAIX and CAXII exhibit distinct expression patterns and non-overlapping. We find the same pattern across a panel of TNBC and luminal breast cancer cell lines. This affords an opportunity to compare directly CAIX and CAXII function. Our data suggest that CAIX expression is associated with growth potentiation in the tumor graft model and in a TNBC line using knockdown strategies and blocking activity with an impermeant sulfonamide inhibitor, N-3500. CAXII was not associated with growth potentiation. The catalytic activities of both CAIX and CAXII were sensitive to inhibition by N-3500 and activated at low pH. However, pH titration of activity in membrane ghosts revealed significant differences in the catalytic efficiency and pKa values. These features provide evidence that CAIX is a more efficient enzyme than CAXII at low pH and that CAIX shifts the equilibrium between CO2 and bicarbonate in favor of CO2 production by consuming protons. This suggests that in the acidic microenvironment of tumors, CAIX plays a role in stabilizing pH at a value that favors cancer cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijuan Chen
- The Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
| | - Lingbao Ai
- The Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
| | - Mam Y Mboge
- The Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
| | - Chingkuang Tu
- The Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
| | - Robert McKenna
- The Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
| | - Kevin D Brown
- The Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
| | - Coy D Heldermon
- The Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
| | - Susan C Frost
- The Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
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11
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Supuran CT, Alterio V, Di Fiore A, D' Ambrosio K, Carta F, Monti SM, De Simone G. Inhibition of carbonic anhydrase IX targets primary tumors, metastases, and cancer stem cells: Three for the price of one. Med Res Rev 2018; 38:1799-1836. [PMID: 29635752 DOI: 10.1002/med.21497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Human carbonic anhydrase (CA) IX is a tumor-associated protein, since it is scarcely present in normal tissues, but highly overexpressed in a large number of solid tumors, where it actively contributes to survival and metastatic spread of tumor cells. Due to these features, the characterization of its biochemical, structural, and functional features for drug design purposes has been extensively carried out, with consequent development of several highly selective small molecule inhibitors and monoclonal antibodies to be used for different purposes. Aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive state-of-the-art of studies performed on this enzyme, regarding structural, functional, and biomedical aspects, as well as the development of molecules with diagnostic and therapeutic applications for cancer treatment. A brief description of additional pharmacologic applications for CA IX inhibition in other diseases, such as arthritis and ischemia, is also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudiu T Supuran
- Dipartimento Neurofarba, Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche e Nutraceutiche, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Florence, Italy
| | | | - Anna Di Fiore
- Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimmagini-CNR, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Fabrizio Carta
- Dipartimento Neurofarba, Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche e Nutraceutiche, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Florence, Italy
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12
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Carbonic Anhydrase IX (CAIX), Cancer, and Radiation Responsiveness. Metabolites 2018; 8:metabo8010013. [PMID: 29439394 PMCID: PMC5874614 DOI: 10.3390/metabo8010013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrase IX has been under intensive investigation as a therapeutic target in cancer. Studies demonstrate that this enzyme has a key role in pH regulation in cancer cells, allowing these cells to adapt to the adverse conditions of the tumour microenviroment. Novel CAIX inhibitors have shown efficacy in both in vitro and in vivo pre-clinical cancer models, adversely affecting cell viability, tumour formation, migration, invasion, and metastatic growth when used alone. In co-treatments, CAIX inhibitors may enhance the effects of anti-angiogenic drugs or chemotherapy agents. Research suggests that these inhibitors may also increase the response of tumours to radiotherapy. Although many of the anti-tumour effects of CAIX inhibition may be dependent on its role in pH regulation, recent work has shown that CAIX interacts with several of the signalling pathways involved in the cellular response to radiation, suggesting that pH-independent mechanisms may also be an important basis of its role in tumour progression. Here, we discuss these pH-independent interactions in the context of the ability of CAIX to modulate the responsiveness of cancer to radiation.
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13
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Hypoxia induces cancer-associated cAMP/PKA signalling through HIF-mediated transcriptional control of adenylyl cyclases VI and VII. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10121. [PMID: 28860539 PMCID: PMC5578998 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-09549-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia is a phenomenon often arising in solid tumours, linked to aggressive malignancy, bad prognosis and resistance to therapy. Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 has been identified as a key mediator of cell and tissue adaptation to hypoxic conditions through transcriptional activation of many genes involved in glucose metabolism and other cancer-related processes, such as angiogenesis, cell survival and cell invasion. Cyclic adenosine 3′5′-monophosphate is one of the most ancient and evolutionarily conserved signalling molecules and the cAMP/PKA signalling pathway plays an important role in cellular adaptation to hypoxia. We have investigated possible new mechanisms behind hypoxic activation of the cAMP/PKA pathway. For the first time, we have shown that hypoxia induces transcriptional up-regulation of the system of adenylyl cyclases, enzymes responsible for cAMP production, in a panel of carcinoma cell lines of various origin. Our data prove functional relevance of the hypoxic increase of adenylyl cyclases VI and VII at least partially mediated by HIF-1 transcription factor. We have identified adenylyl cyclase VI and VII isoforms as mediators of cellular response to hypoxia, which led to the elevation of cAMP levels and enhanced PKA activity, with an impact on cell migration and pH regulation.
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14
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Buonanno M, Langella E, Zambrano N, Succoio M, Sasso E, Alterio V, Di Fiore A, Sandomenico A, Supuran CT, Scaloni A, Monti SM, De Simone G. Disclosing the Interaction of Carbonic Anhydrase IX with Cullin-Associated NEDD8-Dissociated Protein 1 by Molecular Modeling and Integrated Binding Measurements. ACS Chem Biol 2017; 12:1460-1465. [PMID: 28388044 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.7b00055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Human Carbonic Anhydrase (hCA) IX is a membrane-associated member of the CA enzyme family, involved in solid tumor acidification. This enzyme is a marker of tumor hypoxia and a prognostic factor for several human cancers. In a recent paper, we showed that CA IX interacts with cullin-associated NEDD8-dissociated protein 1 (CAND1), a nuclear protein involved in gene transcription and assembly of SCF ubiquitin ligase complexes. A functional role for this interaction was also identified, since lower CA IX levels were observed in cells with decreased CAND1 expression via shRNA-mediated interference. In this paper, we describe the identification of the structural determinants responsible for the CA IX/CAND1 interaction by means of a multidisciplinary approach, consisting of binding assay measurements, molecular docking, and site-directed mutagenesis. These data open a novel scenario in the design of anticancer drugs targeting CA IX. Indeed, the knowledge of the structural determinants responsible for the CAND1/CA IX interaction provides the molecular basis to design molecules able to destabilize it. Due to the proposed function of CAND1 in stabilizing CA IX, these molecules could represent an efficient tool to lower the amount of CA IX in hypoxic cancer cells, thus limiting its action in survival and the metastatic spread of tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emma Langella
- Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimagini, CNR, Naples, Italy
| | - Nicola Zambrano
- Dipartimento
di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II and CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate SCaRL, Naples, Italy
| | - Mariangela Succoio
- Dipartimento
di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II and CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate SCaRL, Naples, Italy
| | - Emanuele Sasso
- Dipartimento
di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II and CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate SCaRL, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Anna Di Fiore
- Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimagini, CNR, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Claudiu T. Supuran
- Neurofarba
Department, Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutriceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Andrea Scaloni
- Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, ISPAAM, CNR, Naples, Italy
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15
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Ward C, Meehan J, Mullen P, Supuran C, Dixon JM, Thomas JS, Winum JY, Lambin P, Dubois L, Pavathaneni NK, Jarman EJ, Renshaw L, Um IH, Kay C, Harrison DJ, Kunkler IH, Langdon SP. Evaluation of carbonic anhydrase IX as a therapeutic target for inhibition of breast cancer invasion and metastasis using a series of in vitro breast cancer models. Oncotarget 2016; 6:24856-70. [PMID: 26259239 PMCID: PMC4694798 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Triple negative, resistant or metastatic disease are major factors in breast cancer mortality, warranting novel approaches. Carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX) is implicated in survival, migration and invasion of breast cancer cells and inhibition provides an innovative therapeutic strategy. The efficacy of 5 novel ureido-substituted sulfamate CAIX inhibitors were assessed in increasingly complex breast cancer models, including cell lines in normoxia and hypoxia, 3D spheroids and an ex-vivo explant model utilizing fresh biopsy tissue from different breast cancer subtypes. CAIX expression was evaluated in a tissue microarray (TMA) of 92 paired lymph node and primary breast cancers and 2 inhibitors were appraised in vivo using MDA-MB-231 xenografts. FC11409B, FC9398A, FC9403, FC9396A and S4 decreased cell proliferation and migration and inhibited 3D spheroid invasion. S4, FC9398A and FC9403A inhibited or prevented invasion into collagen. FC9403A significantly reversed established invasion whilst FC9398A and DTP348 reduced xenograft growth. TMA analysis showed increased CAIX expression in triple negative cancers. These data establish CAIX inhibition as a relevant therapeutic goal in breast cancer, targeting the migratory, invasive, and metastatic potential of this disease. The use of biopsy tissue suggests efficacy against breast cancer subtypes, and should provide a useful tool in drug testing against invasive cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol Ward
- Division of Pathology, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - James Meehan
- Division of Pathology, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Mullen
- School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, United Kingdom
| | - Claudiu Supuran
- Università degli Studi di Firenze, Polo Scientifico, Laboratorio di Chimica Bioinorganica, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - J Michael Dixon
- Edinburgh Breast Unit, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy S Thomas
- Department of Pathology, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Jean-Yves Winum
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247, CNRS-UM1-UM2, Batiment de Recherche Max Mousseron, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Philippe Lambin
- Department of Radiation Oncology (MaastRO), GROW-School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center (MUMC+), Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Ludwig Dubois
- Department of Radiation Oncology (MaastRO), GROW-School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center (MUMC+), Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Nanda-Kumar Pavathaneni
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247, CNRS-UM1-UM2, Batiment de Recherche Max Mousseron, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,Department of Radiation Oncology (MaastRO), GROW-School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center (MUMC+), Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Edward J Jarman
- Division of Pathology, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Lorna Renshaw
- Edinburgh Breast Unit, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - In Hwa Um
- School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, United Kingdom
| | - Charlene Kay
- Division of Pathology, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - David J Harrison
- School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, United Kingdom
| | - Ian H Kunkler
- Edinburgh Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Simon P Langdon
- Division of Pathology, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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16
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Swenson ER. Hypoxia and Its Acid-Base Consequences: From Mountains to Malignancy. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 903:301-23. [PMID: 27343105 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4899-7678-9_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxia, depending upon its magnitude and circumstances, evokes a spectrum of mild to severe acid-base changes ranging from alkalosis to acidosis, which can alter many responses to hypoxia at both non-genomic and genomic levels, in part via altered hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) metabolism. Healthy people at high altitude and persons hyperventilating to non-hypoxic stimuli can become alkalotic and alkalemic with arterial pH acutely rising as high as 7.7. Hypoxia-mediated respiratory alkalosis reduces sympathetic tone, blunts hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction and hypoxic cerebral vasodilation, and increases hemoglobin oxygen affinity. These effects and others can be salutary or counterproductive to tissue oxygen delivery and utilization, based upon magnitude of each effect and summation. With severe hypoxia either in the setting of profound arterial hemoglobin desaturation and reduced O2 content or poor perfusion (ischemia) at the global or local level, metabolic and hypercapnic acidosis develop along with considerable lactate formation and pH falling to below 6.8. Although conventionally considered to be injurious and deleterious to cell function and survival, both acidoses may be cytoprotective by various anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-apoptotic mechanisms which limit total hypoxic or ischemic-reperfusion injury. Attempts to correct acidosis by giving bicarbonate or other alkaline agents under these circumstances ahead of or concurrent with reoxygenation efforts may be ill advised. Better understanding of this so-called "pH paradox" or permissive acidosis may offer therapeutic possibilities. Rapidly growing cancers often outstrip their vascular supply compromising both oxygen and nutrient delivery and metabolic waste disposal, thus limiting their growth and metastatic potential. However, their excessive glycolysis and lactate formation may not necessarily represent oxygen insufficiency, but rather the Warburg effect-an attempt to provide a large amount of small carbon intermediates to supply the many synthetic pathways of proliferative cell growth. In either case, there is expression and upregulation of many genes involved in acid-base homeostasis, in part by HIF-1 signaling. These include a unique isoform of carbonic anhydrase (CA-IX) and numerous membrane acid-base transporters engaged to maintain an optimal intracellular and extracellular pH for maximal growth. Inhibition of these proteins or gene suppression may have important therapeutic application in cancer chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik R Swenson
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA. .,Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA. .,VA Puget Sound Health Care System, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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17
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Sasso E, Vitale M, Monteleone F, Boffo FL, Santoriello M, Sarnataro D, Garbi C, Sabatella M, Crifò B, Paolella LA, Minopoli G, Winum JY, Zambrano N. Binding of carbonic anhydrase IX to 45S rDNA genes is prevented by exportin-1 in hypoxic cells. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:674920. [PMID: 25793203 PMCID: PMC4352447 DOI: 10.1155/2015/674920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrase IX (CA IX) is a surrogate marker of hypoxia, involved in survival and pH regulation in hypoxic cells. We have recently characterized its interactome, describing a set of proteins interacting with CA IX, mainly in hypoxic cells, including several members of the nucleocytoplasmic shuttling apparatuses. Accordingly, we described complex subcellular localization for this enzyme in human cells, as well as the redistribution of a carbonic anhydrase IX pool to nucleoli during hypoxia. Starting from this evidence, we analyzed the possible contribution of carbonic anhydrase IX to transcription of the 45 S rDNA genes, a process occurring in nucleoli. We highlighted the binding of carbonic anhydrase IX to nucleolar chromatin, which is regulated by oxygen levels. In fact, CA IX was found on 45 S rDNA gene promoters in normoxic cells and less represented on these sites, in hypoxic cells and in cells subjected to acetazolamide-induced acidosis. Both conditions were associated with increased representation of carbonic anhydrase IX/exportin-1 complexes in nucleoli. 45 S rRNA transcript levels were accordingly downrepresented. Inhibition of nuclear export by leptomycin B suggests a model in which exportin-1 acts as a decoy, in hypoxic cells, preventing carbonic anhydrase IX association with 45 S rDNA gene promoters.
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MESH Headings
- Acidosis/genetics
- Acidosis/metabolism
- Antigens, Neoplasm/genetics
- Antigens, Neoplasm/metabolism
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Carbonic Anhydrase IX
- Carbonic Anhydrases/genetics
- Carbonic Anhydrases/metabolism
- Cell Hypoxia/genetics
- Cell Hypoxia/physiology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Nucleus/genetics
- Cell Nucleus/metabolism
- Chromatin/genetics
- Chromatin/metabolism
- DNA, Ribosomal/genetics
- DNA, Ribosomal/metabolism
- HEK293 Cells
- Humans
- Karyopherins/genetics
- Karyopherins/metabolism
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/drug effects
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/genetics
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/metabolism
- Transcription, Genetic/genetics
- Exportin 1 Protein
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele Sasso
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università di Napoli Federico II, 80131 Napoli, Italy
- CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate, Via Gaetano Salvatore 486, 80145 Napoli, Italy
- Associazione Culturale DiSciMuS RFC, 80026 Casoria, Italy
| | - Monica Vitale
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università di Napoli Federico II, 80131 Napoli, Italy
- CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate, Via Gaetano Salvatore 486, 80145 Napoli, Italy
| | - Francesca Monteleone
- CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate, Via Gaetano Salvatore 486, 80145 Napoli, Italy
- Associazione Culturale DiSciMuS RFC, 80026 Casoria, Italy
| | - Francesca Ludovica Boffo
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università di Napoli Federico II, 80131 Napoli, Italy
- CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate, Via Gaetano Salvatore 486, 80145 Napoli, Italy
| | - Margherita Santoriello
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università di Napoli Federico II, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Daniela Sarnataro
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università di Napoli Federico II, 80131 Napoli, Italy
- CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate, Via Gaetano Salvatore 486, 80145 Napoli, Italy
| | - Corrado Garbi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università di Napoli Federico II, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Mariangela Sabatella
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università di Napoli Federico II, 80131 Napoli, Italy
- CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate, Via Gaetano Salvatore 486, 80145 Napoli, Italy
| | - Bianca Crifò
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università di Napoli Federico II, 80131 Napoli, Italy
- CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate, Via Gaetano Salvatore 486, 80145 Napoli, Italy
| | - Luca Alfredo Paolella
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università di Napoli Federico II, 80131 Napoli, Italy
- CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate, Via Gaetano Salvatore 486, 80145 Napoli, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Minopoli
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università di Napoli Federico II, 80131 Napoli, Italy
- CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate, Via Gaetano Salvatore 486, 80145 Napoli, Italy
| | - Jean-Yves Winum
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247 CNRS, Université Montpellier I & II, ENSCM, 34296 Montpellier, France
| | - Nicola Zambrano
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università di Napoli Federico II, 80131 Napoli, Italy
- CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate, Via Gaetano Salvatore 486, 80145 Napoli, Italy
- Associazione Culturale DiSciMuS RFC, 80026 Casoria, Italy
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18
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Abstract
Tumor microenvironment substantially influences the process of tumorigenesis. In many solid tumors, imbalance between the demand of rapidly proliferating cancer cells and the capabilities of the vascular system generates areas with insufficient oxygen supply. In response to tumor hypoxia, cancer cells modulate their gene expression pattern to match the requirements of the altered microenvironment. One of the most significant adaptations to this milieu is the shift towards anaerobic glycolysis to keep up the energy demands. This oncogenic metabolism is often maintained also in aerobic cells. Lactic acid, its metabolic end-product, accumulates hand-in-hand with carbon dioxide, leading to acidification of the extracellular environment. Carbonic anhydrase IX (CA IX) is the most widely expressed gene in response to hypoxia. Its crucial role in intracellular pH maintenance represents the means by which cancer cells adapt to the toxic conditions of the extracellular milieu. Furthermore, the activity of CA IX stimulates the migratory pathways of cancer cells and is connected with the increase of the aggressive/invasive phenotype of tumors. CA IX expression in many types of tumors indicates its relevance as a general marker of tumor hypoxia. Moreover, its expression is closely related to prognosis of the clinical outcome in several tumor types. All above mentioned facts support the strong position of CA IX as a potential drug therapy target. Here, we summarize the state-of-the-art knowledge on its regulation and role in cancer development.
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19
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Monti SM, Supuran CT, De Simone G. Anticancer carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: a patent review (2008 - 2013). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2013; 23:737-49. [PMID: 23672415 DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2013.798648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Human carbonic anhydrases (EC 4.2.1.1) IX (hCA IX) and XII (hCA XII) are two tumor-associated proteins, being overexpressed in many tumors and involved in critical processes associated with cancer progression and response to therapy. Both are multi-domain proteins consisting of an extracellular catalytic domain (CA), a transmembrane portion (TM) and an intracytoplasmic (IC) segment. These domains have peculiar biochemical and physiological features. CA IX contains an additional proteoglycan-like (PG) domain at the N-terminus which constitutes a unique feature of this enzyme within the CA family. AREAS COVERED Starting from a brief description of the main molecular and catalytic features of both enzymes, their role in tumor physiology and their three-dimensional structure, this review describes the main classes of small molecule inhibitors, investigated between 2008 and 2013, able to inhibit these enzymes for both diagnostic and therapeutic applications. EXPERT OPINION A consistent number of patents on molecules able to inhibit the catalytic activity of CA IX and CA XII have been recently reported. Most patents deal with classical sulfonamide derivatives, demonstrating that introducing suitable substituents on the inhibitor scaffold, good selectivity can be obtained. However, the most impressive results are related to compounds containing novel chemotypes, such as coumarins and thiocumarins. Thus, it is expected that research in next future will be more dedicated to the development of molecules containing new chemotypes and a large number of studies in such field have already been published demonstrating the role of these enzymes in carcinogenesis and metastases formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Maria Monti
- Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimmagini-CNR, via Mezzocannone 16, 80134 Naples, Italy
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20
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RADVAK PETER, REPIC MARKO, SVASTOVA ELISKA, TAKACOVA MARTINA, CSADEROVA LUCIA, STRNAD HYNEK, PASTOREK JAROMIR, PASTOREKOVA SILVIA, KOPACEK JURAJ. Suppression of carbonic anhydrase IX leads to aberrant focal adhesion and decreased invasion of tumor cells. Oncol Rep 2013; 29:1147-53. [DOI: 10.3892/or.2013.2226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2012] [Accepted: 12/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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21
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Buanne P, Renzone G, Monteleone F, Vitale M, Monti SM, Sandomenico A, Garbi C, Montanaro D, Accardo M, Troncone G, Zatovicova M, Csaderova L, Supuran CT, Pastorekova S, Scaloni A, De Simone G, Zambrano N. Characterization of Carbonic Anhydrase IX Interactome Reveals Proteins Assisting Its Nuclear Localization in Hypoxic Cells. J Proteome Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/pr300565w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Giovanni Renzone
- Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry
Laboratory, ISPAAM, CNR, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Monica Vitale
- CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate SCaRL, Naples, Italy
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare
e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Italy
| | | | | | - Corrado Garbi
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Patologia
Cellulare e Molecolare, Università di Napoli Federico II, Italy
| | | | - Marina Accardo
- Department
of Public Health, Section
of Pathology, Seconda Università di Napoli, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Troncone
- CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate SCaRL, Naples, Italy
- Dipartimento di
Scienze Biomorfologiche
e Funzionali, Università di Napoli Federico II, Italy
| | - Miriam Zatovicova
- Department of
Molecular Medicine,
Institute of Virology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Lucia Csaderova
- Department of
Molecular Medicine,
Institute of Virology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | | | - Silvia Pastorekova
- Department of
Molecular Medicine,
Institute of Virology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Andrea Scaloni
- Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry
Laboratory, ISPAAM, CNR, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Nicola Zambrano
- CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate SCaRL, Naples, Italy
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare
e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Italy
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22
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McDonald PC, Winum JY, Supuran CT, Dedhar S. Recent developments in targeting carbonic anhydrase IX for cancer therapeutics. Oncotarget 2012; 3:84-97. [PMID: 22289741 PMCID: PMC3292895 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 317] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX) is a hypoxia-inducible enzyme that is overexpressed by cancer cells from many tumor types, and is a component of the pH regulatory system invoked by these cells to combat the deleterious effects of a high rate of glycolytic metabolism. CAIX functions to help produce and maintain an intracellular pH (pHi) favorable for tumor cell growth and survival, while at the same time participating in the generation of an increasingly acidic extracellular space, facilitating tumor cell invasiveness. Pharmacologic interference of CAIX catalytic activity using monoclonal antibodies or CAIX-specific small molecule inhibitors, consequently disrupting pH regulation by cancer cells, has been shown recently to impair primary tumor growth and metastasis. Many of these agents are in preclinical or clinical development and constitute a novel, targeted strategy for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul C McDonald
- Department of Integrative Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre and Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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23
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Svastova E, Witarski W, Csaderova L, Kosik I, Skvarkova L, Hulikova A, Zatovicova M, Barathova M, Kopacek J, Pastorek J, Pastorekova S. Carbonic anhydrase IX interacts with bicarbonate transporters in lamellipodia and increases cell migration via its catalytic domain. J Biol Chem 2011; 287:3392-402. [PMID: 22170054 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.286062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrase IX (CA IX) is a hypoxia-induced cell surface enzyme expressed in solid tumors, and functionally involved in acidification of extracellular pH and destabilization of intercellular contacts. Since both extracellular acidosis and reduced cell adhesion facilitate invasion and metastasis, we investigated the role of CA IX in cell migration, which promotes the metastatic cascade. As demonstrated here, ectopically expressed CA IX increases scattering, wound healing and transwell migration of MDCK cells, while an inactive CA IX variant lacking the catalytic domain (ΔCA) fails to do so. Correspondingly, hypoxic HeLa cells exhibit diminished migration upon inactivation of the endogenous CA IX either by forced expression of the dominant-negative ΔCA variant or by treatment with CA inhibitor, implying that the catalytic activity is indispensable for the CA IX function. Interestingly, CA IX improves cell migration both in the absence and presence of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), an established inducer of epithelial-mesenchymal transition. On the other hand, HGF up-regulates CA IX transcription and triggers CA IX protein accumulation at the leading edge of lamellipodia. In these membrane regions CA IX co-localizes with sodium bicarbonate co-transporter (NBCe1) and anion exchanger 2 (AE2) that are both components of the migration apparatus and form bicarbonate transport metabolon with CA IX. Moreover, CA IX physically interacts with AE2 and NBCe1 in situ, as shown here for the first time. Thus, our findings suggest that CA IX actively contributes to cell migration via its ability to facilitate ion transport and pH control at protruding fronts of moving cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliska Svastova
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Virology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 845 05 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
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24
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Ditte P, Dequiedt F, Svastova E, Hulikova A, Ohradanova-Repic A, Zatovicova M, Csaderova L, Kopacek J, Supuran CT, Pastorekova S, Pastorek J. Phosphorylation of carbonic anhydrase IX controls its ability to mediate extracellular acidification in hypoxic tumors. Cancer Res 2011; 71:7558-67. [PMID: 22037869 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-11-2520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In the hypoxic regions of a tumor, carbonic anhydrase IX (CA IX) is an important transmembrane component of the pH regulatory machinery that participates in bicarbonate transport. Because tumor pH has implications for growth, invasion, and therapy, determining the basis for the contributions of CA IX to the hypoxic tumor microenvironment could lead to new fundamental and practical insights. Here, we report that Thr443 phosphorylation at the intracellular domain of CA IX by protein kinase A (PKA) is critical for its activation in hypoxic cells, with the fullest activity of CA IX also requiring dephosphorylation of Ser448. PKA is activated by cAMP, which is elevated by hypoxia, and we found that attenuating PKA in cells disrupted CA IX-mediated extracellular acidification. Moreover, following hypoxia induction, CA IX colocalized with the sodium-bicarbonate cotransporter and other PKA substrates in the leading edge membranes of migrating tumor cells, in support of the concept that bicarbonate metabolism is spatially regulated at cell surface sites with high local ion transport and pH control. Using chimeric CA IX proteins containing heterologous catalytic domains derived from related CA enzymes, we showed that CA IX activity was modulated chiefly by the intracellular domain where Thr443 is located. Our findings indicate that CA IX is a pivotal mediator of the hypoxia-cAMP-PKA axis, which regulates pH in the hypoxic tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Ditte
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Virology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
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25
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Parks SK, Chiche J, Pouyssegur J. pH control mechanisms of tumor survival and growth. J Cell Physiol 2011; 226:299-308. [PMID: 20857482 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 263] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A distinguishing phenotype of solid tumors is the presence of an alkaline cellular feature despite the surrounding acidic microenvironment. This phenotypic characteristic of tumors, originally described by Otto Warburg, arises due to alterations in metabolism of solid tumors. Hypoxic regions of solid tumors develop due to poor vascularization and in turn regulate the expression of numerous genes via the transcription factor HIF-1. Ultimately, the tumor microenvironment directs the development of tumor cells adapted to survive in an acidic surrounding where normal cells perish. The provision of unique pH characteristics in tumor cells provides a defining trait that has led to the pursuit of treatments that target metabolism, hypoxia, and pH-related mechanisms to selectively kill cancer cells. Numerous studies over the past decade involving the cancer-specific carbonic anhydrase IX have re-kindled an interest in pH disruption-based therapies. Although an acidification of the intracellular compartment is established as a means to induce normal cell death, the defining role of acid-base disturbances in tumor physiology and survival remains unclear. The aim of this review is to summarize recent data relating to the specific role of pH regulation in tumor cell survival. We focus on membrane transport and enzyme studies in an attempt to elucidate their respective functions regarding tumor cell pH regulation. These data are discussed in the context of future directions for the field of tumor cell acid-base-related research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott K Parks
- Institute of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, CNRS UMR 6543, University of Nice, Centre A. Lacassagne, Nice, France.
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26
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Askoxylakis V, Garcia-Boy R, Rana S, Krämer S, Hebling U, Mier W, Altmann A, Markert A, Debus J, Haberkorn U. A new peptide ligand for targeting human carbonic anhydrase IX, identified through the phage display technology. PLoS One 2010; 5:e15962. [PMID: 21209841 PMCID: PMC3013143 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0015962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2010] [Accepted: 12/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX) is a transmembrane enzyme found to be overexpressed in various tumors and associated with tumor hypoxia. Ligands binding this target may be used to visualize hypoxia, tumor manifestation or treat tumors by endoradiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasileios Askoxylakis
- Department of Radiooncology and Radiation Therapy, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
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27
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New insights into the physiological role of carbonic anhydrase IX in tumour pH regulation. Oncogene 2010; 29:6509-21. [PMID: 20890298 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2010.455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In this review, we discuss the role of the tumour-associated carbonic anhydrase isoform IX (CAIX) in the context of pH regulation. We summarise recent experimental findings on the effect of CAIX on cell growth and survival, and present a diffusion-reaction model to help in the assessment of CAIX function under physiological conditions. CAIX emerges as an important facilitator of acid diffusion and acid transport, helping to overcome large cell-to-capillary distances that are characteristic of solid tumours. The source of substrate for CAIX catalysis is likely to be CO₂, generated by adequately oxygenated mitochondria or from the titration of metabolic acids with HCO₃⁻ taken up from the extracellular milieu. The relative importance of these pathways will depend on oxygen and metabolite availability, the spatiotemporal patterns of the cell's exposure to hypoxia and on the regulation of metabolism by genes. This is now an important avenue for further investigation. The importance of CAIX in regulating tumour pH highlights the protein as a potential target for cancer therapy.
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