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Wiertelak W, Pavlovskyi A, Maszczak-Seneczko D, Szulc B, Olczak M. The glycosylation defect in solute carrier SLC35A2/SLC35A3 double knockout cells is rescued by SLC35A2-SLC35A3 and SLC35A3-SLC35A2 hybrids. FEBS Lett 2023; 597:2345-2357. [PMID: 37552213 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
SLC35A2 and SLC35A3 are homologous proteins with postulated nucleotide sugar transporting activities. Unlike SLC35A2, whose specificity for UDP-Gal is well-established, the UDP-GlcNAc transporting activity initially attributed to SLC35A3 has recently been put into question. In this study, we constructed two hybrid proteins (SLC35A2-SLC35A3 and SLC35A3-SLC35A2) and expressed them in a previously generated SLC35A2/SLC35A3 double knockout HEK293T cell line. Our idea was to force equivalent stoichiometry of the two proteins in the cells in order to reproduce the behavior of the SLC35A2/SLC35A3 complexes in the Golgi membrane. The hybrid proteins were able to fully restore glycosylation in the double knockout. In contrast, the expression of SLC35A3 alone in these cells improved galactosylation only to a limited extent. Our study shows that the proper glycosylation requires a balanced cooperation between SLC35A2 and SLC35A3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Wiertelak
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Artem Pavlovskyi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Poland
| | | | - Bożena Szulc
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Mariusz Olczak
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Poland
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2
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Saito S, Mizumoto S, Yonekura T, Yamashita R, Nakano K, Okubo T, Yamada S, Okamura T, Furuichi T. Mice lacking nucleotide sugar transporter SLC35A3 exhibit lethal chondrodysplasia with vertebral anomalies and impaired glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0284292. [PMID: 37053259 PMCID: PMC10101523 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0284292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
SLC35A3 is considered an uridine diphosphate N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc) transporter in mammals and regulates the branching of N-glycans. A missense mutation in SLC35A3 causes complex vertebral malformation (CVM) in cattle. However, the biological functions of SLC35A3 have not been fully clarified. To address these issues, we have established Slc35a3-/-mice using CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing system. The generated mutant mice were perinatal lethal and exhibited chondrodysplasia recapitulating CVM-like vertebral anomalies. During embryogenesis, Slc35a3 mRNA was expressed in the presomitic mesoderm of wild-type mice, suggesting that SLC35A3 transports UDP-GlcNAc used for the sugar modification that is essential for somite formation. In the growth plate cartilage of Slc35a3-/-embryos, extracellular space was drastically reduced, and many flat proliferative chondrocytes were reshaped. Proliferation, apoptosis and differentiation were not affected in the chondrocytes of Slc35a3-/-mice, suggesting that the chondrodysplasia phenotypes were mainly caused by the abnormal extracellular matrix quality. Because these histological abnormalities were similar to those observed in several mutant mice accompanying the impaired glycosaminoglycan (GAG) biosynthesis, GAG levels were measured in the spine and limbs of Slc35a3-/-mice using disaccharide composition analysis. Compared with control mice, the amounts of heparan sulfate, keratan sulfate, and chondroitin sulfate/dermatan sulfate, were significantly decreased in Slc35a3-/-mice. These findings suggest that SLC35A3 regulates GAG biosynthesis and the chondrodysplasia phenotypes were partially caused by the decreased GAG synthesis. Hence, Slc35a3-/- mice would be a useful model for investigating the in vivo roles of SLC35A3 and the pathological mechanisms of SLC35A3-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soichiro Saito
- Laboratory of Laboratory Animal Science and Medicine, Co-Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate, Japan
| | - Shuji Mizumoto
- Department of Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Yonekura
- Laboratory of Laboratory Animal Science and Medicine, Co-Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate, Japan
| | - Rina Yamashita
- Laboratory of Laboratory Animal Science and Medicine, Co-Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate, Japan
| | - Kenta Nakano
- Department of Laboratory Animal Medicine, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine (NCGM), Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tadashi Okubo
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Shuhei Yamada
- Department of Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Tadashi Okamura
- Department of Laboratory Animal Medicine, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine (NCGM), Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Furuichi
- Laboratory of Laboratory Animal Science and Medicine, Co-Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate, Japan
- Laboratory of Laboratory Animal Science and Medicine, Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate, Japan
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3
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Delivery of Nucleotide Sugars to the Mammalian Golgi: A Very Well (un)Explained Story. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158648. [PMID: 35955785 PMCID: PMC9368800 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleotide sugars (NSs) serve as substrates for glycosylation reactions. The majority of these compounds are synthesized in the cytoplasm, whereas glycosylation occurs in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and Golgi lumens, where catalytic domains of glycosyltransferases (GTs) are located. Therefore, translocation of NS across the organelle membranes is a prerequisite. This process is thought to be mediated by a group of multi-transmembrane proteins from the SLC35 family, i.e., nucleotide sugar transporters (NSTs). Despite many years of research, some uncertainties/inconsistencies related with the mechanisms of NS transport and the substrate specificities of NSTs remain. Here we present a comprehensive review of the NS import into the mammalian Golgi, which consists of three major parts. In the first part, we provide a historical view of the experimental approaches used to study NS transport and evaluate the most important achievements. The second part summarizes various aspects of knowledge concerning NSTs, ranging from subcellular localization up to the pathologies related with their defective function. In the third part, we present the outcomes of our research performed using mammalian cell-based models and discuss its relevance in relation to the general context.
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4
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Modified secreted alkaline phosphatase as an improved reporter protein for N-glycosylation analysis. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0251805. [PMID: 34032812 PMCID: PMC8148361 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0251805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
N-glycosylation is a common posttranslational modification of proteins in eukaryotic cells. The modification is often analyzed in cells which are able to produce extracellular, glycosylated proteins. Here we report an improved method of the use of genetically modified, secreted alkaline phosphatase (SEAP) as a reporter glycoprotein which may be used for glycoanalysis. Additional N-glycosylation sites introduced by site-directed mutagenesis significantly increased secretion of the protein. An improved purification protocol of recombinant SEAP from serum or serum-free media is also proposed. The method enables fast and efficient separation of reporter glycoprotein from a relatively small amount of medium (0.5-10 ml) with a high recovery level. As a result, purified SEAP was ready for enzymatic de-glycosylation without buffer exchange, sample volume reductions or other procedures, which are usually time-consuming and may cause partial loss of the reporter glycoprotein.
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Mikolajczyk K, Bereznicka A, Szymczak-Kulus K, Haczkiewicz-Lesniak K, Szulc B, Olczak M, Rossowska J, Majorczyk E, Kapczynska K, Bovin N, Lisowska M, Kaczmarek R, Miazek A, Czerwinski M. Missing the sweet spot: one of the two N-glycans on human Gb3/CD77 synthase is expendable. Glycobiology 2021; 31:1145-1162. [PMID: 33978735 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwab041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
N-glycosylation is a ubiquitous posttranslational modification that may influence folding, subcellular localization, secretion, solubility and oligomerization of proteins. In this study, we examined the effects of N-glycans on the activity of human Gb3/CD77 synthase, which catalyzes the synthesis of glycosphingolipids with terminal Galα1 → 4Gal (Gb3 and the P1 antigen) and Galα1 → 4GalNAc disaccharides (the NOR antigen). The human Gb3/CD77 synthase contains two occupied N-glycosylation sites at positions N121 and N203. Intriguingly, we found that while the N-glycan at N203 is essential for activity and correct subcellular localization, the N-glycan at N121 is dispensable and its absence did not reduce, but, surprisingly, even increased the activity of the enzyme. The fully N-glycosylated human Gb3/CD77 synthase and its glycoform missing the N121 glycan correctly localized in the Golgi, whereas a glycoform without the N203 site partially mislocalized in the endoplasmic reticulum. A double mutein missing both N-glycans was inactive and accumulated in the endoplasmic reticulum. Our results suggest that the decreased specific activity of human Gb3/CD77 synthase glycovariants results from their improper subcellular localization and, to a smaller degree, a decrease in enzyme solubility. Taken together, our findings show that the two N-glycans of human Gb3/CD77 synthase have opposing effects on its properties, revealing a dual nature of N-glycosylation and potentially a novel regulatory mechanism controlling the biological activity of proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Mikolajczyk
- Laboratory of Glycobiology, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Rudolfa Weigla St. 12, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Anna Bereznicka
- Laboratory of Glycobiology, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Rudolfa Weigla St. 12, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Szymczak-Kulus
- Laboratory of Glycobiology, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Rudolfa Weigla St. 12, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Haczkiewicz-Lesniak
- Department of Ultrastructural Research, Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Chalubinskiego St. 6a, 50-368, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Bozena Szulc
- Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie St. 14A, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Mariusz Olczak
- Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie St. 14A, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Joanna Rossowska
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Rudolfa Weigla St. 12, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Edyta Majorczyk
- Faculty of Physiotherapy and Physical Education, Opole University of Technology, Proszkowska St. 76, 45-758 Opole, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Kapczynska
- Department of Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Rudolfa Weigla St. 12, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Nicolai Bovin
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya St 16/10, Moscow 117997 Russia
| | - Marta Lisowska
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Rudolfa Weigla St. 12, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Radoslaw Kaczmarek
- Laboratory of Glycobiology, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Rudolfa Weigla St. 12, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Arkadiusz Miazek
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Rudolfa Weigla St. 12, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Marcin Czerwinski
- Laboratory of Glycobiology, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Rudolfa Weigla St. 12, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland
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6
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Madabhushi SR, Podtelezhnikov AA, Murgolo N, Xu S, Lin H. Understanding the effect of increased cell specific productivity on galactosylation of monoclonal antibodies produced using Chinese hamster ovary cells. J Biotechnol 2021; 329:92-103. [PMID: 33549674 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2021.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Achieving optimal productivity and desired product quality of the therapeutic monoclonal antibody (mAb) is one of the primary goals of process development. Across the various mAb programs at our company, we observed that increasing the specific productivity (qp) results in a decrease in the % galactosylation (%Gal) level on the protein. In order to gain further insight into this correlation, cells were cultured under different process conditions such as pH or media osmolality or in the presence of supplements such as sodium butyrate. A range of qp and N-glycan profiles were obtained with the greatest changes observed under high pH (lower qp, higher %Gal), higher osmolality (higher qp, lower %Gal) or sodium butyrate (moderately higher qp, moderately lower %Gal) conditions. Abundance of individual glycan species highlighted different bottlenecks in the N-glycosylation pathway depending on the treatment condition. Transcriptomics analysis was performed to identify changes in gene expression profiles that correlate with the inverse relationship between qp and %Gal. Results showed downregulation of Beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase 1 (B4GalT1), UDP-GlcNAc and Mn2+ transporter (slc35a3 and slc39a8 respectively) for the high osmolality conditions. Significant downregulation of slc39a8 (Mn2+ transporter) was observed for the sodium butyrate condition. No significant differences were observed for any of the genes in the N-glycosylation pathway under the high pH condition even though this condition showed highest %Gal. Together, data suggests that different treatments have distinct complex mechanisms by which the overall glycan levels of a mAb are influenced. Further studies based on these results will help build the knowledge necessary to design strategies to obtain the desired productivity and product quality of mAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sri R Madabhushi
- Biologics Upstream Process Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ, 07033, USA.
| | - Alexei A Podtelezhnikov
- Genetics and Pharmacogenomics, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ, 07033, USA
| | - Nicholas Murgolo
- Genetics and Pharmacogenomics, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ, 07033, USA
| | - Sen Xu
- Biologics Upstream Process Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ, 07033, USA
| | - Henry Lin
- Biologics Upstream Process Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ, 07033, USA
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7
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SLC35A2-CDG: Novel variant and review. Mol Genet Metab Rep 2021; 26:100717. [PMID: 33552911 PMCID: PMC7851840 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgmr.2021.100717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
SLC35A2 encodes the X-linked transporter that carries uridine diphosphate (UDP)-galactose from the cytosol to the lumen of the Golgi apparatus and the endoplasmic reticulum. Pathogenic variants have been associated to a congenital disorder of glycosylation (CDG) with epileptic encephalopathy as a predominant feature. Among the sixty five patients described so far, a strong gender bias is observed as only seven patients are males. This work is a review and reports a SLC35A2-CDG in a male without epilepsy and with growth deficiency associated with decreased serum IGF1, minor neurological involvement, minor facial dysmorphism, and camptodactyly of fingers and toes. Sequence analysis revealed a hemizygosity for a novel de novo variant: c.233A > G (p.Lys78Arg) in SLC35A2. Further analysis of SLC35A2 sequence by comparing both orthologous and paralogous positions, revealed that not only the variant found in this study, but also most of the reported mutated positions are conserved in SLC35A2 orthologous, and many even in the paralogous SLC35A1 and SLC35A3. This is strong evidence that replacements at these positions will have a critical pathological effect and may also explain the gender bias observed among SLC35A2-CDG patients.
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8
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Szymczak-Kulus K, Weidler S, Bereznicka A, Mikolajczyk K, Kaczmarek R, Bednarz B, Zhang T, Urbaniak A, Olczak M, Park EY, Majorczyk E, Kapczynska K, Lukasiewicz J, Wuhrer M, Unverzagt C, Czerwinski M. Human Gb3/CD77 synthase produces P1 glycotope-capped N-glycans, which mediate Shiga toxin 1 but not Shiga toxin 2 cell entry. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100299. [PMID: 33460651 PMCID: PMC7949097 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The human Gb3/CD77 synthase, encoded by the A4GALT gene, is an unusually promiscuous glycosyltransferase. It synthesizes the Galα1→4Gal linkage on two different glycosphingolipids (GSLs), producing globotriaosylceramide (Gb3, CD77, Pk) and the P1 antigen. Gb3 is the major receptor for Shiga toxins (Stxs) produced by enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli. A single amino acid substitution (p.Q211E) ramps up the enzyme's promiscuity, rendering it able to attach Gal both to another Gal residue and to GalNAc, giving rise to NOR1 and NOR2 GSLs. Human Gb3/CD77 synthase was long believed to transfer Gal only to GSL acceptors, therefore its GSL products were, by default, considered the only human Stx receptors. Here, using soluble, recombinant human Gb3/CD77 synthase and p.Q211E mutein, we demonstrate that both enzymes can synthesize the P1 glycotope (terminal Galα1→4Galβ1→4GlcNAc-R) on a complex type N-glycan and a synthetic N-glycoprotein (saposin D). Moreover, by transfection of CHO-Lec2 cells with vectors encoding human Gb3/CD77 synthase and its p.Q211E mutein, we demonstrate that both enzymes produce P1 glycotopes on N-glycoproteins, with the mutein exhibiting elevated activity. These P1-terminated N-glycoproteins are recognized by Stx1 but not Stx2 B subunits. Finally, cytotoxicity assays show that Stx1 can use P1 N-glycoproteins produced in CHO-Lec2 cells as functional receptors. We conclude that Stx1 can recognize and use P1 N-glycoproteins in addition to its canonical GSL receptors to enter and kill the cells, while Stx2 can use GSLs only. Collectively, these results may have important implications for our understanding of the Shiga toxin pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Szymczak-Kulus
- Laboratory of Glycobiology, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Sascha Weidler
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Anna Bereznicka
- Laboratory of Glycobiology, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Mikolajczyk
- Laboratory of Glycobiology, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Radoslaw Kaczmarek
- Laboratory of Glycobiology, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Bartosz Bednarz
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Microorganisms, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Tao Zhang
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Anna Urbaniak
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Mariusz Olczak
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Enoch Y Park
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Edyta Majorczyk
- Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Opole University of Technology, Opole, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Kapczynska
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Jolanta Lukasiewicz
- Laboratory of Microbial Immunochemistry and Vaccines, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Manfred Wuhrer
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Carlo Unverzagt
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Marcin Czerwinski
- Laboratory of Glycobiology, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Wroclaw, Poland.
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9
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Szulc B, Sosicka P, Maszczak-Seneczko D, Skurska E, Shauchuk A, Olczak T, Freeze HH, Olczak M. Biosynthesis of GlcNAc-rich N- and O-glycans in the Golgi apparatus does not require the nucleotide sugar transporter SLC35A3. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:16445-16463. [PMID: 32938718 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.012362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleotide sugar transporters, encoded by the SLC35 gene family, deliver nucleotide sugars throughout the cell for various glycosyltransferase-catalyzed glycosylation reactions. GlcNAc, in the form of UDP-GlcNAc, and galactose, as UDP-Gal, are delivered into the Golgi apparatus by SLC35A3 and SLC35A2 transporters, respectively. However, although the UDP-Gal transporting activity of SLC35A2 has been clearly demonstrated, UDP-GlcNAc delivery by SLC35A3 is not fully understood. Therefore, we analyzed a panel of CHO, HEK293T, and HepG2 cell lines including WT cells, SLC35A2 knockouts, SLC35A3 knockouts, and double-knockout cells. Cells lacking SLC35A2 displayed significant changes in N- and O-glycan synthesis. However, in SLC35A3-knockout CHO cells, only limited changes were observed; GlcNAc was still incorporated into N-glycans, but complex type N-glycan branching was impaired, although UDP-GlcNAc transport into Golgi vesicles was not decreased. In SLC35A3-knockout HEK293T cells, UDP-GlcNAc transport was significantly decreased but not completely abolished. However, N-glycan branching was not impaired in these cells. In CHO and HEK293T cells, the effect of SLC35A3 deficiency on N-glycan branching was potentiated in the absence of SLC35A2. Moreover, in SLC35A3-knockout HEK293T and HepG2 cells, GlcNAc was still incorporated into O-glycans. However, in the case of HepG2 cells, no qualitative changes in N-glycans between WT and SLC35A3 knockout cells nor between SLC35A2 knockout and double-knockout cells were observed. These findings suggest that SLC35A3 may not be the primary UDP-GlcNAc transporter and/or different mechanisms of UDP-GlcNAc transport into the Golgi apparatus may exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bozena Szulc
- Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Paulina Sosicka
- Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland; Human Genetics Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | | | - Edyta Skurska
- Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Auhen Shauchuk
- Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Teresa Olczak
- Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Hudson H Freeze
- Human Genetics Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Mariusz Olczak
- Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland.
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10
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Majewska NI, Tejada ML, Betenbaugh MJ, Agarwal N. N-Glycosylation of IgG and IgG-Like Recombinant Therapeutic Proteins: Why Is It Important and How Can We Control It? Annu Rev Chem Biomol Eng 2020; 11:311-338. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-102419-010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory bodies worldwide consider N-glycosylation to be a critical quality attribute for immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgG-like therapeutics. This consideration is due to the importance of posttranslational modifications in determining the efficacy, safety, and pharmacokinetic properties of biologics. Given its critical role in protein therapeutic production, we review N-glycosylation beginning with an overview of the myriad interactions of N-glycans with other biological factors. We examine the mechanism and drivers for N-glycosylation during biotherapeutic production and the several competing factors that impact glycan formation, including the abundance of precursor nucleotide sugars, transporters, glycosidases, glycosyltransferases, and process conditions. We explore the role of these factors with a focus on the analytical approaches used to characterize glycosylation and associated processes, followed by the current state of advanced glycosylation modeling techniques. This combination of disciplines allows for a deeper understanding of N-glycosylation and will lead to more rational glycan control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia I. Majewska
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA;,
- Cell Culture and Fermentation Sciences, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, USA
| | - Max L. Tejada
- Bioassay, Impurities and Quality, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, USA
| | - Michael J. Betenbaugh
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA;,
| | - Nitin Agarwal
- Cell Culture and Fermentation Sciences, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, USA
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11
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Ng BG, Sosicka P, Agadi S, Almannai M, Bacino CA, Barone R, Botto LD, Burton JE, Carlston C, Hon-Yin Chung B, Cohen JS, Coman D, Dipple KM, Dorrani N, Dobyns WB, Elias AF, Epstein L, Gahl WA, Garozzo D, Hammer TB, Haven J, Héron D, Herzog M, Hoganson GE, Hunter JM, Jain M, Juusola J, Lakhani S, Lee H, Lee J, Lewis K, Longo N, Lourenço CM, Mak CC, McKnight D, Mendelsohn BA, Mignot C, Mirzaa G, Mitchell W, Muhle H, Nelson SF, Olczak M, Palmer CG, Partikian A, Patterson MC, Pierson TM, Quinonez SC, Regan BM, Ross ME, Guillen Sacoto MJ, Scaglia F, Scheffer IE, Segal D, Shah Singhal N, Striano P, Sturiale L, Symonds JD, Tang S, Vilain E, Willis M, Wolfe LA, Yang H, Yano S, Powis Z, Suchy SF, Rosenfeld JA, Edmondson AC, Grunewald S, Freeze HH. SLC35A2-CDG: Functional characterization, expanded molecular, clinical, and biochemical phenotypes of 30 unreported Individuals. Hum Mutat 2019; 40:908-925. [PMID: 30817854 PMCID: PMC6661012 DOI: 10.1002/humu.23731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Pathogenic de novo variants in the X-linked gene SLC35A2 encoding the major Golgi-localized UDP-galactose transporter required for proper protein and lipid glycosylation cause a rare type of congenital disorder of glycosylation known as SLC35A2-congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG; formerly CDG-IIm). To date, 29 unique de novo variants from 32 unrelated individuals have been described in the literature. The majority of affected individuals are primarily characterized by varying degrees of neurological impairments with or without skeletal abnormalities. Surprisingly, most affected individuals do not show abnormalities in serum transferrin N-glycosylation, a common biomarker for most types of CDG. Here we present data characterizing 30 individuals and add 26 new variants, the single largest study involving SLC35A2-CDG. The great majority of these individuals had normal transferrin glycosylation. In addition, expanding the molecular and clinical spectrum of this rare disorder, we developed a robust and reliable biochemical assay to assess SLC35A2-dependent UDP-galactose transport activity in primary fibroblasts. Finally, we show that transport activity is directly correlated to the ratio of wild-type to mutant alleles in fibroblasts from affected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bobby G. Ng
- Human Genetics Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Paulina Sosicka
- Human Genetics Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Satish Agadi
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Mohammed Almannai
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Carlos A. Bacino
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Rita Barone
- Child Neurology and Psychiatry, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania - Italy
- CNR, Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, Catania, Italy
| | - Lorenzo D. Botto
- Division of Medical Genetics, Departments of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Jennifer E. Burton
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Peoria, Illinois
| | - Colleen Carlston
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Brian Hon-Yin Chung
- Department of Paediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR China
| | - Julie S. Cohen
- Division of Neurogenetics and Hugo W. Moser Research Institute, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - David Coman
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Queensland Children’s Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
- Schools of Medicine, University of Queensland Brisbane, Griffith University Gold Coast, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Katrina M. Dipple
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle WA
- Seattle Children’s Hospital, Seattle WA
- Department of Human Genetics, UCLA, Los Angeles CA
| | | | - William B. Dobyns
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington
| | - Abdallah F. Elias
- Department of Medical Genetics, Shodair Children’s Hospital, PO Box 5539, Helena, Montana
| | - Leon Epstein
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - William A. Gahl
- Office of the Clinical Director, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
- Undiagnosed Diseases program, Common Fund, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Domenico Garozzo
- CNR, Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, Catania, Italy
| | | | - Jaclyn Haven
- Department of Medical Genetics, Shodair Children’s Hospital, PO Box 5539, Helena, Montana
| | - Delphine Héron
- APHP, Département de Génétique, GH Pitié Salpêtrière, CRMR Déficiences Intellectuelles de Causes Rares, Sorbonne Université GRC 9, Paris, France
| | | | - George E. Hoganson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Peoria, Illinois
| | | | - Mahim Jain
- Division of Neurogenetics and Hugo W. Moser Research Institute, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | - Shenela Lakhani
- Center for Neurogenetics Brain and Mind Research Institute Weill Cornell Medicine New York, NY
| | - Hane Lee
- Department of Human Genetics, UCLA, Los Angeles CA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Joy Lee
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, The Royal Children’s Hospital, Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Katherine Lewis
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Queensland Children’s Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Nicola Longo
- Division of Medical Genetics, Departments of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Charles Marques Lourenço
- Clinical Genetics and Neurogenetics, Centro Universitario Estacio de Ribeirao Preto, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - Christopher C.Y. Mak
- Department of Paediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR China
| | | | - Bryce A. Mendelsohn
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Medical Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Cyril Mignot
- APHP, Département de Génétique, GH Pitié Salpêtrière, CRMR Déficiences Intellectuelles de Causes Rares, Sorbonne Université GRC 9, Paris, France
| | - Ghayda Mirzaa
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington
| | - Wendy Mitchell
- Neurology Division Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
- Department of Neurology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Hiltrud Muhle
- Department of Neuropediatrics, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Stanley F. Nelson
- Department of Human Genetics, UCLA, Los Angeles CA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
- Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Mariusz Olczak
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, 14A F. Joliot-Curie St., 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Christina G.S. Palmer
- Department of Human Genetics, UCLA, Los Angeles CA
- Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
- Institute for Society and Genetics, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Arthur Partikian
- Departments of Pediatrics & Neurology, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Marc C. Patterson
- Division of Child and Adolescent Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Tyler M. Pierson
- Department of Pediatrics, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
- Department of Neurology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Shane C. Quinonez
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Genetics, Metabolism and Genomic Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Brigid M. Regan
- The University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - M. Elizabeth Ross
- Center for Neurogenetics Brain and Mind Research Institute Weill Cornell Medicine New York, NY
| | | | - Fernando Scaglia
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas
- Joint BCM-CUHK Center of Medical Genetics, Prince of Wales Hospital, ShaTin, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Ingrid E. Scheffer
- The University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia
- The University of Melbourne, Royal Children’s Hospital, Florey Institute and Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Devorah Segal
- Center for Neurogenetics Brain and Mind Research Institute Weill Cornell Medicine New York, NY
- Department of Pediatrics Division of Child Neurology Weill Cornell Medicine New York, New York
| | - Nilika Shah Singhal
- Neurology & Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Pasquale Striano
- Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, “G. Gaslini” Institute, Genova, Italy
| | - Luisa Sturiale
- CNR, Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, Catania, Italy
| | - Joseph D. Symonds
- Paediatric Neurosciences Research Group, Royal Hospital for Children, Queen Elizabeth University Hospitals, 1345 Govan Road, Glasgow, G51 4TF, UK
| | - Sha Tang
- Ambry Genetics, Aliso Viejo, California
| | - Eric Vilain
- Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children’s National Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Mary Willis
- Department of Pediatrics, Naval Medical Center, San Diego, California
| | - Lynne A. Wolfe
- Office of the Clinical Director, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
- Undiagnosed Diseases program, Common Fund, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | - Shoji Yano
- Genetics Division, Department of Pediatrics, LAC+USC Medical Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | | | - Zöe Powis
- Ambry Genetics, Aliso Viejo, California
| | | | - Jill A. Rosenfeld
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Andrew C. Edmondson
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Stephanie Grunewald
- Metabolic Unit, Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Trust, Institute for Child Health UCL, London/UK
| | - Hudson H. Freeze
- Human Genetics Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California
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12
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Sosicka P, Bazan B, Maszczak-Seneczko D, Shauchuk Y, Olczak T, Olczak M. SLC35A5 Protein-A Golgi Complex Member with Putative Nucleotide Sugar Transport Activity. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20020276. [PMID: 30641943 PMCID: PMC6359379 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20020276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Solute carrier family 35 member A5 (SLC35A5) is a member of the SLC35A protein subfamily comprising nucleotide sugar transporters. However, the function of SLC35A5 is yet to be experimentally determined. In this study, we inactivated the SLC35A5 gene in the HepG2 cell line to study a potential role of this protein in glycosylation. Introduced modification affected neither N- nor O-glycans. There was also no influence of the gene knock-out on glycolipid synthesis. However, inactivation of the SLC35A5 gene caused a slight increase in the level of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans. Moreover, inactivation of the SLC35A5 gene resulted in the decrease of the uridine diphosphate (UDP)-glucuronic acid, UDP-N-acetylglucosamine, and UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine Golgi uptake, with no influence on the UDP-galactose transport activity. Further studies demonstrated that SLC35A5 localized exclusively to the Golgi apparatus. Careful insight into the protein sequence revealed that the C-terminus of this protein is extremely acidic and contains distinctive motifs, namely DXEE, DXD, and DXXD. Our studies show that the C-terminus is directed toward the cytosol. We also demonstrated that SLC35A5 formed homomers, as well as heteromers with other members of the SLC35A protein subfamily. In conclusion, the SLC35A5 protein might be a Golgi-resident multiprotein complex member engaged in nucleotide sugar transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Sosicka
- Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, 14A F. Joliot-Curie St., 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland.
- Human Genetics Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | - Bożena Bazan
- Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, 14A F. Joliot-Curie St., 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Dorota Maszczak-Seneczko
- Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, 14A F. Joliot-Curie St., 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Yauhen Shauchuk
- Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, 14A F. Joliot-Curie St., 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Teresa Olczak
- Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, 14A F. Joliot-Curie St., 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Mariusz Olczak
- Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, 14A F. Joliot-Curie St., 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland.
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13
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Bazan B, Wiktor M, Maszczak-Seneczko D, Olczak T, Kaczmarek B, Olczak M. Lysine at position 329 within a C-terminal dilysine motif is crucial for the ER localization of human SLC35B4. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0207521. [PMID: 30458018 PMCID: PMC6245738 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0207521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
SLC35B4 belongs to the solute carrier 35 (SLC35) family whose best-characterized members display a nucleotide sugar transporting activity. Using an experimental model of HepG2 cells and indirect immunofluorescent staining, we verified that SLC35B4 was localized to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). We demonstrated that dilysine motif, especially lysine at position 329, is crucial for the ER localization of this protein in human cells and therefore one should use protein C-tagging with caution. To verify the importance of the protein in glycoconjugates synthesis, we generated SLC35B4-deficient HepG2 cell line using CRISPR-Cas9 approach. Our data showed that knock-out of the SLC35B4 gene does not affect major UDP-Xyl- and UDP-GlcNAc-dependent glycosylation pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bożena Bazan
- Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Maciej Wiktor
- Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
| | | | - Teresa Olczak
- Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Beata Kaczmarek
- Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Mariusz Olczak
- Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
- * E-mail:
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14
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Harvey DJ. Analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry: An update for 2011-2012. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2017; 36:255-422. [PMID: 26270629 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This review is the seventh update of the original article published in 1999 on the application of MALDI mass spectrometry to the analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates and brings coverage of the literature to the end of 2012. General aspects such as theory of the MALDI process, matrices, derivatization, MALDI imaging, and fragmentation are covered in the first part of the review and applications to various structural types constitute the remainder. The main groups of compound are oligo- and poly-saccharides, glycoproteins, glycolipids, glycosides, and biopharmaceuticals. Much of this material is presented in tabular form. Also discussed are medical and industrial applications of the technique, studies of enzyme reactions, and applications to chemical synthesis. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Mass Spec Rev 36:255-422, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Harvey
- Department of Biochemistry, Oxford Glycobiology Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
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15
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Sosicka P, Maszczak-Seneczko D, Bazan B, Shauchuk Y, Kaczmarek B, Olczak M. An insight into the orphan nucleotide sugar transporter SLC35A4. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2017; 1864:825-838. [PMID: 28167211 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2017.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
SLC35A4 has been classified in the SLC35A subfamily based on amino acid sequence homology. Most of the proteins belonging to the SLC35 family act as transporters of nucleotide sugars. In this study, the subcellular localization of endogenous SLC35A4 was determined via immunofluorescence staining, and it was demonstrated that SLC35A4 localizes mainly to the Golgi apparatus. In silico topology prediction suggests that SLC35A4 has an uneven number of transmembrane domains and its N-terminus is directed towards the Golgi lumen. However, an experimental assay refuted this prediction: SLC35A4 has an even number of transmembrane regions with both termini facing the cytosol. In vivo interaction analysis using the FLIM-FRET approach revealed that SLC35A4 neither forms homomers nor associates with other members of the SLC35A subfamily except SLC35A5. Additional assays demonstrated that endogenous SLC35A4 is 10 to 40nm proximal to SLC35A2 and SLC35A3. To determine SLC35A4 function SLC35A4 knock-out cells were generated with the CRISPR-Cas9 approach. Although no significant changes in glycosylation were observed, the introduced mutation influenced the subcellular distribution of the SLC35A2/SLC35A3 complexes. Additional FLIM-FRET experiments revealed that overexpression of SLC35A4-BFP together with SLC35A3 and the SLC35A2-Golgi splice variant negatively affects the interaction between the two latter proteins. The results presented here strongly indicate a modulatory role for SLC35A4 in intracellular trafficking of SLC35A2/SLC35A3 complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Sosicka
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, 14A F. Joliot-Curie St., 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Dorota Maszczak-Seneczko
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, 14A F. Joliot-Curie St., 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Bożena Bazan
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, 14A F. Joliot-Curie St., 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Yauhen Shauchuk
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, 14A F. Joliot-Curie St., 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Beata Kaczmarek
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, 14A F. Joliot-Curie St., 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Mariusz Olczak
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, 14A F. Joliot-Curie St., 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland.
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16
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Fan Y, Kildegaard HF, Andersen MR. Engineer Medium and Feed for Modulating N-Glycosylation of Recombinant Protein Production in CHO Cell Culture. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1603:209-226. [PMID: 28493133 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6972-2_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells have become the primary expression system for the production of complex recombinant proteins due to their long-term success in industrial scale production and generating appropriate protein N-glycans similar to that of humans. Control and optimization of protein N-glycosylation is crucial, as the structure of N-glycans can largely influence both biological and physicochemical properties of recombinant proteins. Protein N-glycosylation in CHO cell culture can be controlled and tuned by engineering medium, feed, culture process, as well as genetic elements of the cell. In this chapter, we will focus on how to carry out experiments for N-glycosylation modulation through medium and feed optimization. The workflow and typical methods involved in the experiment process will be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhou Fan
- Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Helene Faustrup Kildegaard
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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Prydz K. Determinants of Glycosaminoglycan (GAG) Structure. Biomolecules 2015; 5:2003-22. [PMID: 26308067 PMCID: PMC4598785 DOI: 10.3390/biom5032003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Revised: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteoglycans (PGs) are glycosylated proteins of biological importance at cell surfaces, in the extracellular matrix, and in the circulation. PGs are produced and modified by glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains in the secretory pathway of animal cells. The most common GAG attachment site is a serine residue followed by a glycine (-ser-gly-), from which a linker tetrasaccharide extends and may continue as a heparan sulfate, a heparin, a chondroitin sulfate, or a dermatan sulfate GAG chain. Which type of GAG chain becomes attached to the linker tetrasaccharide is influenced by the structure of the protein core, modifications occurring to the linker tetrasaccharide itself, and the biochemical environment of the Golgi apparatus, where GAG polymerization and modification by sulfation and epimerization take place. The same cell type may produce different GAG chains that vary, depending on the extent of epimerization and sulfation. However, it is not known to what extent these differences are caused by compartmental segregation of protein cores en route through the secretory pathway or by differential recruitment of modifying enzymes during synthesis of different PGs. The topic of this review is how different aspects of protein structure, cellular biochemistry, and compartmentalization may influence GAG synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristian Prydz
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Box 1066, Blindern OSLO 0316, Norway.
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18
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Kildegaard HF, Fan Y, Sen JW, Larsen B, Andersen MR. Glycoprofiling effects of media additives on IgG produced by CHO cells in fed-batch bioreactors. Biotechnol Bioeng 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.25715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Helene Faustrup Kildegaard
- Department of Systems Biology; Technical University of Denmark; Kongens Lyngby Denmark
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability; Technical University of Denmark; Hørsholm Denmark
| | - Yuzhou Fan
- Department of Systems Biology; Technical University of Denmark; Kongens Lyngby Denmark
- Symphogen A/S; Ballerup Denmark
| | | | - Bo Larsen
- Department of Systems Biology; Technical University of Denmark; Kongens Lyngby Denmark
| | - Mikael R. Andersen
- Department of Systems Biology; Technical University of Denmark; Kongens Lyngby Denmark
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19
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Maszczak-Seneczko D, Sosicka P, Kaczmarek B, Majkowski M, Luzarowski M, Olczak T, Olczak M. UDP-galactose (SLC35A2) and UDP-N-acetylglucosamine (SLC35A3) Transporters Form Glycosylation-related Complexes with Mannoside Acetylglucosaminyltransferases (Mgats). J Biol Chem 2015; 290:15475-15486. [PMID: 25944901 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.636670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
UDP-galactose transporter (UGT; SLC35A2) and UDP-N-acetylglucosamine transporter (NGT; SLC35A3) form heterologous complexes in the Golgi membrane. NGT occurs in close proximity to mannosyl (α-1,6-)-glycoprotein β-1,6-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase (Mgat5). In this study we analyzed whether NGT and both splice variants of UGT (UGT1 and UGT2) are able to interact with four different mannoside acetylglucosaminyltransferases (Mgat1, Mgat2, Mgat4B, and Mgat5). Using an in situ proximity ligation assay, we found that all examined glycosyltransferases are in the vicinity of these UDP-sugar transporters both at the endogenous level and upon overexpression. This observation was confirmed via the FLIM-FRET approach for both NGT and UGT1 complexes with Mgats. This study reports for the first time close proximity between endogenous nucleotide sugar transporters and glycosyltransferases. We also observed that among all analyzed Mgats, only Mgat4B occurs in close proximity to UGT2, whereas the other three Mgats are more distant from UGT2, and it was only possible to visualize their vicinity using proximity ligation assay. This strongly suggests that the distance between these protein pairs is longer than 10 nm but at the same time shorter than 40 nm. This study adds to the understanding of glycosylation, one of the most important post-translational modifications, which affects the majority of macromolecules. Our research shows that complex formation between nucleotide sugar transporters and glycosyltransferases might be a more common phenomenon than previously thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Maszczak-Seneczko
- Laboratories of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Paulina Sosicka
- Laboratories of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Beata Kaczmarek
- Laboratories of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Michał Majkowski
- Cytobiochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Marcin Luzarowski
- Laboratories of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Teresa Olczak
- Laboratories of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Mariusz Olczak
- Laboratories of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland.
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Liu J, Wang J, Fan L, Chen X, Hu D, Deng X, Fai Poon H, Wang H, Liu X, Tan WS. Galactose supplementation enhance sialylation of recombinant Fc-fusion protein in CHO cell: an insight into the role of galactosylation in sialylation. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 31:1147-56. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-015-1864-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Sosicka P, Jakimowicz P, Olczak T, Olczak M. Short N-terminal region of UDP-galactose transporter (SLC35A2) is crucial for galactosylation of N-glycans. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 454:486-92. [PMID: 25451267 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.10.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
UDP-galactose transporter (UGT) and UDP-N-acetylglucosamine transporter (NGT) form heterologous complexes in the Golgi apparatus (GA) membrane. We aimed to identify UGT region responsible for galactosylation of N-glycans. Chimeric proteins composed of human UGT and either NGT or CMP-sialic acid transporter (CST) localized to the GA, and all but UGT/CST chimera corrected galactosylation defect in UGT-deficient cell lines, although at different efficiency. Importantly, short N-terminal region composed of 35 N-terminal amino-acid residues of UGT was crucial for galactosylation of N-glycans. The remaining molecule must be derived from NGT not CST, confirming that the role played by UGT and NGT is coupled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Sosicka
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, 14A F. Joliot-Curie St., 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Jakimowicz
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, 14A F. Joliot-Curie St., 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Teresa Olczak
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, 14A F. Joliot-Curie St., 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Mariusz Olczak
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, 14A F. Joliot-Curie St., 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland.
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Hadley B, Maggioni A, Ashikov A, Day CJ, Haselhorst T, Tiralongo J. Structure and function of nucleotide sugar transporters: Current progress. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2014; 10:23-32. [PMID: 25210595 PMCID: PMC4151994 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2014.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The proteomes of eukaryotes, bacteria and archaea are highly diverse due, in part, to the complex post-translational modification of protein glycosylation. The diversity of glycosylation in eukaryotes is reliant on nucleotide sugar transporters to translocate specific nucleotide sugars that are synthesised in the cytosol and nucleus, into the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus where glycosylation reactions occur. Thirty years of research utilising multidisciplinary approaches has contributed to our current understanding of NST function and structure. In this review, the structure and function, with reference to various disease states, of several NSTs including the UDP-galactose, UDP-N-acetylglucosamine, UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine, GDP-fucose, UDP-N-acetylglucosamine/UDP-glucose/GDP-mannose and CMP-sialic acid transporters will be described. Little is known regarding the exact structure of NSTs due to difficulties associated with crystallising membrane proteins. To date, no three-dimensional structure of any NST has been elucidated. What is known is based on computer predictions, mutagenesis experiments, epitope-tagging studies, in-vitro assays and phylogenetic analysis. In this regard the best-characterised NST to date is the CMP-sialic acid transporter (CST). Therefore in this review we will provide the current state-of-play with respect to the structure–function relationship of the (CST). In particular we have summarised work performed by a number groups detailing the affect of various mutations on CST transport activity, efficiency, and substrate specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Hadley
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Queensland 4222, Australia
| | - Andrea Maggioni
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Queensland 4222, Australia
| | - Angel Ashikov
- Institut für Zelluläre Chemie, Zentrum Biochemie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Carl-Neuberg Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany ; Laboratory of Genetic, Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10 (route 830), Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Christopher J Day
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Queensland 4222, Australia
| | - Thomas Haselhorst
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Queensland 4222, Australia
| | - Joe Tiralongo
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Queensland 4222, Australia
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Maszczak-Seneczko D, Sosicka P, Olczak T, Jakimowicz P, Majkowski M, Olczak M. UDP-N-acetylglucosamine transporter (SLC35A3) regulates biosynthesis of highly branched N-glycans and keratan sulfate. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:21850-60. [PMID: 23766508 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.460543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
SLC35A3 is considered the main UDP-N-acetylglucosamine transporter (NGT) in mammals. Detailed analysis of NGT is restricted because mammalian mutant cells defective in this activity have not been isolated. Therefore, using the siRNA approach, we developed and characterized several NGT-deficient mammalian cell lines. CHO, CHO-Lec8, and HeLa cells deficient in NGT activity displayed a decrease in the amount of highly branched tri- and tetraantennary N-glycans, whereas monoantennary and diantennary ones remained unchanged or even were accumulated. Silencing the expression of NGT in Madin-Darby canine kidney II cells resulted in a dramatic decrease in the keratan sulfate content, whereas no changes in biosynthesis of heparan sulfate were observed. We also demonstrated for the first time close proximity between NGT and mannosyl (α-1,6-)-glycoprotein β-1,6-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase (Mgat5) in the Golgi membrane. We conclude that NGT may be important for the biosynthesis of highly branched, multiantennary complex N-glycans and keratan sulfate. We hypothesize that NGT may specifically supply β-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyl-transferase 7 (β3GnT7), Mgat5, and possibly mannosyl (α-1,3-)-glycoprotein β-1,4-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase (Mgat4) with UDP-GlcNAc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Maszczak-Seneczko
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, 2 Tamka Street, 50-137 Wrocław, Poland
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Olczak M, Maszczak-Seneczko D, Sosicka P, Jakimowicz P, Olczak T. UDP-Gal/UDP-GlcNAc chimeric transporter complements mutation defect in mammalian cells deficient in UDP-Gal transporter. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 434:473-8. [PMID: 23583405 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.03.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The role of UDP-galactose transporter (UGT; SLC35A2) and UDP-N-acetylglucosamine transporter (NGT; SLC35A3) in glycosylation of macromolecules may be coupled and either of the transporters may partially replace the function played by its partner. The aim of this study was to construct chimeric transporters composed of the N-terminal portion of human NGT and the C-terminal portion of human UGT1 or UGT2 (NGT-UGT1 or NGT-UGT2, respectively), as well as of the N-terminal portion of UGT and C-terminal portion of NGT (UGT-NGT), overexpress them stably in UGT-deficient CHO-Lec8 and MDCK-RCA(r) cells, and characterize their involvement in glycosylation. Two chimeric proteins, NGT-UGT1 and NGT-UGT2, did not overexpress properly. In contrast, UGT-NGT chimeric protein was successfully overexpressed and localized properly to the Golgi apparatus. UGT-NGT chimeric transporter delivered UDP-Gal to the Golgi vesicles of UGT-deficient cells, which resulted in the increased content of galactosylated structures to such an extent that the wild-type phenotypes were completely restored. Our data further support our hypothesis that UGT and NGT cooperate in the UDP-Gal delivery for glycosyltransferases located in the Golgi apparatus. In a wider context, the results gained in this study add to our understanding of glycosylation, one of the basic posttranslational modifications, which affects the majority of macromolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariusz Olczak
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, 2 Tamka St, 50-137 Wrocław, Poland.
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Maszczak-Seneczko D, Sosicka P, Majkowski M, Olczak T, Olczak M. UDP-N-acetylglucosamine transporter and UDP-galactose transporter form heterologous complexes in the Golgi membrane. FEBS Lett 2012; 586:4082-7. [PMID: 23089177 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2012.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2012] [Revised: 10/02/2012] [Accepted: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
UDP-galactose transporter (UGT; SLC35A2) and UDP-N-acetylglucosamine transporter (NGT; SLC35A3) are evolutionarily related. We hypothesize that their role in glycosylation may be coupled through heterologous complex formation. Coimmunoprecipitation analysis and FLIM-FRET measurements performed on living cells showed that NGT and UGT form complexes when overexpressed in MDCK-RCA(r) cells. We also postulate that the interaction of NGT and UGT may explain the dual localization of UGT2. For the first time we demonstrated in vivo homodimerization of the NGT nucleotide sugar transporter. In conclusion, we suggest that NGT and UGT function in glycosylation is combined via their mutual interaction.
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