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Adverse Effect of Blue Light on DNA Integrity Is Accelerated by 5-Aminolevulinic Acid in HaCaT Human Keratinocyte Cells and B16F1 Murine Melanoma Cells. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11121743. [PMID: 36552253 PMCID: PMC9774801 DOI: 10.3390/biology11121743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Several studies have suggested the potential benefits of 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA)-based photodynamic therapy (PDT). 5-ALA is a precursor of heme, which generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) following photoirradiation. Some reports indicate that blue light induces intracellular ROS production. In the present study, we elucidated the effects of blue light and 5-ALA on DNA integrity in B16F1 murine melanoma and human keratinocyte HaCaT cells using a variety of comet assay techniques. Co-treatment with blue light and 5-ALA significantly decreased cell viability in both cell lines. A neutral comet assay was performed to assess DNA double-strand break (DSB) formation and blue light and 5-ALA caused DSBs. We also performed an alkali comet assay to detect single-strand breaks (SSB) and alkali labile sites (ALS). The results indicated that 5-ALA accelerated blue light-induced SSB formation. In addition, modified comet assays were done using two types of enzymes to evaluate oxidative DNA damages. The results indicated that blue light and 5-ALA generated oxidized purine and pyrimidines in both cell lines. In summary, co-treatment with 5-ALA and photoirradiation may cause unexpected DNA damage in cells and tissues.
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2
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P63 and P73 Activation in Cancers with p53 Mutation. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10071490. [PMID: 35884795 PMCID: PMC9313412 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10071490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The members of the p53 family comprise p53, p63, and p73, and full-length isoforms of the p53 family have a tumor suppressor function. However, p53, but not p63 or p73, has a high mutation rate in cancers causing it to lose its tumor suppressor function. The top and second-most prevalent p53 mutations are missense and nonsense mutations, respectively. In this review, we discuss possible drug therapies for nonsense mutation and a missense mutation in p53. p63 and p73 activators may be able to replace mutant p53 and act as anti-cancer drugs. Herein, these p63 and p73 activators are summarized and how to improve these activator responses, particularly focusing on p53 gain-of-function mutants, is discussed.
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Grinkevich VV, Vema A, Fawkner K, Issaeva N, Andreotti V, Dickinson ER, Hedström E, Spinnler C, Inga A, Larsson LG, Karlén A, Wilhelm M, Barran PE, Okorokov AL, Selivanova G, Zawacka-Pankau JE. Novel Allosteric Mechanism of Dual p53/MDM2 and p53/MDM4 Inhibition by a Small Molecule. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:823195. [PMID: 35720128 PMCID: PMC9198586 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.823195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Restoration of the p53 tumor suppressor for personalised cancer therapy is a promising treatment strategy. However, several high-affinity MDM2 inhibitors have shown substantial side effects in clinical trials. Thus, elucidation of the molecular mechanisms of action of p53 reactivating molecules with alternative functional principle is of the utmost importance. Here, we report a discovery of a novel allosteric mechanism of p53 reactivation through targeting the p53 N-terminus which promotes inhibition of both p53/MDM2 (murine double minute 2) and p53/MDM4 interactions. Using biochemical assays and molecular docking, we identified the binding site of two p53 reactivating molecules, RITA (reactivation of p53 and induction of tumor cell apoptosis) and protoporphyrin IX (PpIX). Ion mobility-mass spectrometry revealed that the binding of RITA to serine 33 and serine 37 is responsible for inducing the allosteric shift in p53, which shields the MDM2 binding residues of p53 and prevents its interactions with MDM2 and MDM4. Our results point to an alternative mechanism of blocking p53 interaction with MDM2 and MDM4 and may pave the way for the development of novel allosteric inhibitors of p53/MDM2 and p53/MDM4 interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera V. Grinkevich
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Aparna Vema
- Division of Organic Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Karin Fawkner
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Natalia Issaeva
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, UNC-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Virginia Andreotti
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genetics of Rare Cancers, Genoa, Italy
| | - Eleanor R. Dickinson
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Elisabeth Hedström
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Clemens Spinnler
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alberto Inga
- Department CIBIO, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Lars-Gunnar Larsson
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anders Karlén
- Division of Organic Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Margareta Wilhelm
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Perdita E. Barran
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Andrei L. Okorokov
- Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Galina Selivanova
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden,*Correspondence: Galina Selivanova, ; Joanna E. Zawacka-Pankau,
| | - Joanna E. Zawacka-Pankau
- Department of Medicine, Huddinge, Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden,*Correspondence: Galina Selivanova, ; Joanna E. Zawacka-Pankau,
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Omran Z, H. Dalhat M, Abdullah O, Kaleem M, Hosawi S, A Al-Abbasi F, Wu W, Choudhry H, Alhosin M. Targeting Post-Translational Modifications of the p73 Protein: A Promising Therapeutic Strategy for Tumors. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13081916. [PMID: 33921128 PMCID: PMC8071514 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13081916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The tumor suppressor p73 is a member of the p53 family and is expressed as different isoforms with opposing properties. The TAp73 isoforms act as tumor suppressors and have pro-apoptotic effects, whereas the ΔNp73 isoforms lack the N-terminus transactivation domain and behave as oncogenes. The TAp73 protein has a high degree of similarity with both p53 function and structure, and it induces the regulation of various genes involved in the cell cycle and apoptosis. Unlike those of the p53 gene, the mutations in the p73 gene are very rare in tumors. Cancer cells have developed several mechanisms to inhibit the activity and/or expression of p73, from the hypermethylation of its promoter to the modulation of the ratio between its pro- and anti-apoptotic isoforms. The p73 protein is also decorated by a panel of post-translational modifications, including phosphorylation, acetylation, ubiquitin proteasomal pathway modifications, and small ubiquitin-related modifier (SUMO)ylation, that regulate its transcriptional activity, subcellular localization, and stability. These modifications orchestrate the multiple anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic functions of TAp73, thereby offering multiple promising candidates for targeted anti-cancer therapies. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of the different pathways implicated in the regulation of TAp73 at the post-translational level. This review also highlights the growing importance of targeting the post-translational modifications of TAp73 as a promising antitumor strategy, regardless of p53 status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziad Omran
- College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia; (Z.O.); (O.A.)
| | - Mahmood H. Dalhat
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, Cancer and Mutagenesis Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (M.H.D.); (M.K.); (S.H.); (F.A.A.-A.); (H.C.)
| | - Omeima Abdullah
- College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia; (Z.O.); (O.A.)
| | - Mohammed Kaleem
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, Cancer and Mutagenesis Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (M.H.D.); (M.K.); (S.H.); (F.A.A.-A.); (H.C.)
| | - Salman Hosawi
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, Cancer and Mutagenesis Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (M.H.D.); (M.K.); (S.H.); (F.A.A.-A.); (H.C.)
| | - Fahd A Al-Abbasi
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, Cancer and Mutagenesis Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (M.H.D.); (M.K.); (S.H.); (F.A.A.-A.); (H.C.)
| | - Wei Wu
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA;
| | - Hani Choudhry
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, Cancer and Mutagenesis Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (M.H.D.); (M.K.); (S.H.); (F.A.A.-A.); (H.C.)
| | - Mahmoud Alhosin
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, Cancer and Mutagenesis Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (M.H.D.); (M.K.); (S.H.); (F.A.A.-A.); (H.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +96-65-9795-9354
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Han AR, Durgannavar T, Ahn D, Chung SJ. A FRET-Based Fluorescent Probe to Screen Anticancer Drugs, Inhibiting p73 Binding to MDM2. Chembiochem 2020; 22:830-833. [PMID: 33103305 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202000660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The protein p73 acts as a transcription factor, resulting in tumour suppression. MDM2, an oncogenic protein, can negatively influence p73-mediated apoptosis by binding to p73 transactivation domains (TAD). Inhibition of the protein-protein interaction between p73 and oncogenic proteins is an attractive strategy for promoting p73-mediated apoptosis. Herein, we describe the use of a modified p73-TAD peptide for the FRET-based assay of the binding of p73-TAD to MDM2. The FRET probe, equipped with 1-naphthylamine (λex =330 nm, λem =445 nm), serves as a FRET acceptor, and the tryptophan of the protein acts as FRET donor (λex =280 nm, λem =340 nm). Sensitized emission from the FRET probe was observed upon excitation of the protein-FRET-probe complex at the excitation wavelength of Trp. Furthermore, addition of the MDM2 inhibitor Nutiln-3 drastically reduced the FRET signal, thus indicating that the FRET probe competes with Nutiln-3 for MDM2 binding. The developed FRET binding assay might be applicable in high-throughput screening of novel drugs that inhibit interactions between p73 and MDM2.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ro Han
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419 (Republic of, Korea
| | | | - Dohee Ahn
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419 (Republic of, Korea
| | - Sang J Chung
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419 (Republic of, Korea
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The Undervalued Avenue to Reinstate Tumor Suppressor Functionality of the p53 Protein Family for Improved Cancer Therapy-Drug Repurposing. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12092717. [PMID: 32971841 PMCID: PMC7563196 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12092717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
p53 and p73 are critical tumor suppressors that are often inactivated in human cancers through various mechanisms. Owing to their high structural homology, the proteins have many joined functions and recognize the same set of genes involved in apoptosis and cell cycle regulation. p53 is known as the 'guardian of the genome' and together with p73 forms a barrier against cancer development and progression. The TP53 is mutated in more than 50% of all human cancers and the germline mutations in TP53 predispose to the early onset of multiple tumors in Li-Fraumeni syndrome (LFS), the inherited cancer predisposition. In cancers where TP53 gene is intact, p53 is degraded. Despite the ongoing efforts, the treatment of cancers remains challenging. This is due to late diagnoses, the toxicity of the current standard of care and marginal benefit of newly approved therapies. Presently, the endeavors focus on reactivating p53 exclusively, neglecting the potential of the restoration of p73 protein for cancer eradication. Taken that several small molecules reactivating p53 failed in clinical trials, there is a need to develop new treatments targeting p53 proteins in cancer. This review outlines the most advanced strategies to reactivate p53 and p73 and describes drug repurposing approaches for the efficient reinstatement of the p53 proteins for cancer therapy.
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Buczek K, Trytek M, Deryło K, Borsuk G, Rybicka-Jasińska K, Gryko D, Cytryńska M, Tchórzewski M. Bioactivity studies of porphyrinoids against microsporidia isolated from honeybees. Sci Rep 2020; 10:11553. [PMID: 32665695 PMCID: PMC7360595 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68420-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Microsporidian infections are dangerous to honeybees due to the absence of an efficient treatment for nosemosis. In the present work, the abilities of several porphyrins to directly inactivate microsporidia derived from Nosema-infected honeybees were studied in vitro. Amide derivatives of protoporphyrin IX (PPIX) conjugated with one and two amino acid moieties were synthesized, and their activities were compared with those of two cationic porphyrins, TMePyP and TTMePP. The most active porphyrins, PP[Lys-Asp]2, PP[Lys-TFA]2, PP[Asp(ONa)2]2 and PP[Lys-Lys]2 at concentrations as low as 10–50 µM exerted significant effects on microsporidia, reducing the number of spores by 67–80% compared to the control. Live-cell imaging of the spores treated with porphyrins showed that only 1.6% and 3.0% of spores remained alive after 24 h-incubation with 50 µM PP[Asp(ONa)2]2 and PP[Lys-Asp]2, respectively. The length of the amino acid side chains and their identity in the PPIX molecules affected the bioactivity of the porphyrin. Importantly, the irradiation of the porphyrins did not enhance their potency in destroying Nosema spores. We showed that the porphyrins accumulated inside the living spores but not inside dead spores, thus the destruction of the microsporidia by non-metallated porphyrins is not dependent on photosensitization, but is associated with their active transport into the spore cell. When administered to honeybees in vivo, PPIX[Lys-TFA]2 and PPIX[Lys-Lys]2 reduced spore loads by 69–76% in infected individuals. They both had no toxic effect on honeybees, in contrast to zinc-coordinated porphyrin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Buczek
- Department of Industrial and Environmental Microbiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-033, Lublin, Poland
| | - Mariusz Trytek
- Department of Industrial and Environmental Microbiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-033, Lublin, Poland.
| | - Kamil Deryło
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-033, Lublin, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Borsuk
- Institute of Biological Basis of Animal Production, Faculty of Biology, Animal Sciences and Bioeconomy, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 13, 20-950, Lublin, Poland
| | | | - Dorota Gryko
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Małgorzata Cytryńska
- Department of Immunobiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-033, Lublin, Poland
| | - Marek Tchórzewski
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-033, Lublin, Poland
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Jiang L, Malik N, Acedo P, Zawacka-Pankau J. Protoporphyrin IX is a dual inhibitor of p53/MDM2 and p53/MDM4 interactions and induces apoptosis in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells. Cell Death Discov 2019; 5:77. [PMID: 30886745 PMCID: PMC6412042 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-019-0157-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
p53 is a tumor suppressor, which belongs to the p53 family of proteins. The family consists of p53, p63 and p73 proteins, which share similar structure and function. Activation of wild-type p53 or TAp73 in tumors leads to tumor regression, and small molecules restoring the p53 pathway are in clinical development. Protoporphyrin IX (PpIX), a metabolite of aminolevulinic acid, is a clinically approved drug applied in photodynamic diagnosis and therapy. PpIX induces p53-dependent and TAp73-dependent apoptosis and inhibits TAp73/MDM2 and TAp73/MDM4 interactions. Here we demonstrate that PpIX is a dual inhibitor of p53/MDM2 and p53/MDM4 interactions and activates apoptosis in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells without illumination and without affecting normal cells. PpIX stabilizes p53 and TAp73 proteins, induces p53-downstream apoptotic targets and provokes cancer cell death at doses non-toxic to normal cells. Our findings open up new opportunities for repurposing PpIX for treating lymphoblastic leukemia with wild-type TP53.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liren Jiang
- 1Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Solnavägen 9, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden.,2Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Medical Faculty, Uppsala University, Box 256, 75105 Uppsala, Sweden.,3Present Address: Department of Pathology Center, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 100 Haining Road, Hongkou District, 200080 Shanghai, China
| | - Natasha Malik
- 1Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Solnavägen 9, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Pilar Acedo
- 1Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Solnavägen 9, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Joanna Zawacka-Pankau
- 1Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Solnavägen 9, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden
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Sznarkowska A, Kostecka A, Kawiak A, Acedo P, Lion M, Inga A, Zawacka-Pankau J. Reactivation of TAp73 tumor suppressor by protoporphyrin IX, a metabolite of aminolevulinic acid, induces apoptosis in TP53-deficient cancer cells. Cell Div 2018; 13:10. [PMID: 30603043 PMCID: PMC6306007 DOI: 10.1186/s13008-018-0043-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The p73 protein is a tumor suppressor that shares structural and functional similarity with p53. p73 is expressed in two major isoforms; the TA isoform that interacts with p53 pathway, thus acting as tumor suppressor and the N-terminal truncated ΔN isoform that inhibits TAp73 and p53 and thus, acts as an oncogene. Results By employing a drug repurposing approach, we found that protoporphyrin IX (PpIX), a metabolite of aminolevulinic acid applied in photodynamic therapy of cancer, stabilizes TAp73 and activates TAp73-dependent apoptosis in cancer cells lacking p53. The mechanism of TAp73 activation is via disruption of TAp73/MDM2 and TAp73/MDMX interactions and inhibition of TAp73 degradation by ubiquitin ligase Itch. Finally, PpIX showed potent antitumor effect and inhibited the growth of xenograft human tumors in mice. Conclusion Our findings may in future contribute to the successful repurposing of PpIX into clinical practice. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13008-018-0043-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicja Sznarkowska
- 1Department of Biotechnology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Abrahama 58, 80-307 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Anna Kostecka
- 1Department of Biotechnology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Abrahama 58, 80-307 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Anna Kawiak
- 1Department of Biotechnology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Abrahama 58, 80-307 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Pilar Acedo
- 2Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Biomedicum, Solnavägen 9, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mattia Lion
- 3Centre for Integrative Biology, CIBIO, University of Trento, via Sommarive 9, 38123 Trento, Italy.,4Present Address: Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114 USA
| | - Alberto Inga
- 3Centre for Integrative Biology, CIBIO, University of Trento, via Sommarive 9, 38123 Trento, Italy
| | - Joanna Zawacka-Pankau
- 2Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Biomedicum, Solnavägen 9, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden
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Anand S, Rollakanti KR, Brankov N, Brash DE, Hasan T, Maytin EV. Fluorouracil Enhances Photodynamic Therapy of Squamous Cell Carcinoma via a p53-Independent Mechanism that Increases Protoporphyrin IX levels and Tumor Cell Death. Mol Cancer Ther 2017; 16:1092-1101. [PMID: 28336806 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-16-0608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Revised: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT), using 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) to drive synthesis of protoporphryin IX (PpIX) is a promising, scar-free alternative to surgery for skin cancers, including squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and SCC precursors called actinic keratoses. In the United States, PDT is only FDA approved for treatment of actinic keratoses; this narrow range of indications could be broadened if PDT efficacy were improved. Toward that goal, we developed a mechanism-based combination approach using 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) as a neoadjuvant for ALA-based PDT. In mouse models of SCC (orthotopic UV-induced lesions, and subcutaneous A431 and 4T1 tumors), pretreatment with 5-FU for 3 days followed by ALA for 4 hours led to large, tumor-selective increases in PpIX levels, and enhanced cell death upon illumination. Several mechanisms were identified that might explain the relatively improved therapeutic response. First, the expression of key enzymes in the heme synthesis pathway was altered, including upregulated coproporphyrinogen oxidase and downregulated ferrochelatase. Second, a 3- to 6-fold induction of p53 in 5-FU-pretreated tumors was noted. The fact that A431 contains a mutant form p53 did not prevent the development of a neoadjuvantal 5-FU effect. Furthermore, 5-FU pretreatment of 4T1 tumors (cells that completely lack p53), still led to significant beneficial inductions, that is, 2.5-fold for both PpIX and PDT-induced cell death. Thus, neoadjuvantal 5-FU combined with PDT represents a new therapeutic approach that appears useful even for p53-mutant and p53-null tumors. Mol Cancer Ther; 16(6); 1092-101. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Anand
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio. .,Department of Dermatology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | | | - Nikoleta Brankov
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Douglas E Brash
- Departments of Therapeutic Radiology and Dermatology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Tayyaba Hasan
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Edward V Maytin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio. .,Department of Dermatology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio.,Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
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11
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Photodynamic therapy in colorectal cancer treatment--The state of the art in preclinical research. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2015; 13:158-174. [PMID: 26238625 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2015.07.175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Revised: 05/31/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is used in many different oncologic fields. Also in gastroenterology, where have been a few attempts to treat both the premalignant lesion and advanced colorectal cancer (CRC). This review aims to give a general overview of preclinical photodynamic studies related to CRC cells and animal studies of photodynamic effects related to CRC treatment to emphasize their potential in study of PDT mechanism, safety and efficiency to translate these results into clinical benefit in CRC treatment. MATERIALS AND METHOD Literature on in vitro preclinical photodynamic studies related to CRC cells and animal studies of photodynamic effects related to CRC treatment with the fallowing medical subject headings search terms: colorectal cancer, photodynamic therapy, photosensitizer(s), in vitro, cell culture(s), in vivo, animal experiment(s). The articles were selected by their relevance to the topic. RESULTS The majority of preclinical studies concerning possibility of PDT application in colon and rectal cancer is focused on phototoxic action of photosensitizers toward cultured colorectal tumor cells in vitro. The purposes of animal experiments are usually elucidation of mechanisms of observed photodynamic effects in scale of organism, estimation of PDT safety and efficiency and translation of these results into clinical benefit. CONCLUDING REMARKS In vitro photodynamic studies and animal experiments can be useful for studies of mechanisms and efficiency of photodynamic method as a start point on PDT clinical research. The primary disadvantage of in vitro experiments is a risk of over-interpretation of their results during extrapolation to the entire CRC.
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Acedo P, Zawacka-Pankau J. p53 family members - important messengers in cell death signaling in photodynamic therapy of cancer? Photochem Photobiol Sci 2015. [PMID: 26202022 DOI: 10.1039/c5pp00251f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
TP53 is one of the genes most frequently inactivated in cancers. Mutations in TP53 gene are linked to worse prognosis and shorter overall survival of cancer patients. TP53 encodes a critical tumor suppressor, which dictates cell fate decisions upon stress stimuli. As a sensor of cellular stress, p53 is a relevant messenger of cell death signaling in ROS-driven photodynamic therapy (PDT) of cancer. The significant role of p53 in response to PDT has been reported for several clinically approved photosensitizers. Multiple reports described that wild-type p53 contributes to cell killing upon photodynamic therapy with clinically approved photosensitizers but the mechanism is still not fully understood. This work outlines the diverse functions of p53 family members in cancer cells' susceptibility and resistance to PDT. In summary p53 and p53 family members are emerging as important mediators of cell death signaling in photodynamic therapy of cancer, however the mechanism of cell death provoked during PDT might differ depending on the tissue type and the photosensitizer applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Acedo
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell biology, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels väg 16, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Kostecka A, Sznarkowska A, Meller K, Acedo P, Shi Y, Mohammad Sakil HA, Kawiak A, Lion M, Królicka A, Wilhelm M, Inga A, Zawacka-Pankau J. JNK-NQO1 axis drives TAp73-mediated tumor suppression upon oxidative and proteasomal stress. Cell Death Dis 2014; 5:e1484. [PMID: 25341038 PMCID: PMC4649515 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2014] [Revised: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Hyperproliferating cancer cells produce energy mainly from aerobic glycolysis, which results in elevated ROS levels. Thus aggressive tumors often possess enhanced anti-oxidant capacity that impedes many current anti-cancer therapies. Additionally, in ROS-compromised cancer cells ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) is often deregulated for timely removal of oxidized proteins, thus enabling cell survival. Taken that UPS maintains the turnover of factors controlling cell cycle and apoptosis--such as p53 or p73, it represents a promising target for pharmaceutical intervention. Enhancing oxidative insult in already ROS-compromised cancer cells appears as an attractive anti-tumor scenario. TAp73 is a bona fide tumor suppressor that drives the chemosensitivity of some cancers to cisplatin or γ-radiation. It is an important drug target in tumors where p53 is lost or mutated. Here we discovered a novel synergistic mechanism leading to potent p73 activation and cancer cell death by oxidative stress and inhibition of 20S proteasomes. Using a small-molecule inhibitor of 20S proteasome and ROS-inducer--withaferin A (WA), we found that WA-induced ROS activates JNK kinase and stabilizes phase II anti-oxidant response effector NF-E2-related transcription factor (NRF2). This results in activation of Nrf2 target--NQO1 (NADPH quinone oxidoreductase), and TAp73 protein stabilization. The observed effect was ablated by the ROS scavenger--NAC. Concurrently, stress-activated JNK phosphorylates TAp73 at multiple serine and threonine residues, which is crucial to ablate TAp73/MDM2 complex and to promote TAp73 transcriptional function and induction of robust apoptosis. Taken together our data demonstrate that ROS insult in combination with the inhibition of 20S proteasome and TAp73 activation endows synthetic lethality in cancer cells. Thus, our results may enable the establishment of a novel pharmacological strategy to exploit the enhanced sensitivity of tumors to elevated ROS and proteasomal stress to kill advanced tumors by pharmacological activation of TAp73 using molecules like WA.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kostecka
- Department of Biotechnology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - A Sznarkowska
- Department of Biotechnology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - K Meller
- Department of Biotechnology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - P Acedo
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Y Shi
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - H A Mohammad Sakil
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - A Kawiak
- Department of Biotechnology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - M Lion
- Centre for Integrative Biology, CIBIO, University of Trento, Mattarello, Italy
| | - A Królicka
- Department of Biotechnology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - M Wilhelm
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - A Inga
- Centre for Integrative Biology, CIBIO, University of Trento, Mattarello, Italy
| | - J Zawacka-Pankau
- 1] Department of Biotechnology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland [2] Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Mavarani L, Petersen D, El-Mashtoly SF, Mosig A, Tannapfel A, Kötting C, Gerwert K. Spectral histopathology of colon cancer tissue sections by Raman imaging with 532 nm excitation provides label free annotation of lymphocytes, erythrocytes and proliferating nuclei of cancer cells. Analyst 2013; 138:4035-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c3an00370a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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In vitro DNA-damaging effects of intestinal and related tetrapyrroles in human cancer cells. Exp Cell Res 2012; 319:536-45. [PMID: 23246570 PMCID: PMC3569715 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2012.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2012] [Revised: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies report a negative association between circulating bilirubin concentrations and the risk for cancer and cardiovascular disease. Structurally related tetrapyrroles also possess in vitro anti-genotoxic activity and may prevent mutation prior to malignancy. Furthermore, few data suggest that tetrapyrroles exert anti-carcinogenic effects via induction of cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. To further investigate whether tetrapyrroles provoke DNA-damage in human cancer cells, they were tested in the single cell gel electrophoresis assay (SCGE). Eight tetrapyrroles (unconjugated bilirubin, bilirubin ditaurate, biliverdin, biliverdin-/bilirubin dimethyl ester, urobilin, stercobilin and protoporphyrin) were added to cultured Caco2 and HepG2 cells and their effects on comet formation (% tail DNA) were assessed. Flow cytometric assessment (apoptosis/necrosis, cell cycle, intracellular radical species generation) assisted in revealing underlying mechanisms of intracellular action. Cells were incubated with tetrapyrroles at concentrations of 0.5, 5 and 17μM for 24h. Addition of 300μM tertiary-butyl hydroperoxide to cells served as a positive control. Tetrapyrrole incubation mostly resulted in increased DNA-damage (comet formation) in Caco2 and HepG2 cells. Tetrapyrroles that are concentrated within the intestine, including protoporphyrin, urobilin and stercobilin, led to significant comet formation in both cell lines, implicating the compounds in inducing DNA-damage and apoptosis in cancer cells found within organs of the digestive system.
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