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Gauglitz G. Critical assessment of relevant methods in the field of biosensors with direct optical detection based on fibers and waveguides using plasmonic, resonance, and interference effects. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:3317-3349. [PMID: 32313998 PMCID: PMC7214504 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02581-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Direct optical detection has proven to be a highly interesting tool in biomolecular interaction analysis to be used in drug discovery, ligand/receptor interactions, environmental analysis, clinical diagnostics, screening of large data volumes in immunology, cancer therapy, or personalized medicine. In this review, the fundamental optical principles and applications are reviewed. Devices are based on concepts such as refractometry, evanescent field, waveguides modes, reflectometry, resonance and/or interference. They are realized in ring resonators; prism couplers; surface plasmon resonance; resonant mirror; Bragg grating; grating couplers; photonic crystals, Mach-Zehnder, Young, Hartman interferometers; backscattering; ellipsometry; or reflectance interferometry. The physical theories of various optical principles have already been reviewed in detail elsewhere and are therefore only cited. This review provides an overall survey on the application of these methods in direct optical biosensing. The "historical" development of the main principles is given to understand the various, and sometimes only slightly modified variations published as "new" methods or the use of a new acronym and commercialization by different companies. Improvement of optics is only one way to increase the quality of biosensors. Additional essential aspects are the surface modification of transducers, immobilization strategies, selection of recognition elements, the influence of non-specific interaction, selectivity, and sensitivity. Furthermore, papers use for reporting minimal amounts of detectable analyte terms such as value of mass, moles, grams, or mol/L which are difficult to compare. Both these essential aspects (i.e., biochemistry and the presentation of LOD values) can be discussed only in brief (but references are provided) in order to prevent the paper from becoming too long. The review will concentrate on a comparison of the optical methods, their application, and the resulting bioanalytical quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Günter Gauglitz
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls Universität, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.
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Adhesion kinetics of human primary monocytes, dendritic cells, and macrophages: Dynamic cell adhesion measurements with a label-free optical biosensor and their comparison with end-point assays. Biointerphases 2016; 11:031001. [DOI: 10.1116/1.4954789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Fang Y. Combining label-free cell phenotypic profiling with computational approaches for novel drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2015; 10:331-43. [DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2015.1020788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ye Fang
- Corning Inc., Biochemical Technologies, Science and Technology Division, Corning, NY 14831, USA
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Sang S, Wang Y, Feng Q, Wei Y, Ji J, Zhang W. Progress of new label-free techniques for biosensors: a review. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2015; 36:465-81. [DOI: 10.3109/07388551.2014.991270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) represent the largest class of drug targets. Ligand-directed functional selectivity or biased agonism opens new possibility for discovering GPCR drugs with better efficacy and safety profiles. However, quantification of ligand bias is challenging. Herein, we present five different label-free dynamic mass redistribution (DMR) approaches to assess ligand bias acting at the β2-adrenergic receptor (β2AR). Multiparametric analysis of the DMR agonist profiles reveals divergent pharmacology of a panel of β2AR agonists. DMR profiling using catechol as a conformational probe detects the presence of multiple conformations of the β2AR. DMR assays under microfluidics, together with chemical biology tools, discover ligand-directed desensitization of the receptor. DMR antagonist reverse assays manifest biased antagonism. DMR profiling using distinct probe-modulated cells detects the biased agonism in the context of self-referenced pharmacological activity map.
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Orgovan N, Patko D, Hos C, Kurunczi S, Szabó B, Ramsden JJ, Horvath R. Sample handling in surface sensitive chemical and biological sensing: a practical review of basic fluidics and analyte transport. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2014; 211:1-16. [PMID: 24846752 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2014.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
This paper gives an overview of the advantages and associated caveats of the most common sample handling methods in surface-sensitive chemical and biological sensing. We summarize the basic theoretical and practical considerations one faces when designing and assembling the fluidic part of the sensor devices. The influence of analyte size, the use of closed and flow-through cuvettes, the importance of flow rate, tubing length and diameter, bubble traps, pressure-driven pumping, cuvette dead volumes, and sample injection systems are all discussed. Typical application areas of particular arrangements are also highlighted, such as the monitoring of cellular adhesion, biomolecule adsorption-desorption and ligand-receptor affinity binding. Our work is a practical review in the sense that for every sample handling arrangement considered we present our own experimental data and critically review our experience with the given arrangement. In the experimental part we focus on sample handling in optical waveguide lightmode spectroscopy (OWLS) measurements, but the present study is equally applicable for other biosensing technologies in which an analyte in solution is captured at a surface and its presence is monitored. Explicit attention is given to features that are expected to play an increasingly decisive role in determining the reliability of (bio)chemical sensing measurements, such as analyte transport to the sensor surface; the distorting influence of dead volumes in the fluidic system; and the appropriate sample handling of cell suspensions (e.g. their quasi-simultaneous deposition). At the appropriate places, biological aspects closely related to fluidics (e.g. cellular mechanotransduction, competitive adsorption, blood flow in veins) are also discussed, particularly with regard to their models used in biosensing.
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Dias AD, Kingsley DM, Corr DT. Recent advances in bioprinting and applications for biosensing. BIOSENSORS 2014; 4:111-36. [PMID: 25587413 PMCID: PMC4264374 DOI: 10.3390/bios4020111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Revised: 04/12/2014] [Accepted: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Future biosensing applications will require high performance, including real-time monitoring of physiological events, incorporation of biosensors into feedback-based devices, detection of toxins, and advanced diagnostics. Such functionality will necessitate biosensors with increased sensitivity, specificity, and throughput, as well as the ability to simultaneously detect multiple analytes. While these demands have yet to be fully realized, recent advances in biofabrication may allow sensors to achieve the high spatial sensitivity required, and bring us closer to achieving devices with these capabilities. To this end, we review recent advances in biofabrication techniques that may enable cutting-edge biosensors. In particular, we focus on bioprinting techniques (e.g., microcontact printing, inkjet printing, and laser direct-write) that may prove pivotal to biosensor fabrication and scaling. Recent biosensors have employed these fabrication techniques with success, and further development may enable higher performance, including multiplexing multiple analytes or cell types within a single biosensor. We also review recent advances in 3D bioprinting, and explore their potential to create biosensors with live cells encapsulated in 3D microenvironments. Such advances in biofabrication will expand biosensor utility and availability, with impact realized in many interdisciplinary fields, as well as in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D Dias
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 Eighth St., Troy, NY 12180, USA; E-Mails: (A.D.D.); (D.M.K.)
| | - David M Kingsley
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 Eighth St., Troy, NY 12180, USA; E-Mails: (A.D.D.); (D.M.K.)
| | - David T Corr
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 Eighth St., Troy, NY 12180, USA; E-Mails: (A.D.D.); (D.M.K.)
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Ferrie AM, Wang C, Deng H, Fang Y. A label-free optical biosensor with microfluidics identifies an intracellular signalling wave mediated through the β(2)-adrenergic receptor. Integr Biol (Camb) 2014; 5:1253-61. [PMID: 23989552 DOI: 10.1039/c3ib40112j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The canonical model of G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signalling states that it is solely initiated at the cell surface. In recent years, a handful of evidence has started emerging from high-resolution molecular assays that the internalized receptors can mediate the third wave of signalling, besides G protein- and β-arrestin-mediated signalling both initiating at the cell surface. However, little is known about the functional consequences of distinct waves of GPCR signalling, in particular, at the whole cell system level. We here report the development of label-free biosensor antagonist reverse assays and their use to differentiate the signalling waves of an endogenous β2-adrenergic receptor (β2-AR) in A431 cells. Results showed that the persistent agonist treatment activated the β2-ARs, leading to a long-term sustained dynamic mass redistribution (DMR) signal, a whole cell phenotypic response. Under the persistent treatment scheme in microplates, a panel of known β-blockers all dose-dependently and completely reversed the DMR signal of epinephrine at a relatively low dose (10 nM), except for sotalol which partially reversed the DMR. Under the perfusion conditions with microfluidics, the subsequent perfusion with sotalol only reversed the DMR induced by epinephrine or isoproterenol at 10 nM, but not at 10 μM. Furthermore, the degree of the DMR reversion by sotalol was found to be in an opposite relation with the duration of the initial agonist treatment. Together, these results suggest that the hydrophilic antagonist sotalol is constrained outside the cells throughout the assays, and the early signalling wave initiated at the cell surface dominates the DMR induced by epinephrine or isoproterenol at relatively low doses, while a secondary and late signalling wave is initiated once the receptors are internalized and contributes partially to the long-term sustainability of the DMR of epinephrine or isoproterenol at high doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann M Ferrie
- Biochemical Technologies, Science and Technology Division, Corning Incorporated, Corning, NY 14831, USA.
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Deng H, Sun H, Fang Y. Label-free cell phenotypic assessment of the biased agonism and efficacy of agonists at the endogenous muscarinic M3 receptors. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2013; 68:323-33. [PMID: 23933114 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2013.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Revised: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Efficacy describes the property of a ligand that enables the receptor to change its behavior towards the host cell, while biased agonism defines the ability of a ligand to differentially activate some of the vectorial pathways over others mediated through the receptor. However, little is known about the molecular basis defining the efficacy of ligands at G protein-coupled receptors. Here we characterize the biased agonism and cell phenotypic efficacy of seven agonists at the endogenous muscarinic M3 receptors in six different cell lines including HT-29, PC-3, HeLa, SF268, CCRF-CEM and HCT-15 cells. METHODS Quantitative real-time PCR and multiple label-free whole cell dynamic mass redistribution (DMR) assays were used to determine the functional muscarinic receptors in each cell line. DMR pathway deconvolution assay was used to determine the pathway biased activity of the muscarinic agonists. Operational agonism model was used to quantify the pathway bias, while macro-kinetic data reported in literature was used to analyze the biochemical mechanism of action of these agonists. RESULTS Quantitative real-time PCR and ligand pharmacology studies showed that all the native cell lines endogenously express functional M3 receptors. Furthermore, different agonists triggered distinct DMR signals in a specific cell line as well as in different cell lines. DMR pathway deconvolution using known G protein modulators revealed that the M3 receptor in all the six cell lines signals through multiple G protein-mediated pathways, and certain agonists display biased agonism in a cell line-dependent manner. The whole cell efficacy and potency of these agonists were found to be sensitive to the assay time as well as the cell background. Correlation analysis suggested that the whole cell efficacy of agonists is correlated well with their macro-dissociation rate constants. DISCUSSION This study implicates that the endogenous M3 receptors are coupled to multiple pathways, and the muscarinic agonists can display distinct biased agonism and whole cell phenotypic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huayun Deng
- Biochemical Technologies, Science and Technology Division, Corning Incorporated, Corning, NY 14831, United States
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Troubleshooting and deconvoluting label-free cell phenotypic assays in drug discovery. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2013; 67:69-81. [PMID: 23340025 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2013.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2012] [Revised: 12/10/2012] [Accepted: 01/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Central to drug discovery and development is to comprehend the target(s), potency, efficacy and safety of drug molecules using pharmacological assays. Owing to their ability to provide a holistic view of drug actions in native cells, label-free biosensor-enabled cell phenotypic assays have been emerging as new generation phenotypic assays for drug discovery. Despite the benefits associated with wide pathway coverage, high sensitivity, high information content, non-invasiveness and real-time kinetics, label-free cell phenotypic assays are often viewed to be a blackbox in the era of target-centric drug discovery. METHODS This article first reviews the biochemical and biological complexity of drug-target interactions, and then discusses the key characteristics of label-free cell phenotypic assays and presents a five-step strategy to troubleshooting and deconvoluting the label-free cell phenotypic profiles of drugs. RESULTS Drug-target interactions are intrinsically complicated. Label-free cell phenotypic signatures of drugs mirror the innate complexity of drug-target interactions, and can be effectively deconvoluted using the five-step strategy. DISCUSSION The past decades have witnessed dramatic expansion of pharmacological assays ranging from molecular to phenotypic assays, which is coincident with the realization of the innate complexity of drug-target interactions. The clinical features of a drug are defined by how it operates at the system level and by its distinct polypharmacology, ontarget, phenotypic and network pharmacology. Approaches to examine the biochemical, cellular and molecular mechanisms of action of drugs are essential to increase the efficiency of drug discovery and development. Label-free cell phenotypic assays and the troubleshooting and deconvoluting approach presented here may hold great promise in drug discovery and development.
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Deng H, Wang C, Fang Y. Label-free cell phenotypic assessment of the molecular mechanism of action of epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra40426a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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Deng H, Wang C, Su M, Fang Y. Probing Biochemical Mechanisms of Action of Muscarinic M3 Receptor Antagonists with Label-Free Whole Cell Assays. Anal Chem 2012; 84:8232-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ac301495n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Huayun Deng
- Biochemical Technologies, Science
and Technology Division, Corning Inc.,
Corning, New York 14831, United States
| | - Chaoming Wang
- Biochemical Technologies, Science
and Technology Division, Corning Inc.,
Corning, New York 14831, United States
- NanoScience Technology Center,
Department of Mechanical, Materials and Aerospace Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816,
United States
| | - Ming Su
- NanoScience Technology Center,
Department of Mechanical, Materials and Aerospace Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816,
United States
| | - Ye Fang
- Biochemical Technologies, Science
and Technology Division, Corning Inc.,
Corning, New York 14831, United States
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Wei X, Mares JW, Gao Y, Li D, Weiss SM. Biomolecule kinetics measurements in flow cell integrated porous silicon waveguides. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2012; 3:1993-2003. [PMID: 23024895 PMCID: PMC3447543 DOI: 10.1364/boe.3.001993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2012] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
A grating-coupled porous silicon (PSi) waveguide with an integrated polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) flow cell is demonstrated as a platform for near real-time detection of chemical and biological molecules. This sensor platform not only allows for quantification of molecular binding events, but also provides a means to improve understanding of diffusion and binding mechanisms in constricted nanoscale geometries. Molecular binding events in the waveguide are monitored by angle-resolved reflectance measurements. Diffusion coefficients and adsorption and desorption rate constants of different sized chemical linkers and nucleic acid molecules are determined based on the rate of change of the measured resonance angle. Experimental results show that the diffusion coefficient in PSi is smaller than that in free solutions, and the PSi morphology slows the molecular adsorption rate constant by a factor of 10(2)-10(4) compared to that of flat surface interactions. Calculations based on simplified mass balance equations and COMSOL simulations give good agreement with experimental data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Wei
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, USA
| | - Jeremy W. Mares
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, USA
| | - Yandong Gao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, USA
| | - Deyu Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, USA
| | - Sharon M. Weiss
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, USA
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Martins SAM, Trabuco JRC, Monteiro GA, Chu V, Conde JP, Prazeres DMF. Towards the miniaturization of GPCR-based live-cell screening assays. Trends Biotechnol 2012; 30:566-74. [PMID: 22921755 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2012.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2012] [Revised: 07/23/2012] [Accepted: 07/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) play a key role in many physiological or disease-related processes and for this reason are favorite targets of the pharmaceutical industry. Although ~30% of marketed drugs target GPCRs, their potential remains largely untapped. The discovery of new leads calls for the screening of thousands of compounds with high-throughput cell-based assays. Although microtiter plate-based high-throughput screening platforms are well established, microarray and microfluidic technologies hold potential for miniaturization, automation, and biosensor integration that may well redefine the format of GPCR screening assays. This paper reviews the latest research efforts directed to bringing microarray and microfluidic technologies into the realm of GPCR-based, live-cell screening assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia A M Martins
- IBB-Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre for Biological and Chemical Engineering, Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Technical University of Lisbon, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
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Fang Y. Ligand-receptor interaction platforms and their applications for drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2012; 7:969-88. [PMID: 22860803 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2012.715631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The study of drug-target interactions is essential for the understanding of biological processes and for the efforts to develop new therapeutic molecules. Increased ligand-binding assays have coincided with the advances in reagents, detection and instrumentation technologies, the expansion in therapeutic targets of interest, and the increasingly recognized importance of biochemical aspects of drug-target interactions in determining the clinical performance of drug molecules. Nowadays, ligand-binding assays can determine every aspect of many drug-target interactions. AREAS COVERED Given that ligand-target interactions are very diverse, the author has decided to focus on the binding of small molecules to protein targets. This article first reviews the key biochemical aspects of drug-target interactions, and then discusses the detection principles of various ligand-binding techniques in the context of their primary applications for drug discovery and development. EXPERT OPINION Equilibrium-binding affinity should not be used as a solo indicator for the in vivo pharmacology of drugs. The clinical relevance of drug-binding kinetics demands high throughput kinetics early in drug discovery. The dependence of ligand binding and function on the conformation of targets necessitates solution-based and whole cell-based ligand-binding assays. The increasing need to examine ligand binding at the proteome level, driven by the clinical importance of the polypharmacology of ligands, has started to make the structure-based in silico binding screen an indispensable technique for drug discovery and development. Integration of different ligand-binding assays is important to improve the efficiency of the drug discovery and development process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Fang
- Biochemical Technologies, Science and Technology Division, Corning, Inc., Corning, NY 14831, USA.
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION The need to improve drug research and development productivity continues to drive innovation in pharmacological assays. Technologies that can leverage the advantages of both molecular and phenotypic assays would hold great promise for discovery of new medicines. AREAS COVERED This article briefly reviews current label-free platforms for cell-based assays and is primarily focused on fundamental aspects of these assays using dynamic mass redistribution technology as an example. The article also presents strategies for relating label-free profiles to molecular modes of actions of drugs. EXPERT OPINION Emerging evidence suggests that label-free cellular assays are phenotypic in nature, yet permit molecular mechanistic deconvolution. Together with unique competency in throughput, sensitivity and pathway coverages, label-free cellular assays allow users to screen drugs against endogenous receptors in native cells (including disease relevant primary cells) and determine the molecular modes of action of drug molecules. However, there are challenges for label-free in both basic research and drug discovery: the deconvolution of the cellular and molecular mechanisms for the biosensor signatures of receptor-drug interactions, new methodologies for data analysis and the development of new biosensor technologies. These challenges will need to be met for the wide adoption of these assays in drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Fang
- Biochemical Technologies, Science and Technology Division, Corning, Inc. , Corning, NY 14831 , USA
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Abstract
Label-free biosensors for studying cell biology have finally come of age. Recent developments have advanced the biosensors from low throughput and high maintenance research tools to high throughput and low maintenance screening platforms. In parallel, the biosensors have evolved from an analytical tool solely for molecular interaction analysis to powerful platforms for studying cell biology at the whole cell level. This paper presents historical development, detection principles, and applications in cell biology of label-free biosensors. Future perspectives are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Fang
- Biochemical Technologies, Science and Technology Division, Corning Inc., Corning, NY 14831, USA
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